Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Gwaggon biri 0 2932 966412 470163 2026-10-11T16:39:46Z Najaatuhd 25547 966412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. hh86f1e4d6jfqdjf4gnebz4i8l307z7 966424 966412 2026-10-11T16:40:38Z Najaatuhd 25547 966424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. Gorilla su ne mafi girman dabbobi masu kama da mutum (primates) da ke raye a yau; tsayinsu na iya kaiwa tsakanin mita 1.25 zuwa 1.8, nauyinsu ya kai tsakanin kilogiram 68 zuwa 227, kuma faɗin hannuwansu na iya kaiwa har mita 2.6, gwargwadon nau'in dabbar da kuma ko namiji ne ko mace. Sakanin rayuwarsu yana kasancewa ne cikin gungu, inda ake kiran shugabansu da suna "silverback" (wato mai bayan azurfa ko launin toka). Ana iya bambance gorilla na gabas da na yamma ta hanyar launin gashinsu mai duhu da kuma wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance a siffar jikinsu. A dabi'ance, gorilla suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 35 zuwa 40 a cikin daji. Muhallin gorilla na asali ya haɗa da dazuzzukan yankuna masu zafi (tropical) ko masu yanayi mai zafi da ɗan sanyi (subtropical) a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. Duk da cewa yankin da suke rayuwa a ciki yana ɗaukar karamin kaso ne kawai na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, suna rayuwa a wurare masu tsayi daban-daban. Gorilla na tsaunuka yana rayuwa ne a dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu hazo na yankin Albertine Rift da ke tsaunukan aman wuta na Virunga, a tsayin da ya kama daga mita 2,200 zuwa 4,300. Gorilla na yankunan ƙasa (lowland gorillas) suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawan cunkoson bishiyoyi da kuma fadama ko wuraren da ke da ƙarancin tsayi kusa da matakin teku; inda gorilla na yammacin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a ƙasashen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma, su kuma gorilla na gabashin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo kusa da iyakar ƙasar da Rwanda. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. 35l6abys7gcuk6vu67kymjsdcshopia 966437 966424 2026-10-11T16:42:43Z Najaatuhd 25547 966437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. Gorilla su ne mafi girman dabbobi masu kama da mutum (primates) da ke raye a yau; tsayinsu na iya kaiwa tsakanin mita 1.25 zuwa 1.8, nauyinsu ya kai tsakanin kilogiram 68 zuwa 227, kuma faɗin hannuwansu na iya kaiwa har mita 2.6, gwargwadon nau'in dabbar da kuma ko namiji ne ko mace. Sakanin rayuwarsu yana kasancewa ne cikin gungu, inda ake kiran shugabansu da suna "silverback" (wato mai bayan azurfa ko launin toka). Ana iya bambance gorilla na gabas da na yamma ta hanyar launin gashinsu mai duhu da kuma wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance a siffar jikinsu. A dabi'ance, gorilla suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 35 zuwa 40 a cikin daji. Muhallin gorilla na asali ya haɗa da dazuzzukan yankuna masu zafi (tropical) ko masu yanayi mai zafi da ɗan sanyi (subtropical) a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. Duk da cewa yankin da suke rayuwa a ciki yana ɗaukar karamin kaso ne kawai na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, suna rayuwa a wurare masu tsayi daban-daban. Gorilla na tsaunuka yana rayuwa ne a dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu hazo na yankin Albertine Rift da ke tsaunukan aman wuta na Virunga, a tsayin da ya kama daga mita 2,200 zuwa 4,300. Gorilla na yankunan ƙasa (lowland gorillas) suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawan cunkoson bishiyoyi da kuma fadama ko wuraren da ke da ƙarancin tsayi kusa da matakin teku; inda gorilla na yammacin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a ƙasashen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma, su kuma gorilla na gabashin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo kusa da iyakar ƙasar da Rwanda. Ana kiyasin cewa akwai kimanin gorila na yamma guda 316,000 da kuma gorila na gabas guda 5,000 a cikin daji. Kungiyar IUCN ta sanya duka nau'ukan biyu cikin rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya (Critically Endangered); haka kuma an sanya dukkan karanan nau'ukan a wannan rukuni, ban da gorilan tsaunuka wadanda aka sanya su a rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa (Endangered). Akwai barazana da dama ga rayuwarsu, kamar farautar haram, lalata muhallinsu, da cututtuka, wadanda ke sanya rayuwar wadannan dabbobi cikin hadari. Sai dai, kokarin kare su ya samu nasara a wasu yankuna da suke rayuwa a cikinsu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. k65g5fchuazx0h5djwf1a5lpbxeoedo 966453 966437 2026-10-11T16:44:42Z Najaatuhd 25547 966453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. Gorilla su ne mafi girman dabbobi masu kama da mutum (primates) da ke raye a yau; tsayinsu na iya kaiwa tsakanin mita 1.25 zuwa 1.8, nauyinsu ya kai tsakanin kilogiram 68 zuwa 227, kuma faɗin hannuwansu na iya kaiwa har mita 2.6, gwargwadon nau'in dabbar da kuma ko namiji ne ko mace. Sakanin rayuwarsu yana kasancewa ne cikin gungu, inda ake kiran shugabansu da suna "silverback" (wato mai bayan azurfa ko launin toka). Ana iya bambance gorilla na gabas da na yamma ta hanyar launin gashinsu mai duhu da kuma wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance a siffar jikinsu. A dabi'ance, gorilla suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 35 zuwa 40 a cikin daji. Muhallin gorilla na asali ya haɗa da dazuzzukan yankuna masu zafi (tropical) ko masu yanayi mai zafi da ɗan sanyi (subtropical) a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. Duk da cewa yankin da suke rayuwa a ciki yana ɗaukar karamin kaso ne kawai na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, suna rayuwa a wurare masu tsayi daban-daban. Gorilla na tsaunuka yana rayuwa ne a dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu hazo na yankin Albertine Rift da ke tsaunukan aman wuta na Virunga, a tsayin da ya kama daga mita 2,200 zuwa 4,300. Gorilla na yankunan ƙasa (lowland gorillas) suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawan cunkoson bishiyoyi da kuma fadama ko wuraren da ke da ƙarancin tsayi kusa da matakin teku; inda gorilla na yammacin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a ƙasashen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma, su kuma gorilla na gabashin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo kusa da iyakar ƙasar da Rwanda. Ana kiyasin cewa akwai kimanin gorila na yamma guda 316,000 da kuma gorila na gabas guda 5,000 a cikin daji. Kungiyar IUCN ta sanya duka nau'ukan biyu cikin rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya (Critically Endangered); haka kuma an sanya dukkan karanan nau'ukan a wannan rukuni, ban da gorilan tsaunuka wadanda aka sanya su a rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa (Endangered). Akwai barazana da dama ga rayuwarsu, kamar farautar haram, lalata muhallinsu, da cututtuka, wadanda ke sanya rayuwar wadannan dabbobi cikin hadari. Sai dai, kokarin kare su ya samu nasara a wasu yankuna da suke rayuwa a cikinsu. '''Tarihi''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. b5zsdy03a7ufrosio1hv8oklhiiphh0 966458 966453 2026-10-11T16:45:20Z Najaatuhd 25547 966458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. Gorilla su ne mafi girman dabbobi masu kama da mutum (primates) da ke raye a yau; tsayinsu na iya kaiwa tsakanin mita 1.25 zuwa 1.8, nauyinsu ya kai tsakanin kilogiram 68 zuwa 227, kuma faɗin hannuwansu na iya kaiwa har mita 2.6, gwargwadon nau'in dabbar da kuma ko namiji ne ko mace. Sakanin rayuwarsu yana kasancewa ne cikin gungu, inda ake kiran shugabansu da suna "silverback" (wato mai bayan azurfa ko launin toka). Ana iya bambance gorilla na gabas da na yamma ta hanyar launin gashinsu mai duhu da kuma wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance a siffar jikinsu. A dabi'ance, gorilla suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 35 zuwa 40 a cikin daji. Muhallin gorilla na asali ya haɗa da dazuzzukan yankuna masu zafi (tropical) ko masu yanayi mai zafi da ɗan sanyi (subtropical) a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. Duk da cewa yankin da suke rayuwa a ciki yana ɗaukar karamin kaso ne kawai na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, suna rayuwa a wurare masu tsayi daban-daban. Gorilla na tsaunuka yana rayuwa ne a dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu hazo na yankin Albertine Rift da ke tsaunukan aman wuta na Virunga, a tsayin da ya kama daga mita 2,200 zuwa 4,300. Gorilla na yankunan ƙasa (lowland gorillas) suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawan cunkoson bishiyoyi da kuma fadama ko wuraren da ke da ƙarancin tsayi kusa da matakin teku; inda gorilla na yammacin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a ƙasashen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma, su kuma gorilla na gabashin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo kusa da iyakar ƙasar da Rwanda. Ana kiyasin cewa akwai kimanin gorila na yamma guda 316,000 da kuma gorila na gabas guda 5,000 a cikin daji. Kungiyar IUCN ta sanya duka nau'ukan biyu cikin rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya (Critically Endangered); haka kuma an sanya dukkan karanan nau'ukan a wannan rukuni, ban da gorilan tsaunuka wadanda aka sanya su a rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa (Endangered). Akwai barazana da dama ga rayuwarsu, kamar farautar haram, lalata muhallinsu, da cututtuka, wadanda ke sanya rayuwar wadannan dabbobi cikin hadari. Sai dai, kokarin kare su ya samu nasara a wasu yankuna da suke rayuwa a cikinsu. '''Tarihi''' Kalmar "gorilla" ta samo asali ne daga tarihin Hanno Mai Binciken Teku (kimanin shekarar 500 BC), wani mai binciken ƙasa ɗan ƙasar Carthage wanda ya yi tafiyar bincike zuwa gabar tekun Yammacin Afirka, zuwa yankin da daga baya ya zama ƙasar Sierra Leone.[2][3] Membobin tawagar binciken sun ci karo da "mutane masu halin daji, waɗanda yawancinsu mata ne, masu jiki mai gashi, kuma waɗanda masu fassararmu suka kira *Gorillae*".[4][5] Ba a san ko abin da masu binciken suka ci karo da shi shi ne abin da a yau muke kira *gorilla* ba, ko wani nau'in birai (na daban), ko kuma mutane.[6] An ce an ajiye fatun matan *gorillae* ɗin, waɗanda Hanno ya dao da su, a birnin Carthage har zuwa lokacin da Rome ta lalata birnin bayan shekaru 350, a ƙarshen Yaƙin Punic a shekarar 146 BC. A shekarar 1625, Andrew Battel ya yi magana game da kasancewar wannan dabba, inda ya kira ta da suna *Pongo*: ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. bgu9h7yigo8w1tk6ur8widabqhrmcgh 966460 966458 2026-10-11T16:46:11Z Najaatuhd 25547 966460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. Gorilla su ne mafi girman dabbobi masu kama da mutum (primates) da ke raye a yau; tsayinsu na iya kaiwa tsakanin mita 1.25 zuwa 1.8, nauyinsu ya kai tsakanin kilogiram 68 zuwa 227, kuma faɗin hannuwansu na iya kaiwa har mita 2.6, gwargwadon nau'in dabbar da kuma ko namiji ne ko mace. Sakanin rayuwarsu yana kasancewa ne cikin gungu, inda ake kiran shugabansu da suna "silverback" (wato mai bayan azurfa ko launin toka). Ana iya bambance gorilla na gabas da na yamma ta hanyar launin gashinsu mai duhu da kuma wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance a siffar jikinsu. A dabi'ance, gorilla suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 35 zuwa 40 a cikin daji. Muhallin gorilla na asali ya haɗa da dazuzzukan yankuna masu zafi (tropical) ko masu yanayi mai zafi da ɗan sanyi (subtropical) a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. Duk da cewa yankin da suke rayuwa a ciki yana ɗaukar karamin kaso ne kawai na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, suna rayuwa a wurare masu tsayi daban-daban. Gorilla na tsaunuka yana rayuwa ne a dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu hazo na yankin Albertine Rift da ke tsaunukan aman wuta na Virunga, a tsayin da ya kama daga mita 2,200 zuwa 4,300. Gorilla na yankunan ƙasa (lowland gorillas) suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawan cunkoson bishiyoyi da kuma fadama ko wuraren da ke da ƙarancin tsayi kusa da matakin teku; inda gorilla na yammacin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a ƙasashen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma, su kuma gorilla na gabashin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo kusa da iyakar ƙasar da Rwanda. Ana kiyasin cewa akwai kimanin gorila na yamma guda 316,000 da kuma gorila na gabas guda 5,000 a cikin daji. Kungiyar IUCN ta sanya duka nau'ukan biyu cikin rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya (Critically Endangered); haka kuma an sanya dukkan karanan nau'ukan a wannan rukuni, ban da gorilan tsaunuka wadanda aka sanya su a rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa (Endangered). Akwai barazana da dama ga rayuwarsu, kamar farautar haram, lalata muhallinsu, da cututtuka, wadanda ke sanya rayuwar wadannan dabbobi cikin hadari. Sai dai, kokarin kare su ya samu nasara a wasu yankuna da suke rayuwa a cikinsu. '''Tarihi''' Kalmar "gorilla" ta samo asali ne daga tarihin Hanno Mai Binciken Teku (kimanin shekarar 500 BC), wani mai binciken ƙasa ɗan ƙasar Carthage wanda ya yi tafiyar bincike zuwa gabar tekun Yammacin Afirka, zuwa yankin da daga baya ya zama ƙasar Sierra Leone.[2][3] Membobin tawagar binciken sun ci karo da "mutane masu halin daji, waɗanda yawancinsu mata ne, masu jiki mai gashi, kuma waɗanda masu fassararmu suka kira *Gorillae*".[4][5] Ba a san ko abin da masu binciken suka ci karo da shi shi ne abin da a yau muke kira *gorilla* ba, ko wani nau'in birai (na daban), ko kuma mutane.[6] An ce an ajiye fatun matan *gorillae* ɗin, waɗanda Hanno ya dao da su, a birnin Carthage har zuwa lokacin da Rome ta lalata birnin bayan shekaru 350, a ƙarshen Yaƙin Punic a shekarar 146 BC. A shekarar 1625, Andrew Battel ya yi magana game da kasancewar wannan dabba, inda ya kira ta da suna *Pongo*: Shekaru 150 bayan an wallafa labarin Battel, wani marubuci mai suna Radermacher ya rubuta cewa "mutane da yawa suna kallon babban nau'in halittar nan—wanda Buffon da sauran marubuta suka kwatanta a matsayin mai girman mutum—a matsayin tatsuniya ko abin da ba ya wanzuwa (Chimera)."[8] Likita kuma mishaneri ɗan ƙasar Amurka Thomas Staughton Savage, tare da masanin halittu Jeffries Wyman, su ne suka fara bayyana nau'in gorilla na yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1847, bisa samfuran da aka samo daga ƙasar Laberiya.[9] Sun sanya wa halittar sunan *Troglodytes gorilla*, suna amfani da sunan da ake amfani da shi a wancan lokacin don rukunin halittun chimpanzee. An samo sunan nau'in halittar ne daga kalmar tsohuwar Girkanci *Γόριλλαι* (gorillai)—wato "sunan wata kabila ta mata masu gashi a jiki"[10]—kamar yadda Hanno ya bayyana. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. qlwredf7it38oazs1jcfs9swc2fcrtu 966475 966460 2026-10-11T16:49:12Z Najaatuhd 25547 966475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. Gorilla su ne mafi girman dabbobi masu kama da mutum (primates) da ke raye a yau; tsayinsu na iya kaiwa tsakanin mita 1.25 zuwa 1.8, nauyinsu ya kai tsakanin kilogiram 68 zuwa 227, kuma faɗin hannuwansu na iya kaiwa har mita 2.6, gwargwadon nau'in dabbar da kuma ko namiji ne ko mace. Sakanin rayuwarsu yana kasancewa ne cikin gungu, inda ake kiran shugabansu da suna "silverback" (wato mai bayan azurfa ko launin toka). Ana iya bambance gorilla na gabas da na yamma ta hanyar launin gashinsu mai duhu da kuma wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance a siffar jikinsu. A dabi'ance, gorilla suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 35 zuwa 40 a cikin daji. Muhallin gorilla na asali ya haɗa da dazuzzukan yankuna masu zafi (tropical) ko masu yanayi mai zafi da ɗan sanyi (subtropical) a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. Duk da cewa yankin da suke rayuwa a ciki yana ɗaukar karamin kaso ne kawai na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, suna rayuwa a wurare masu tsayi daban-daban. Gorilla na tsaunuka yana rayuwa ne a dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu hazo na yankin Albertine Rift da ke tsaunukan aman wuta na Virunga, a tsayin da ya kama daga mita 2,200 zuwa 4,300. Gorilla na yankunan ƙasa (lowland gorillas) suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawan cunkoson bishiyoyi da kuma fadama ko wuraren da ke da ƙarancin tsayi kusa da matakin teku; inda gorilla na yammacin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a ƙasashen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma, su kuma gorilla na gabashin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo kusa da iyakar ƙasar da Rwanda. Ana kiyasin cewa akwai kimanin gorila na yamma guda 316,000 da kuma gorila na gabas guda 5,000 a cikin daji. Kungiyar IUCN ta sanya duka nau'ukan biyu cikin rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya (Critically Endangered); haka kuma an sanya dukkan karanan nau'ukan a wannan rukuni, ban da gorilan tsaunuka wadanda aka sanya su a rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa (Endangered). Akwai barazana da dama ga rayuwarsu, kamar farautar haram, lalata muhallinsu, da cututtuka, wadanda ke sanya rayuwar wadannan dabbobi cikin hadari. Sai dai, kokarin kare su ya samu nasara a wasu yankuna da suke rayuwa a cikinsu. '''Tarihi''' Kalmar "gorilla" ta samo asali ne daga tarihin Hanno Mai Binciken Teku (kimanin shekarar 500 BC), wani mai binciken ƙasa ɗan ƙasar Carthage wanda ya yi tafiyar bincike zuwa gabar tekun Yammacin Afirka, zuwa yankin da daga baya ya zama ƙasar Sierra Leone. <ref>Müller, C. (1855–1861). ''Geographi graeci minores''. pp.&nbsp;1.1–14: text and trans. Ed. J. Blomqvist (1979).</ref>Membobin tawagar binciken sun ci karo da "mutane masu halin daji, waɗanda yawancinsu mata ne, masu jiki mai gashi, kuma waɗanda masu fassararmu suka kira *Gorillae*".<ref>A.H.L. Heeren, ed. (1832). "The Voyage of Hanno, commander of the Carthaginians, round the parts of Lilxya beyond the Pillars of Hercules, which he deposited in the temple of Saturn". ''Historical researches into the Politics, Intercourse and Trade of the Cathaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians''. Oxford: D. A. Talboys. pp.&nbsp;492–501. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017.</ref>Ba a san ko abin da masu binciken suka ci karo da shi shi ne abin da a yau muke kira *gorilla* ba, ko wani nau'in birai (na daban), ko kuma mutane.An ce an ajiye fatun matan *gorillae* ɗin, waɗanda Hanno ya dao da su, a birnin Carthage har zuwa lokacin da Rome ta lalata birnin bayan shekaru 350, a ƙarshen Yaƙin Punic a shekarar 146 BC. A shekarar 1625, Andrew Battel ya yi magana game da kasancewar wannan dabba, inda ya kira ta da suna *Pongo*: Shekaru 150 bayan an wallafa labarin Battel, wani marubuci mai suna Radermacher ya rubuta cewa "mutane da yawa suna kallon babban nau'in halittar nan—wanda Buffon da sauran marubuta suka kwatanta a matsayin mai girman mutum—a matsayin tatsuniya ko abin da ba ya wanzuwa (Chimera)."[8] Likita kuma mishaneri ɗan ƙasar Amurka Thomas Staughton Savage, tare da masanin halittu Jeffries Wyman, su ne suka fara bayyana nau'in gorilla na yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1847, bisa samfuran da aka samo daga ƙasar Laberiya.Sun sanya wa halittar sunan *Troglodytes gorilla*, suna amfani da sunan da ake amfani da shi a wancan lokacin don rukunin halittun chimpanzee. An samo sunan nau'in halittar ne daga kalmar tsohuwar Girkanci *Γόριλλαι* (gorillai)—wato "sunan wata kabila ta mata masu gashi a jiki"—kamar yadda Hanno ya bayyana. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. ia0k49iu0n9ejjuh72u7eip8jaeg2vo 966476 966475 2026-10-11T16:49:16Z Najaatuhd 25547 966476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gorilla manyan birrai ne masu girman gaske—wadanda galibi ke cin tsirrai—kuma suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin zafi na tsakiyar Afirka. Ana raba nau'in *Gorilla* zuwa iri biyu: gorilla ta gabas da gorilla ta yamma, tare da ƙarin rukunai na ƙasa (subspecies) guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin halittar DNA na gorilla yana da matuƙar kamanceceniya da na ɗan adam—tsakanin kashi 96 zuwa 99 dangane da abin da aka kwatanta—kuma su ne dabba ta uku mafi kusancin dangantaka da ɗan adam bayan bonobo da chimpanzee. Gorilla su ne mafi girman dabbobi masu kama da mutum (primates) da ke raye a yau; tsayinsu na iya kaiwa tsakanin mita 1.25 zuwa 1.8, nauyinsu ya kai tsakanin kilogiram 68 zuwa 227, kuma faɗin hannuwansu na iya kaiwa har mita 2.6, gwargwadon nau'in dabbar da kuma ko namiji ne ko mace. Sakanin rayuwarsu yana kasancewa ne cikin gungu, inda ake kiran shugabansu da suna "silverback" (wato mai bayan azurfa ko launin toka). Ana iya bambance gorilla na gabas da na yamma ta hanyar launin gashinsu mai duhu da kuma wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance a siffar jikinsu. A dabi'ance, gorilla suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 35 zuwa 40 a cikin daji. Muhallin gorilla na asali ya haɗa da dazuzzukan yankuna masu zafi (tropical) ko masu yanayi mai zafi da ɗan sanyi (subtropical) a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. Duk da cewa yankin da suke rayuwa a ciki yana ɗaukar karamin kaso ne kawai na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, suna rayuwa a wurare masu tsayi daban-daban. Gorilla na tsaunuka yana rayuwa ne a dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu hazo na yankin Albertine Rift da ke tsaunukan aman wuta na Virunga, a tsayin da ya kama daga mita 2,200 zuwa 4,300. Gorilla na yankunan ƙasa (lowland gorillas) suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawan cunkoson bishiyoyi da kuma fadama ko wuraren da ke da ƙarancin tsayi kusa da matakin teku; inda gorilla na yammacin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a ƙasashen Tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma, su kuma gorilla na gabashin yankin ƙasa ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo kusa da iyakar ƙasar da Rwanda. Ana kiyasin cewa akwai kimanin gorila na yamma guda 316,000 da kuma gorila na gabas guda 5,000 a cikin daji. Kungiyar IUCN ta sanya duka nau'ukan biyu cikin rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya (Critically Endangered); haka kuma an sanya dukkan karanan nau'ukan a wannan rukuni, ban da gorilan tsaunuka wadanda aka sanya su a rukunin dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa (Endangered). Akwai barazana da dama ga rayuwarsu, kamar farautar haram, lalata muhallinsu, da cututtuka, wadanda ke sanya rayuwar wadannan dabbobi cikin hadari. Sai dai, kokarin kare su ya samu nasara a wasu yankuna da suke rayuwa a cikinsu. '''Tarihi''' Kalmar "gorilla" ta samo asali ne daga tarihin Hanno Mai Binciken Teku (kimanin shekarar 500 BC), wani mai binciken ƙasa ɗan ƙasar Carthage wanda ya yi tafiyar bincike zuwa gabar tekun Yammacin Afirka, zuwa yankin da daga baya ya zama ƙasar Sierra Leone. Membobin tawagar binciken sun ci karo da "mutane masu halin daji, waɗanda yawancinsu mata ne, masu jiki mai gashi, kuma waɗanda masu fassararmu suka kira *Gorillae*".[4][5] Ba a san ko abin da masu binciken suka ci karo da shi shi ne abin da a yau muke kira *gorilla* ba, ko wani nau'in birai (na daban), ko kuma mutane.[6] An ce an ajiye fatun matan *gorillae* ɗin, waɗanda Hanno ya dao da su, a birnin Carthage har zuwa lokacin da Rome ta lalata birnin bayan shekaru 350, a ƙarshen Yaƙin Punic a shekarar 146 BC. A shekarar 1625, Andrew Battel ya yi magana game da kasancewar wannan dabba, inda ya kira ta da suna *Pongo*: Shekaru 150 bayan an wallafa labarin Battel, wani marubuci mai suna Radermacher ya rubuta cewa "mutane da yawa suna kallon babban nau'in halittar nan—wanda Buffon da sauran marubuta suka kwatanta a matsayin mai girman mutum—a matsayin tatsuniya ko abin da ba ya wanzuwa (Chimera)."[8] Likita kuma mishaneri ɗan ƙasar Amurka Thomas Staughton Savage, tare da masanin halittu Jeffries Wyman, su ne suka fara bayyana nau'in gorilla na yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1847, bisa samfuran da aka samo daga ƙasar Laberiya.[9] Sun sanya wa halittar sunan *Troglodytes gorilla*, suna amfani da sunan da ake amfani da shi a wancan lokacin don rukunin halittun chimpanzee. An samo sunan nau'in halittar ne daga kalmar tsohuwar Girkanci *Γόριλλαι* (gorillai)—wato "sunan wata kabila ta mata masu gashi a jiki"[10]—kamar yadda Hanno ya bayyana. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biri]]. lmzulj56knfi02l4x9fzh7fze0r3nml Fulani 0 7158 966283 964733 2026-10-11T16:18:28Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379241447|Fula people]]" 966283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="7" |Fulani, Fula ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;" |<div lang="File:1997 275-27 Wodaabe fashion.jpg">''Fulɓe''<br /><br /><span title="Fula-language text"><span lang="ff" dir="rtl">𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫</span></span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Wodaabe_during_Gerewol,_Cure_Salee,_In-Gall,_Niger_(15380276990).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[Wodaabe]] Fulbe men during [[Guérewol]] in Niger</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Total population |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;estimation</nowiki&gt;">est.</abbr> 38.6 million<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Regions with significant populations |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[West Africa]], [[North Africa]], [[Central Africa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Nigeria]] | class="infobox-data" |15,300,000 (6.6%)<ref name="FulaniStudy"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDucrotoyRevieShawMusa2017"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1378">Ducrotoy, Marie J.; Revie, Crawford W.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Musa, Usman B.; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel M.; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Welburn, Susan C. (3 March 2017). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1379">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336213 "Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1380">''PLOS ONE''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1381">'''12''' (3) e0172866. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1382">[[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1272866D 2017PLoSO..]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1384">[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1272866D 1272866D]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1385">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172866|10.1371/journal.pone.0172866]]</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1387">[[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336213 5336213]</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="1389">[[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28257477 28257477].</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Senegal]] | class="infobox-data" |5,055,782 (27.5%)<ref name="CIAFactbook2019sg"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118055435/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ "Africa: Senegal The World Factbook"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Guinea]] | class="infobox-data" |4,544,000 (33.4%)<ref name="CIAFactbook2019gv"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260116175917/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ "Africa: Guinea The World Factbook"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Cameroon]] | class="infobox-data" |3,000,000 (13.4%)<ref name="Cameroun Multiculturel"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://conferenceinvestiraucameroun.com/lethnie-peul-au-cameroun/ "L'ethnie peul au Cameroun Cameroon"]. </cite></ref><ref name="101 Last Tribes"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/mbororo.html "Mbororo/Fulani/Peul"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Mali.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Mali]] | class="infobox-data" |2,840,850 (13.3%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Mali"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260114151629/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali "Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Burkina Faso]] | class="infobox-data" |1,800,000 (8.4%)<ref name="CIAFactbook2019uv"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118041149/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ "Africa: Burkina Faso The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Niger.svg|link=|alt=|border|18x18px]] </span>[[Niger]] | class="infobox-data" |1,650,000 (6.5%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Niger"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210426230514/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger#people-and-society "Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Benin.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Benin]] | class="infobox-data" |1,182,900 (8.6%)<ref name="Benin2013"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/demographiques/population/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20avec%20projections%20RGPH4/Principaux%20indicateurs%20socio%20démographiques%20et%20économiques%20RGPH-4.pdf "PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Mauritania]] | class="infobox-data" |900,000 (18.3%)<ref name="World-Atlas-Ethnic-Composition-Mauritania"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html "What Is the Ethnic Composition of Mauritania?"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Guinea-Bissau]] | class="infobox-data" |623,646 (30%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Guinea-Bissau"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210426144749/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society "Africa: Guinea-Bissau – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[The Gambia|Gambia]] | class="infobox-data" |449,280 (18.2%)<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145456/https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit "Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses – GBoS"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Chad.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Chad]] | class="infobox-data" |334,000 (1.8%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Chad"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210429110159/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad#people-and-society "Africa: Chad – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Sierra Leone]] | class="infobox-data" |310,000 (5%)<ref name="Census2015"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf "Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Central African Republic|CAR]] | class="infobox-data" |250,000 (4.5%)<ref name="frstrategie.org"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.frstrategie.org/en/programs/observatoire-du-monde-arabo-musulman-et-du-sahel/fulani-people-and-jihadism-sahel-and-west-african-countries-2019 "Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West African countries :: Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel :: Foundation for Strategic Research :: FRS"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Sudan]] | class="infobox-data" |204,000 (0.4%)<ref name="Fub"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[[ethnologue:fub/|"Adamawa Fulfulde"]]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Togo_(3-2).svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Togo]] | class="infobox-data" |110,000 (1.2%)<ref name="Fue"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[[ethnologue:fue/|"Borgu Fulfude"]]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Ghana]] | class="infobox-data" |4,240 (0.01%)<ref name="Ffm"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[[ethnologue:ffm/|"Maasina Fulfulde"]]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Algeria]] | class="infobox-data" |4,000 (0.01%)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Côte_d'Ivoire.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Ivory Coast]] | class="infobox-data" |3,800 (0.02%)<ref name="frstrategie.org" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[South Sudan]] | class="infobox-data" |3,000 (0.02%)<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.voanews.com/a/no-south-sudan-passports-for-fulani-officials-say/1609002.html "No South Sudan Passports for Fulani, Officials Say"]. </cite></ref> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Languages |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Fula language|Fula]] • [[French language|French]] • [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] • [[English language|English]] • [[Arabic language|Arabic]] • [[Hausa language|Hausa]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Religion |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |primarily [[Islam]]<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fulani "Fulani &#x7C; People, Religion, & Nigeria &#x7C; Britannica"]. </cite></ref><br /><br />minority [[Christianity]] and [[Animism]]<ref name="min">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side |url=https://www.persecution.org/2023/08/07/nigerias-christian-fulani-face-persecution-from-all-sides/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=International Christian Concern}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Related ethnic groups |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]], [[Hausa people|Hausa]], [[Tebu people|Tebu]], [[Serer people|Serer]], [[Songhai people|Songhai]], [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]<ref>Francis Rodd (1926) – Origins of Tuareg people; H.R. Palmer (1914) – M. Delafosse's Account of the Fulani, Taylor White (1921)</ref> |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mutanen Fula''', '''Mutanen Fulani''', ko Fulɓe ƙabilar ce a cikin [[Sahara]], [[Sahel]], da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], da suka warwatse a duk yankin.{{Efn|{{langx|ff|Fulɓe}}, {{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫}}; {{langx|fr|Peul|links=no}}; {{langx|ha|Fulani or Hilani}}; [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: ''Fillata''; {{langx|pt|Fula|links=no}}; {{langx|wo|Pël}}; {{langx|bm|Fulaw}}; {{langx|kcg|A̱fa̱taa}}}} Suna zaune a kasashe da yawa, galibi suna zaune a Yammacin Afirka da sassan arewacin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Sudan]]" id="mwfQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu, Darfur, da yankuna kusa da gabar [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] a Sudan. Akwai tsakanin 25 da 40 miliyan Fulani a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fulbe |url=https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124020817/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=homepage.univie.ac.at |language=de}}</ref> Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Fula - miliyan 7 zuwa 10 - makiyaya ne. Su ne mafi girman al'ummar makiyaya a duniya. Yawancin Fula suna da ɗan gudun hijira, tare da manoma masu zaman kansu, malamai, masu sana'a, 'yan kasuwa, da masu daraja. <ref name="levinsonladdi" /> A kabilanci, suna da alaƙa da yaren Fula, tarihin su da al'adunsu. Fula kusan dukkanin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne, tare da 'yan tsirarun Kirista ko animists. <ref name="min" /><ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |title=Religion and expressive culture – Fulani |url=https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Fulani-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=everyculture.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fulani |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fulani |access-date=2020-10-27 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Shugabannin Afirka ta Yamma da yawa sun fito ne daga asalin Fulani, ciki har da tsohon Shugaban Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]]; Shugaban Kamaru na farko [[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]]; tsohon Shugaban Senegal, Macky Sall; Shugaban Gambiya, [[Adama Barrow]]; tsohon Shugaban Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embaló; Firayim Minista na Guinea, Bah Oury; da tsohon Firayim Ministan Mali, Boubou Cissé. Har ila yau suna da matsayi a manyan cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, kamar Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Amina J. Mohammed]]; Shugaban Majalisar Dinkinobho na 74, [[Tijjani Muhammad-Bande]]; da Sakatare-Janar na [[OPEC]], [[Mohammed Barkindo|Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo]] . == Sunayen == === Sunayen kabilanci === Akwai sunaye da yawa (da rubutun sunayen) da aka yi amfani da su a wasu harsuna don komawa ga Fulɓe. ''Fulani'' a cikin Turanci an aro shi ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]. ''Fula'', daga yarukan Manding, ana amfani dashi a Turanci, kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta shi ''Fulah'' ko ''Fullah''. Ana amfani da Fula da Fulani a cikin Turanci, gami da a cikin Afirka. Faransanci sun aro kalmar [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] Pël, wanda aka rubuta shi daban-daban: ''Peul'', ''Peulh'', har ma da ''Peuhl''. Kwanan nan kalmar [[Fillanci|Fulfulde / Pulaar]] Fulɓe, wanda shine sunan jam'i (singular, Pullo) an Anglicised a matsayin ''Fulbe'', wanda ke samun shahara a amfani. A cikin Portuguese, ana amfani da kalmomin Fula ko Futafula. Kalmomin ''Fallata'', ''Fallatah'', ko ''Fellata'' sun samo asali ne daga [[Larabci]], kuma galibi sunayen da ake gano mutanen Fulani a wasu sassan Chadi da Sudan. Mutanen Toucouleur na tsakiyar kwarin [[Kogin Senegal]] suna magana da [[Fillanci|Fulfulde / Pulaar]] kuma suna kiran kansu ''Haalpulaaren'', ko waɗanda ke magana da Pulaar. Bambancin da ake tsammani tsakanin su ya samo asali ne daga masana kimiyyar Faransanci a karni na 19 wadanda suka bambanta tsakanin wadanda ake zaton suna zaune, noma, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da masu adawa da Turai a gefe guda da makiyaya, makiyaya, masu biyayya da hadin kai ''Peulhs'' a ɗayan, amma dichotomy karya ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Andrew F. |date=1996 |title=The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.2307/221416 |jstor=221416}}</ref> === Sunayen sunaye === ==== Guinea, Saliyo, Laberiya, Gambiya, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal ==== Sunayen iyali na Fulani na yau da kullun a [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Saliyo]], [[Laberiya]], [[Gambiya]], [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], da Kudancin [[Senegal]] sune: Diallo (yanki masu magana da Faransanci), Jallow ko Jalloh (yanki da ke magana da Turanci), Djalo (Cap Verde da Guinea-Bisau), Sow, Barry, Bah ko Ba, Baldé, da Diouldé. Sauran sunayen iyali na Fulani (Toucouleur) a Guinea da arewacin Senegal sune: Tall, Sall, Diengue, Sy, Anne, Ly, Wann, Dia da sauransu. ==== Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru ==== Kodayake yawancin Fulbe na [[Najeriya]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Kamaru]] suna amfani da sunan mahaifinsu a matsayin sunayen mahaifi, akwai wasu sunayen karshe na Fulani kamar Bello (watakila daga kalmar [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ''Ballo'' ma'anar "mai taimako ko mataimakin", wannan sunan ya bazu a cikin kabilun da yawa a Najeriya), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saeed |first=Asma'u G. |date=2017 |title=The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate: the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd |url=https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/JIS/article/view/13999 |journal=Journal for Islamic Studies |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=61 |issn=2957-9163}}</ref> Tukur (daga Takrur), Gidado, Barkindo, Jallo, Ahidjo da Dikko. ==== Mali da Burkina Faso ==== A [[Mali]], sunayen iyalan Fulani da aka fi sani da su sune Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Bah, Dicko, Tall, da dai sauransu. Ana iya samun waɗannan sunayen daga cikin al'ummar Fulani na yankuna da yankunan Mali masu zuwa na [[Mopti (birni)|Mopti]], Macina, [[Nioro Cercle|Nioro]], [[Yankin Kidal|Kidal]], [[Timbuktu|Tamboctou]], [[Gao (gari)|Gao]], [[Sikasso (birni)|Sikasso]], da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hampaté Bah |first=Ahmadou |date=1996 |title=Des Foulbé du Mali et de leur Culture |url=https://www.vestiges-journal.info/Abbia/Abbia_14-15_1966/Abbiav14-15n3.pdf |journal=Abbia: Revue culturelle Camerounaise |pages=23–54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les communautés peules au Mali |url=https://africansecuritynetwork.org/assn/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/les-communaut%C3%A9s-peules-au-Mali-2.pdf |website=African Security Network |publisher=Analyse sociétale africaine/African societal Analysis (ASA)}}</ref> Wadannan sunayen kuma ana samun su a cikin yawan Fula na [[Burkina Faso]], tare da wasu sunayen kamar Barry da Sankara (wanda aka samo daga Sangaré). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diallo |first=Youssouf |date=1994 |title=Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=34 |issue=133/135 |pages=359–384 |doi=10.3406/cea.1994.2056 |issn=0008-0055 |jstor=4392526}}</ref> Bocoum, Niangadou, Bassoum, Daff, Djigué, da Lah wasu sunayen iyali ne waɗanda za a iya samun su tsakanin Diawambe / Jawaambe (Singular: Dianwando / Jawaando da Diokoramé / Jakorameh a [[Harshen Bambara|Bambara]]) na Mali. Jawambe wani rukuni ne na Fulanis a Mali waɗanda aka fi sani da kasuwanci.<ref name="Pageard-1959">{{Cite journal |last=Pageard |first=Robert |date=1959 |title=Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1959_num_29_2_1907 |journal=Journal des Africanistes |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=239–260 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1959.1907}}</ref> In some parts of Mali, like Mopti, apart from the common Fula surnames like those previously mentioned, you will find surnames like Cissé and Touré. Though these names are commonly associated with the [[Mutanen Mandé|Manding]] tribes, some in Mali have adopted the Fula culture and language through centuries of coexistence, and thus now consider themselves as part of the Fula ethnic group. A notable example of this is [[Amadou Toumani Touré]], the former president of Mali. == Yankin da aka rarraba == == Bayanan da aka ambata == geh3vsijxi8yw7kzpzire329gfy3r35 Ibesikpo-Asutan 0 9841 966672 876217 2026-10-11T22:43:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ibesikpo Asutan Local Government, Akwa Ibom state.jpg|thumb|Ibesikpo-Asutan]] [[Fayil:Lutheran Church of Nigeria, Ibesikpo Asutan, Akwa Ibom state.jpg|thumb|Ibesikpo-Asutan]] '''Ibesikpo-Asutan''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Karamar hukuma]] ce dake a [[jihar Akwa Ibom]], Kudu maso kudancin [[Nijeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibesikpo-Asutan Organization IBESKIPO – Asutan, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria|url=https://ibesikpo-asutan.org/ibeskipo-austan-nigeria/|access-date=2021-09-17|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911121844/https://ibesikpo-asutan.org/ibeskipo-austan-nigeria/|archive-date=2024-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Akwa Ibom]] 73olomkqdrfhkfw69n86jryhseeswzb Rihanna 0 10295 966493 965439 2026-10-11T16:53:44Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 966493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' (/riˈænə/ i ree-AN-ə; <ref>{{Cite web |last=HLN |date=April 26, 2012 |title=Rihanna Shows AJ Hammer How to Pronounce Her Name. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> an haife ta ne a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1988) mawaƙiya ce ta Barbadian, marubuciya, ce 'yar kasuwa, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GQ |date=August 26, 2020 |title=A$AP Rocky Answers 18 Questions from Rihanna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Wani mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, an san ta da aikinta na fannoni da yawa, sake fasalin fasaha, da kuma salon salon salon. Tare da kimanin tallace-tallace sama da miliyan 250, Rihanna tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci.12345Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.[1][2] Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.[3][4] A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep.[5] Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). [6] Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".[7][8] Anti (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.[9]Rihanna ta gano Madonna a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".[1] Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.[1][2]Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.[3] Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta.[4] Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, Afrodisiac (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . [5]A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon Bob Marley a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.[1] Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing][2] Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.[3][4] Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast".[5] Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.[6][7] Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar Janet Jackson, [1] Aaliyah, Beyonce, Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Bayan sanya hannu tare da Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna ta fara fitowa tare da rikodin Caribbean-inspired Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006), dukansu biyu sun kai mataki na jerin saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200. Waƙoƙin da suka jagoranci, "Pon de Replay" da "SOS", sun kai lamba biyu da ɗaya a kan <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka. Da yake karɓar hoto mai girma, Rihanna ta tashi zuwa shahararriya kuma ta sauya zuwa rawa-pop da R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B tare da kundin da ta fi sayar da shi Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) da sake bugawa, mai taken Reloaded (2008). Aikin ya samar da jerin waƙoƙi masu nasara, gami da waƙoƙin Amurka "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", da "Disturbia". Bayyanar baƙonta a kan "Live Your Life", "Love the Way You Lie", da kuma "The Monster" kuma sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Bayan bincika ƙarin jigogi na sirri a kan rikodin da ya shafi dutse Rated R (2009), Rihanna ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundin rawa-pop Loud (2010) da Talk That Talk (2011), kuma ta hau kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da saitin synth-pop Unapologetic (2012). Ta tashi daga Def Jam don goyon bayan Roc Nation, ta saki eclectic ''Anti'' (2016) - kundi na biyu na lamba daya. Wadannan kundin sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin Amurka na farko "Rude Boy", "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?", "S&amp;amp;M", "Mun sami soyayya", "Diamonds", da "Aiki". Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Rihanna tana fitowa da mutane kuma tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasu lokuta. Ta kuma shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim sun ''Gida'' da Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Ocean's 8 (2018), da ''Smurfs'' (2025). Rihanna ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Grammy Awards tara, Billboard Music Awards goma sha biyu, American Music Awards gomasharo, da kuma MTV Video Music Awards bakwai. Ita ce mafi girman ƙwararren mata na dijital ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Amurka, kuma tana da ƙwararrun 'yan lu'u-lu'u guda takwas da ƙwararriyar lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mace mai kiɗa ta farko da ta kai matsayin biliyan, Rihanna ta kafa Gidauniyar Clara Lionel mai zaman kanta, alamar kayan kwalliya Fenty Beauty, da alamar kayan ado Fenty a ƙarƙashin LVMH. Gwamnatin Barbados ta nada ta a matsayin jakada a shekarar 2018 kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin Jarumi na Barbados a shekarar 2021. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1988-2002: Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Casa_donde_vivió_Rihanna,_a_pocos_metros_del_puerto_de_Bridgetown.jpg|alt=A small house prominently coloured in red, green, and orange|thumb|Gidan iyayen Rihanna a Bridgetown, kawai 'yan mita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin]] An haifi Robyn Rihanna Fenty a Saint Michael, Barbados, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1988. {{Sfn|Weidhase|2024}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Ita 'yar Monica ce (née Braithwaite), mai lissafin kuɗi na Afro-Guyanese, da Ronald Fenty, mai kula da ɗakin ajiya na Barbadian na Afirka, Irish, Ingilishi, da zuriyar Scotland.{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Rihanna: Out for Revenge |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510063957/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>Rihanna tana da 'yan uwan biyu, Rorrey da Rajad Fenty, da kuma' yan uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwanta daga dangantakar mahaifinta ta baya.{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta girma ne a cikin wani bungalow mai dakuna uku a Bridgetown kuma ta taimaka wa mahaifinta sayar da tufafi a wani kantin sayar da titi.{{Sfn|Novic|2019}}<ref name="n403">{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Leah |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Inside Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Rags-to-Riches Family Life |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722041237/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>Yayinda take yarinya ta shafar maye da jarabawar cocaine ta mahaifinta, wanda ya lalata auren iyayenta. <ref name="o839">{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Kira |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Rihanna: 'That's a Part of My Life I Want to Throw Away' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/21/rihanna-interview |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="l893">{{Cite web |last=Pawa |first=Vandana |date=February 12, 2024 |title=All About Rihanna's Parents, Ronald Fenty and Monica Braithwaite |url=https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616010227/https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref name="j079">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Rihanna Drops Legal Case Against Her Father |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610013748/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi magana game da ganin mahaifinta ya wulakanta mahaifiyarta, yana bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi karfi da na sani, idan ba mafi karfi ba".{{Sfn|Muehlhoff|2010}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}} Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta sha wahala daga ciwon kai mai tsanani wanda ke buƙatar [[CT scan|CT scans]] da yawa, tare da likitoci da ke zargin ciwon daji. Rashin lafiyarta ya fara ingantawa bayan iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take da shekaru 14.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2015}}Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Charles F. Broome Memorial da Makarantar Combermere.{{Sfn|Herringshaw|2014}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗalibi mai halin kirki" wanda ya guje wa matsala.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ta nuna sha'awar waka, rawa, da waka. A wannan lokacin, Rihanna ta fara sauraron masu fasahar reggae kamar Sizzla da Damien Marley, da kuma mawaƙa na R & B kamar [[Whitney Houston]] da [[Mariah Carey]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}}A lokacin da take da shekaru 11, ta zama cadet a cikin Cadet Corps na Barbados, tare da mawaƙa na gaba Shontelle a matsayin sajan ta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake da farko ta shirya kammala makarantar sakandare, daga ƙarshe ta fita tana da shekaru 16 don neman aikin kiɗa. === 2003-2006: Farawar aiki tare da Music of the Sun da A Girl Like Me''Yarinya Kamar Ni'' === A shekara ta 2003, Rihanna ta kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa guda uku tare da abokan aji biyu a Barbados.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba tare da sunansa ba kuma ba tare da kayan asali ba, [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] ta saurara ga mai gabatar da Amurka Evan Rogers, wanda ya tuna cewa "minti Rihanna ta shiga cikin dakin, kamar sauran' yan mata biyu ba su wanzu ba". <ref name="j007">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Andrew Lloyd Webber Claims He Discovered Rihanna on His Travels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/14/andrew-lloyd-webber-claims-he-discovered-rihanna-in-barbados |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Wadannan uku sun ci gaba da yin murfin Destiny's Child's "Emotion".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Da yake sha'awar, Rogers ya shirya ganawa ta biyu tare da Rihanna da mahaifiyarta - a wannan lokacin ba tare da sauran 'yan mata biyu ba - kuma daga baya ya gayyace su zuwa garinsu a [[Connecticut]] don yin rikodin kaset don gabatarwar lakabin rikodin.<ref name="p858">{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Sylvia |date=August 25, 2007 |title=Singing in the Rain: An Exclusive Interview with Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208170722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta demo tape ya hada da "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A shekara ta 2005, ta zama mai zane na farko da ya sanya hannu tare da Syndicated Rhythm Productions, kamfanin samarwa wanda Rogers da Carl Sturken suka kafa.<ref name="p858" />{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} An aika demo din Rihanna ga rapper [[Jay-Z]], wanda ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na lakabin rikodin Def Jam Recordings . <ref name="z330">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Amina |date=November 25, 2005 |title=Amina Taylor Meets Singer Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001200047/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake Jay-Z da farko ya yi tunanin "Pon de Replay" ya yi yawa ga sabon mai zane, ya gayyace ta zuwa sauraro. A farkon shekara ta 2005, ta yi a Birnin New York don Jay-Z da kuma mai kula da kiɗa Antonio "L.A." Reid, tana raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston "For the Love of You" tare da waƙoƙi na demo "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".<ref name="p858" /><ref name="z173">{{Cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Rihanna – 10 of the Best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/28/rihanna-10-of-the-best |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jay-Z ta gamsu da iyawarta, kuma Reid ya gaya masa kada ya bar ta barin ginin ba tare da yarjejeniya ba.<ref name="Jay-ZPicks">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=2007 |title=Jay-Z's Picks: Teairra Mari, Rihanna, Ne-Yo |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053302/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2011 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Ta jira a ofishin Jay-Z yayin da lauyoyi suka kammala kwangilar kundi shida tare da Def Jam. Rihanna ta soke taron da aka shirya tare da wasu lakabi kuma, jim kadan bayan ta cika shekaru 16, ta ƙaura daga Barbados zuwa Amurka. A can, ta kammala karatun sakandare tare da malami.<ref name="y117">{{Cite web |last=Gracie |first=Bianca |date=May 28, 2020 |title=An Oral History of Rihanna's Debut Song, 'Pon de Replay' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710013021/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |archive-date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}} [[File:RihannaJingle_Ball_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, in her late teens, facing the other way of the camera under a red light|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a KIIS-FM Jingle Ball a shekara ta 2005]] Bayan Rihanna ta sanya hannu tare da Def Jam, Jay-Z da tawagarsa sun kwashe watanni uku suna kammala kundi na farko.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta yi aiki tare da masu samarwa daban-daban, da farko Rogers da Sturken.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}An zaɓi "Pon de Replay" a matsayin jagora saboda roƙon lokacin rani.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}An saki waƙar a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2005, kuma ta zama nasarar kasuwanci, ta kai lamba ta biyu a duka US <nowiki><i id="mwAWw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart. {{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An saki kundi na farko na studio, Music of the Sun, a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2005. Ya fara ne a lamba goma a kan US <nowiki><i id="mwAXk">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na raka'a 69,000.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙarsa ta biyu, "If It's Lovin' That You Want", ta kai lamba 36 a Amurka.<ref name="z214">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'SOS' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2211667/the-number-ones-rihannas-sos/columns/the-number-ones/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da cameo a cikin fim din kai tsaye zuwa DVD Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), inda ta nuna kanta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ta saki Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a watan Satumbar 2005.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An kira shi A Girl Like Me, an saki rikodin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Here's Every Rihanna Song to Go Platinum so Far |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060948/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kundin pop da reggae, <ref name="SanMiguel">{{Cite journal |last=SanMiguel |first=Celia |date=June 2006 |title=Review: ''A Girl like Me'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408034539/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |quote=a pop album, one informed but not bounded by Rihanna's Caribbean roots}}</ref> A Girl Like Me ya kai lamba biyar a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, tare da kofe 115,000 da aka sayar a Amurka a cikin makon farko. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ya zama kundi na farko na platinum sau biyu na RIAA, wanda ya wuce miliyan daya da aka sayar. Ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "SOS", "Unfaithful", "We Ride", da kuma "Break It Off". "SOS" ya zama waƙarta ta farko da ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yayin da "Unfaithful" ya kai saman goma na sigogi a duk duniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Don inganta duka A Girl Like Me da Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara rangadin kide-kide na farko, mai taken Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour, a cikin shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Corey |date=July 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna Lets Fans Be Her Guide, Selects Summer Jam 'We Ride' as Next Single: Singer on First Headlining Tour Through Early August |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214131234/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> === 2007-2008: Yarinya mai kyau ta tafi mummunan''Yarinya Mai Kyau ta Fito'' === [[File:Rihanna-brisbane.jpg|alt=Rihanna with a bob cut performing in into a microphone on a stage|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Good Girl Gone Bad Tour a shekara ta 2008]] A farkon shekara ta 2007, Rihanna ta fara yin rikodin kundi na uku. Da yake da niyyar watsar da hotonta na yarinya mai ƙofar kusa don tallafawa mutum mai girma da tawaye, ta yi aiki tare da masu samar da su kamar Ne-Yo, Timbaland, [[Justin Timberlake]], da Tricky Stewart don kundin.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sakamakon kundin, Good Girl Gone Bad, an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2007, zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref name="pandr">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2007 |title=Review: ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192438/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h093">{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2007 |title=''Good Girl Gone Bad'' by Rihanna |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/good-girl-gone-bad/rihanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602134202/http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/rihanna/goodgirlgonebad |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, ya nuna canji daga sautin Caribbean na aikinta na baya, yana rungumar jagorancin zamani wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙin rawa na uptempo.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana sayar da kwafin 162,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}} Jagoran jagora daga Good Girl Gone Bad shine "Umbrella", tare da Jay-Z. Ya hau kan sigogi a yankuna da yawa, yana ciyar da makonni goma da bakwai a jere a lamba daya a kan UK Singles Chart da ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, "Shut Up and Drive" da "Hate That I Love You", sun kai lamba goma sha biyar da bakwai a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi, yayin da kundi na huɗu, "Don't Stop the Music", ya kai lamba uku.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin duniya na Good Girl Gone Bad a watan Satumbar 2007, inda ta yi kide-kide 80 a fadin nahiyoyi biyar.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A Grammy Awards na 50, ta sami gabatarwa da yawa don Good Girl Gone Bad kuma ta lashe Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "Umbrella" tare da Jay-Z.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, ta fito da "Rehab", na biyar kuma na ƙarshe daga Good Girl Gone Bad; ya kai saman a cikin manyan sigogi 20 a duka Amurka da Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Bayan sayar da kwafin miliyan tara har zuwa 2023, Good Girl Gone Bad shine kundin da aka fi sayarwa a duk duniya.<ref name="x012">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Axl |date=November 8, 2023 |title=What Is Rihanna's Best-Selling Album? |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518074114/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Entertainment Weekly mai suna Rihanna "Diva of the Year" a cikin 2008, yana yabon ta "sabon ikon zama". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, Rihanna ta shiga [[Kanye West]] a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan Glow in the Dark Tour . An sake fitar da Good Girl Gone Bad, mai taken Reloaded, a ranar 2 ga Yuni; sayar da kwafin 63,000 a cikin makon farko, ya taimaka wa kundin asali ya tashi zuwa lamba bakwai a Amurka. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sake caji ya haifar da sabbin waƙoƙi huɗu, biyu daga cikinsu - "Disturbia" da "Take a Bow" - sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka saki Reloaded, ta ba da Good Girl Gone Bad Live, wani shirin DVD wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Rihanna na Disamba 2007 a [[Manchester Arena]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A shekara ta 2008, ta sanar da dangantakarta ta soyayya da mawaƙa [[Chris Brown]] kuma ta hau kan Hot 100 na makonni shida tare da fasalin waƙar rapper TI "Live Your Life".<ref name="c550">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Stephanie |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Rihanna and Chris Brown's relationship through the years |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513150504/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2009-2011: Shari'ar tashin hankali a cikin gida, Rated R, da Loud''Da ƙarfi'' === [[File:Rihanna_2010_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, her right hand holding and performing into a microphone, with her left pointing at someone in the crowd|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2010]] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an tilasta wa Rihanna soke aikin da ta shirya a 51st Annual Grammy Awards biyo bayan rahotanni cewa Brown ya yi mata hari.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Daga baya ya mika kansa ga hukumomi kuma an tsare shi bisa zargin yin barazanar aikata laifuka. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2009, an tuhume shi da kai hari da yin barazanar aikata laifuka.<ref name="n230">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2009 |title=Chris Brown's father says singer 'remorseful' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030108/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Wannan shari'ar ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman bayan TMZ ta buga hoton 'yan sanda da ya ɓace wanda ke nuna Rihanna tare da raunin da ake gani. An kira Rihanna don yin shaida a wani sauraro na farko a Los Angeles a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2009. Lamarin da sakamakonsa sun rinjayi ta a fannin fasaha, wanda ya sa ta fara aiki a kan kundi na huɗu na studio, mai taken Rated R, wata daya bayan Grammy Awards.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Rated R ya nuna canji daga sauti mai kyau na kundin Rihanna na baya, yana rungumar sautin duhu, mai zurfi tare da tasirin dutse. <ref name="MichDaily">{{Cite web |last=Resende |first=Sasha |date=November 22, 2009 |title=Rihanna turns dark on ''Rated R'' |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128205713/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta huɗu a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200 kuma ya sayar da kwafin 181,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ɗaya daga cikin "Rude Boy" ya kai saman Hot 100 na makonni shida, yayin da "Russian Roulette" da "Hard" dukansu sun kai saman goma.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta shiga cikin dangantaka ta kan-sake, tare da rapper na Kanada [[Drake]] a cikin 2009 kuma, don tallafawa Rated R, ta fara rangadin Last Girl on Earth daga 2010 zuwa 2011.<ref name="h937">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Last Girl On Earth tour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215010030/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2025 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_The_Loud_Tour_-_30_(6790388762).jpg|alt=Rihanna, with curly hair, performing on stage into a microphone|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Loud Tour a 2011]] A watan Yunin 2010, Rihanna ta yi aiki tare da rapper Eminem a kan wakar "Love the Way You Lie". Ya hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni bakwai a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya; shi ne kuma Waƙar da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta sauya gudanarwa, ta sanya hannu tare da Jay-Z's Roc Nation . Ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundi na biyar, Loud, wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rubuce-rubucen rawa-pop, Loud ya fara ne a lamba uku a Amurka tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 207,000 . {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ya haifar da waƙoƙi guda uku na ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?" tare da Drake, da "S & M", wanda ya hau kan ginshiƙi bayan fitowar remix tare da [[Britney Spears]] . Rihanna ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi saurin mai zane-zane a tarihin ''Billboard'' Hot 100 don tarawa goma na farko. <ref name="y440">{{Cite web |last=Tehomilic |first=Tommy |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna earns 10th No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602205951/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 53 a cikin 2011, "Kawai Yarinya (A Duniya) " ta lashe Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu. <ref name="x529">{{Cite web |last=Fresh |first=Mikey |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Grammy Recap: Stargate Talks Rihanna's 'Only Girl (In The World)' Winning 'Best Dance Recording' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112174338/https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Man Down", "California King Bed", da "Cheers (Drink to That) " an sake su a matsayin mutane daga Loud a cikin 2011.<ref name="i594">{{Cite web |last=Copsey |first=Robert |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Rihanna announces next single |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414145352/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single.html |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta kaddamar da Loud Tour a watan Yunin 2011, wanda ya hada da rikodin rikodin rikodi goma da aka sayar a The O2 Arena a London - mafi yawan mata masu zane a tarihin wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Rihanna Breaks O2 Arena Record with Final Loud Tour Gig |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122134155/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |archive-date=November 22, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]}}</ref> Wannan yawon shakatawa ya tara dala miliyan 90, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin yawon shakata mafi girma a duk duniya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="l046">{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Loud Tour Grosses $90 Million |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617010026/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Har ila yau, a cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin wasu waƙoƙin masu fasaha guda uku: West's "All of the Lights" daga My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), [[Nicki Minaj]]'s "Fly" daga kundi na farko Pink Friday (2010), da David Guetta's "Who's That Chick?" daga One More Love (2010).<ref name="f210">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Harley |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Kanye West and Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds', 'All of the Lights' at FYF Fest |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201033510/https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref><ref name="i713">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2011 |title=Nicki Minaj Says She and Rihanna Would Be a 'Crazy Power Couple' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119192439/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2011-2013: Magana da Wannan Magana da Unapologetic''Ba tare da neman gafara ba'' === Rihanna ta yi niyyar bincika jigogi masu nuna jima'i a cikin kundi na shida na studio, Talk That Talk, <ref name="l163">{{Cite web |last=Ferrier |first=Morwenna |date=November 20, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/nov/20/rihanna-talk-that-talk-review |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="s352">{{Cite web |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173718/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> wanda aka saki a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2011.<ref name="e115" /> Kundin pop da R & B, <ref name="s352" /> <ref name="e115">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=April 30, 2012 |title=Rihanna Debuts Music Video for 'Where Have You Been' (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412164738/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |archive-date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Talk That Talk ya buɗe a lamba ta uku a kan US ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 198,000, [3] yayin da yake farawa a saman UK Albums Chart tare da raka'a 163,000 da aka sayar.<ref name="h364">{{Cite web |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2012 |title=Album sales fall to new low as Rihanna tops UK chart despite selling less than 10,000 copies of ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/album-sales-fall-to-new-low-as-rihanna-tops-uk-chart-despite-selling-less-than-10-000-copies-of-talk-that-talk-8038553.html |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Kundin da ya jagoranci, "Mun sami Ƙauna", ya zama babban taswirar duniya.<ref name="k330">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=November 20, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'We Found Love' (Feat. Calvin Harris) |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725060431/https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Ya shafe makonni goma da ba a jere ba a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yana mai da shi duka Rihanna mafi tsawo da kuma mafi tsawo a lamba daya song a Amurka a 2011. Kundin ya haifar da wasu waƙoƙi guda uku: "You da One", "Talk That Talk", da "Where Have You Been". "Where Have You Been" ya kai lamba biyar a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Rihanna and Calvin Harris Release 'This Is What You Came For' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203020636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_Diamonds_World_Tour_2013_(Cropped).png|alt=Rihanna on stage, wearing a red crop top and long dress, singing into a microphone on stage|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Diamonds World Tour a 2013]] A farkon shekara ta 2012, Rihanna ta bayyana a Coldplay's "Princess of China" da Drake's "Take Care". <ref name="u999">{{Cite web |last=Goble |first=Corban |date=June 3, 2012 |title=Coldplay – 'Princess Of China' (Feat. Rihanna) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075409/https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> <ref name="x884">{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Powers |date=November 8, 2011 |title=Follow The Sample: Drake's 'Take Care' Comes From The Blues |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425003515/http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |archive-date=April 25, 2015 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Fabrairu, ta lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "All of the Lights" tare da West, kuma an kira ta Mafi kyawun Mata na Duniya a Brit Awards na shekara ta biyu a jere. <ref name="x499">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2012 |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Complete Winners and Nominees List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113259/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="z651">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Simon |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143310/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Maris, Rihanna da Brown sun fitar da remixes guda biyu - waƙarta "Birthday Cake" da "Turn Up the Music" - waɗanda aka soki saboda tarihin su na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name="s567">{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Chris Brown, Rihanna Reunite on 'Birthday Cake,' 'Turn Up the Music' Remixes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616112111/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, bidiyon kiɗa na "Mun sami Ƙauna" ya lashe Bidiyo na Shekara a MTV Video Music Awards, yana mai da Rihanna mace ta farko da ta karɓi girmamawa fiye da sau ɗaya.<ref name="p766">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna wins MTV VMA award for Belfast video We Found Love |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919023450/https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="2012 VMA">{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2012 |title=Rihanna, One Direction Top Vmas |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911032420/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Short Form Music Video a shekarar 2013. An saki kundi na bakwai na Rihanna, mai taken Unapologetic, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2012. <ref name="m564">{{Cite web |last=Renshaw |first=David |date=November 19, 2012 |title=This week's new music releases: November 19, 2012 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919163028/https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen synth-pop tare da EDM da abubuwan hip-hop, <ref name="x501">{{Cite web |last=Hopper |first=Jessica |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Rihanna: ''Unapologetic'' |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011130105/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Unapologetic ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na kwafin 238,000, ya zama kundi na farko na Rihanna a Amurka. Kundin kundin, "Diamonds", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100, ya zama waƙar Rihanna ta goma sha biyu a kan ginshiƙi. Kundin na biyu, "Stay", ya kai lamba uku a Amurka. Don inganta kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin 777, ta yi wasanni bakwai a kasashe bakwai a cikin kwanaki bakwai. Wani shirin fim game da yawon shakatawa ya fito a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, sannan aka saki wani DVD a washegari - bidiyon ta na uku mai tsawo. A watan Janairun 2013, Rihanna da Brown sun sake farfado da dangantakarsu, kodayake ya kasance a karkashin gwaji don shari'ar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ta 2009. Su biyu sun rabu kusan watanni huɗu bayan haka. Rihanna ta fara fitowa a fim din a matsayin Petty Officer Cora Raikes a cikin Battleship (2012).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta wasan kwamitin na wannan sunan, Battleship ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, kodayake Neil Genzlinger, yana rubutawa ga The New York Times, ya ce tana da "kyakkyawan rawar da take takawa. "<ref name="q235">{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Alex |date=April 6, 2012 |title=''Battleship'': Is board game adaptation Hollywood's last roll of the dice? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/07/battleship-hasbro-adaptation-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="u485">{{Cite web |last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=May 18, 2012 |title=''Battleship'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123161420/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref name="w089">{{Cite web |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Aliens Fight Heroic Earthlings in ''Battleship'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915210742/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, Shafukan hukuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ta sayar da rikodin miliyan 3.87 a kasar a shekarar da ta gabata, inda ta sanya ta a matsayi na farko a cikin masu zane-zane na 2013 Brit Awards.<ref name="officialcharts.com">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=The BRIT Awards 2013: The Biggest Selling Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025316/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> Ta biyar headlining yawon shakatawa, Diamonds World Tour, an kaddamar da shi a watan Maris na 2013 don tallafawa Unapologetic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna Unveils Diamonds Tour Dates After Big VMA Night |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909225914/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012.jhtml |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi cameo a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo This Is the End (2013), kuma daga baya ta yi aiki tare da rapper Wale a kan remix dinsa na "Bad". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, ta hau kan duka ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart tare da fasalin waƙar Eminem "The Monster".<ref name="j531">{{Cite web |last=Molanphy |first=Chris |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Why Is Eminem's 'The Monster' No. 1 on the Charts? Because It's a Sequel. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060609/https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="l431">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Eminem lands seventh UK number one album |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060208/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === 2014-2017: Fitarwa na tsaye da ''Anti'' === A cikin 2014, [[Shakira]] ta nuna Rihanna a kan waƙarta "Ba za a iya tunawa da ku ba". Bayan fitowar Unapologetic da yawon shakatawa da ya biyo baya, ta nuna sha'awar yin hutu daga rikodin, tana cewa tana son "shekara don yin duk abin da nake so a fasaha, da kirkira".<ref name="p678">{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |last2=Abby Aguirre |first2=Mert Alas |last3=Piggott |first3=Marcus |date=March 17, 2016 |title=It's Rihanna's World |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816103428/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Mayu, ta rabu da Def Jam Recordings kuma ta sauya gaba ɗaya zuwa Roc Nation, lakabin da ke gudanar da aikinta tun Oktoba 2010.<ref name="s383">{{Cite web |last=Nostro |first=Lauren |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Rihanna Has Left Def Jam and Signed to Jay Z's Roc Nation... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225052307/https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |archive-date=February 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a kan kundi na takwas na studio, Rihanna ta saki waƙoƙin "FourFiveSeconds" (haɗin gwiwa tare da West da Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money", da "American Oxygen"; babu wani daga cikin ukun da ya bayyana a jerin waƙoƙar karshe na kundin.<ref name="r521">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Gerrick D. |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Rihanna and Kanye, we need to hear more from you. Make it in 2016, please. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060508/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="k741">{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2016 |title=''Anti'' (Deluxe) by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725115514/https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ta fito tare da [[Jim Parsons]] da [[Jennifer Lopez]] a matsayin muryar Tip a cikin fim din Home . Rihanna kuma ta tsara kuma ta saki kundin ra'ayi a matsayin sauti.<ref name="s361">{{Cite web |last=Mokoena |first=Tshepo |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Rihanna to make concept album for DreamWorks animated film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/27/rihanna-concept-album-dreamworks-animated-film |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_Concert_for_Valor_in_Washington,_D.C._Nov._11,_2014_(face_cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna performing on stage|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Concert for Valor a shekarar 2014]] A ƙarshen 2015, Rihanna ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 25 tare da [[Samsung]] don inganta Layin samfurin Galaxy, tare da kamfanin kuma yana tallafawa ƙaddamar da kundi na takwas na studio, mai taken ''Anti'', da kuma yawon shakatawa.<ref name="z282">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angus |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Rihanna Signs $25 Million Deal With Samsung |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/461051-rihanna-signs-s25-million-deal-with-samsung-news |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref><ref name="v939">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Rihanna Anti tour review – hit-packed victory lap with a dose of dancehall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/rihanna-anti-tour-review-hit-packed-victory-lap |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> An saki kundin ne kawai a kan sabis na yawo Tidal a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na nau'o'i kamar pop, Dancehall, da psychedelic soul, ''Anti'' ya kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana nuna rikodin taswirar ta biyu a Amurka. <ref name="g630">{{Cite web |last=McHenry |first=Jackson |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Rihanna's ''Anti'' Returns to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Chart |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130130/http://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> Jagoran, "Work", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni tara, tare da na uku da na huɗu, "Ina Bukata Ni" da "Ƙaunar kan Brain", suna ƙaruwa a cikin manyan goma. An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Anti World a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 don tallafawa kundin. <ref name="p734">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Iyana |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Rihanna Is Taking The Weeknd, Big Sean And Travis Scott On Her #ANTIWorldTour |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-anti-world-tour-388704/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Rihanna ta bayyana a matsayin mai zane-zane a kan mutane da yawa: Calvin Harris's "This Is What You Came For"; Drake's "Too Good"; <ref name="i985">{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Matthew |date=April 30, 2016 |title=Drake: 'Too Good' [ft. Rihanna] |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091804/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> da Mike Will Made It's "Nothing Is Promised". <ref name="b319">{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Camille |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Mike WiLL Made-It Unleashes Previous Rihanna Collaboration, 'Nothing Is Promised' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-mike-will-made-it-nothing-is-promised-425404/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> "Wannan shine abin da kuka zo" ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba ta biyu da uku a Burtaniya da Amurka, bi da bi.<ref name="k855" /><ref name="w419">{{Cite web |title=This Is What You Came For – Calvin Harris Ft. Rihanna |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211234248/https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Rihanna ta fitar da "Sledgehammer" a matsayin wani ɓangare na Star Trek Beyond (soundtrack)">sauti na fim don Star Trek Beyond . A watan Agusta, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Michael Jackson Video Vanguard a 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, inda ta yi jerin waƙoƙin da ta fi cin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is Your 2016 VMA Video Vanguard |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709040142/http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitette |first=Nicole |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is the Recipient of 2016 MTV Video Vanguard Award |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816201838/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta kara hadin gwiwar ta, ta bayyana a kan [[DJ Khaled]]'s "Wild Thoughts" da Kendrick Lamar's "Loyalty".<ref name="h140">{{Cite web |last=Helman |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2017 |title=DJ Khaled – 'Wild Thoughts' (Feat. Rihanna & Bryson Tiller) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814100718/https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref><ref name="s035">{{Cite web |last=Parham |first=Jason |date=April 18, 2017 |title=The Story Behind the Kendrick Lamar And Rihanna Collaboration 'Loyalty'. |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716074842/http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Fader]]}}</ref> Tsohon ya kai lamba ta biyu a Amurka, yayin da na ƙarshe ya lashe ta da Lamar Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Performance. A cikin 2017, Rihanna ta nuna Marion Crane a cikin rawar da ta faru a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyar da ta karshe ta Bates Motel; wasan kwaikwayon ya sadu da yabo mai yawa.<ref name="Reviews">{{Cite web |title=Bates Motel: Season 5 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223080935/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> A cikin fim din Luc Besson na kimiyya mai suna Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), ta taka rawar gani, mai ba da nishaɗi da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din tashar sararin samaniya, tare da Dane DeHaan da Cara Delevingne . <ref name="x784">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets'' review – Luc Besson's space oddity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/03/valerian-and-the-city-of-a-thousand-planets-review-luc-besson-cara-delevingne-dane-dehaan-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h357">{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna Is in Maybe 5 Minutes of ''Valerian'' and They Are All Spectacular |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123044009/https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref><ref name="i360">{{Cite web |last=Sandberg |first=Patrik |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna's Cameo in ''Valerian'' Is Short but Magnificent |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124225511/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta fara yin soyayya da ɗan kasuwa na Saudiyya Hassan Jameel; dangantakarsu ta ƙare a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2018 |title=A Complete Timeline of Rihanna and Hassan Jameel's Romance |url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032732/https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=Vogue Arabia}}</ref><ref name="turning30">{{Cite web |last=Nnadi |first=Chioma |date=May 3, 2018 |title=Rihanna on Body Image, Turning 30, And Staying Real—no Matter What |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032812/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Ashley |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Rihanna and Billionaire Boyfriend Hassan Jameel Split After Nearly 3 Years of Dating |url=https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321112803/https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> === 2018-yanzu: Hiatus, uwaye, da kuma Super Bowl LVII rabin lokaci show === [[File:Rihanna_visits_U.S._Embassy_in_Barbados_2024_(cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna smiling|thumb|Rihanna ta ziyarci Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Barbados a 2024]] Rihanna ta kasance daga cikin 'yan mata da aka jefa a fim din Ocean's 8 (2018), wanda Gary Ross ya jagoranta. Fim din ya kasance babban nasarar ofishin jakadancin, yana samun dala miliyan 300 a duniya. Tare da [[Donald Glover]], ta fito a fim din Guava Island (2019), inda ta taka rawar soyayya ta halinsa.<ref name="z523">{{Cite web |last=Lockett |first=Dee |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Your Guide to Donald Glover and Rihanna's ''Guava Island'' Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331224621/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, an sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Sony / ATV Music Publishing. Rihanna ta bayyana a waƙar PartyNextDoor "Believe It" (2020). Dan Amurka mai suna ASAP Rocky ya tabbatar da cewa shi da Rihanna suna cikin dangantaka a watan Mayu na 2021; su biyu sun fara soyayya kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, jim kadan bayan ta rabu da Jameel. <ref name="k984">{{Cite web |last=Heran Mamo |first=Hannah Dailey |date=September 25, 2025 |title=A Timeline of A$AP Rocky & Rihanna's Relationship |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010145758/https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta haifi ɗansu na farko a shekarar 2022.<ref name="x069">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Georgia |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Rihanna Welcomes First Baby with A$AP Rocky |url=https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001512/https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Jagoran jagora daga sauti na fim din Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), mai taken "Lift Me Up", shine fitowar kiɗa ta farko tun ''Anti''. Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa don Golden Globe da Academy Award for Best Original Song . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mckay |first=Karelle |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Rihanna Receives First Oscar Nomination for Original Song 'Lift Me Up' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124212357/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl LVII, wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayonta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, da kuma ƙarshen kauracewa da ta yi a baya, wanda ta haifar da hadin kai tare da Colin Kaepernick. Ayyukan sun jawo hankalin masu kallo miliyan 121.017, wanda ya sa ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl da aka fi kallo a tarihi, ya wuce wasan kwaikwayon Super Bowl XLIX na Katy Perry. Ya sami Rihanna biyar Primetime Emmy Award nominations, ciki har da daya don Outstanding Variety Special (Live). Rihanna ta zama mutum na farko da ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl yayin da take da ciki, ta bayyana ciki yayin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga baya a cikin 2023, ta haifi ta da ASAP Rocky ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Newborn Baby's Name Revealed |url=https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118112110/https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''Smurfs'', wanda aka yi masa mummunan ra'ayi, kuma ta haifi ita da ASAP Rocky ta uku, 'yar. <ref name="i407">{{Cite web |title=''Smurfs'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131314/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name="y307">{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Rihanna Gives Birth to Her Third Child—and It's a Girl! |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924222204/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=[[vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2026, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta ba da rahoton cewa gidan Rihanna na Beverly Hills, wanda ta raba tare da ASAP Rocky, wani wanda ake zargi da bindiga na AR-15 ne ya harbe shi.<ref name="w985">{{Cite web |last=Lapham |first=Jake |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Rihanna's Beverly Hills home hit by gunfire, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2pm2kvkeo |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="d266">{{Cite web |last=Castleman |first=Terry |last2=Jany |first2=Libor |date=March 8, 2026 |title=Gate to Rihanna's home, an RV hit by bullets as suspect fired assault-style rifle, police say |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2026-03-08/rihanna-beverly-hills-mansion-is-struck-by-gunfire-source-says |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> An kama wata mace da ake zargi. Rihanna tana gida a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, amma ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba.<ref name="d841">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Woman shoots at Rihanna's L.A. home with AR-15-style rifle; no injuries reported, police say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-shoots-rihannas-l-home-ar-15-style-rifle-no-injuries-reported-po-rcna262362 |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026, Rihanna ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai zane-zane na Jay-Z 30 a Filin wasa na Yankee a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tana raira "Run This Town" da "Bitch Better Have My Money" tare da Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Brahmjot |date=July 13, 2026 |title=Rihanna Turns Heads With First Performance in Years at Jay-Z's NYC Concert |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1433917/rihanna-performs-for-first-time-in-years-at-jay-zs-nyc-concert |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Rihanna mezzo-soprano ce tare da kewayon murya daga B<nowiki><sub id="mwBY4">2</sub></nowiki> zuwa Cī6.{{Sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018}}<ref name="y010">{{Cite web |last=Kristobak |first=Ryan |date=May 20, 2014 |title=You'll Never Guess Which Singer Has The Largest Vocal Range |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131205710/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>Ta fara horar da murya yayin rikodin Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) a karkashin jagorancin Ne-Yo, wanda ya koya mata dabarun numfashi da isar da muryar murya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Masu sukar sun nuna yadda take aiki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban: James Skinner na [[BBC]] ya bayyana aikinta a kan "Love the Way You Lie (Part II) " a matsayin "mai ba da umurni, mai rai da rauni", yayin da Andy Gill na The Independent ya ambaci "California King Bed" a matsayin rawar murya mafi karfi. ''Billboard'' ta ce "Diamonds" ta nuna ta "mafi girman murya, mafi yawan murya", kuma Jon Caramanica na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa muryarta ta zama "makami na sanyaya da rashin kulawa". A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya ta a matsayi na sittin da takwas a cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi Girma 200 na Duk Lokaci". Rihanna sau da yawa tana rubuta waƙoƙinta tare da ƙungiyar masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="o934">{{Cite web |last=Benitez-Eves |first=Tina |date=May 8, 2023 |title=5 Songs You Didn't Know Rihanna Wrote for Other Artists |url=https://americansongwriter.com/5-songs-you-didnt-know-rihanna-wrote-for-other-artists/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref><ref name="m312">{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2015 |title=The pop-up hit factory: How a songwriter bootcamp helped Rihanna fight back |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/52j3yMmbpPG2PjfS1z79nVW/the-pop-up-hit-factory-how-a-songwriter-bootcamp-helped-rihanna-fight-back |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=BBC}}</ref> Waƙoƙin Rihanna da farko R & B ne da pop, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar Dancehall, EDM, da manya na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |title=Rihanna Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108043333/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |quote=…Rihanna is also uncommonly dynamic, having mixed and matched pure pop, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and adult contemporary material throughout her career.}}</ref> Ayyukanta na kiɗa an yi alama da gwaji, kuma ta bayyana cewa burinta shine "yi kiɗa da za a iya ji a wasu sassan duniya da ban taɓa zuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2015 |title=Rihanna Learned to Sing by Mimicking Celine Dion |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/article/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175534/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion-1.2291713 |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2015 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> A Barbados, Rihanna ta samo wahayi daga reggae, soca, da hip-hop, kuma bayan ta koma Amurka, an gabatar da ita ga nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da dutse.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}Tushen farko na dancehall na Rihanna ya bayyana a cikin kundi biyu na farko, Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Music of the Sun ya nuna tasirin al'adun kiɗa na Caribbean; Kelefa Sanneh na The New York Times ya kira Rihanna "mafi kyawun mawaƙa don gano yadda za'a iya amfani da rhythms na lantarki".{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Da yake son ci gaban fasaha, A Girl Like Me ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kai wanda mata matasa ke fuskanta, tare da ballads waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu kyau da balaga.<ref name="AllmusicLikeMe">{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=David |title=''A Girl like Me'' – Rihanna |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013710/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]}}</ref> Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) ta nuna tashi daga farkon tasirin Caribbean kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, tare da waƙoƙin rawa-pop kamar "Push Up on Me" da "Don't Stop the Music".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rabin farko na kundin yana da tasirin tasirin pop na shekarun 1980, yayin da rabi na biyu ya fi dogara ga R & B na gargajiya.<ref name="pandr" /> Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.<ref name="VentedOnLP">{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 24, 2009 |title=Rihanna 'Vented' on Her Just-Released ''Rated R'' Album |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113001754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album.jhtml |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=October 29, 2010 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Preview: Eminem Gets Dark on Otherwise Light LP |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825082709/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp.jhtml |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep. Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&amp;amp;M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Continues to Leak Online |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-to-leak-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514133358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-leak-online.jhtml |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".<ref name="h744">{{Cite web |title=''Unapologetic'' by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826194741/https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref><ref name="d273">{{Cite web |last=Dobbins |first=Amanda |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Let's Discuss Rihanna's ''Unapologetic'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060839/https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Anti'' (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.   Rihanna ta gano [[Madonna]] a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".<ref name="j122">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna: 'Madonna is my biggest inspiration' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131190202/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.<ref name="Saysshes">{{Cite web |title=Rihanna Says She's Inspired by Mariah Carey |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724001957/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta. Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, ''Afrodisiac'' (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . <ref name="f910">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Da'Shan |date=June 8, 2018 |title=Revisiting Brandy's 'Never Say Never' 20 years later |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060246/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon [[Bob Marley]] a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.<ref name="Saysshes" /> Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing]<ref name="n792">{{Cite web |last=Al-Khateeb |first=Zac |date=February 12, 2023 |title=Where is Rihanna from? How artist's Barbados roots will influence Super Bowl halftime show |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060620/https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[The Sporting News]]}}</ref> Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.<ref name="turning30" /> Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast". Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Rihanna Would Give Her 'Entire Life' to Play Whitney Houston |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127105532/http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref><ref name="b236">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Rihanna speaks about ''Battleship'' role |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417071607/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar [[Janet Jackson]], <ref name="Saysshes" /> Aaliyah, [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], [[Celine Dion]], Grace Jones, Lil 'Kim, Prince, da Brandy .<ref name="r617">{{Cite web |last=Zendle |first=Miriam |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna: Beyonce's my inspiration |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517054439/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref><ref name="z346">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2010 |title=10 Things You Never Knew About... Grace Jones |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824100006/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |archive-date=August 24, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><ref name="x276">{{Cite web |last=Kallor |first=Amber |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Rihanna on the '90s Beauty Icon Who Has Inspired Her Many Looks |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827155715/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Artists That Wouldn't Be the Same Without Prince |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426125043/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name="f910" /> === Bidiyo da mataki === [[File:RihannaLastGirlOnEarthSnapMar2011.jpg|alt=Rihanna, with red, long hair in a colourful dress, performing on stage|thumb|Rihanna a kan Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2011. Tana da jan gashi mai haske, wanda ke da alaƙa da zamanin Loud, <ref name="x596">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Janae |date=April 2, 2022 |title=The Rihanna Hair Evolution: Through the Years |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060541/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]}}</ref> da kuma tufafi masu launi da yawa.]] == Manazarta ==   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 968uvsqatfsilube9al23onxoc4q1dp Hadiza Bala Usman 0 10317 966133 859262 2026-10-11T13:10:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hadiza Bala Usman''' (an haifeta a ranar 2 ga watan '''Janairun''' shekarar (1976). [[Dan Najeriya|'Yar Najeriya]] ce, yar siyasa. Ita ce tsohuwar ''Manajar Darekta'' ta [[Hukumar Tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Nijeriya]], wadda aka fi sani a Turance da ''Nigerian Port Authority "NPA"'', shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ne ya naɗa ta muƙamin, a ranar Litinin 11 ga watan Yuli, a shekara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/07/13/fg-confirms-hadiza-bala-usmans-appointment/ |access-date=2019-02-12 |archive-date=2019-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125130918/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/07/13/fg-confirms-hadiza-bala-usmans-appointment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga bisani ta kasance ita ce Shugabar Ma'aikatan gidan gwamnatin [[Jihar Kaduna]].<ref name=":0">Cite news|url = http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/06/el-rufai-names-hadiza-bala-usman-first-female-chief-of-staff/|title{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} = El-Rufai names Hadiza Bala Usman, First Female Chief of Staff|last = Adi|first = Femi|date = 29 June 2015|work = The News Nigeria|access-date = 2 February 2016|via =</ref>Hadiza Bala Usman cikakkiyar mamba ce a jam'iyya mai mulki a yanzu [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC).<ref>Cite news|url = http://newswirengr.com/2015/02/18/bringbackourgirls-campaign-coordinator-urge-nigerians-to-vote-in-apc-vote-out-pdp-government-on-march-28/#|title {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} = #BringBackOurGirls Campaign Coordinator Urge Nigerians To Vote In APC & Vote Out PDP Government|last = Abdullahi|first = Musa|date = 18 February 2015|work = NewsWire NGR|access-date = 2 February 2016|via =</ref> == Mai bada shawara Ga Shugaba Tinubu == Shugaba [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya naɗa '''Hadiza Bala Usman''' a matsayin mai ba shi shawara ta musamman kan harkokin siyasa da daidaitawa, a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 2023. <ref>https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-appoints-hadiza-bala-usman-hannatu-musawa-as-special-advisers</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/northern-youths-hail-hadiza-balas-appointment-assa-on-policy-and-coordination/</ref><ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/19/president-tinubu-appoints-hadiza-bala-usman-hannatu-musawa-as-special-advisers/</ref><ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/19/president-tinubu-appoints-hadiza-bala-usman-hannatu-musawa-as-special-advisers/</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Hadiza Bala}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] ca1fe8f7siadjl5x5rg6ab8zysom8a3 Aminu Saira 0 10498 966402 962220 2026-10-11T16:38:01Z Banchau 49841 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374838761|Aminu Saira]]" 966402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aminu Muhammad Ahmad''' (wanda aka haifa 20, 1979),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209213834/http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=HausaFilms.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Aminu Saira bio |url=https://x.com/aminusaira |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Twitter |quote="Born April 20, 1979"}}</ref> wanda akafi sani da '''Aminu Saira''', dan Najeria ne me shirya fina finai . yYa shirya fina finai masu dogon ango a hausa , <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira - Nolly |url=http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081510/http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/ |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |website=Hausa Films}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] oqhhzkhfulraocwgqgxomriiufhzb43 966417 966402 2026-10-11T16:39:56Z Banchau 49841 saka manazarta 966417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aminu Muhammad Ahmad''' (wanda aka haifa 20, 1979),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209213834/http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=HausaFilms.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Aminu Saira bio |url=https://x.com/aminusaira |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Twitter |quote="Born April 20, 1979"}}</ref> wanda akafi sani da '''Aminu Saira''', dan Najeria ne me shirya fina finai . yYa shirya fina finai masu dogon ango a hausa , <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira - Nolly |url=http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081510/http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/ |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |website=Hausa Films}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] b7lt6cjfyars1eql3l05ap0piqsx9dz Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe 0 10760 966134 914316 2026-10-11T13:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov.jpg|thumb|sabuwa bakarabe]] [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov (cropped).jpg|thumb|Agwam fantswaem]] '''Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe''' [[Dan Nijeriya|Yar'Najeriya]] ce, kuma yar'siyasa, wanda aka zaba tazama mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. An kuma zaɓe ta tareda da gwamna maici wato [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]] a watan February shekara ta dubu biyu da Sha Tara 2019, karkashin jam'iyar [[All Progressive Congress|APC]].<ref>[https://www.blueprint.ng/2019-which-way-southern-kaduna "2019, Which way Southern Kaduna?"] ''[[Blueprint]]'' Retrieved 28 February, 2019.</ref><ref>Aza MSUE. [https://www.leadership.ng/2019/03/12/deputy-governor-elect-hadiza-balarabe-chairs-kaduna-transition-commitee "Duputy Governor-elect Hadiza Balarabe Chairs Transition Committee 2019"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Leadership_(newspaper)]]'' Kaduna State. Retrieved 12 March 2019</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/tags/aGFkaXphLXNhYnV3YS1iYWxhcmFiZS1oYWRpemE={{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/politics/8af9b04b39cc9349e72837ad0d937d03{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019, a matsayinta na mataimakiya gwamna, ta gabatar da kasafin kudin sabuwar shekara ta 2020 na gwamnatin jihar Kaduna a gaban [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kaduna|majalisar dokokin jihar]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba yin hakan a [[Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/357818-for-the-record-full-speech-by-kaduna-acting-governor-on-presentation-of-2020-budget.html</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2020/04/23/kaduna-deputy-governor-hadiza-balarabe-warns-public-against-internet-scammers/</ref> A shekarar 2022, ta yi burin tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben 2023 amma ta janye, aka zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar dan takarar jam’iyyar APC, Sanata [[Uba Sani]].<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/kaduna-guber-uba-sani-announces-hadiza-balarabe-deputy-governor-as-running-mate</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/the-making-of-nigerias-first-female-governor/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211851/https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |archive-date=2023-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, an sake zabar ta a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Balarabe haifaffiyar gidan Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe ne a karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] ta jihar [[Kaduna]]. Ta halarci makarantar ‘yan mata ta Soba don yin karatun sakandare, sannan ta samu admission a babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami’ar Maiduguri]] inda ta yi karatun likitanci sannan ta kammala MBBS a 1986.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ daga asali https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro, Jihar Kaduna a 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a 1982, <ref name=":0"/> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro,A Jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a shekarar alif 1982, <ref name=":0"/> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a shekarar alif 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro,A Jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a shekarar alif 1982, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ngozi Odu, Hadiza Balarabe, Patricia Obila and oda women wey be Deputy govnors for Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c519336n1wdo |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a shekarar alif 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. == Political Career == A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019, a matsayin mukaddashin gwamna,ta gabatar da kasafin kudin Sabuntawa na Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna na shekarar 2020 ga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kadun, don haka ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi hakan a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. A cikin shekarar 2022, tayi farin ciki da yin takara a matsayin gwamna a lokacin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|Babban zaben 2023]] amma ta janye kuma an zaba ta a matsayin abokin takara ga All Progressives Congress, dan takarar yarjejeniyar APC, Sanata [[Uba Sani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Top 5 influential female politicians in Nigeria you may not know |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211851/https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |archive-date=2023-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> .A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an sake zabar ta mataimakiyar gwamna. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Hadiza Sabuwa}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] o0a8yacwjwk99myoiel99yfk5r96oxh Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah 0 13640 966719 619332 2026-10-12T05:50:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah''' (da Larabci الجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة) masarautar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ta kafa jami'ar ce bisa umarnin sarauta a shekara ta 1961<ref>[http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/2000-Winter/Madinah.htm Madinah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615025631/http://saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/2000-Winter/Madinah.htm |date=2010-06-15 }} Saudi Embassy. Winter 2000.</ref> a tsattsarkan birnin Musulunci na [[Madinah|Madina]]. Koda yake wasu sun danganta akidar [[Salafiyya]] da bude jami'ar, ana ganinta a matsayin rashin fahimta sakamakon halayyar da cibiyar ta ke da ita ga kowane akida. <ref name="MilosevicRekawek2014">{{cite book|author1=M. Milosevic|author2=K. Rekawek|title=Perseverance of Terrorism: Focus on Leaders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB7pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|date=3 April 2014|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=978-1-61499-387-2|pages=133}}</ref><ref>Chaplin, Chris. "Salafi Islamic piety as civic activism: Wahdah Islamiyah and differentiated citizenship in Indonesia." Citizenship studies 22.2 (2018): 208-223.</ref><ref>Determann, Jörg Matthias. "Circuits of Faith: Migration, Education, and the Wahhabi Mission by Michael Farquhar." The Middle East Journal 71.2 (2017): 331-332.</ref><ref>Chaplin, Chris. "Imagining the land of the two holy mosques: The social and doctrinal importance of Saudi Arabia in Indonesian Salafi discourse." Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies 7.2 (2014): 217-236.</ref><ref>MUSA, M.F., 2018. THE RIYAL AND RINGGIT OF PETRO-ISLAM: INVESTING SALAFISM IN EDUCATION. Islam in Southeast Asia: Negotiating Modernity, p.63. "Scholars have argued that the Islamic University of Madinah is the primary exporter of Wahhabi ideology, and has produced Salafi-inclined theologians, who later promoted the ideology throughout the world."</ref> Jami'ar ta sami takardar shaidar digiri na jami'a ba tare da banbanta ta ba daga Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Kimiya da Nazari a watan Afrilun shekarar dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic University Received Institutional Accreditation Without Exception (in Arabic)|url=https://sabq.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7|website=Sabq Online Newspaper|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208144028/https://sabq.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7|archive-date=8 February 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan jami'a an tsara shi ne kawai ga ɗaliban [[Musulmi|musulmai]] maza. === Karatun Ilimin Addinin Musulunci === Daliban jami’ar na iya karatun [[Shari'a|Sharia]], [[Al Kur'ani|Alqur’ani]], Usul al-din, [[Hadisi|Hadith]], da [[larabci]] . <ref>[http://www.saudinf.com/main/j42.htm University of Madinah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113050828/http://www.saudinf.com/main/j42.htm |date=2017-11-13 }} Saudi Info.</ref> A jami'a tayi aramin Arts darajõji, kuma ma Jagora ta da digirgir Digiri. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/4170.htm |title=University of Madinah |access-date=2020-04-20 |archive-date=2020-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205210843/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4170.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karatu a Kwalejin [[Shari'a|Shari’a ta Shari’ar]] Musulunci sune suka fara farawa lokacin da aka bude jami’ar. Izinin buɗe wa musulmai ne bisa shirye-shiryen tallafin karatu wanda ke ba da masauki da tsadar rayuwa. Jami'ar kuma ta ba da Cibiyar Harshen Larabci don Cibiyar magana da ba ta Al'umma ba ga waɗanda ba su da matakin Larabci na asali. === Kwalejoji da aka kara === A shekara ta 2009, jami’ar ta bude sashen koyar da injiniyanci. A shekara ta 2011 ne jami'ar ta bude sashen koyar da ilimin kimiyya da na Kimiyya. A shekara ta 2012, jami'ar ta bude sashen koyar da Kimiyya a karon farko. A shekara ta 2019, jami’ar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta bude sashen koyar da ilimin Shari’a. === Digiri na yanar-gizo === A cikin 2019, jami'ar ta sanar da cewa za ta fara ba da digiri na kan layi ta hanyar sabon shirin e-ilmantarwa da kuma ilimin nesa. A halin yanzu jami'ar tana ba da karatuttuka na kan layi a fannin Shari'a da kuma bayar da takardar shedar bayar da takardar shaida a cikin harshen larabci ga masu magana da ba asalin ba harshen ba. == Alumni (Tsoffin dalibai) == * Hidayat Nur Wahid - Shugaban Indonesian jama'ar kasar shawara Majalisar (2004-2009), Malamin addinin Musulunci tare da pluralistic view * Mishary Rashid Alafasy * Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu * Tukur Adam Almanar * Jafar Adam * Anas Salis Kura * Mansur Sokoto * Abdulkarim Tahir Abdullahi * Abdulhamid Sunusi Rabiu ==Hotuna== <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px"> Islamic_University_of_Medina_Main_Gate.jpg Asrama_Unit_10_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_(1).jpg Asrama_Unit_10_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_(2).jpg Auditorium_Raja_Saud_bin_Abdul_Aziz,_Universitas_Islam_Madinah.jpg Faculty_of_Arabic_Language,_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg Fakultas_Al-Qur%27an_dan_Studi_Islam_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_(1).jpg Fakultas_Al-Qur%27an,_Fakultas_Hadis_dan_Fakultas_Dakwah_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_(1).jpg Fakultas_Syari%27ah_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_(2).jpg IUM_Computer_and_Science_Faculty.jpg Jembatan_antara_Fakultas_Al-Qur%27an_dan_Fakultas_Hadis_(1).jpg Masjid_Abdul_Aziz_bin_Abdullah_bin_Baz,_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_(3).jpg|Masallacin jami'a na Abdul Aziz bin Baz </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin jami'o'i a Saudi Arabia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://iu.edu.sa/ Yanar Gizo Jami'ar] (Ingilishi da Larabci) * [http://www.madinahstudent.co.uk/ Gidan yanar gizon official na Jami'ar Burtaniya na Jami'ar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131130141/http://www.madinahstudent.co.uk/ |date=2020-01-31 }} (Ingilishi) {{DEFAULTSORT:Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah}} [[Category:Jami'o'i]] q6q9h0br6ctpywnztd1nhcu8gz69xa7 Jaridun Nigeria 0 14872 966730 785064 2026-10-12T07:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:New Nigerian Newspaper.jpg|thumb|gidan da ake buga jaridu]] '''Jaridun da ake bugawa a Najeriya''' suna da kyakkyawar ka'idar dasuke amfani dashi wajen "bugawa kuma a ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka a lokacin da suka kafa iyayen gidan jaridun Najeriya irin su [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], [[Ernest Ikoli]], [[Obafemi Awolowo]] da [[Lateef Jakande]] sune suka yi amfani da takardunsu wajen fada don samun yanci. Har A zuwa shekarar 1990, yawancin wallafe-wallafen mallakin gwamnati ne, amma takardu masu zaman kansu kamar su ''Daily Trust'', ''Nigerian Tribune'', ''The Punch'', ''Vanguard'', da ''Guardian sun'' ci gaba da tona asirin badakalan ta gwamnati da ta masu zaman kansu duk da kokarin da gwamnati keyi na murkushe su. A Dokokin da suka shafi kafofin yada labarai, gami da jaridu,sun bazu ne a sassa daban-daban ne. Akwai kyakkyawawan hanyoyin tattaunawa da nazari N R T HAJSAnan dokokin. Wasu Jaridun suna dogaro ne da tallan da wasu kamfanoni mallakar masu iko su sanya su. A wasu lokuta, surinka yin abunda ba daidaiba kuma wannan yana sa jaridu suyi taka tsantsan wajen bayar da rahoto game da laifuka ko abubuwan da ake zargi da aikata laifi, kuma wani lokacin suna ɗauke da labaran da ke nuna cin hanci da rashawa yadda ya dace. Nazarin jaridu yana nuna suna ɗaukar maza, wanda ke nuna bambancin al'adun. 'Yan jaridu kaɗan ne ke tattaunawa game da mata masu amfani da hotunan sassan jikinsu. wajen samun kuɗi ƙuma haka yake tun 1980s yawan wallafe-wallafe hakan naci gaba da haɓaka.  Izuwa na 2008 akwai da kana nan yan jaridu da suka kai 100 na jaridun ƙasa, Jaridun yanar gizo sun shahara sosai tun bayan bunkasa amfani da yanar gizo a Najeriya; fiye da kashi goma cikin ɗari na manyan rukunin yanar gizo hamsin a cikin ƙasar suna sadaukar da kai ne ga jaridun kan layi. Saboda ingantaccen wayar hannu da karuwar wayoyi, yan Najeriya sun fara dogaro da yanar gizo domin samun labarai. Jaridun kan layi ma sun iya tsallake takunkumin gwamnati saboda ana iya raba abubuwan ba tare da buƙatar kowane kayan more rayuwa ba. Sakamakon katse hanyoyin kafofin labarai na gargajiya wadanda suka mamaye masana'antar yada labarai. Jaridun yanar gizo na kwanan nan sun hada da ''Sahara Reporters'', ''Ripples Nigeria'' da ''Premium Times''N r t Hausa. == Jerin jaridu == Wannan '''jerin jaridu ne a Najeriya''' . Jerin ya hada da jaridu da jaridu na yanar gizo wanda ake bugawa a halin yanzu a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wadanda ke yadawa ko kuma wadanda suke manyan jaridu na cikin gida. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Newspaper !Location !First issued !Publisher |- |''Blueprint Newspaper'' |[[Abuja]] | style="text-align:right;" |May 2011 | |- |''Business Day'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |2005 |Frank Aigbogun |- |''Business Hallmark'' |[[Ikeja]], [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" | |Prince Emeka Obasi |- |''Complete Sports'' |[[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos State]] | style="text-align:right;" |1995 |Sunny Obazu-Ojeagbase |- |''Daily Champion'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" | |Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu |- |''Daily Post'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | style="text-align:right;" | |James Bamisaye |- |''Daily Times of Nigeria'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |9 June 1925 |Folio Communications |- |''Daily Trust'' |[[Abuja]] | style="text-align:right;" |1998 |Media Trust Ltd |- |''Daylight Nigeria'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |January 2014 | |- |''Entertainment Express'' | | style="text-align:right;" |July 2011 | |- |''Guardian'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |1983 |Felix Ibru |- |''Independent'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |2001 |Independent Newspapers Limited |- |''Leadership'' |[[Abuja]] | style="text-align:right;" |1 October 2004 |Leadership Group Ltd |- |''Mirror'' | | style="text-align:right;" |2006 |Global Media Mirror Limited |- |''Nation'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |2006 |Vintage Press Limited |- |''National Network'' |[[Port Harcourt]] | style="text-align:right;" |2004 |Network Printing and Publishing Company |- |''Nigerian Entertainment Today'' |[[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos State]] | style="text-align:right;" |23 November 2009 |Adekunle Ayeni |- |''New Telegraph'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |3 February 2014 |The Telegraph Publishing Company |- |''Newswatch'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |28 January 1985 |Global Media Mirror Limited |- |''Next'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |2004 |Timbuktu Media group |- |''Observer'' |[[Benin City]] | style="text-align:right;" |1968 |Bendel Newspapers Company Limited |- |''Osun Defender'' |[[Osogbo]] | style="text-align:right;" | |Moremi Publishing House Ltd. |- |''P.M. News'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |1994 |Independent Communications Network Limited |- |''Peoples Daily'' |[[Abuja]] | style="text-align:right;" |30 November 2008 |Peoples Media Ltd |- |''Politics Nigeria'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |2016 |Dumebi Emmanuel |- |''Premium Times'' |[[Abuja]] | style="text-align:right;" |2011 |Premium Times Services Limited |- |''Punch'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |1971 |Ajibola Ogunsola |- |Ripples Nigeria |Lagos |2015 |Richmond Hill Media Limited |- |''Sahara Reporters'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | |Omoyele Sowore |- |''Stears Business'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] |2015 |Stears News Limited |- |''Sun'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |2001 |The Sun Publishing Ltd |- |''The Tide '' |[[Port Harcourt]] | style="text-align:right;" |1971 |Rivers State Newspaper Corporation |- |''Tell Magazine'' |Yaba, Lagos | style="text-align:right;" |1991 |TELL Communications Limited |- |''Thisday'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="text-align:right;" |1995 |Leaders & Company |- |''Tribune'' |[[Ibadan]] | style="text-align:right;" |1949 |African Newspapers of Nigeria Ltd |- |''Triumph'' |[[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]] | style="text-align:right;" |1980 |Triumph Publishing |- |''The Standard'' |[[Jos]] | style="" |1972 |Benue-Plateau Printing Publication Cooperation |- |''The Authority (newspaper)'' |[[Abuja]] | style="" |2015 |The Authority Media & Publications Limited |- |''Independent Nigeria (Lagos newspaper)'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] | style="" |2001 |Independent Newspaper Limited |- |''Newsdiary online'' |[[Abuja]] |2009 |NewsDiary Communicatin Limited |- |''TheNEWS magazine'' |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] |1992 |Independent Communicatin Limited |- |- |''Uhuru Times'' |[[Ogun]] | style="" |2007 |Journal Communication Limited |} == Duba kuma == * Aikin jaridar ambulaf na Brown, Najeriya * Media na Najeriya * [[Jerin gidajen rediyo a Najeriya]] * Jerin gidajen talabijin a Najeriya * Sadarwa a Najeriya * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201031201754/http://www.allnigerianewspaper.com/ Duk Jaridar Najeriya] * [[Warri Times]] shine shafin da [[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}'''Majiya'''  {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Uqw0wLN0cC&pg=PA220|title=Women, men, and news: divided and disconnected in the news media landscape|first1=Paula Maurie|last1=Poindexter|first2=Sharon|last2=Meraz|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8058-6102-0}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADV5PRO7_8AC&pg=PA656|title=The Nigerian legal system|first=Charles|last=Mwalimu|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2005|isbn=0-8204-7126-7}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxNclw-NgU4C&pg=PA107|title=Leadership Failure and Nigeria's Fading Hopes: Being Excerpts from Patriotic Punches a Weekly Column in the Nigerian Tribune from 2004 - 2009|first=Femi|last=Okurounmu|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4490-8409-7}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbxYDUul-UkC&pg=PA324|title=The global public relations handbook: theory, research, and practice|first1=Krishnamurthy|last1=Sriramesh|first2=Dejan|last2=Verčič|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-99514-6}} * {{cite journal|title=African Print Media Misuse of the English Definite Article 'The': A Content Analysis of Seven Nigerian Newspapers' Lead Items|author=Olumuyiwa Ayodele|journal=[[Africa Media Review]]|volume=2|number=3|year=1988|url=http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/|via=Michigan State University Libraries, [[African e-Journals Project]]|access-date=2020-10-29|archive-date=2020-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121120537/http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/|url-status=dead}} {{free access}} * {{cite book|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004|series=Regional Surveys of the World|publisher=[[Europa Publications]]|year=2004|isbn=1857431839|chapter=Nigeria: Directory: the Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC|page=847}} * {{cite book|editor=Derek Peterson|display-editors=etal|title=African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIoxDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=978-0-472-05317-9}} (Includes articles about Nigerian newspapers) {{refend}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * "Nigeria: News and Media". Open Directory Project. * "Nigeria Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center. * "Nigeria". Electronic Newspapers of Africa. Virtual Libraries: African Studies. New York, USA: Columbia University Libraries. * Karen Fung, African Studies Association (ed.). "News (by country): Nigeria". Africa South of the Sahara. USA – via Stanford University. Annotated directory * "Newspapers Held in Microform: Nigeria" (PDF). Cooperative Africana Materials Project. United States: Center for Research Libraries. 2012. [[Category:Jaridun Nigeria]] [[Category:Jarida]] [[Category:Nigeria]] N R T HAUSA: Nigerian Reports Television Hausa 1fkj99nci82gfwr0gponywtkt0n4fss Magani 0 19030 966584 861876 2026-10-11T17:42:23Z Halima Waziri 29451 Karamin gyera 966584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Maganin''' ko '''maganin likita''' shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar [[lafiya]], yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, ''magani'' da ''magani'', galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin '''Tx''', ko '''T <sub>x</sub>''' . A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako . ''Magani'' da ''magani'' galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], kalmar ''magani'' na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . '''Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali''' mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki. == Filin ma'ana == Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. Maganin da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ). Kalmomin ''aceology'' da kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Kalmar ''therapy'' ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin ''therapīa'' daga Ancient Greek kuma yana nufin "warkarwa" ko "warkarwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=therapy &#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=therapy |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> Kalmar ''therapeusis'' wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar ''magani'' . == Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali == Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki "ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba"). === Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi === ==== Matakan kulawa ==== Matakan kulawa suna rarraba [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka: * Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole. ** A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan [[Kulawa na farko|kula da lafiya na farko]] na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8. * Kula da gaggawa yana kula [[Maganin gaggawa|da gaggawa ta likita]] kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali. * Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri. * Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka "tafiya a kan hanya"), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da "sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=David F. |last2=Krimphove |first2=Marieke J. |last3=Cole |first3=Alexander P. |last4=Marchese |first4=Maya |last5=Lipsitz |first5=Stuart R. |last6=Weissman |first6=Joel S. |last7=Schoenfeld |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Ortega |first8=Gezzer |last9=Trinh |first9=Quoc-Dien |date=May 2021 |title=Where Is the Value in Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Surgery? |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=909–916 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000003578 |pmid=31460878}}</ref> * Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|masu kulawa]] kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma [[Kula da kai|kula da kai ga]] marasa lafiya. * [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senbekov |first=Maksut |last2=Saliev |first2=Timur |last3=Bukeyeva |first3=Zhanar |last4=Almabayeva |first4=Aigul |last5=Zhanaliyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Aitenova |first6=Nazym |last7=Toishibekov |first7=Yerzhan |last8=Fakhradiyev |first8=Ildar |date=3 December 2020 |title=The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |volume=2020 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2020/8830200 |pmc=7732404 |pmid=33343657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kulawa ta biyu]] kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]], yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: "shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Rod |last2=Cooper |first2=Jamie |last3=Barbour |first3=Rosaline |last4=Polson |first4=Rob |last5=Wilson |first5=Philip |date=October 2015 |title=Patients' perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008708 |pmc=4611413 |pmid=26474939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kula da manyan makarantu]] kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu . * Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan [[Warkewa|murmurewa]] . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snoswell |first=Centaine L |last2=Taylor |first2=Monica L |last3=Comans |first3=Tracy A |last4=Smith |first4=Anthony C |last5=Gray |first5=Leonard C |last6=Caffery |first6=Liam J |date=19 October 2020 |title=Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/17298 |pmc=7605980 |pmid=33074157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan: ** Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa. ** Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan "amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luta |first=Xhyljeta |last2=Ottino |first2=Baptiste |last3=Hall |first3=Peter |last4=Bowden |first4=Joanna |last5=Wee |first5=Bee |last6=Droney |first6=Joanne |last7=Riley |first7=Julia |last8=Marti |first8=Joachim |date=December 2021 |title=Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews |journal=BMC Palliative Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12904-021-00782-7 |pmc=8223342 |pmid=34162377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Layukan magani ==== Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin '''layukan magani''' : '''maganin layi na farko''', '''maganin layi na biyu''', '''maganin layi na uku''', da sauransu. '''Maganin layi na farko''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''maganin induction''', '''maganin farko''', ko '''maganin layi na gaba''' ) shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu. Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin [[Oncology|ilimin halittar jiki,]] adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20. Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa. Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1999 |title=Journal objective |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1007/BF02889838}}</ref> Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari "a kan igiyoyi" kafin tiyata suna ba da "ƙulli na knockout" ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kula da lafiyar Amurka]] saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) <ref name="Gore et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Rajeshwari |last2=Chugh |first2=Preeta K. |last3=Tripathi |first3=Chakra D. |last4=Lhamo |first4=Yangshen |last5=Gautam |first5=Sandhya |date=8 June 2017 |title=Pediatric Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use and Its Implications |journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2174/1574884712666170317161935 |pmid=28322168}}</ref> kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni]] . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. <ref name="Gore et al 2017" /> A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri. === Da niyya === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- valign="top" ! scope="col" |Therapy type ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Description |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | abortive therapy |A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a [[Migraine|migraine headache]] to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | bridge therapy |A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | consolidation therapy |A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | curative therapy |A therapy with ''curative intent'', that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy) |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | definitive therapy |A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | destination therapy |A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | empiric therapy |A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known). |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | gold standard therapy |A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | investigational therapy |An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as "treated on protocol" imply not just "treated according to a plan" but specifically "treated with investigational therapy". |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | maintenance therapy |A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | palliative therapy |See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | preventive therapy<br /><br />{{Nowrap|(prophylactic therapy)}} |A therapy that is intended to [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|prevent a medical condition]] from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | salvage therapy (rescue therapy) |A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a "last-line" therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | stepdown therapy |Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | supportive therapy |A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFIDS |url=http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075456/http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-01-09 |publisher=CFIDS}}</ref> For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or ''palliative intent'' (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often [[wiktionary:contradistinguish#Verb|contradistinguished]] (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | systemic therapy |A therapy that is [[wiktionary:systemic#Adjective|systemic]]. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups. |- |} === Ta hanyar shiga tsakani === * Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Sian |last2=Blencowe |first2=Natalie S |last3=Blazeby |first3=Jane M |date=July 2019 |title=What is an invasive procedure? A definition to inform study design, evidence synthesis and research tracking |journal=BMJ Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028576 |pmc=6678000 |pmid=31366651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Eran |date=September 2023 |title=What does it mean to call a medical device invasive? |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s11019-023-10147-x |pmc=10425495 |pmid=37131099}}</ref> * Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Nick J. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Martijn G. |date=2013 |title='Non-invasive' brain stimulation is not non-invasive |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=76 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00076 |pmc=3870277 |pmid=24391554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025" /> <ref name="Val Danilov et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Mihailova et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Danilov |first3=Igor Val |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Medne et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Danilov |first2=Igor Val |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Therapies}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|therapy}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7384 "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} is a Latin book by [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qdvgmbdanr8wvkpwuuwvvnmew0ymt26 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya 0 20561 966610 952101 2026-10-11T21:23:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:World Health Organization Flag.jpg|thumb|tutar WHO]] Hukumar '''Lafiya ta Duniya''' ( '''W.H.O''' ) hukuma ce ta musamman ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] wacce ke da alhakin kula da lafiyar jama'a na duniya.<ref name="Jan 242">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organization/|title=The U.S. Government and the World Health Organization|last1=Jan 24|first1=Published|last2=2019|date=24 January 2019|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318223306/https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organization/|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jan 24">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organization/|title=The U.S. Government and the World Health Organization|date=24 January 2019|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318223306/https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organization/|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Cibiyar ta na a [[Birnin Gaza|birnin]] [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] sannan tana da tana da ofisoshin yanki guda shida da sauran ofisoshi guda 150, a sauran kasashe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO (World Health Organisation)|url=https://internews.org/covid-19/glossary/who/|access-date=2 March 2023|website=Information Saves Lives {{!}} Internews|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302110349/https://internews.org/covid-19/glossary/who/|archive-date=2 March 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kafa W.H.O mulki a ranar 7, ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1948, kuma gudanar da taron ta na farko a ranar 24, ga watan July na wannan shekarar <ref name="conwho2">{{cite journal|title=CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION|journal=Basic Documents|date=October 2006|volume=Forty-fifth edition, Supplement|pages=20|url=https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519024329/https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin Ranar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/history|title=History|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322150616/https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/history|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Ta kunshi kadarori, ma'aikata, da kuma aikinsu na Kungiyar Lafiya ta League of Nations da kuma {{Lang|fr|[[Office International d'Hygiène Publique]]}} da ke Paris, ciki har da Kididdigar Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/about-us/organization/who-at-70/milestones-for-health-over-70-years|title=Milestones for health over 70 years|date=17 March 2020|website=www.euro.who.int|language=en|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409092050/http://www.euro.who.int/en/about-us/organization/who-at-70/milestones-for-health-over-70-years|archive-date=9 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Aikinta ya fara da gaske a cikin 1951, biyo bayan sanya kuɗaɗa da albarkatun fasaha da dama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Health-Organization|title=World Health Organization {{!}} History, Organization, & Definition of Health|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403063522/https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Health-Organization|archive-date=3 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Babban kudirin (WHO) shine bunkasa kiwon lafiya da kuma kariya daga [[Cututtukan kirji|cututtuka]] tare da taimakawa masu rauni a duk fadin duniya. Tana bayar da tallafi na fasaha ga kasashe, tsara daidaicin kiwon lafiya a duk fadin duniya, tattara bayanai akan harkokin kiwon lafiya na duk duniya, kuma suna taka rawa a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa akan akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Jan 24" /> Mujallarta ta musamman, [[Rahoton Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Report]] tana bayar da bayanai akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya na duniya baki daya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/en/|title=WHO {{!}} World health report 2013: Research for universal health coverage|website=WHO|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315231758/https://www.who.int/whr/en/|archive-date=15 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taka Muhimmiyar rawa ta musamman akan nasarorin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda sukayi fice sun hada da kawo karshen cutar: Shan Inna, Tarin fuka Tarin La la, da da Sauran su.[[Agana|Agana (smallpox)]], bayar da shawarwari kan kiwon lafiyar ta duniya, sannan Kuma da sa ido kan matsalolin lafiyar jama'a, dai-daita martanin gaggawa, da inganta lafiyar dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do|title=What we do|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317145801/https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do|archive-date=17 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Yana bayar da taimakon fasaha ga ƙasashe, ya kafa ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya na duniya da jagororin, kuma yana tattara bayanai kan al'amuran kiwon lafiyar duniya ta hanyar binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. Babban littafinsa, ''Rahoton Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya'', yana kuma ba da ƙididdigar ƙwararrun batutuwan kiwon lafiya na duniya da ƙididdigar kiwon lafiya akan dukkan ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/en/|title=WHO {{!}} World health report 2013: Research for universal health coverage|website=WHO|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315231758/https://www.who.int/whr/en/|archive-date=15 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Har ila yau, Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta zama dandalin taro da tattaunawa kan al'amuran kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Jan 242" /> Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta taka rawar gani a nasarorin da aka samu game da kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ta duniya, musamman kawar da cutar sankarau, da cutar shan inna, da samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta Ebola . Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba yanzu sun hada da cututtuka masu yaduwa, musamman [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]], [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da tarin fuka, cututtuka marasa yaduwa irin su cututtukan zuciya da kansar; lafiyayyen abinci, abinci mai gina jiki, da wadatar abinci ; lafiyar aiki ; da shan kayan maye . A zaman wani ɓangare na kungiyar Ci gaba mai Dorewa, a WHA, wacce ta ƙunshi wakilai daga dukkan ƙasashe mambobi 194, tana matsayin babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta hukumar. Hakanan yana zaɓa da kuma ba da shawara ga kwamitin zartarwa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitoci 34. Kungiyar ta WHA tana yin taro a kowace shekara kuma tana da alhakin zabar babban darakta, da sanya manufofi da kuma fifiko, da kuma amincewa da kasafin kudin hukumar ta WHO da ayyukan ta. Babban darakta janar na yanzu Tedros Adhanom, tsohon ministan lafiya kuma ministan harkokin wajen Habasha, wanda ya fara wa’adinsa na shekaru biyar a ranar 1, ga watan Yulin 2017. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/tedros-director-general/en/|title=Dr Tedros takes office as WHO Director-General|date=1 July 2017|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418200413/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/tedros-director-general/en/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> WHO na dogaro da gudummawa daga kasashe membobin kungiyar (wadanda aka tantance su da na son rai) da kuma masu bayar da tallafi na masu zaman kansu. Jimlar kasafin kudin da aka amince dashi na 2020-2021. ya haura $ 7.2&nbsp;biliyan,<ref name="Jan 242" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Programme Budget Web Portal|url=http://open.who.int/2020-21/budget-and-financing/gpw-overview|access-date=1 February 2021|website=open.who.int}}</ref> wanda yawancinsu ke fitowa daga gudummawar son rai daga mambobin ƙasashe. Ana tantance gudummawar ta hanyar tsari wanda ya hada da GDP na kowane mutum. Daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa akwai Jamus (wacce ta ba da gudummawar 12.18% na kasafin kuɗi), Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates (11.65%), da kuma Amurka (7.85%).<ref name="gmassess2">{{cite news|title=European governments working with U.S. on plans to overhaul WHO, health official says|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-european-governments-working-with-us-on-plans-to-overhaul-who/|agency=Reuters|publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc|date=19 June 2020|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620000038/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-european-governments-working-with-us-on-plans-to-overhaul-who/|archive-date=20 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tarihi. == === Asali. === Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya, wanda aka fara shi a ranar 23, ga Yuni na 1851, sune farkon magabata na (W.H.O). Jerin taruka 14, da suka gudana daga 1851, zuwa 1938, Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya yayi aiki don yaƙar cututtuka da yawa, babban cikinsu akwai kwalara, zazzaɓi, da annoba ta bubonic . Tarukan ba su da tasiri sosai har zuwa na bakwai, a cikin 1892; lokacin da aka zartar da Yarjejeniyar Tsafta ta Duniya wacce ta magance cutar kwalara. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an sanya hannu kan babban taro game da annobar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/62873/1/14549_eng.pdf|title=The scientific background of the International Sanitary Conferences, 1851–1938|last=Howard-Jones|first=Norman|publisher=World Health Organization|year=1974|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820070452/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/62873/1/14549_eng.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>  A wani ɓangare sakamakon nasarorin taron, Ofishin Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Bankin Amurka (1902), da {{Lang|fr|[[Office International d'Hygiène Publique]]}} (1907), ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa. Lokacin da aka kafa League of Nations a 1920, sun kafa Hukumar Lafiya ta League of Nations. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], Majalisar dinkin Duniya ta tattara dukkan sauran ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, don kafa (W.H.O).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=Michael|date=October 2002|title=A brief history of the World Health Organization.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-10-12_360_9340/page/1111|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=360|issue=9340|pages=1111–1112|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11244-x|pmid=12387972|s2cid=2076539}}</ref> === Kafawa. === A yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kungiyar kasa da kasa ta [[Szeming Sze|1945, Szeming Sze]], wata wakiliya daga Jamhuriyar Sin, ta tattauna da wakilan Norway da na Brazil kan kirkirar kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa karkashin kulawar sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan kasa samun kudurin da aka zartar kan batun, [[Alger Hiss]], babban sakataren taron, ya ba da shawarar amfani da sanarwa don kafa irin wannan kungiyar. Sze da sauran wakilai sun yi lobbi kuma an gabatar da sanarwa don kiran taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Pitt ULS2">[http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=ascead;cc=ascead;q1=Szeming%20Sze;rgn=main;view=text;didno=US-PPiU-ua90f141 Sze Szeming Papers, 1945–2014, UA.90.F14.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101222750/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=ascead;cc=ascead;q1=Szeming%20Sze;rgn=main;view=text;didno=US-PPiU-ua90f141|date=1 January 2017}}, University Archives, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh.</ref> Amfani da kalmar "duniya", maimakon "na duniya", ya jaddada ainihin yanayin duniya na abin da ƙungiyar ke neman cimmawa.<ref name="bmj19482">{{cite journal|title=World Health Organization|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|number=4570|date=7 August 1948|pages=302–303|jstor=25364565|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4570.302|pmc=1614381}}</ref> Tsarin mulki na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rattaba hannu ga dukkan kasashe 51, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da wasu kasashe 10, a ranar 22, ga Yulin 1946.<ref name="chronicle_19472">{{cite journal|title=The Move towards a New Health Organization: International Health Conference|journal=Chronicle of the World Health Organization|volume=1|issue=1–2|pages=6–11|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hist/chronicles/chronicle_1947.pdf|year=1947|access-date=18 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809031008/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hist/chronicles/chronicle_1947.pdf}}</ref> Ta haka ne ta zama hukuma ta musamman ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce kowane memba ya yi rajista da ita.<ref name="shimkin2">{{cite journal|title=The World Health Organization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1946-09-27_104_2700/page/281|first=Michael B.|last=Shimkin|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=104|number=2700|date=27 September 1946|pages=281–283|jstor=1674843|doi=10.1126/science.104.2700.281|pmid=17810349|citeseerx=10.1.1.1016.3166|bibcode=1946Sci...104..281S}}</ref> Tsarin mulkinta ya fara aiki bisa ƙa'ida a ranar farko [[Ranar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya|ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya]] a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1948, lokacin da ƙasa memba na 26, ta amince da shi.<ref name="chronicle_19472" /> Taron farko na [[Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya|Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ya]] gama a ranar 24, ga Yuli 1948, bayan da ya sami kasafin {{US$|5 million}}(sannan GB£1,250,000 ) na shekara 1949. [[Andrija amptampar|Andrija Štampar]] shi ne shugaban Majalisar na farko, kuma [[G. Brock Chisholm]] an nada shi darekta-janar na WHO, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare a lokacin shirin. <ref name="bmj19482" /> Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba sun hada da kula da yaduwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] da [[Kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i|cututtukan da ake yadawa ta hanyar jima'i]], da inganta [[Lafiyar yara|kiwon lafiyar]] [[Lafiyar uwa|mata]] da kananan yara, abinci mai gina jiki da tsaftar muhalli.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Origins, history, and achievements of the World Health Organization|journal=BMJ|pmc=1985854|pmid=4869199|volume=2|issue=5600|year=1968|first=Charles|last=J|pages=293–296|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5600.293}}</ref>Dokar ta ta farko da ta shafi doka ita ce game da tattara ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kan yaduwa da cutar cuta. <ref name="bmj1948">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Alamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta nuna [[Sanda na Asclepius|sandar Asclepius]] a matsayin alama ta warkarwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.org.ph/|title=World Health Organization Philippines|publisher=WHO|access-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235921/http://www.who.org.ph/|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ayyuka. === === IAEA - Yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40 === [[File:Alexei_Yablokov,_Rosa_Goncharova,_Vassili_Nesterenko.jpg|right|thumb|[[Alexey Yablokov]] (hagu) da [[Vassili Nesterenko]] (mafi nisa daga dama) suna zanga-zanga a gaban hedkwatar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da ke Geneva, Switzerland a 2008.]] [[File:Devant_OMS_5.jpg|right|thumb|Zanga-zanga a ranar [[Bala'i na Chernobyl|bala'in Chernobyl]] kusa da WHO a [[Geneva]]]] A cikin 1959, WHO ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40 tare da [[Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya]] (IAEA), wacce ke cewa:<ref name=":02">{{cite web|last=Independence for WHO|title=Appeal by Health Professionals for Independence of the World Health Organization|url=http://www.ippnw-europe.org/commonFiles/pdfs/Atomenergie/appeal_healthprofessionals.pdf|access-date=19 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185407/http://www.ippnw-europe.org/commonFiles/pdfs/Atomenergie/appeal_healthprofessionals.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Yanayin wannan bayanin ya sa wasu kungiyoyi da masu fafutuka ciki har da [[Mata a Turai don Makoma ɗaya|Mata a Turai don Makoma daya sun]] yi ikirarin cewa WHO ta takaita ne a cikin ikon ta na binciken [[Ciwon radiation mai yawa|illolin da ke tattare da lafiyar bil'adama na radiation]] da amfani da karfin [[makamashin nukiliya|nukiliya]] da ci gaba da [[Lissafin bala'in nukiliya da abubuwan da suka faru na rediyo|bala'in nukiliya]] a [[Bala'i na Chernobyl|Chernobyl]] da [[Bala'in nukiliyar Fukushima|Fukushima]] . Sun yi imani cewa dole ne WHO ta sake dawo da abin da suke gani a matsayin 'yanci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.activistmagazine.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=703|title=World Health Organization Accomodates <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> Atomic Agency|date=3 June 2007|work=Activist Magazine|access-date=27 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928232353/http://www.activistmagazine.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=703|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{cite web|last=Independence for WHO|title=Appeal by Health Professionals for Independence of the World Health Organization|url=http://www.ippnw-europe.org/commonFiles/pdfs/Atomenergie/appeal_healthprofessionals.pdf|access-date=19 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185407/http://www.ippnw-europe.org/commonFiles/pdfs/Atomenergie/appeal_healthprofessionals.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Women in Europe for a Common Future|title=Open letter on the WHO/IAEA Agreement of 1959|url=http://www.wecf.eu/download/2010/04/letterIAEA-WHO.pdf|access-date=19 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173738/http://www.wecf.eu/download/2010/04/letterIAEA-WHO.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>WHO mai zaman kanta ta gudanar da taron mako mako daga 2007, zuwa 2017, a gaban hedkwatar WHO. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://independentwho.org/en/|title=The World Health Organisation (WHO) is failing in its duty to protect those populations who are victims of radioactive contamination.|date=2020|website=IndependentWHO|language=en-US|access-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323034159/http://independentwho.org/en/|archive-date=23 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>Koyaya, kamar yadda Foreman ya nuna<ref>M.R.StJ. Foreman, Cogent Chemistry, Reactor accident chemistry an update, 2018, 10.1080/23312009.2018.1450944, https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/23312009.2018.1450944 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112842/https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/23312009.2018.1450944|date=13 September 2018}}</ref> a cikin sakin layi na 2 ya ce: An nuna rubutu mai mahimmanci a sarari, yarjejeniyar a sakin layi na 2 ta bayyana cewa WHO na da 'yanci yin kowane aiki da ya shafi kiwon lafiya. === Tarihin aiki na WHO. === [[File:Directors_of_Global_Smallpox_Eradication_Program.jpg|thumb|Tsoffin daraktoci na [[Kananan Yara|shirin kawar]] da cutar kanana a duniya sun karanta labarin cewa an kawar da cutar shan inna a duniya, 1980]] '''1948:''' WHO ta kafa sabis na bayani game da [[Epidemiology|annoba]] [[Telex|ta hanyar telex]], kuma a shekara ta 1950 an [[Tibi|fara aikin rigakafin tarin fuka]] da yawa ta amfani da [[Alurar rigakafin BCG|allurar rigakafin BCG]] . '''1955:''' An ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro, kodayake daga baya an canza shi cikin haƙiƙa. 1955 ya ga rahoto na farko game da [[Ciwon suga|cutar siga]] da kirkirar [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Kansa ta Duniya]] .<ref name="at602">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|title=WHO at 60|publisher=WHO|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617063811/http://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> '''1958:''' [[Viktor Zhdanov]], Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]], ya yi kira ga [[Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya|Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya]] da ta gudanar da wani shiri na duniya don [[Kawar da cututtuka masu yaduwa|kawar da]] cutar shan inna, wanda ya haifar da Kuduri WHA11.54.<ref name="Fenner22">{{cite book|last=Fenner|first=Frank|title=Smallpox and Its Eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|year=1988|chapter=Development of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme|chapter-url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106_chp9.pdf|pages=366–418|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|access-date=2021-06-04|archive-date=2011-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115065733/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106_chp9.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''1966:''' WHO ta dauke hedkwatarta daga reshen Ariana a [[Fadar Al’umma|Fadar Kasashen Duniya]] zuwa wani sabon HQ da aka gina a wani wuri a Geneva.<ref name="at603">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|title=WHO at 60|publisher=WHO|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617063811/http://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/archives/exhibits/galleries/building/en/|title=Construction of the main WHO building|year=2016|website=who.int|publisher=WHO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611011659/http://www.who.int/archives/exhibits/galleries/building/en/|archive-date=11 June 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> '''1967:''' WHO ta ƙarfafa kamfen kawar da cutar shan inna ta duniya ta hanyar ba da gudummawar $ 2.4&nbsp;miliyan a kowace shekara don ƙoƙari da kuma amfani da sabuwar [[Kula da cututtuka|hanyar sa ido game da cututtuka]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-10-full.pdf|first=Vladimír|last=Zikmund|title=Karel Raška and Smallpox|journal=Central European Journal of Public Health|volume=18|issue=1|pages=55–56|date=March 2010|pmid=20586232|access-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011215018/http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-10-full.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-11-full.pdf|last1=Holland|first=Walter W.|title=Karel Raška – The Development of Modern Epidemiology. The role of the IEA|journal=Central European Journal of Public Health|volume=18|issue=1|pages=57–60|date=March 2010|pmid=20586233|access-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011215323/http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-11-full.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>a daidai lokacin da mutane miliyan 2, ke mutuwa daga cutar shan inna a shekara.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Greenspan|first1=Jesse|title=The Rise and Fall of Smallpox|url=https://www.history.com/news/the-rise-and-fall-of-smallpox|website=History|access-date=26 January 2021|date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Matsalar farko da ƙungiyar WHO ta fuskanta ita ce rashin isasshen rahoto game da ƙananan cututtukan. WHO ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa na masu ba da shawara wadanda suka taimaka wa kasashe wajen kafa ayyukan sa ido da tsare abubuwa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Orenstein|first1=Walter A.|last2=Plotkin|first2=Stanley A.|title=Vaccines|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=smallpox&rid=vacc.section.45#47|publisher=W.B. Saunders Co|location=Philadelphia|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7216-7443-8|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212062827/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=smallpox&rid=vacc.section.45#47|archive-date=12 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> WHO din kuma ta taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar Turai ta karshe a cikin [[Barkewar cutar sankarau a shekarar 1972 a cikin Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia a shekarar 1972]] .<ref>{{cite web|first=Colette|last=Flight|date=17 February 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_03.shtml|title=Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge|work=BBC History|access-date=24 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214152400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_03.shtml|archive-date=14 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Bayan sama da shekaru 20 na yaki da cutar shan inna, WHO ta bayyana a 1979, cewa an kawar da cutar - cuta ta farko a tarihi da kokarin dan adam ya kawar da ita.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2010/smallpox_20100618/en/|title=Anniversary of smallpox eradication|website=WHO Media Centre|date=18 June 2010|access-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617073353/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2010/smallpox_20100618/en/|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> '''1967:''' WHO ta ƙaddamar da Shirin na Musamman don Bincike da Horarwa a cikin [[Cututuka masu zafi|Cututtukan Tropical]] kuma Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta jefa ƙuri'a don zartar da ƙuduri kan Rigakafin Rashin Lafiya da Sake Gyarawa, tare da mai da hankali kan kulawar da ke cikin al'umma. '''1974:''' An fara [[Fadada Shirin kan Allurar rigakafi|fadada shirin kan rigakafi]] da kuma kula da [[Onchocerciasis|cutar kanjamau]], muhimmiyar kawance tsakanin Hukumar [[Kungiyar Abinci da Noma|Abinci da Aikin Gona]] (FAO), [[Shirin Raya Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Shirin Raya Kasa]] na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), da [[Bankin Duniya]] . '''1977:''' An tsara jerin farko na [[magunguna masu mahimmanci]], kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka ayyana [[Lafiya Ga Kowa|babban burin "Lafiya Ga Kowa".]] '''1986:''' WHO ta fara shirinta na duniya game da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] . Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka hana nuna banbanci ga masu fama kuma a 1996 aka kafa [[UNAIDS|UNAIDS.]] '''1988:''' An kafa [[shirin Kawar da Cutar Polio a Duniya]] .<ref name="at604">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|title=WHO at 60|publisher=WHO|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617063811/http://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> '''1998:''' Darakta-Janar na WHO ya bayyana nasarorin da aka samu a rayuwar yara, rage [[Mutuwar jarirai|mace-macen jarirai]], karuwar rai da raguwar "annoba" kamar kananan yara da [[Polio|cutar shan inna]] a bikin cika shekaru hamsin da kafuwar WHO. Ya, duk da haka, ya yarda da cewa lallai ne a yi wasu abubuwa don taimakawa lafiyar uwaye kuma ci gaban da ake samu a wannan yanki ya yi tafiyar hawainiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHD_98.1-13.pdf|title=World Health Day: Safe Motherhood|date=7 April 1998|publisher=WHO|page=1|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617063313/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHD_98.1-13.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> '''2000:''' An [[Dakatar da Hadin gwiwar tarin fuka|kirkiro Kawancen Dakatar da cutar tarin fuka]] tare da shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Bunkasar [[Burin Ci gaban Millennium|Millennium]] . '''2001:''' An [[Kyanda|kirkiro shirin kyanda]], kuma an yaba shi da rage mace-macen duniya daga cutar da kashi 68% cikin 2007. [[Fayil:World Health Organization Flag.jpg|thumb|Tutan WHO]] '''2002:''' [[Asusun Duniya na Yaki da cutar kanjamau, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro|An kirkiro Asusun Duniya don Yaki da cutar kanjamau, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro]] don inganta albarkatun da ke akwai.<ref name="at605">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|title=WHO at 60|publisher=WHO|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617063811/http://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> '''2006:''' Theungiyar ta amince da kayan aikin HIV / AIDS na farko na duniya don Zimbabwe, wanda ya kafa tushe don rigakafin duniya, magani, da tallafawa shirin yaƙi da [[Cutar kanjamau|cutar AIDS]] .<ref>{{cite web|editor-first=Mu|editor-last=Xuequan|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/04/content_5167991.htm|title=Zimbabwe launches world's 1st AIDS training package|website=chinaview.cn|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=4 October 2006|access-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005041107/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/04/content_5167991.htm|archive-date=5 October 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta. == i27uqatj2z964bwvigodqbows83sg0s Harshen Fali 0 21018 966215 813007 2026-10-11T16:09:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harshen Fali ya''' ƙunshi yare biyu da ake magana da su a arewacin [[Kamaru]]. Yana daya daga cikin harsunan Greenberg na Adamawa (a matsayin Group G11), an cire shi daga wannan dangin ta Boyd (1989). Roger Blench ya yi zargin cewa tana iya wakiltar ɗayan zuriya da farko da suka yanke reshen hannun jari na Atlantic-Congo. == Iri-iri == Dangane da ''Ethnologue'' 16, rassa biyu na Fali sun “banbanta,” amma ba a bayyana yadda suka bambanta ba. Blench da alama yana kula dasu kamar rabin dozin yare a rassa biyu. Kudancin Fali yana da masu magana 20,000, tare da yaruka da yawa. Arewa Fali, mai masu magana 16,000, ita ma tana da yarukan da yawa; Masu magana da harshen Arewa Fali suna "saurin" sauyawa zuwa fullancin [[Fillanci|Adamawa Fulfulde]] kafin shekarar 1982. ; Arewa Fali : Dourbeye (Fali-Dourbeye) : Bossum (Fali-Bossum) : Distance Ga-Rankuwa-Bvəri (Fali du Peske-Bori) ; Kudu Fali : Distance Watsa-Kaang (Fali Kangou) : Bele (Fali-Bele) : Fali-Tinguélin A da ana amfani da yaren Nimbari a yankin kudancin Fali, amma mutanen Nimbari yanzu suna magana da Fali Kangou. <ref>Raimund Kastenholz, Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2012. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/06/Nimbari.pdf Nimbari as a language name]. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> == Manazarta == * Roger Blench, 2004. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Jerin yarukan] adamawa (ms) * Sweetman, Gary. 1981. ''Nazarin kwatancen yaruka na Fali'' . Yaoundé: SIL. [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Al'ummomi]] [[Category:Al'umma]] [[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]] g038yypnzlq5a7qd9njgh7pdcxibooc Mutanen Dogon 0 21365 966243 909660 2026-10-11T16:14:23Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377942689|Dogon people]]" 966243 wikitext text/x-wiki Kabilar '''Dogon''' ƙabila ce da ta fito daga yankin tsakiyar ƙasar [[Mali]], a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], a kudancin ƙasar [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], kusa da birnin Bandiagara, da kuma a [[Burkina Faso]] . Yawan jama'a ya kai tsakanin 400,000 zuwa 800,000. Suna magana da [[Dogon harsuna|harsunan Dogon]], waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin reshen da ke da 'yancin kai na [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|dangin harsunan Nijar da Kongo]], ma'ana ba su da alaƙa da wasu harsuna. An fi sanin Dogon saboda [[Addinin Dogon|al'adun addininsu]], rawar da suke yi da abin rufe fuska, sassaka na katako, da kuma gine-ginensu. Tun daga ƙarni na ashirin, an sami manyan canje-canje a cikin tsarin zamantakewa, al'adun duniya da kuma imanin Dogon, wani ɓangare saboda ƙasar Dogon tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa na Mali. [[File:Dogon_Hunter.JPG|thumb|300x300px| Mafaraucin Dogon da bindigar da aka yi da bindiga mai kaifi, 2010.]] == Labarin ƙasa da tarihi == [[File:Bandiagara_escarpment_2.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Gidajen Dogon a gefen Bandiagara Escarpment .]] Babban yankin Dogon yana da iyaka da Bandiagara Escarpment, wani dutse mai tsayin {{Convert|500|m|ft}} tsayi, yana miƙewa kusan 150&nbsp;kilomita (mil 90). A kudu maso gabashin dutsen, ana samun filayen Séno-Gondo masu yashi, kuma arewa maso yammacin dutsen akwai tsaunukan Bandiagara. A tarihi, an kafa ƙauyukan Dogon a yankin Bandiagara shekaru dubu da suka gabata saboda mutanen sun ƙi shiga Musulunci gaba ɗaya kuma sun ja da baya daga yankunan da Musulmai ke iko da su. Rashin tsaro na Dogon a lokacin da suke fuskantar zaluncin da suka yi a tarihi ya sa suka gano ƙauyukansu a wurare masu tsaro a gefen bangon mafakar. Wani abin da ya yi tasiri ga zaɓin wurin zama shi ne samun ruwa. [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Niger]] yana kusa kuma a cikin dutsen yashi, wani rafi yana gudana a ƙasan dutsen a mafi ƙasƙancin yankin a lokacin damina. A tsakanin Dogon, an rubuta hadisai da dama na baki game da asalinsu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ta'allaka ne da fitowarsu daga Mande, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin yankin Bandiagara kusa da [[Bamako]] . A bisa wannan al'adar baki, an kafa matsugunin Dogon na farko a kudu maso yammacin yankin da ke Kani-Na. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A. Mayor |display-authors=etal |date=31 March 2005 |title=Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country, Mali |url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:14410 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=25–61 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2004.08.003}}</ref> Nazarin kayan tarihi da na tarihi a yankin Dogon sun bayyana musamman game da matsugunan da tarihin muhalli, da kuma ayyukan zamantakewa da fasaha a wannan yanki tsawon dubban shekaru. Bayan lokaci, Dogon ya koma arewa tare da tsaunin, ya isa yankin [[Sangha, Mali|Sanga]] a ƙarni na 15. Wasu tarihin baka sun nuna asalin Dogon a yamma bayan kogin Nijar, ko kuma suna nuna cewa Dogon yana fitowa daga gabas. Wataƙila Dogon na yau zuri'a ne daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na asali daban-daban waɗanda suka yi ƙaura don tserewa Musulunci . Sau da yawa yana da wuya a bambance tsakanin ayyukan da suka faru kafin Musulunci da kuma ayyukan da suka faru daga baya. Amma [[Shari'a|dokokin Musulunci]] sun sanya Dogon da sauran kabilu da dama na yankin ( [[Mutanen Mossi|Mossi]], [[Mutanen Gurma|Gurma]], Bobo, [[Busanci|Busa]] da [[Yarbawa]] ) a cikin waɗanda ba sa cikin ''[[Rarrabawar duniya a cikin Islama|tsarin addini]]'', kuma hakan ya sa ake yin adalci wajen kai hare-haren bayi da 'yan kasuwa ke shiryawa. Yayin da karuwar birane ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar bayi a faɗin yankin Yammacin Afirka ma ta ƙaru. Tsarin tarihi ya haɗa da kisan da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke yi wa 'yan fashi da makami da kuma bautar da mata da yara. Tsawon kusan shekaru 1000, <ref name="Griaule" /> mutanen Dogon, wata tsohuwar ƙabilar [[Mali]] sun fuskanci zalunci na addini da na ƙabila—ta hanyar jihadi daga manyan al'ummomin Musulmi. Waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen jihadi sun ƙulla kansu ne don tilasta wa Dogon barin [[Addinin Dogon|addininsu na gargajiya]] don Musulunci. Irin waɗannan jihadi sun sa Dogon suka bar ƙauyukansu na asali suka ƙaura zuwa tsaunukan Bandiagara don samun ingantaccen tsaro da kuma guje wa tsanantawa—sau da yawa suna gina gidajensu a ƙananan ƙofofi da ramuka. <ref name="Griaule" /> == Zane-zane == Zane-zanen Dogon sun ƙunshi sassaka. Fasahar Dogon ta dogara ne akan dabi'un addini, manufofi, da 'yanci. {{Rp|page=19}}Ba a yin sassaken Dogon don a gani a bainar jama'a ba, kuma galibi ana ɓoye su daga idanun jama'a a cikin gidajen iyalai, wuraren ibada, ko kuma a ajiye su tare da Hogon . <ref name=":2" /> {{Rp|page=20}}Muhimmancin sirri ya samo asali ne daga ma'anar alama da ke bayan waɗannan abubuwan da kuma tsarin da aka yi su. Jigogi da aka samu a cikin sassaka na Dogon sun haɗa da siffofi masu ɗaga hannuwa, siffofi masu gemu, dawakai, kujeru masu caryatids, mata masu yara, siffofi masu rufe fuskokinsu, mata masu niƙa gero [[Maiwa|lu'u-lu'u]], mata masu ɗauke da [[Kasko|tasoshin ruwa]] a kawunansu, jakuna masu ɗauke da [[Jaki|kofuna]], mawaƙa, karnuka, koguna ko benci masu siffar huɗu, siffofi masu lanƙwasa daga kugu, hotunan madubi, siffofi masu rataye, da siffofi masu tsaye. : 46–52  Alamomin wasu hulɗa da asalinsu a bayyane suke a cikin zane-zanen Dogon. Mutanen Dogon ba su ne farkon mazaunan tsaunukan Bandiagara ba. Tasirin fasahar [[Tellem]] a bayyane yake a cikin fasahar Dogon saboda ƙirarta ta madaidaiciya. : 24 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px"> File:Brooklyn_Museum_1995.171.11a-c_Kanaga_Mask_in_Three_Pieces.jpg|alt=Kanaga mask in three pieces; 20th century; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9 cm (42 1⁄2 x 23 1⁄4 x 9 in); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)| Abin rufe fuska na Kanaga guda uku; ƙarni na 20; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9&nbsp;cm (42) inci); Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn (Birnin New York) File:DogonSatimbe1.JPG|alt=Person wearing a Satimbe mask| Mutumin da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska na Satimbe File:DogonWalu_01.JPG|alt=Person wearing a Walu mask, based on an antelope| Mutumin da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska na Walu, bisa ga barewa File:PorteMali.jpg|alt=Door of the hogon box of Sangha village| Ƙofar akwatin hogon na ƙauyen Sangha File:Brooklyn_Museum_61.2_Figure_of_a_Seated_Musician_Koro_Player_(2).jpg|alt=Figure of a seated musician (koro player); late 18th century; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8 cm (22 x 7 x 4 1⁄4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)| Hoton mawaƙi mai zaune (ɗan wasan koro); ƙarshen ƙarni na 18; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8&nbsp;cm (22 x 7 x 4) ; Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn (Birnin New York) File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.45_Female_Figure_(5).jpg|alt=Female or male figure; probably early 17th century; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8 cm (15 3⁄4 x 2 7/8 x 3 in.); Brooklyn Museum| Siffar mace ko namiji; wataƙila a farkon ƙarni na 17; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8&nbsp;cm (15) 7/8 x 3 inci); Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn File:Dogon_sculpture_Louvre_70-1999-9-2.jpg|alt=Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure; 17th–18th century; wood; height: 59 cm (23 in.); from Mali| Zane, wataƙila siffar kakanni; ƙarni na 17-18; itace; tsayi: 59&nbsp;cm (inci 23); daga [[Mali]] File:Figure_of_a_Kneeling_Woman_MET_DP-13314-032.jpg|alt=Figure of a kneeling woman; c. 1500; wood; height: 35.2 cm (13 7⁄8 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)| Siffar mace mai durƙusa; {{Circa|1500}} ; itace; tsayi: 35.2&nbsp;cm (13) ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan (Birnin New York) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ua5p6ad374aaaae6prjsct13dhdtcj 966246 966243 2026-10-11T16:14:50Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kabilar '''Dogon''' ƙabila ce da ta fito daga yankin tsakiyar ƙasar [[Mali]], a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], a kudancin ƙasar [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], kusa da birnin Bandiagara, da kuma a [[Burkina Faso]] . Yawan jama'a ya kai tsakanin 400,000 zuwa 800,000. Suna magana da [[Dogon harsuna|harsunan Dogon]], waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin reshen da ke da 'yancin kai na [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|dangin harsunan Nijar da Kongo]], ma'ana ba su da alaƙa da wasu harsuna. An fi sanin Dogon saboda [[Addinin Dogon|al'adun addininsu]], rawar da suke yi da abin rufe fuska, sassaka na katako, da kuma gine-ginensu. Tun daga ƙarni na ashirin, an sami manyan canje-canje a cikin tsarin zamantakewa, al'adun duniya da kuma imanin Dogon, wani ɓangare saboda ƙasar Dogon tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa na Mali. [[File:Dogon_Hunter.JPG|thumb|300x300px| Mafaraucin Dogon da bindigar da aka yi da bindiga mai kaifi, 2010.]] == Labarin ƙasa da tarihi == [[File:Bandiagara_escarpment_2.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Gidajen Dogon a gefen Bandiagara Escarpment .]] Babban yankin Dogon yana da iyaka da Bandiagara Escarpment, wani dutse mai tsayin {{Convert|500|m|ft}} tsayi, yana miƙewa kusan 150&nbsp;kilomita (mil 90). A kudu maso gabashin dutsen, ana samun filayen Séno-Gondo masu yashi, kuma arewa maso yammacin dutsen akwai tsaunukan Bandiagara. A tarihi, an kafa ƙauyukan Dogon a yankin Bandiagara shekaru dubu da suka gabata saboda mutanen sun ƙi shiga Musulunci gaba ɗaya kuma sun ja da baya daga yankunan da Musulmai ke iko da su. Rashin tsaro na Dogon a lokacin da suke fuskantar zaluncin da suka yi a tarihi ya sa suka gano ƙauyukansu a wurare masu tsaro a gefen bangon mafakar. Wani abin da ya yi tasiri ga zaɓin wurin zama shi ne samun ruwa. [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Niger]] yana kusa kuma a cikin dutsen yashi, wani rafi yana gudana a ƙasan dutsen a mafi ƙasƙancin yankin a lokacin damina. A tsakanin Dogon, an rubuta hadisai da dama na baki game da asalinsu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ta'allaka ne da fitowarsu daga Mande, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin yankin Bandiagara kusa da [[Bamako]] . A bisa wannan al'adar baki, an kafa matsugunin Dogon na farko a kudu maso yammacin yankin da ke Kani-Na. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A. Mayor |display-authors=etal |date=31 March 2005 |title=Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country, Mali |url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:14410 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=25–61 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2004.08.003}}</ref> Nazarin kayan tarihi da na tarihi a yankin Dogon sun bayyana musamman game da matsugunan da tarihin muhalli, da kuma ayyukan zamantakewa da fasaha a wannan yanki tsawon dubban shekaru. Bayan lokaci, Dogon ya koma arewa tare da tsaunin, ya isa yankin [[Sangha, Mali|Sanga]] a ƙarni na 15. Wasu tarihin baka sun nuna asalin Dogon a yamma bayan kogin Nijar, ko kuma suna nuna cewa Dogon yana fitowa daga gabas. Wataƙila Dogon na yau zuri'a ne daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na asali daban-daban waɗanda suka yi ƙaura don tserewa Musulunci . Sau da yawa yana da wuya a bambance tsakanin ayyukan da suka faru kafin Musulunci da kuma ayyukan da suka faru daga baya. Amma [[Shari'a|dokokin Musulunci]] sun sanya Dogon da sauran kabilu da dama na yankin ( [[Mutanen Mossi|Mossi]], [[Mutanen Gurma|Gurma]], Bobo, [[Busanci|Busa]] da [[Yarbawa]] ) a cikin waɗanda ba sa cikin ''[[Rarrabawar duniya a cikin Islama|tsarin addini]]'', kuma hakan ya sa ake yin adalci wajen kai hare-haren bayi da 'yan kasuwa ke shiryawa. Yayin da karuwar birane ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar bayi a faɗin yankin Yammacin Afirka ma ta ƙaru. Tsarin tarihi ya haɗa da kisan da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke yi wa 'yan fashi da makami da kuma bautar da mata da yara. Tsawon kusan shekaru 1000, <ref name="Griaule" /> mutanen Dogon, wata tsohuwar ƙabilar [[Mali]] sun fuskanci zalunci na addini da na ƙabila—ta hanyar jihadi daga manyan al'ummomin Musulmi. Waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen jihadi sun ƙulla kansu ne don tilasta wa Dogon barin [[Addinin Dogon|addininsu na gargajiya]] don Musulunci. Irin waɗannan jihadi sun sa Dogon suka bar ƙauyukansu na asali suka ƙaura zuwa tsaunukan Bandiagara don samun ingantaccen tsaro da kuma guje wa tsanantawa—sau da yawa suna gina gidajensu a ƙananan ƙofofi da ramuka. <ref name="Griaule" /> == Zane-zane == Zane-zanen Dogon sun ƙunshi sassaka. Fasahar Dogon ta dogara ne akan dabi'un addini, manufofi, da 'yanci. {{Rp|page=19}}Ba a yin sassaken Dogon don a gani a bainar jama'a ba, kuma galibi ana ɓoye su daga idanun jama'a a cikin gidajen iyalai, wuraren ibada, ko kuma a ajiye su tare da Hogon . <ref name=":2" /> {{Rp|page=20}}Muhimmancin sirri ya samo asali ne daga ma'anar alama da ke bayan waɗannan abubuwan da kuma tsarin da aka yi su. Jigogi da aka samu a cikin sassaka na Dogon sun haɗa da siffofi masu ɗaga hannuwa, siffofi masu gemu, dawakai, kujeru masu caryatids, mata masu yara, siffofi masu rufe fuskokinsu, mata masu niƙa gero [[Maiwa|lu'u-lu'u]], mata masu ɗauke da [[Kasko|tasoshin ruwa]] a kawunansu, jakuna masu ɗauke da [[Jaki|kofuna]], mawaƙa, karnuka, koguna ko benci masu siffar huɗu, siffofi masu lanƙwasa daga kugu, hotunan madubi, siffofi masu rataye, da siffofi masu tsaye. : 46–52  Alamomin wasu hulɗa da asalinsu a bayyane suke a cikin zane-zanen Dogon. Mutanen Dogon ba su ne farkon mazaunan tsaunukan Bandiagara ba. Tasirin fasahar [[Tellem]] a bayyane yake a cikin fasahar Dogon saboda ƙirarta ta madaidaiciya. : 24 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px"> File:Brooklyn_Museum_1995.171.11a-c_Kanaga_Mask_in_Three_Pieces.jpg|alt=Kanaga mask in three pieces; 20th century; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9 cm (42 1⁄2 x 23 1⁄4 x 9 in); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)| Abin rufe fuska na Kanaga guda uku; ƙarni na 20; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9&nbsp;cm (42) inci); Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn (Birnin New York) File:DogonSatimbe1.JPG|alt=Person wearing a Satimbe mask| Mutumin da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska na Satimbe File:DogonWalu_01.JPG|alt=Person wearing a Walu mask, based on an antelope| Mutumin da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska na Walu, bisa ga barewa File:PorteMali.jpg|alt=Door of the hogon box of Sangha village| Ƙofar akwatin hogon na ƙauyen Sangha File:Brooklyn_Museum_61.2_Figure_of_a_Seated_Musician_Koro_Player_(2).jpg|alt=Figure of a seated musician (koro player); late 18th century; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8 cm (22 x 7 x 4 1⁄4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)| Hoton mawaƙi mai zaune (ɗan wasan koro); ƙarshen ƙarni na 18; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8&nbsp;cm (22 x 7 x 4) ; Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn (Birnin New York) File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.45_Female_Figure_(5).jpg|alt=Female or male figure; probably early 17th century; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8 cm (15 3⁄4 x 2 7/8 x 3 in.); Brooklyn Museum| Siffar mace ko namiji; wataƙila a farkon ƙarni na 17; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8&nbsp;cm (15) 7/8 x 3 inci); Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn File:Dogon_sculpture_Louvre_70-1999-9-2.jpg|alt=Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure; 17th–18th century; wood; height: 59 cm (23 in.); from Mali| Zane, wataƙila siffar kakanni; ƙarni na 17-18; itace; tsayi: 59&nbsp;cm (inci 23); daga [[Mali]] File:Figure_of_a_Kneeling_Woman_MET_DP-13314-032.jpg|alt=Figure of a kneeling woman; c. 1500; wood; height: 35.2 cm (13 7⁄8 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)| Siffar mace mai durƙusa; {{Circa|1500}} ; itace; tsayi: 35.2&nbsp;cm (13) ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan (Birnin New York) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 45bvuxofq72sbnel4w5h0l6y35aqkkx Mutanen Fur 0 21427 966671 800171 2026-10-11T22:43:43Z Bappa.almu 49849 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377944273|Fur people]]" 966671 wikitext text/x-wiki Matanen Fur (Fur: fòòrà; Larabci: Fūr) wani rukuni ne na kabila da ke zaune galibi a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin Sudan, inda su ne kabila mafi girma. [5] Suna magana da harshen Fur, wanda ke cikin dangin harsunan Nilo-Saharan. Kalmar Darfur na nufin "gidan mutanen Fur." Musulmai ne masu kiwon shanu da noma, kuma sun fuskanci hare-hare tare da rasa muhallansu sakamakon rikice-rikicen kabilanci. [[File:Fur_map.png|thumb|The Fur's traditional territory]] fyoxky69py5d9nloifynhgc9u4eqp0n 966685 966671 2026-10-11T23:08:26Z Bappa.almu 49849 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377944273|Fur people]]" 966685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Fur|image=|population=about 502,000 in 1983,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fur A language of Sudan |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fvr |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher=SIL International |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-date=10 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210232106/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fvr |url-status=live }}</ref> about 744,000 in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |title=A Closer Look: Sudan, The Peoples of Darfur |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/sudan/closer-look-sudanbrthe-peoples-darfur |work=Cultural Survival |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019092232/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/sudan/closer-look-sudanbrthe-peoples-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> about 1,100,000 as of 2017<ref name="Fur">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/fvr/|title=Fur| publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref>|popplace=[[Sudan]] 894,000, [[Chad]] 17,000, [[Central African Republic]] 14,500, [[Egypt]] 4,200<ref name="Eg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/EG/|title=Languages of Egypt|work=Ethnologue (Free All)|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922210734/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/EG/|url-status=live}}</ref>|religions=[[Sunni Islam]]|languages='''Native'''<br>[[Fur language|Fur]]<br>'''Also'''<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]{{•}}[[French language|French]]|related_groups=[[Amdang people|Amdang]], [[Masalit people|Masalit]], [[Tunjur people|Tunjur]], [[Zaghawa people|Zaghawa]], [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharans]]}}Matanen Fur (Fur: fòòrà; Larabci: Fūr) wani rukuni ne na kabila da ke zaune galibi a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin Sudan, inda su ne kabila mafi girma.<ref name="jg9307">Gettleman, Jeffrey, "Chaos in Darfur on rise as Arabs fight with Arabs", news article, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 3 September 2007, pp 1, A7</ref> Suna magana da harshen Fur, wanda ke cikin dangin harsunan Nilo-Saharan. Kalmar Darfur na nufin "gidan mutanen Fur." Musulmai ne masu kiwon shanu da noma, kuma sun fuskanci hare-hare tare da rasa muhallansu sakamakon rikice-rikicen kabilanci. [[File:Fur_map.png|thumb|Yankin gargajiya na kabilar Fur]] [[File:Darfur_Linguistic_Map.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar harsunan al'ummar Darfur wadanda ba Larabawa ba, wacce ke nuna girman yankin da ake amfani da harshen Fur.]] Kabilar Fur ita ce babbar kabila a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin Sudan. Ana kuma kiran su da sunaye irin su Fora, Fordunga, Furawi, Konjara, ko Kungara. Mutane ne masu himma wajen aikin noma, kuma suna iya yin kiwon shanu. Wasu iyalai na kabilar Fur da suka tara garken shanu masu yawa sun rungumi salon rayuwar yin kaura (nomadism) irin na makwabtansu masu kiwon shanu, wato Larabawan Baqqara (Baggara). A fannin al'ada, ana kallon wadannan mutanen Fur masu kiwon shanu a matsayin 'yan kabilar Baqqara. A zahiri, mutanen Fur Musulmai ne na mazhabar Sunni, kuma suna bin tafarkin mazhabar Maliki a shari'ar Musulunci.<ref name=":0" /> Su al'umma ne na yankin Yammacin Sudan da ke gudanar da kiwon dabbobi a wuri guda da kuma aikin noma, musamman noman gero. Al'ummarsu ta gargajiya ce, kuma dattawan kauye ne ke tafiyar da harkokinta. Suna magana da harshen Fur, wanda harshe ne na rukunin Nilo-Saharan, kuma Musulmai ne; sun karɓi addinin ne bayan da Daular Kanem-Bornu ta ci yankin da yaƙi a zamanin da. A 'yan shekarun nan, wasu daga cikinsu sun fara magana da harshen Larabci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Fur people |url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/fur.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922054458/https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/fur.html |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> 2geswo2vv9wqbfhvao6s2dkpmhq1pos Yaren Adamawa 0 21548 966131 831362 2026-10-11T12:59:21Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 966131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Song LGA in Adamawa State.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|gidan fulani Adamawa ]] [[Fayil:Adamawa Soldier.jpg|thumb|sojojin adamawa]] A '''Adamawa wani''' harsuna ne a putative iyali na 80-90 harsuna warwatse ko'ina cikin Adamawa Filato a tsakiyar Afirka, a [[Najeriya]], [[Kamaru]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya]], da kuma [[Cadi|Chadi]], magana gaba ɗaya da ɗaya kawai, kuma a rabin miliyan (kamar na shekarar 1996). Joseph Greenberg ya sanya su a matsayin reshe daya na dangin Adamawa – Ubangi na harsunan [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] – Congo. Suna kuma daga cikin ƙananan yaruka da ake nazari a cikinsu a [[Afirka]], kuma sun haɗa da yarukan da ke cikin haɗari; kusan mafi girma shine [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], tare da masu magana da shi mutane a kalla guda 400,000. Wasu harsunan da ba a rarraba su ba - musamman Laal da Jalaa - an samo su a gefen yankin Adamawa. A yanayin ƙasa, yaren Adamawa suna kwance kusa da inda aka sanya Niger-Congo - Tsakiyar Sudan ta Tsakiya wanda wataƙila ya haifar da dangin Atlantic-Congo, don haka yana iya wakiltar tsakiyar hasken gidan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}}. == Rarrabuwa == Joseph Greenberg ya buga yarukan Adamawa a matsayin wani yanki na Adamawa – Ubangian (wanda ake kira da ''Adamawa – Gabas),'' ya kuma raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 14 masu lamba. Rukunin G3, Daka (ko Dakoid), yanzu an san shi reshe ne na Benuwe-Congo. Dangantakar sauran rassa ta sami babban kwaskwarima. === Greenberg (1963) === Ƙungiyoyi Adamawa guda 14 na lambobin Greenberg sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lamba ! Rukuni |- | G1 | Tula – Waja |- | G2 | Leko |- | G3 | Daka |- | G4 | Duru |- | G5 | Mumuye – Yendang |- | G6 | Mbum |- | G7 | Bəna – Mboi (Yungur) |- | G8 | Nyimwom (Kam) |- | G9 | Bikwin – Jen |- | G10 | [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] |- | G11 | [[Harshen Fali|Fali]] |- | G12 | Nimbari |- | G13 | Bua |- | G14 | Kim |} === Boyd (1989) === Boyd a shekara ta (1989) ya ƙara harshen Rana kuma ya rarraba su kamar haka:<ref>Boyd, Raymond. 1989. Adamawa-Ubangi. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), ''The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family'', 178-215. Lanham MD, New York & London: University Press of America.</ref> * Leko – Nimbari (ko Chamba – Mumuye). ** Duru : G4 ** Leko : G2 ** Mumuye – Yendang : G5 ** ''Nimbari :'' G12 * Mbum-Day ** Bua : G13 ** Kim : G14 ** Mbum : G6 ** ''Rana'' * Waja – Jen ** Bikwin – Jen (ko Jen): G9 ** Tula – Wiyaa (ko Waja): G1 ** Bəna – Mboi (ko Yungur): G7 ** ''Baa'' (aka Kwa) ** ''[[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]]'' : G10 * ''Nyimwom'' (ko Kam: G8) Ya cire [[Harshen Fali|harsunan Fali]] (G11). === Güldemann (2018) === Güldemann (2018) ya amince da "ɗumbin asali" guda 14 na Adamawa, amma yana da masaniya game da matsayin su a cikin Nijar-Congo sune kamar haka. * Tula-Waja * ''[[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]]'' * Bena-Mboi * Bikwin-Jen * Samba-Duru * Mumuyic * Maya (Yendangic) * Kebi-Benue (Mbumic) * Kimic * Buaic * ''Rana'' * ''Baa'' = ''Kwa'' * ''Nyingwom'' = ''Kam'' * ''[[Harshen Fali|Fali]]'' === Kleinewillinghöfer (2019) === Kleinewillinghöfer (2019), a cikin Gidan yanar gizon Project Harsuna na Adamawa, ya amince da rukunoni guda 17 masu zuwa a matsayin yarukan Adamawa sune kamar haka.<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/ Adamawa Language Groups]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * Tula-Waja ( Waja ): G1<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/10/TULA-WAJA-100-wordlist.pdf Tula-Waja comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Tula-Waja-Pronouns-and-Numbers.pdf Tula-Waja pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * Bikwin-Jen (Burak, Jen): G9<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2011/11/Bikwin-Jen-comparative-wordlist-100.pdf Bikwin-Jen Comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Bikwin-Jen-Pronouns-and-Numbers-1-10.pdf Bikwin-Jen Pronouns and Numbers 1-10]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * ''Kam (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom)'': G8<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/07/Kam-Nyingwom-notes.pdf Some notes on Nyiŋɔm (aka Nyingwom or Kam)]''. (2011 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] (Nʋngʋra tari): G10<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/Longuda-Nungura-wordlist-100.pdf Longuda ~ Nʋngʋra wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Longuda-pronouns-and-numbers-1-10.pdf Longuda Pronouns and Numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * ''Baa (Kwa)''<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1993. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/04/Baa-wordlist-100.pdf Baa Wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Baa-pronouns-and-numbers.pdf Baa pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * Mumuye: G5 * Yandang (Yendang): G5<ref>Blench, Roger; Barau Kato; Zachariah Yoder. 2009. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Yandang%20group/Comparatie%20Yandang.pdf The Maya (Yendang) languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420034000/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Yandang%20group/Comparatie%20Yandang.pdf |date=2015-04-20 }}''.</ref> * Samba - Duru (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/06/Gimme-Vere-Doyayo.pdf Gimme-Vere-Doyayo wordlists]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/06/Vere-group-100-.pdf Vere wordlists]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * Ɓəna-Mboi (Yungur): G7<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/%C6%81%C9%99na-Mboi-YUNGUR-wordlist-100.pdf Ɓəna-Mboi comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Yungur-pronouns-and-numbers.pdf Ɓəna-Mboi pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1992 [2014]. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/Evidence-of-noun-classes-in-languages-of-the-Yungur-group.pdf Evidence of noun classes in languages of the Yungur group]''. Adamawa Languages Project.''</ref> * Kebi-Benue ( Mbum ): G6 * Kim: G14 * ''Rana'' * Bua: G13 * ''Nimbari (Baari, Bari)'': G12 [ya bace]<ref>Kastenholz, Raimund; Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2012. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/06/Nimbari.pdf Nimbari as a language name]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> * ''Duli - Gewe (Gey, Gueve)'' [dadaddun] * ? ''[[Harshen Fali|Fali]]'': G11 * ? ''Chamba-Daka ( Daka )'': G3 [[Harshen Longuda|Kungiyoyin]] Tula-Waja, Longuda, Ɓəna-Mboi, Samba - Duru, da Bua ne kawai ke da darajojin suna. Sauran rukunin suna nuni ne kawai da tsarin tsoffin sunaye.<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2018/06/ADAMAWA-Kleinewillinghoefer_04_02_2014.pdf Adamawa]''. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.</ref> === Blench (2012, 2020) === Roger Blench (2012)<ref>Blench, Roger. 2012. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf |date=2012-12-03 }}.</ref> kammala da cewa harsunan Adamawa rukuni ne na yanki, ba dangin yare ba, kuma ya rabu da rassa daban-daban a cikin dangin Savannas da yake nema. Ya sanya wasu daga cikin yarukan yammacin Adamawa kusa da na yaren Gur fiye da sauran dangin Adamawa. Fali an kaɗance daga Savannas gaba ɗaya. Blench (2020) yana riƙe da haɗi tsakanin Mumuye da Yendang, amma ya fasa Samba-Duru na Kleinewillinghöfer. == Languagesananan harsunan adamawa == Harshen Oblo na [[Kamaru]] an haɗa shi a cikin juzu'i da yawa na ƙungiyar Adamawa, amma matsayinta a ciki ba shi da tabbas.<ref>Ayotte, Michael and Charlene Ayotte. 2002. [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9104 Sociolinguistic language survey of Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai and Oblo]. SIL International.</ref> An yi ta rade-radin cewa harshen Laal da ba a rarrabawa na [[Cadi|Chadi na]] iya zama Adamawa; yaren Jalaa na [[Najeriya]] tabbas ba adamawa bane, amma yana nuna tasirin Adamawa sosai. Koyaya, duka ɗayansu yanzu ana ɗauke dasu a matsayin keɓe harshe. == Kwatanta ƙamus == Samfurin asali ƙamus na Adamawa harsuna daga Kleinewillinghöfer ta ''Adamawa Harsuna Project'' website da kuma daban-daban da sauran kafofin sune kamar haka:<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/ Adamawa Language Groups]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> ''Lura'' : A cikin sassan tebur tare da yankin, ana ba da muɗaɗɗen sifa kafin laushi, yayin da sigar jam'in ke biyo bayan slash. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 80%" !Rarrabuwa !Harshe !Rukunin harshe !ido !kunne !hanci !haƙori !harshe !baki !jini !ƙashi !ruwa !bishiya !ci !suna |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Baa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Baa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nu(ví) / rínù | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |ǹtú / ríǹtú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |gyo̰ / rigyó̰ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyanwívì / rí- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dyḛǹ(vì) | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyààvì | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |twèèn | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kukút | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mán | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kii / rikii | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |gyâ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |zin |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Proto-Jen (Proto-Bikwin-Jen) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |up I | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*núŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*tswi | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*lúr(i) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*le | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*ɗək; (*lyəN) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*ɲwa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*ɥe/*zwi | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*kub | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*kəb | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*mɛ/*mɨŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*tə́ŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |*lɨn/*ɗwín |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Burak (Ɓʊʊrak) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" | | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |núŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |twíi ? | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lúúri | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lée | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗá̰k | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nyúwaa, nywaa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |wɪ́ɪ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kúb, kúp ? | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mɛ́ɛ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗít / yéɗit | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |tá̰ŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lín̄ |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Loo (Shʊŋɔ) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Galdemaru | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɛrɛ nuŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |twɪ́ɪ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lúúrì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lei | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗak | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nywa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |dùm | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kúp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mɛ́ɛ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗít | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |táŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nin |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Loo (Shʊŋɔ) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Waamura | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɛrɛ nuŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |twɪ́ɪ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lúúrì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lei | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗak | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nywa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |dùm | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kúp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mɛ́ɛ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |káp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |táŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nin |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Maɣdi (Tala) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" | | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |núŋ / yéénuŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |cwéé | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |luuli | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |léí | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗák | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nyuwaa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ywee | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kób, kúób / yéé kób | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |míshì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |káp / yéékáp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |taŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lin |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Lee Mak | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Panya | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nuŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |dɔkswíì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗuurə | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lei | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lén | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nuwaa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lyüé | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kóp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mui kya | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kap / yeekâp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |táŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗín |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Lee Mak | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Zoo | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nuŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |(ɗɔ́k)shwìyè | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗuurə | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lei | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lén | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nuwa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lyüé | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kúóp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mwui kya | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kàp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |táŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗin |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Kya̰k (Bambuka) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" | | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |núŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗɔ́kswì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗúr | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lɛ́ɛ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗyím | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ŋwaà | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |zwìì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kəkəp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mùŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |káp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |táŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗwín |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Mɔɔ (Gomu) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" | | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nə́ŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗɔ́kfíì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗúr | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lɛ́ɛ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗyík | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ŋwaa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |zìì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kúp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mùŋ kwâm | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kaap | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |taŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗwín |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |LeeLau (Munga, Munga Leelau) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" | | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |núŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗɔkswî | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗurr, ndurr | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |léí | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lyén | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ŋwaà | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |zìì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kukup; (kʊkʊp ?) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |munki | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kâp | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |tâŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗún |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Dza (Jen) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Kaigama | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nə́ŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |tshwötshwí | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |bwaadjwí | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |djìì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lʌ̰́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nnwâ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |hywṵi, hywḭ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kʊʊkʊ́, kʊkʊ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mmə́ŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kɐ́ɐ / ekʌ́(ʌ) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |táŋ, tháŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |djwuŋ |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Munga (Məngaŋ) Doso | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" | | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nəŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |cúcwì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kádwì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |íì | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lyêm | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ŋwàà | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ehywü; (exwü) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kúkwə̀ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |məŋ tsər | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kaa / lékaa | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |tâŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ɗyíìŋ |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Joole | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" | | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nə́ŋ / ee- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |tʃwü tʃwí | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nwá̰ dwí | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |jì(ì) (calabash) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |lʌ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |ká̰ nw̰á̰ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |hṵ̈̀ḭ̀ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kùkú | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |mə́ŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kʌ́ / èèkʌ́ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |táŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |dzuŋ |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Bikwin-Jen | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Jòòle | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |Joole Manga | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |bwàà nù | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |bwaa tywi | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |bwàà dṵ̀ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |gigi | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |láŋ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kányua | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |vi (?) | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |kúkú | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |míkyá | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |nyááká / nyááká búbáí | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |tà̰à̰ | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |dumà |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Wɪya, Waja, Wajan Kasa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuŋè | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |twɪ́yaʊ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |boocu | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nwii | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |bɛnɛ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nɪyaʊ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tumà | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kuu | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |gundù | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |sou | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |jɛ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dənè |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Deeri, Wajan Dutse | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |gɔn niŋi | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |podou / podoru | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Kutule, Tula | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Wange | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kwalaŋɛ / kwalaŋi | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kətɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |cʊʊn / cʊʊni | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kunuwaŋ / nǔǔm, tunuri | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |ben / beni | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |yii / yiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kʊtʊm | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kətiyaŋ / tətiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mwɛ̀ / mwɛti | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tíyaŋ / tííní | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |cáú ~ ʃáú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dən / dimbi |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Baule | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nù / núl | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɪ̀ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |sʊ́ʊ́n / sʊ́ʊ́nɪ́, sʊ́ŋə́n | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kə́núwáŋ / núúm, tə́núri | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |been / bééni | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |yí / yiiní | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kʌtùùm | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kətiyá námáŋ / tətiini náiyé | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mwɛ̀ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kətíyá / tətííní | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |saʊ; sa (mwàn) | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |də́n / də́mbí |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Yili (Yiri) | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuù / nuuto | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ / kətɛ́ɛ́nɪ́ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |ʃʊ́ʊ́l / ʃʊ́ʊ́wɪ̀ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kunuuŋ / nuum | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |bííl / bííwí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |yii / yiiní | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kʊtʊʊ̀m | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kukúkó / tukútó | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mwɛ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tiyaŋ / tiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |caʊ̀; ca (mwân) | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |diń / dimən |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Yebu, Awak | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |núŋí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |bwaará | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |suur ~ sʊʊr | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuŋún | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |beén | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nìí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tuum | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kuukú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mwê; mwɛ̀ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tii | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |sáb | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |duń |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Baŋjiŋe, Bangwinji | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuwe / nuwetini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tuù / tuuní | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |ʃóór, cóór | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuǹ / nuǹtini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |bien / bienni ? | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyii / nyiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |bwiyalɛ̀ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kúk / kútí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mwɛ́m | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tu / tum | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |câm | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dén |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Dadiya | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuu / nuutin | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |lɔɔ̀l | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |jʊl | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |núŋùn | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |ben | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |níyò / níyétìn | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tʊ́ʊ́m | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kuto | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mwḛ̂ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tiyà / tiyàntin | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |jáá | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dùń |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Maa, Kamo | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |núŋé | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kúmó | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |cóór | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nugun | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |bén̄ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyiyé | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tʊ́ʊ́m | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kúúbú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mwɛ́ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyáŋlá | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dágʊ́m (wúrgé) | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dìń |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Dijim, [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]] | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Kindiyo | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kʌmɪ / kámtɛ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |suu; suwoŋ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |jʊ̀r, jʊ̀ʊ̀r | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuŋun / nuŋtɛ́ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |lʌŋər / laŋtɛ́ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyʷii / nyʷiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dʊ̀gʊ́m | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kuk / kute | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |híí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |riyaŋ / riitɛ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |jau | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dun / duntɛ̀ |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Bwilim, [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]] | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Mɔna | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nu / nute | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |getuwaŋ / getuwai | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |taanù / taantɔ́ʊ́ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |bemnù / bemtou | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyii / nyiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |gə̀mí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |záà | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tso | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Suwabou | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nuŋ / nuntóú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |wɔɔnʊ́ / wɔɔntáú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyulóónù / nyulóóntù | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nunu / núntòù | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |lameno / lamtʊ̀ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyii / nyiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dɔɔ̀m | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tsá / tseni | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |láà / laátóú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tsá / tsenì | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |za | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dín / díntòù |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tso | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Gusubo | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nùŋ / nùntù | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |fə̀là / fə̀lààni | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dətəmòròù / tə̀tə̀mòtòù | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |taanʊ̀ / taantú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |béémnó / béémtóú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyii / nyiini | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tsá / tseni | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |la / latóú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tsá / tsénì | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |zaà | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dín / díntú |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tula-Waja | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Tso | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Barbou | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |dʊ̀m | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tsá / tsáni | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |yìbè / laátóú | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | |- | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |isolate | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |Jalaa | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" | | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |dyiríì / dyitə̂ | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |buŋôŋ | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |yamə-r / yamə-ta | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |tənəm / tənemté̩ | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |laŋe̩r / laŋté̩ | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |bo̩o̩, bwo̩ / bo̩o̩-ní | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |bwiirùm | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |kùsì-gò̩ / -nìó | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |gwìì-ràŋ, gwìì-ròŋ / -tè̩ | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |mwê̩ | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |hâl | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |nuŋ kúlájí; kwáráŋ wò̩gə́n ? |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |[[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Cerii (Ceriŋ, Banjiram) | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyʊ̰lá / nyʊ̰ʔá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thʊ́lá / thwíyá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dɔ́ŋkhá / dɔ́ŋthá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |gàràlá / gará | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dhilimkha / dhilimtha | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyàkhá / nyàthá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thùmá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kwacalá / kwacáá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mámá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thíká / thímá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dhà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |zííndé / zíné |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Longuda | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Deele (Jessu) | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyʊ̀ʊ̀là / nyʊ̀ʊ̀lʔà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |tʊ́là / twáʔà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)khà / jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)thà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |galáwa / galáhà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dhələ́mkhà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyàkà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thʊ́mà; surmə̀ | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kukubə́lə̀ / kukubə́ʔə̀ | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mámà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thikhà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |já, jáʔà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |jááunla / jááunʔà |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Longuda | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Koola (Thaarʊ) | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyʊ̰lá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |tʊ́lá / twáʔá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |zɔɔŋkha | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |gàlàwá / gàlàhá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dələmka | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyalá / nyaʔá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |tʊmá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |tsakəbla / tsakəbʔa | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mama | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thíká | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |zà ; zà nyoomò | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dəmla / dəmʔá |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Longuda | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Wala Lunguda | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |[[Guyuk (Nijeriya)|Guyuk]] | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyuŋlá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thʊ́wá / thwáá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |joonka | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |garala / garaʔa / | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |zilimkha | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyakhá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |tumá, thuma | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kwaca, kwacalá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mámá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |thíkhá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |jà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |zindè / zinè |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Longuda | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Gwaanda (Nyuwar) | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyṵnla | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |zingala / zingaʔa | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |jɔ̰ŋka | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyile / nyiʔe | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dhilimka | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyàkà / nyàthà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |sirme | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kwacala / kwacaʔa | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mama, dwaama | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |waha̰ka / waha̰ma | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dháà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dzaunla; dziiŋle |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Longuda | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Gwaanda | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyṵlà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dzíngálá | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |jónká | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |nyúlə́ | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dhílímká | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |súrmá, súrmé ? | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kwàcàlà / kwàcàà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mámá, dwàmà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |wàhàkà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dà; thà | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dzínlə́ |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Ɓəna (Yungur) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Dumne | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |núú / nṵ́ṵ́sâ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tímrá / címtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗə́fá / ɗə́mtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ʔéé / ʔéémé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kẃadmá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tə́fá / tə́ptá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbraá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɓota / nbwece | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kə́fə́ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗənda / ɗənta |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Ɓəna (Yungur) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Pirambe | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |núú / nṵ́ṵ́śa | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |gwe / gweme | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tímrá / tímtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ʔḛḛ / ʔéémé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |munma | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tə́fá / tə́ptá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbərá / mbəramsî | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɓota / nɓétè | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kə́fə́ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗənda / ɗənta |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Voro | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Waltaandi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |núú / núúza | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tímrá / tímtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗəlḿáará / ɗəlḿáatá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ʔḛḛ / ʔḛ́ḛ́mé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kẃadmá, mùnmà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tə́fá / tə́ptá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbráá [muwa ?] | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɓòtà / ŋbété | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kə́fə́ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Voro | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Ɓéttandi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kẃadmá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tə́fá / tə́ptá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbra̰a̰ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɓòtà / ŋbété | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kə́fə́ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Ɓəna (Laala) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bodei (Bodwai) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |nuú / nuujà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |gwḛḛ / gwḛḛmé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |timrá / timtá, timté | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗəmbá / ɗəmtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗə̀lmààrà / ɗə̀lmààtà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |nyḛ́ḛ́ / nyḛ́ḛ́mé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |bòblà / bòbjà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |təpa / təutá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbrá̰à̰ / mbráámjà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɓotá / ngwaaté | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |jeè | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗíndá / ɗíntá |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Ɓəna (Laala) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Yang | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |nuú / nùùzà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |gwɛ̰ɛ̰ / gwɛ̰ɛ̰mé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tìmrá / tìmtí | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗimbá / ɗimtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗilmará / ɗilmaatá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ḛ̀yḛ́ / ḛ̀yḛ̀mé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mónmá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |təfá / tòùtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |bərà̰à̰ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɓotá / ngwbaté | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |kəwə́ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |díndá / díntá |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Robma (Laala Roba) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |nuu / nuuwà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |gwee / gweemé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tìmrá / tìmtí | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗimbá / ɗimtá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |dilmará / dilmatá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ḛḛ́ / eḛ́msà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |monma | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |təfá / təfáámse | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |bura / buráámsà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɓotá / ngbaté | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |sewò | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |dinda / dinta |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Gulungo | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗəmbó / ɗìmda | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |aʔəhḛ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |matəma | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ngɔdɔ́ / angedé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ndià / ndiidà |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Livo | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |núú / núúźa | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tṵṵ̀ / tṵṵzà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ifiya / ifita | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |dúmbó / dimtà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |lemiya / lemta | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ahʔhi / ʔhimza | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |matəma | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tutto / acicé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbiya | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ngɔ́tɔ́ / ángété | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ʒé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ndíà / ndiità |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Haanda | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |nuu / nuuzà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |tuŋ / atʃw̄i | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |rifḛḛrà / rifḛḛtà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |dúmbó / dimtà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |leembərà / leemtà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ahʔhḭ̀ / mbai hímzà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mátə́má | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |túftò / atʃúfè | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbra | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ŋbótó / aŋbécè | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |zé | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ndera / ndərtata |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Bena-Mboi | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Kaan (Libo) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |sunu / (sunuḿa) | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |twḭ / twiiḿa | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |shimbə́r / shimbətəmá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |təmbər / təmbərmâ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ɗəlaamíì / ɗəlaamííʔóó | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ʔii / ʔiim | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |morúm | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |təfəra / təfətəmá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |barə̀m | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mərə̂m / mərəməmá | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |zə́ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ndə̀r / ndərmá |- | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Yendang | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Bali | style="background-color: #f1e9df" | | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ní | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |tɛ́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |sɛ́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |síbí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ŋwɛ́lɛ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ɲɛ́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |míɗɛnɛ́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |kṹɓí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |tí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mò[k] | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |lím |- | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Yendang | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Kpasham | style="background-color: #f1e9df" | | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |núɛ̃́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |wàswé | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ɲɛ́swɛ́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |síbí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ŋwɔ́le | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ɲɛ́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mídwíne | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |kũ̀bi | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |sí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mɔk | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |nə̌ŋ |- | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Yendang | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Yoti | style="background-color: #f1e9df" | | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |dóo | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |tóo | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |sɔ́ɔ̃́ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ʃúu | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |wúlɛ̀ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ɲâ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |dii | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |kúnwí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |tí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mii | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mòk | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |níŋ |- | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Yendang | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Yandang | style="background-color: #f1e9df" | | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |nɔk | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |tòk | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ɲánsũ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |rùk | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |lɛka | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |ɲǎk | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |le | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |kún | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |dĩ̀hĩ̀ | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |mogí | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |inaŋ |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Mumuye | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Proto-Mumuye | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*nu-ng, *nung; *gí-ǹg | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*co-V, *coo | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*su-ng, *sung | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*tná-li/-ri | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*ɗè-V/ng-ti | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*nyaa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*kpa-V̀; *zing, *zi-ng | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*ka (redup.), *kak-V | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*mi-V, *mii, *min ? | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*la-V, *laa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*caa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |*ríǹg, *rí-ǹg |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Mumuye | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |[[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ([[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]]) | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nung | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |shoo | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |sung | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |tnári | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |rèétè | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |nyaa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kpaà | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kaka | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mee | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |laa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |shaa | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |ríńg |- | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |Kam | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |Nyiŋɔm (Kam) | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |Din Kamaajin | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |ànùŋ | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |àkàr | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |àmə̀ràk | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |àshàg / àshàgìyo | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |àlímə́ní | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |ŋwé | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |wò | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |àkùb | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |mə̀ŋ káŋá | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |bàl / bàl yo | style="background-color: #f0f1df" |nìm; nəm níì (imp.) | style="background-color: #f0f1df" | |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Jango | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ́ru / nɔ́ī | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tóŋ / tónnun | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míŋ; míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núúrù / núúi | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mbéélu / mbéī | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ndáŋ̄ / ndántun | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpa'arú / kpaˀatɛ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |rɛ́ndúkú / rɛ́ndɛ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |máŋ / mántúŋ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |rák / ratú | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |rɛɛ kóp | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ríírú / rííté |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Jango (Southern) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ́ru / nɔ́(t)tí | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núúrù / núúyì | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mbéélu / mbéétɛ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ndáŋ̄ / ndántùŋ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpààˀru / kpàˀɛ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |rɛɛŋ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Were | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nǒrrō | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tōn(g) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mi(n)(g) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nūī (pl.) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |bēlō | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dǎ(n)(g) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |pǎrū | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |gaemām | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Batəm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔr / nɔˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tok / toˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míˀ / miin | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núúr / núˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ˀté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |súˀ / sut | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kwaal / kwaaˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |niŋg / nin | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |maam / máámə̀t | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |teh / tɛt | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |règùm; rɛ̀ká | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ríˀír / ríˀtɛ |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Momi | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ̀r / nɔ̀ˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɔ̀k / tɔ̀ˀˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mii / miin | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nùùr / nùùˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |meel / meeli | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |suu / suut | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpààl / kpaai | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nènk / nèn | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |máàm / máŋ̀bət | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tè / tèt | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |règùm; rɛ̀ká; rèèká | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ríír / rííti |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vɔkba | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔr / nɔˀti | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tok / torum | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nik (?) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ́l | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |súˀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kòàl | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |néŋ / néŋti | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mám | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɛˀ / tɛtə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |regɨm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ríí |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Wɔmmu | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ́r / núɔ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tór / tóó (tʋ́r) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míí / mííne | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nuurə̀/ núútə́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míɛ́le / mɛ́ɛ́té ~ míɛ́té | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dóbʒɩ̀ / dówwi | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kwaalə / kwaasə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɛ́ŋkə / nɛ́nté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |máám | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |rɛgum kwɔ́ú | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |níìr / nííté |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Nissim | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ́ɔ́l / núɔ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tóól / tɔ́ɔ́tə́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míí / mííne | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núúlə / núúté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛɛ́lə / mɛɛ́té | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dóbzə/ dóbpe | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpaalə / kpaate | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |neŋke / neŋte | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |máám , máám bonúm àm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lem kúɔ́; lekə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |níllə / níttə́ |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Eilim | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ́l / nɔ́ɔ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tól / tóó | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míí / míímtə̀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núúl / núúté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛɛ́l / mɛɛ́té | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dám / damderei | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpaal / kpaatə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mám̀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɛ́ɛ̄ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lem kúɔ́; lekə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |líllə / níttə́ |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Kobom | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ́rì / nɔ́ɔ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tókù / tóó | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mí / míímītī | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núúrì / nuute | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ́ɛ́ni / mɛ́té | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dám / dámtíréí | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛɛm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɛ́ŋkù / nɛ́ŋté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɛ́ / tɛ́ti | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |réí; rékɔ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |rííri / rííté |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vɔmnəm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔr / nɔɔ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tukò / tuŋbərəm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míì / míìm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nuurò / nuute | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛɛlò / mɛɛte | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |súú / sútò | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kwaalò / kwaasò | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɛ́ŋkò / nɛŋté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |maàm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɛɛ / tɛɛtə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |rɛm; rɛkò | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |niirò / niite |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Damtəm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nuɔ̀l / nuɔ̀rɛ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɔ́l / tɔrɛ, tɔɔtɛ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míl / mííté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núl / núúte | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛl / mɛɛte | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dám / damtər | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpaal / kpaaʃe | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lyɛngə̀ / lɛŋsyɛ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tii / tiitə̀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nʌ́l / nʌʌtə́ |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gəunəm-Yar (Gə-Yarəm) | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nual / nuare | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |cul / curie, tuure | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míəl / mííré | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núúl / núúré | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míál / mɛ́re | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dám / dámdə́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpàal/ kpààsə̀də̀ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nyáŋsə́l / nyáŋsé, nyáŋgə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mám | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lau / lasə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lìní kúə́; lìə̀- kúə́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lə́l / lérə |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Vere | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gə-Lim | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nual / nuarie | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |túl / túríé | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míil / mííré | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nuul / nuurie | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ́rl / mɛ́ɛ́rɛ̄ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |dám / dámdə́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |kpaal / kpaarie | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nyángə́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mám | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |láú / lásə́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lìní; lìə̀- kúʌ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lʌl / lʌʌrie |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gəmnəm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Beiya | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nol / nootə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tol / tootə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mííl / míítə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |núŋlə̄ / núŋ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ɛ́tə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nok / noŋtə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |meem / meemtə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |néngə, nɛ́ngə / néŋzə, nɛ́ŋzə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |má:m / máámtə̄ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |téé / teete | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |liiná ; lìì kɔ́p | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nííl / níítə |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gəmnəm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gindoo | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔl | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tol | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míl | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɨŋ́ lə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ́l | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔk | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mem | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɨŋ́ ə / nɨŋ́ gə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mám | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |teˀ/ tetə | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |níl |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gəmnəm | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Riitime | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔ́lé / nɔ́ˀɔ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tólé / tóˀó | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mííle / mííˀe | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lúŋle / lúŋe | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |méle / méˀē | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nogúsa / nóŋté | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mēēmē | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |léngo / léŋē | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |máámē / mámte | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |téˀé / tété | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lii kóóp | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lə́lē / lə́ˀə |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gəmme | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gəmme | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nólé / nóˀɛ́ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tólé / tóˀó | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míhˀle / míhˀie | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |níŋlē / níŋē | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |méhˀle / méhyē | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |yòlé / yòé | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míímé | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |níngē / níŋmē | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |memˀe | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |téˀé / teˀnē | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lee lená | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nímlē / nímē |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Gəmme | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Baanma | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɔla / nɔˀɔ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |toga, toˀga / toˀma | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |míhla / míˀi | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |níŋla / níŋa | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ́hla / mɛˀɛ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |yòla / yòˀo | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |miima / miimda | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɨŋ́ ga / nɨ́ŋma | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mema / memda | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |teˀɛ/ teˀna | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lee lená | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nɨḿ la / nɨḿ a |- | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Doyayo | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |Doyayo | style="background-color: #dff1e0" | | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lɔ¹lɛ¹ ~ yɔ̰¹lɛ¹ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɔ̰n¹ɛ¹ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mḭḭl²; gɔ̰ɔ̰s²ɛ³ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nuŋ⁴go² | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛlɛ³² | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ya̰a̰¹yɔ¹ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |ga̰a̰⁴mɛ² | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |lɛ̰ŋ³ko² ~ lɛ̰ŋ²ko³ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |mɛ¹mɛ³ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |tɛ̰ɛ̰¹yɔ¹ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |le², lek¹yɔ¹ | style="background-color: #dff1e0" |nuŋ² |- | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |[[Harshen Fali|Fali]] | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |Proto-[[Harshen Fali|Fali]] | style="background-color: #dff1ed" | | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*nisu (pl.) | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*tuuyV; *tuuCV | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*unɨ | style="background-color: #dff1ed" | | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*rɛɛŋgu | style="background-color: #dff1ed" | | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*ndʒĩĩmV | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*kopfti | style="background-color: #dff1ed" | | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*sɔɔ- | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*rii- | style="background-color: #dff1ed" |*ĩn- (v.) |- | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |Mbum | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |Proto-Lakka | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" | | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*nún | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*sú-k | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*cɔN-k | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*sˣɛl/ŋ | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*rím | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*nɟá-k | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*sˣɛ́-m | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*hū-t/-k | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*kpə̀(-k) | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*mbì | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*lʳak | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |*rìn |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Kim | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Goundo | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ndʊɾʊ | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |huba | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |vw̃ãl | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ɲu̯aɾ | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ɗɛl | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |wʊ | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |tʃʊm | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kal | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mam | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ura | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dʒam | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |jɛmi |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Kim | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Besmé | style="background-color: #ece0f0" | | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ndua | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |hoɾo | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |vũãl | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |hĩjɪm | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ɗelɛm | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |wu | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |tʃɔm | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kaːl | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mam | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ura | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dʒʊ̝m | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dĩː |- | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Kim | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Kim | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |Kosop | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ndʷaɾa | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |togor | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |vɔ̝̃r | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kĩj̃ar | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ɗɛl | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |wak ̚ | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |sɔma | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |kal | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |mam | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |ʔwaɾa | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |za | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |dĩːl |- | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Day | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |Day | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |nɔ́n | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |sɔ́g | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mbúr | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ngìì | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |lélì/lélè/lèè | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |nām | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |dém | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |bō̰ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |ʔém | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |mīɲ | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" | -rì, lāà | style="background-color: #f1dfe5" |jōō |- | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Bua | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |Proto-Bua | style="background-color: #f1e9df" | | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*diil; *ʔiil | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*to(l)(-) | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*fo̰/ḛl/ɲ(-) ? | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*nii(-); *ɲ- ? | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*l₁el(-) | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*mu/i | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*s₂e/um(-) / *s₂ḛr- | style="background-color: #f1e9df" | | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*te/o(l/g-) | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*l₂i/um(-); *me/on- ? | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*l₁e; *tu(y) | style="background-color: #f1e9df" |*l₂iil |- | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |isolate | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |Laal | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" | | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mɨla / mɨní | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |sɨ̀gál / sɨ̀gɨ́y | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |pən / - | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |yàmál / yèmí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |mal / mə̀lí | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |yəwəl / - | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |suna / - | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kòːg / kuagmi | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |miàdál / miàr ~ miariɲ | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |su / sùgá | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |kaw / kɨw; ɲag / ɲɨg; guru / guru; cíd / cíd | style="background-color: #d6e1ec" |meːl / - |} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/ Ayyukan Harshen Adamawa] ( Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg Mainz ) * [http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/AdaGram/ AdaGram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904170848/http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/AdaGram/ |date=2019-09-04 }} ( CNRS - INALCO ). Binciken arzikin harsunan Najeriya: nazarin nahawu da takaddun yare na harsunan Adamawa. * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Jerin yarukan Adamawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20171024094404/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf |date=2017-10-24 }} - Blench * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Wiyaa_group.htm Harsunan Tula-Wiyaa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000716/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Wiyaa_group.htm |date=2016-03-04 }} - Blench * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Leeko_group.htm Kungiyar Leeko]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Blench * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Perema_page.htm Harshen Perema (Wom) na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya: rarrabuwa, salon magana da kuma sunan surar (PDF)]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} na Roger M. Blench, 2000. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge. * [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-050 Gaggawa game da binciken Gbete (PDF)] na Jason Diller & Kari Jordan-Diller, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-050. * [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-039 Binciken zamantakewar al'umma na harshen Mambay na Chadi da Kamaru (PDF)] na Cameron Hamm, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-039. * [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-048 Bincike mai sauri da bincike na lexicostatistical na Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai da Oblo (PDF)] na Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-048. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040820223117/http://www.sil.org/africa/cameroun/bylanguage/languages/karang.html Karang] - SIL-Kamaru * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050104091633/http://www.sil.org/africa/cameroun/bydomain/linguistics/bibliography/biblio2001.html Littafin SIL-Kamaru] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050107014910/http://www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/19379.pdf Ocamus na kwatancen kayan ƙa'idodi aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun], Tourneaux * Idiatov, Dmitry. 2017-08-29. [http://idiatov.mardi.myds.me/talks/2017_CALL_AdaGram_Survey_Results.pdf Sakamakon binciken AdaGram na farko a jihohin Adamawa da Taraba, Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601055735/http://idiatov.mardi.myds.me/talks/2017_CALL_AdaGram_Survey_Results.pdf |date=2023-06-01 }} . (tare da Mark Van de Velde, Tope Olagunju da Bitrus Andrew). 47th Colloquium akan Harsunan Afirka da Harsunan Afirka (KIRA) (Leiden, Netherlands). == Manazarta == [[Category:Harsunan Adamawa]] [[Category:Jihar Adamawa]] [[Category:Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka]] [[Category:Kabila]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fgq0rqih524pw3s8tjewzf9hbg19nag Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 966657 965961 2026-10-11T21:31:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 966657 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Zainab lawal yakubu|Zainab lawal yakubu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zainab lawal yakubu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:MauraWen|MauraWen]] |[[Special:Contributions/MauraWen|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Foschia|Foschia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Foschia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:GChoi-WMF|GChoi-WMF]] |[[Special:Contributions/GChoi-WMF|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Allirauf|Allirauf]] |[[Special:Contributions/Allirauf|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU|ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU]] |[[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Whoissya|Whoissya]] |[[Special:Contributions/Whoissya|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 11 ga 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Oktoba 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Galagora|Galagora]] |[[Special:Contributions/Galagora|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 11 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |} rdyfllge83jjgu1ynnx79olf8hbiojh Hakkin Neman Mafaka 0 22390 966143 949995 2026-10-11T13:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} "Hakkin ''mafaka'', wani lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin mafaka na siyasa (asylum daga Tsohon Girkanci () 'santuary'), ra'ayi ne na shari'a, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa mutanen da sarakunan su ke tsanantawa za su iya kare su da wani iko mai iko, kamar ƙasa ta biyu ko wani abu wanda a zamanin da zai iya ba da . Tsohon Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa sun amince da wannan haƙƙin, daga waɗanda aka karɓa zuwa al'adar Yamma. [[René Descartes]] ya gudu zuwa ƙasashe [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Voltaire]] zuwa [[Ingila]], da Thomas Hobbes zuwa [[Faransa]], saboda kowace jiha ta ba da kariya ga 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsananta. Hakkin mafaka na zamani an kafa shi ne a kan [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]]. == Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya == Haƙƙin mafaka ya kasance ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a cikin Mataki na 14 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights na 1948: {{Blockquote|text=1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.|multiline=yes|source=[https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 14]}} Hakkin mafaka yana tallafawa ta Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html}}</ref> Kafin a ba da mafaka, ana iya gane mai neman mafaka a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira bisa ga Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], wanda ke bayyana ɗan gudun hijirar a matsayin mutum "wanda ba zai iya ko ba ya son komawa ƙasarsu ta asali saboda tsoron da ake yi masa na tsanantawa saboda dalilai na launin fata, addini, ƙasa, memba na wani rukuni na zamantakewa, ko ra'ayi na siyasa".<ref name="UN1951" /> == Gidan mafaka na siyasa na zamani == [[File:Ontheemden_uit_Midden-Europa_vinden_asiel_in_ons_land_Weeknummer_50-48_-_Open_Beelden_-_10692.ogv|thumb|Gwamnatin Holland ta ba da mafaka ga tsofaffi ɗari biyu daga Yugoslavia, [[Poland]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]] da Jihohin Baltic. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu, wadannan mutane sun zauna a sansanoni a Austria da Jamus ta Yamma. (Newsreel (a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland)) ]] Duk da yake ana ganin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] kanta a matsayin ba ta da iyaka, haƙƙin mafaka kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar' yancin dan adam na duniya an ambaci shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira, wanda yawancin ƙasashe jam'iyyun ne. A halin yanzu, a kasashe daban-daban akwai matsayi daban-daban na shari'a da ma'anar doka don haƙƙin mafaka da 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Eun Su |last2=Szkudlarek |first2=Betina |last3=Nguyen |first3=Duc Cuong |last4=Nardon |first4=Luciara |date=April 2020 |title=Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling : A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijmr.12222 |journal=International Journal of Management Reviews |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=193–216 |doi=10.1111/ijmr.12222 |issn=1460-8545 |s2cid=216204168 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana ganin mafaka a matsayin mafaka ta wucin gadi. Za'a iya rage hankali saboda rashin tabbas game da amincin da'awar a cikin aikace-aikacen mafaka tare da ka'idojin gida masu daidaituwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liodden |first=Tone Maia |date=2020 |title=Who Is a Refugee? Uncertainty and Discretion in Asylum Decisions |url=https://academic.oup.com/ijrl/article/32/4/645/6257820 |journal=International Journal of Refugee Law |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=645–667 |doi=10.1093/ijrl/eeab003 |issn=0953-8186 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da aka ki amincewa da ikirarin mafaka, rashin mayar da hankali ya shafi Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira Mataki na 33, wanda ya hana fitar da masu neman mafaka zuwa kowace ƙasa inda "rayuwa ko' yanci za a yi barazana saboda launin fata, addini, ƙasa, zama memba na wani rukuni na zamantakewa ko ra'ayin siyasa" tare da banbanci saboda tsaro da laifi. Ƙa'idar da ba ta sake farfadowa ba ana ganinta ne a matsayin dokar al'ada ta faɗin duniya. Ana kuma iya amfani da shari'o'i daban-daban don fassara haƙƙin mafaka, gami da nazarin shari'a mai mahimmanci da Tsarin Mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joppke |first=Christian |last2=Marzal |first2=Elia |date=2004 |title=Courts, the new constitutionalism and immigrant rights: The case of the French Conseil Constitutionnel |url=https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0304-4130.2004.00176.x |journal=European Journal of Political Research |language=en |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=823–844 |doi=10.1111/j.0304-4130.2004.00176.x |issn=0304-4130 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da haƙƙin mafaka, kamar lokacin da yanayin ƙasar asalin ya canza cewa babu haɗarin tsanantawa, fitar da son rai bisa ga rashin mayar da hankali ko kuma a tarihi a wasu lokuta fitarwa nan da nan na iya biyo baya. === Ta hanyar ƙasa === ==== ƙasar China ==== Sashe na 2 na Mataki na 32 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Sin ya nuna cewa kasar Sin na iya ba da mafaka ga baƙi waɗanda suka nemi shi saboda dalilai na siyasa. A shekara ta 1979, Hoàng Văn Hoan, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Vietnam, shi ne baƙo na ƙarshe da China ta ba shi mafaka ta siyasa. Daga shekarar 1980 zuwa yanzu, babu wani baƙo da kasar Sin ta ba shi mafaka ta siyasa. Dukkanin baƙi da aka ba su mafaka ta siyasa a kasar Sin shugabannin siyasa ne na kwaminisanci. ==== Tarayyar Turai ==== [[File:St_Georgenberg_medieval_'Right_of_Asylum'_boundary_marker_from_app_W_(detail).jpg|thumb|Alamar iyaka ta zamani a St. Georgenberg<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwpg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>, Tyrol]] Gidan mafaka a cikin kasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Turai]] da aka kafa sama da rabin karni ta hanyar amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 28 ga Yuli 1951 kan Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira. Manufofin gama gari sun bayyana a cikin shekarun 1990 dangane da Yarjejeniyar Schengen (wanda ya hana iyakokin cikin gida) don masu neman mafaka da ba su yi nasara ba a cikin wata Jiha ba za su sake yin amfani da su a cikin wata ba. Manufar ta kowa ta fara ne da Yarjejeniyar Dublin a shekarar 1990. Ya ci gaba da aiwatar da Yurodac da Dokar Dublin a cikin shekarar 2003, da kuma karɓar shawarwari biyu ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a watan Oktoba 2009. Koyaya, har zuwa yau, kasashe membobin galibi suna kula da bayarwa da shirya mafaka. Ana kare 'yan gudun hijirar yaki a ƙarƙashin ka'idar kariya ta wucin gadi da Dokar kariya ta Wucin gadi. Tarayyar Turai (EU +) ta karɓi aikace-aikacen mafaka sama da miliyan 1.1 tare da ƙimar ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ko kariya ta mataimakin a kashi 43 cikin dari. A watan Yunin 2026, Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai [[Ursula von der Leyen]] ya nuna shirye-shiryen canza sharuɗɗan Dokar Tsaro ta Wuri don mayar da martani ga rikicin da ke gudana na Ukraine, wanda ke jagorantar kasashe membobin EU don yin muhawara game da cire sabbin mutanen ƙasar Ukraine masu shekaru 23 zuwa 60 daga kariya ta atomatik don kauce wa lalata ikon tattara ƙasar Ukraine. ===== ƙasar Faransa ===== [[File:Anneau_portail_de_la_Vierge_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg|thumb|Zagaye mai tsarki a ƙofar Notre-Dame de Paris (Faransa) ]] A Ƙasar Faransa ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta kafa haƙƙin tsarin mulki don mafaka, a cikin Mataki na 120 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1793, don "baƙi da aka kore su daga ƙasarsu saboda dalilin 'yanci".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prof. Vincent Chetail |author-link=Vincent Chetail |date=16 September 2008 |title=Helène Lambert, Francesco Messineo, and Paul Tiedemann, COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES OF CONSTITUTIONAL ASYLUM IN FRANCE, ITALY, AND GERMANY: REQUIESCAT IN PACE?, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 |journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=16–32 |doi=10.1093/rsq/hdn043 |s2cid=145682715 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, bai taɓa aiki ba. Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1946 ya tabbatar da haƙƙin mafaka ga "duk wanda aka tsananta saboda ayyukansa a cikin hanyar 'yanci". Hakkin mafaka na zamani na Ƙasar Faransa an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar Preamble na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1958, ta hanyar ambaton Preamble of the 1946 Constitution. Baya ga haƙƙin tsarin mulki na mafaka, ''Hakkin mafaka'' na zamani na Ƙasar Faransa (droit d'asile) an tsarkake shi bisa doka da ka'idoji a cikin Dokar Shiga da Gida na Baƙi da na Hakkin Gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Code de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d'asile. |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070158 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr}}</ref> Har ila yau, ƙasar Faransa ta bi yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa wacce ke ba da hanyoyin aikace-aikace don haƙƙin mafaka, kamar Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) ta shakarar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (wanda aka tabbatar a shakarar 1952), ƙarin yarjejeniyar shekarar 1967; sassan K1 da K2 na Yarjejeniyar Maastricht ta shakarar 1992 da kuma Yarjejeniyar Schengen ta shekarar 1985, wanda ya bayyana Manufofin shige da fice na EU. A ƙarshe, an bayyana haƙƙin mafaka ta hanyar Mataki na 18 na Yarjejeniyar Hakki na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai. Wasu daga cikin ka'idojin da za a iya ƙin aikace-aikacen mafaka sun haɗa da: i) Shigarwa ta hanyar ƙasa ta uku "mai aminci", ii) Kasar Asalin (Mai neman mafaka na iya zama ɗan ƙasar da aka ƙi a baya idan sun kasance 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar da hukumar mafaka ta Faransa OFPRA ta ɗauka "mai aminci"), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Authority delegated to OFPRA by art. L. 722-1 of Code de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d'asile, J.O., 4 December 2009 |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/./affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006335238&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006147782&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070158&dateTexte=20080807 |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr}}</ref> iii) Barazanar Tsaro (mai tsanani ga tsarin jama'a), ko iv) Aika (amfani da tsarin mafaka don wasu dalilai). * Ma'anar "tsaron mafaka na ciki": ana iya ƙin buƙatar idan baƙo zai iya amfana daga mafaka ta siyasa a wani ɓangare na yankin ƙasarsu. * [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|OFPRA]] (Ofishin ƙasar Faransa na kare 'yan gudun hijira da marasa galihu - Ofishin ƙasar Faransa na Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da ba su da Amincewa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ofpra.gouv.fr |url=http://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/}}</ref> [['yanci]] yana yin jerin sunayen da ake zargi da "kasashe masu aminci" waɗanda ke girmama haƙƙin siyasa da ka'idodin' yanci. Idan mai neman mafaka ya fito ne daga irin wannan ƙasa, ana aiwatar da buƙatar cikin kwanaki 15, kuma ba ta sami kariya ta taimako ba. Za su iya kalubalanci shawarar, amma wannan ba ya dakatar da duk wani umarni na korar su. Jerin farko, wanda aka kafa a watan Yulin 2005, ya haɗa da "ƙasashe masu aminci" [[Benin]], [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], [[Ghana]], [[Mali]], [[Moris|Tsibirin Mauritius]], [[Indiya]], [[Senegal]], [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]], [[Georgia]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]] da [[Kroatiya|Croatia]]. Ya ragu a cikin watanni shida da kusan 80% na yawan masu neman daga waɗannan ƙasashe. Jerin na biyu, wanda ya wuce a watan Yulin 2006, ya hada da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Makidoniya]].<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20060427.FIG000000128_asile_politique_la_france_ajoute_cinq_etats_a_sa_liste_de_pays_srs.html Asile politique: la France ajoute cinq Etats à sa liste de pays «sûrs»], ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 27 April 2006 {{In lang|fr}}</ref> Duk da yake an ƙuntata shi, an kiyaye haƙƙin mafaka na siyasa a ƙasar Faransa a cikin dokoki daban-daban na hana shige da fice. Wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa, ban da hanyar shari'a kawai, ana amfani da tsarin bureaucratic don ragewa da kuma ƙin abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin buƙatun da suka dace. A cewar Le ''Figaro'', ƙasar Faransa ta ba mutane 7,000 matsayin 'yan gudun hijira na siyasa a shekara ta 2006, daga cikin jimlar buƙatun 35,000; a shekara ta 2005, OFPRA da ke kula da bincika halattaccen irin waɗannan buƙatun ta ba da ƙasa da 10,000 daga jimlar buƙatu 50,000.<ref>"La porte étroite de l'asile politique", ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 13 February 2007, p.20 {{In lang|fr}}</ref> An karɓi 'yan gudun hijira da yawa daga mulkin kama-karya na Kudancin nahiyar Amurka, musamman daga [[Chile]] na Augusto Pinochet da Dirty War a [[Argentina]], a cikin 1970s-80s. A lokacin yakin da aka yi a Afghanistan (2001-2021), an ba dubban 'Yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan mafaka a Faransa. ===== Estonia ===== A watan Satumbar 2022, Firayim Ministan Estonia [[Kaja Kallas]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa Estonia ba za ta ba da mafaka ga 'yan Rasha da ke tserewa daga tattarawar yaki ba, yana mai cewa "Kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da alhakin ayyukan jiharsu, kuma' yan ƙasar Rasha ba su da banda. Saboda haka, ba ma ba da mafakar mutanen Rasha da suka tsere daga ƙasarsu ba. Ya kamata su yi tsayayya da yakin". ===== Latvia ===== A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, bayan da wata kungiya ta zartarwa ta yi watsi da ita, kotun Latvia ta amince da aikace-aikacen mafaka na ɗan ƙasar Rasha, wanda ke fuskantar tilastawa a cikin aikin soja na musamman. A baya hukumomi sun tsananta masa saboda goyon bayansa ga dan adawar Rasha Alexei Navalny da kuma matsayinsa na jama'a game da [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title=No nosūtīšanas uz Ukrainu bēgošs Krievijas pilsonis tiesas ceļā izcīna patvērumu Latvijā |url=https://www.diena.lv/raksts/latvija/zinas/no-nosutisanas-uz-ukrainu-begoss-krievijas-pilsonis-tiesas-cela-izcina-patverumu-latvija-14297821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417092753/https://www.diena.lv/raksts/latvija/zinas/no-nosutisanas-uz-ukrainu-begoss-krievijas-pilsonis-tiesas-cela-izcina-patverumu-latvija-14297821 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |publisher=[[Diena]] |language=lv}}</ref> ===== Poland ===== A watan Fabrairun 2025, Firayim Ministan Poland Donald Tusk ya sanar da Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Ursula von der Leyen cewa Poland za ta ki aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Shige da Fice ta Tarayyar Tarayyar, musamman ta ki amincewa da ƙaura da masu neman mafaka 30,000 ko kuma madadin hukuncin kudi na Yuro miliyan 600, yana mai nuna yawan 'Yan gudun hijirar Ukraine da Poland ta riga ta karɓa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, Poland ta dakatar da haƙƙin neman mafaka a kan iyakar Belarus da Poland, tare da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da ke tallafawa matakin Poland. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== [[File:St_John_of_Beverley_Sanctuary_Stone.jpg|thumb|Ragowar ɗaya daga cikin alamun iyakar dutse guda huɗu na tsarkakewa na Saint John na Beverley a Gabashin Riding na YorkshireGabashin Hanyar Yorkshire]] In the 19th century, the [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|United Kingdom]] accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the socialist movement (including [[Karl Marx]]). With the 1845 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Royal Observatory{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} and the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street in the context of the propaganda of the deed ([[Anarchism|anarchist]]) actions, political asylum was restricted. ==== Amurka ==== [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta amince da haƙƙin mafaka na mutane kamar yadda dokar kasa da kasa da ta tarayya ta ƙayyade. Dangane da dokar kasa da kasa, Amurka tana la'akari da 'yan takarar mafaka bisa ga tsanantawa ko tsoro za a tsananta musu saboda launin fata, addini, ƙasa, da / ko kasancewa memba a cikin wani rukuni na zamantakewa ko ra'ayi na siyasa.<ref name="Refugees and Asylum">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2015 |title=Refugees and Asylum |url=https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=USCIS |language=en}}</ref> Kowace shekara, Shugaban Amurka ya ƙayyade yawan 'yan gudun hijira da aka ƙayyade bisa doka waɗanda aka ba su matsayin' yan gudun hijira a waje da Amurka don a shigar da su cikin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin 8 U.S.C. §. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2021 |title=Memorandum for the Secretary of State on Presidential Determination on Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2022 |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/08/memorandum-for-the-secretary-of-state-on-presidential-determination-on-refugee-admissions-for-fiscal-year-2022/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=The White House}}</ref> Daga cikin wadannan, ofisoshin UNHCR a duk duniya suna ba da shawarar da yawa don sake zama. Adadin 'yan gudun hijira da aka shigar a shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara kuma an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatin shugaban kasa da ke mulki da Majalisa. Sabanin haka, Amurka ba ta tilasta irin wannan adadin ga masu neman mafaka. Maimakon haka, yawan tallafin mafaka na shekara-shekara ya dogara da haɗuwa da yawan mutane da ke gabatar da aikace-aikace da kuma yawan mutane da za su iya tabbatar da ikirarin mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2013 |title=U.S. Annual Refugee Resettlement Ceilings and Number of Refugees Admitted, 1980-Present |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-annual-refugee-resettlement-ceilings-and-number-refugees-admitted-united |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218000815/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-annual-refugee-resettlement-ceilings-and-number-refugees-admitted-united |archive-date=18 December 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dangane da dokar Amurka, mutane sun cancanci matsayin mafaka bisa ga waɗannan sharuɗɗa: <ref name="Refugees and Asylum" /> * Gamu da ma'anar 'yan gudun hijira * Sun riga sun kasance a cikin Amurka * Suna neman shiga tashar jiragen ruwa Akwai manyan nau'ikan mafaka guda biyu wanda mai nema zai iya nema a karkashin dokar Amurka: mafaka mai tabbatarwa da mafaka mai karewa. Don neman mafaka mai tabbatarwa, masu neman dole ne su kasance a zahiri a Amurka, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin shige da fice na yanzu ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, dole ne a shigar da aikace-aikacen mafaka na tabbatarwa a cikin shekara guda bayan isowa Amurka. Sau da yawa ana shigar da mafaka ta hanyar mutane da ke neman neman karewa daga cirewa ko korar daga Amurka. Babban bambanci tsakanin waɗannan matakai biyu shine ko an fara aiwatar da cirewa ga mai nema. Idan an sanya mutum a cikin tsarin cirewa dole ne ya nemi mafaka. Idan ba a sanya mutum a cikin tsarin cirewa ba, suna iya neman mafaka mai tabbatarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Obtaining Asylum in the United States |url=https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-and-asylum/asylum/obtaining-asylum-in-the-united-states |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=USCIS |language=en}}</ref> The majority of asylum claims fail or are rejected.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}} Still, since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the United States than any other nation.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}} "Since the passage of the Refugee Act in 1980... the United States has admitted more than 3.1 million refugees."<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=U.S. Refugee Admissions Program |url=https://www.state.gov/refugee-admissions/ |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> During much of the 1990s, the United States accepted over 100,000 refugees per year, though this figure has recently decreased to around 50,000 per year in the first decade of the 21st century, due to greater security concerns. As for asylum seekers, the latest statistics show that 86,400 persons sought sanctuary in the United States in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asylum Seekers (most recent) by country |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/imm_asy_see-immigration-asylum-seekers |access-date=17 August 2012 |publisher=Nationmaster.com}}</ref> Before the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, individual asylum applicants were evaluated in private proceedings by officers of the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). In the aftermath of the attacks, the United States established three distinct organizations that each handle a different aspect of US immigration law, including the US Citizenship & Immigration Services (USCIS), Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Customs & Border Protection (CFB). Asylum applications are handled by the USCIS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Refugee Admissions |url=https://www.state.gov/refugee-admissions/ |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite this, concerns have been raised with the US asylum and refugee determination processes.  A recent empirical analysis by three legal scholars described the US asylum process as a game of refugee roulette; that is to say that the outcome of asylum determinations depends in large part on the personality of the particular adjudicator to whom an application is randomly assigned, rather than on the merits of the case. The very low numbers of Iraqi refugees accepted between 2003 and 2007 exemplifies concerns about the United States' refugee processes. The Foreign Policy Association reported that: == Tarihi == Masarawa, Helenawa da Ibraniyawa sun amince da "dama na mafaka" na addini, kare mutane (ciki har da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifi) daga hukunci mai tsanani. Wannan ka'idar daga baya cocin Kirista da aka kafa ta karɓa, kuma an samar da dokoki daban-daban waɗanda suka ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda za a cancanci kariya da kuma irin matakin kariya da mutum zai samu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Sanctuary |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13430a.htm}}</ref> Majalisar Orleans ta yanke shawarar a cikin 511, a gaban Clovis I, cewa za a iya ba da mafaka ga duk wanda ya nemi mafaka a cikin coci ko a kan dukiyar coci, ko a gidan bishop. An ba da wannan kariya ga masu kisan kai, ɓarayi da masu zina. === Ingila ta Tsakiya === [[File:Malta_-_Dingli_-_Triq_Panoramika_-_St._Mary_Magdalene_06_ies.jpg|thumb|Alamar a St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, Dingli, [[Malta]], yana nuna cewa ɗakin sujada bai ji daɗin kariya ta coci ba]] Wani lokaci mai laifi dole ne ya isa ɗakin sujada da kansa don a kare shi, ko kuma ya buga wani kararrawa, ya riƙe wani zobe ko ƙofar-knocker, ko ya zauna a kan wani kujera ("frithstool"). Wasu daga cikin wadannan abubuwa sun tsira a majami'u daban-daban. A wani wuri kuma, wurin ibada da aka gudanar a wani yanki a kusa da cocin ko masallaci, wani lokacin yana fadadawa a cikin radius zuwa kusan mil da rabi. Dutsen "crossos na tsarkakewa" ya nuna iyakokin yankin; wasu gicciye har yanzu suna nan. Ta haka ne zai iya zama tseren tsakanin mai laifi da jami'an shari'a na zamani zuwa iyakar wuri mai tsarki mafi kusa. Yin hidima ga adalci a kan rundunar ƙafa na iya tabbatar da wani abu mai wahala. An tsara wuraren ibada na coci ta hanyar doka ta al'ada. Mai neman mafaka dole ne ya furta zunubansa, ya mika makamansa, kuma ya ba da izinin kula da coci ko ƙungiyar abbey tare da iko. Masu neman suna da kwanaki arba'in don yanke shawarar ko za su mika wuya ga hukumomin duniya kuma su fuskanci shari'a saboda laifuffukan da ake zargi da su, ko kuma su furta laifuffukansu, ku yi watsi da mulkin, kuma su tafi gudun hijira ta hanyar mafi ƙanƙanta kuma kada su dawo ba tare da izinin sarki ba. Wadanda suka dawo sun fuskanci kisa a karkashin doka ko kuma korar su daga Cocin. Idan wadanda ake zargi sun zaɓi su furta laifin su da kuma musantawa, sun yi hakan a cikin bikin jama'a, yawanci a ƙofofin coci. Za su mika dukiyarsu ga cocin, da duk wani dukiya ga Crown. Mai binciken, jami'in zamani, zai zaɓi tashar jiragen ruwa daga inda ya kamata mai tsere ya bar Ingila (ko da yake mai tsere wani lokacin yana da wannan dama). Mai tsere zai tashi ba tare da kafafu ba kuma ba tare da kai ba, yana ɗauke da gicciye na katako a matsayin alama ta kariya a ƙarƙashin Cocin. A ka'ida za su zauna a babbar hanyar, su isa tashar jiragen ruwa kuma su dauki jirgin farko daga Ingila. A aikace, duk da haka, mai gudu zai iya samun nisa mai aminci, ya watsar da ma'aikatan giciye ya tashi ya fara sabuwar rayuwa. Koyaya, mutum zai iya ɗauka lafiya cewa abokai da dangi na wanda aka azabtar sun san wannan makircin kuma za su yi duk abin da za su iya don tabbatar da cewa wannan bai faru ba; ko kuma cewa 'yan gudun hijirar ba su taɓa isa tashar da aka nufa ba, sun zama wadanda ke fama da adalci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a ƙarƙashin kamar mai tsere wanda ya yi nisa da babbar hanyar yayin da yake ƙoƙarin "tserewa". Sanin zaɓuɓɓuka masu banƙyama, wasu 'yan gudun hijira sun ƙi zaɓin biyu kuma sun zaɓi tserewa daga mafaka kafin kwanaki arba'in suka ƙare. Sauran kawai ba su yi wani zaɓi ba kuma ba su yi komai ba. Tun da yake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga abokan wanda aka azabtar su shiga mafaka, cocin zai hana mai gudu abinci da ruwa har sai an yanke shawara. A cikin karni na 14, 'yan gudun hijira da ke da'awar wuri mai tsarki an kare su da doka ta 1315, {{Lang|la|[[Articuli Cleri]]}} (9 Edw. 2. Stat. 1). An tsara cewa ya kamata a ba da izinin 'yan gudun hijira su shiga waje da cocin don yin fitsari da zubar da ruwa, kuma kada a ba su izinin mutuwa saboda yunwa yayin da ake kare su a cocin. Ana iya tabbatar da wuri mai tsarki ne kawai a ƙarƙashin ikirari ga mai shaida. Koyaya, ana watsi da haƙƙin tsarkakewa sau da yawa kamar [[Isabella de Bury|Isabella na Bury]], ko manoma a lokacin juyin juya halin manoma waɗanda suka nemi mafaka. A game da Richard Folville, an fille kansa da zarar an cire shi daga coci.   A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roses, lokacin da Yorkists ko Lancastrians za su sami rinjaye ba zato ba tsammani ta hanyar cin nasara a yaƙi, wasu masu bin gefen da suka rasa na iya samun kansu kewaye da masu bin ɗayan kuma ba za su iya komawa gefen su ba. Bayan sun fahimci wannan halin za su gaggauta zuwa wuri mai tsarki a cocin da ya fi kusa har sai ya kasance lafiya don fitowa. Misali na farko shine Sarauniya Elizabeth Woodville, matar Edward IV na Ingila. A cikin 1470, lokacin da Lancastrians suka mayar da Henry VI ga kursiyin, Sarauniya Elizabeth tana zaune a London tare da 'ya'ya mata da yawa. Ta koma tare da su zuwa Westminster don wuri mai tsarki, tana zaune a can cikin ta'aziyya ta sarauta har sai an mayar da Edward IV zuwa kursiyin a cikin 1471 kuma ta haifi ɗansu na farko Edward V a wannan lokacin. Lokacin da Sarki Edward IV ya mutu a shekara ta 1483, Elizabeth (wanda ba a yarda da shi ba har ma da Yorkists kuma mai yiwuwa yana buƙatar kariya) ya ɗauki 'ya'yanta mata biyar da ƙarami (Richard, Duke na York) kuma ya sake komawa cikin wuri mai tsarki a Westminster. Don tabbatar da cewa tana da duk abubuwan jin daɗi na gida, ta kawo kayan aiki da yawa da akwati da yawa cewa ma'aikata dole ne su buga ramuka a wasu ganuwar don samun komai cikin sauri don dacewa da ita.   [[Henry VIII|Henry na takwas]] ya canza ka'idojin mafaka ta hanyar Dokar Sanctuaries Act 1540 (32 Hen. 8. c. 12), yana rage zuwa gajeren jerin nau'ikan laifuka waɗanda aka ba mutane damar neman mafaka. Tsarin mafaka na zamani ya ƙare gaba ɗaya ta hanyar James VI da ni a cikin 1623 ta sashi na 7 na Ci gaba, da dai sauransu na Dokar Dokoki ta 1623 (21 Jas. 1. c. 28).   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l1iiqlmzi9zkcetzpx6uvasmku4ot36 Baaj Adebule 0 26572 966661 870096 2026-10-11T22:12:58Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367050633|Baaj Adebule]]" 966661 wikitext text/x-wiki   Baaj Adebule (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, samfurin, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai daga Jihar Ogun a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . [1] [2][3] Ya fito a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] tun shekarar 2012. Ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' kuma ya bayyana a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar su ''Hush'', The Men's Club, Payday, ''Zena'', Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, ''Omo Wa'', Beast Within, da The ''Moles''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Payday Full Movie Online, Comedy Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143258/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=I’ve always had passion for arts – Baaj Adebule |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/ive-always-had-passion-for-arts-baaj-adebule/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adebule a asibitin Jalupon da ke Surulere, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]]. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Maryland Legas, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Seat of Wisdom da makarantar sakandare ta Caleb. Ya koma Surulere bayan kisan aurensa a shekara ta 2005. Adebule dan asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne kuma ɗan asalin yankin karamar hukumar [[Ijebu Ode]] ne na [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . An haife shi a gidan [[Kirista]]. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai lissafi da kuma dan kasuwa. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara tara daga aure da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru na makaranta sun mayar da hankali ga ilimi, yayin da iyayensa suka jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na yau da kullun. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya mai da hankali kan wasanni da zane-zane, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando, badminton, wasan tennis na tebur, da waƙa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Adebule ya bayyana cewa ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci tun yana ƙarami da kuma memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta makarantarsa. Adebule an fi saninsa da ƙaunar fina-finai, wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayan kisan iyayensa. A shekara ta 2005, Adebule ya fara halartar [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a [[Jihar Ogun]] don nazarin tattalin arziki. Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a shekara ta 2009. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga cikin zane-zane da wasanni. Ya yi aiki a Multi Choice kusan kusan shekaru biyu kafin ya bar don mayar da hankali kan nishaɗi.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Adebule ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin a cikin 2010 yayin da yake aiki a cikin aiki tara zuwa biyar. Zai je don sauraro da hotuna a lokacinsa na kyauta. Daga bisani ya sami karamin aiki a kan telenovela ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tare da goyon bayan abokansa da danginsa, ya kasance mai takara a gasar Mista Najeriya ta 2011, inda ya zo na 4. A shekara ta 2012, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin samfurin cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Adebule ya sami jefa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da Asirin da Scandals, ''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'', yana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Sola Sobowale, Victor Olaotan da sauransu. A shekara ta 2014, Adebule ta fito a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Four Crooks da ''Rookie'', Deadline, Studio, da Lekki Wives . <ref name=":2" /> Ya fara fitowa na farko a cikin fim din A Soldier's Story, da kuma Road to Yesterday. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin samar da House of Baaj Pictures . Shirinsa na farko shi ne Seeing Betrayal, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ya ci gaba da lashe mafi kyawun gajeren fim a Afirka 2015 a Zafaa Global Awards . <ref name=":2" /> Adebule ta fito a cikin ''Hush'', tana nuna Adze . Ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye kamar 5ive, The Governor, Uncloaked, The Missing, Payday, da Battleground Showdown . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Name !Character !Role !Production !Director |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' |Javier |Supporting |Telenovela |Mnet |- |''Secrets and Scandals'' |Victor |Lead |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- |''Happy Family'' |Chris |Supporting |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Four Crooks and A Rookie'' |Toba |Supporting |Film |Eze Ugo Maduka |- |''Two Sides of A Coin'' |Hacker |Supporting |Series |– |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Deadline'' |David |Lead |Series |[[Imoh Umoren]] |- |''Studio'' |Young One |Supporting |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''[[Lekki Wives]]'' |Director |Supporting |Series |Blessing Egbe |- |''Seeing Betrayal'' |Husband |Lead |Short Film |Baaj Adebule |- |''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|A Soldier's Story]]'' |Captain Dave |Supporting |Film |Frankie Ogar |- |''[[Road to Yesterday (fim)|Road to Yesterday]]'' |Janitor/Nurse |Supporting |Film |Ishaya Bako |- |''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]]'' |Bartender |Supporting |Series |Biyi Bamidele |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Batteries Not Included'' |Guy |Lead |Short Film |OluYomi Ososanya |- |''Hush'' |Adze |Lead |Telenovela |Vicor S. Tope O. & Pat |- |''The Governor'' |Carl |Supporting |Series |Ema E. |- |''5ive'' |Segun |Lead |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Uncloaked'' |Thankgod |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''The Missing'' |Detective Lazarus |Lead |Film |Seyi Babatope |- |''Distraction'' |Kevin |Supporting |Short Film |Deolu Owu |- |''Stay'' |Femi |Lead |Short Film |Ayomide Adeleke |- | rowspan="12" |2018 |''The Undergrads'' |Tunde |Lead |SitCom |Sade Dada |- |''Armstrong'' |Doctor |Supporting |Short Film |Maverick Films |- |''T.R.U.L.I.S'' |Taiwo Mathews |Lead |Series |7 Series |- |''Payday &nbsp; &nbsp;'' |Paul |Lead |Film |Lawrence Cheta |- |''30 Minutes'' |Johnbull/JB |Supporting |Series |7 Series |- |''Requital'' |Husband |Lead |Short film |Amaka Sandra |- |''Bachelor's Party'' |Abdul |Lead |Film |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Through the Fast Lane'' |James |Lead |Series |Abiodun Williams |- |''Club'' |Tunde |Supporting |Film |Imoh Umoren |- |''BattleGround Showdown'' |Adze Tsenogu |Lead |Telenovela |Yemi Filmboy Morafa |- |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |- |''3 Bottles on aTable'' |Segun |Lead |Pilot |Baaj Adebule |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |''Wrong Con'' |John |Lead |Shortfilm |Charles Obiemere |- |''Beast Within'' |Stanley |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Zena'' |Loik |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Rust'' |Collins |Supporting |Film |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''The Men's Club Season 2'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |} {| class="wikitable" |Ranar harbi |Sunan |Halinsa |Matsayi |Fitarwa |Daraktan |- |2015 |''Eripa'' |Jeffery |Lead |Fim din |Kayode Adeleke |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Labarin Soja: Komawa Daga Matattu'' |Kyaftin Dave |Lead |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''Kamfanin 3'' |Inuwa |Lead |SitCom |Paul Gaius |- |''Ayyuka'' |Mai bincike Steve |Taimako |Fim din |Omas |- | rowspan="8" |2019 |''Sabon Mutum'' |Sabon Mutum |Lead |Gajeren fim |Tolulope Ajayi |- |''Lemonade'' |Harry |Lead |Fim din |Mustapha Edochie |- |''Musayar Gaskiya'' |Joshua |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Scarlett'' |Frank |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Barin Tafiya'' |Maxwell |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Maple Inn'' |Ishaku |Taimako |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Moles'' |Kanmi |Lead |Fim din |Uche Chukwu |- |''Jerin Tarihin da ya ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Ƙananan Jerin |Seyi Babatope |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award ceremony !Category !Film !Result !Ref |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Revelation of the Year –male |{{N/a}} |{{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|7484900}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fbimec2nscc58p6njv18ao9ap9610f1 966662 966661 2026-10-11T22:15:18Z Hamza DK 12444 966662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Baaj Adebule (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, samfurin, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai daga Jihar Ogun a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . [1] [2][3] Ya fito a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] tun shekarar 2012. Ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' kuma ya bayyana a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar su ''Hush'', The Men's Club, Payday, ''Zena'', Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, ''Omo Wa'', Beast Within, da The ''Moles''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Payday Full Movie Online, Comedy Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143258/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=I’ve always had passion for arts – Baaj Adebule |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/ive-always-had-passion-for-arts-baaj-adebule/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adebule a asibitin Jalupon da ke Surulere, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]]. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Maryland Legas, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Seat of Wisdom da makarantar sakandare ta Caleb. Ya koma Surulere bayan kisan aurensa a shekara ta 2005. Adebule dan asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne kuma ɗan asalin yankin karamar hukumar [[Ijebu Ode]] ne na [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . An haife shi a gidan [[Kirista]]. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai lissafi da kuma dan kasuwa. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara tara daga aure da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru na makaranta sun mayar da hankali ga ilimi, yayin da iyayensa suka jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na yau da kullun. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya mai da hankali kan wasanni da zane-zane, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando, badminton, wasan tennis na tebur, da waƙa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Adebule ya bayyana cewa ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci tun yana ƙarami da kuma memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta makarantarsa. Adebule an fi saninsa da ƙaunar fina-finai, wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayan kisan iyayensa. A shekara ta 2005, Adebule ya fara halartar [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a [[Jihar Ogun]] don nazarin tattalin arziki. Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a shekara ta 2009. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga cikin zane-zane da wasanni. Ya yi aiki a Multi Choice kusan kusan shekaru biyu kafin ya bar don mayar da hankali kan nishaɗi.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Adebule ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin a cikin 2010 yayin da yake aiki a cikin aiki tara zuwa biyar. Zai je don sauraro da hotuna a lokacinsa na kyauta. Daga bisani ya sami karamin aiki a kan telenovela ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tare da goyon bayan abokansa da danginsa, ya kasance mai takara a gasar Mista Najeriya ta 2011, inda ya zo na 4. A shekara ta 2012, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin samfurin cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Adebule ya sami jefa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da Asirin da Scandals, ''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'', yana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Sola Sobowale, Victor Olaotan da sauransu. A shekara ta 2014, Adebule ta fito a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Four Crooks da ''Rookie'', Deadline, Studio, da Lekki Wives . <ref name=":2" /> Ya fara fitowa na farko a cikin fim din A Soldier's Story, da kuma Road to Yesterday. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin samar da House of Baaj Pictures . Shirinsa na farko shi ne Seeing Betrayal, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ya ci gaba da lashe mafi kyawun gajeren fim a Afirka 2015 a Zafaa Global Awards . <ref name=":2" /> Adebule ta fito a cikin ''Hush'', tana nuna Adze . Ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye kamar 5ive, The Governor, Uncloaked, The Missing, Payday, da Battleground Showdown . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Name !Character !Role !Production !Director |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' |Javier |Supporting |Telenovela |Mnet |- |''Secrets and Scandals'' |Victor |Lead |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- |''Happy Family'' |Chris |Supporting |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Four Crooks and A Rookie'' |Toba |Supporting |Film |Eze Ugo Maduka |- |''Two Sides of A Coin'' |Hacker |Supporting |Series |– |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Deadline'' |David |Lead |Series |[[Imoh Umoren]] |- |''Studio'' |Young One |Supporting |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''[[Lekki Wives]]'' |Director |Supporting |Series |Blessing Egbe |- |''Seeing Betrayal'' |Husband |Lead |Short Film |Baaj Adebule |- |''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|A Soldier's Story]]'' |Captain Dave |Supporting |Film |Frankie Ogar |- |''[[Road to Yesterday (fim)|Road to Yesterday]]'' |Janitor/Nurse |Supporting |Film |Ishaya Bako |- |''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]]'' |Bartender |Supporting |Series |Biyi Bamidele |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Batteries Not Included'' |Guy |Lead |Short Film |OluYomi Ososanya |- |''Hush'' |Adze |Lead |Telenovela |Vicor S. Tope O. & Pat |- |''The Governor'' |Carl |Supporting |Series |Ema E. |- |''5ive'' |Segun |Lead |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Uncloaked'' |Thankgod |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''The Missing'' |Detective Lazarus |Lead |Film |Seyi Babatope |- |''Distraction'' |Kevin |Supporting |Short Film |Deolu Owu |- |''Stay'' |Femi |Lead |Short Film |Ayomide Adeleke |- | rowspan="12" |2018 |''The Undergrads'' |Tunde |Lead |SitCom |Sade Dada |- |''Armstrong'' |Doctor |Supporting |Short Film |Maverick Films |- |''T.R.U.L.I.S'' |Taiwo Mathews |Lead |Series |7 Series |- |''Payday &nbsp; &nbsp;'' |Paul |Lead |Film |Lawrence Cheta |- |''30 Minutes'' |Johnbull/JB |Supporting |Series |7 Series |- |''Requital'' |Husband |Lead |Short film |Amaka Sandra |- |''Bachelor's Party'' |Abdul |Lead |Film |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Through the Fast Lane'' |James |Lead |Series |Abiodun Williams |- |''Club'' |Tunde |Supporting |Film |Imoh Umoren |- |''BattleGround Showdown'' |Adze Tsenogu |Lead |Telenovela |Yemi Filmboy Morafa |- |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |- |''3 Bottles on aTable'' |Segun |Lead |Pilot |Baaj Adebule |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |''Wrong Con'' |John |Lead |Shortfilm |Charles Obiemere |- |''Beast Within'' |Stanley |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Zena'' |Loik |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Rust'' |Collins |Supporting |Film |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''The Men's Club Season 2'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |} {| class="wikitable" |Ranar harbi |Sunan |Halinsa |Matsayi |Fitarwa |Daraktan |- |2015 |''Eripa'' |Jeffery |Lead |Fim din |Kayode Adeleke |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Labarin Soja: Komawa Daga Matattu'' |Kyaftin Dave |Lead |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''Kamfanin 3'' |Inuwa |Lead |SitCom |Paul Gaius |- |''Ayyuka'' |Mai bincike Steve |Taimako |Fim din |Omas |- | rowspan="8" |2019 |''Sabon Mutum'' |Sabon Mutum |Lead |Gajeren fim |Tolulope Ajayi |- |''Lemonade'' |Harry |Lead |Fim din |Mustapha Edochie |- |''Musayar Gaskiya'' |Joshua |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Scarlett'' |Frank |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Barin Tafiya'' |Maxwell |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Maple Inn'' |Ishaku |Taimako |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Moles'' |Kanmi |Lead |Fim din |Uche Chukwu |- |''Jerin Tarihin da ya ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Ƙananan Jerin |Seyi Babatope |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award ceremony !Category !Film !Result !Ref |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Revelation of the Year –male |{{N/a}} |{{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|7484900}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5o4yme8brfiisserpr1brhqww4l6gvk 966663 966662 2026-10-11T22:20:11Z Hamza DK 12444 966663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Baaj Adebule''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, samfurin, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai daga Jihar Ogun a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . [1] [2][3] Ya fito a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] tun shekarar 2012. Ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' kuma ya bayyana a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar su ''Hush'', The Men's Club, Payday, ''Zena'', Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, ''Omo Wa'', Beast Within, da The ''Moles''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Payday Full Movie Online, Comedy Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143258/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=I’ve always had passion for arts – Baaj Adebule |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/ive-always-had-passion-for-arts-baaj-adebule/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adebule a asibitin Jalupon da ke Surulere, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]]. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Maryland Legas, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Seat of Wisdom da makarantar sakandare ta Caleb. Ya koma Surulere bayan kisan aurensa a shekara ta 2005. Adebule dan asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne kuma ɗan asalin yankin karamar hukumar [[Ijebu Ode]] ne na [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . An haife shi a gidan [[Kirista]]. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai lissafi da kuma dan kasuwa. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara tara daga aure da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru na makaranta sun mayar da hankali ga ilimi, yayin da iyayensa suka jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na yau da kullun. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya mai da hankali kan wasanni da zane-zane, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando, badminton, wasan tennis na tebur, da waƙa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Adebule ya bayyana cewa ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci tun yana ƙarami da kuma memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta makarantarsa. Adebule an fi saninsa da ƙaunar fina-finai, wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayan kisan iyayensa. A shekara ta 2005, Adebule ya fara halartar [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a [[Jihar Ogun]] don nazarin tattalin arziki. Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a shekara ta 2009. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga cikin zane-zane da wasanni. Ya yi aiki a Multi Choice kusan kusan shekaru biyu kafin ya bar don mayar da hankali kan nishaɗi.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Adebule ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin a cikin 2010 yayin da yake aiki a cikin aiki tara zuwa biyar. Zai je don sauraro da hotuna a lokacinsa na kyauta. Daga bisani ya sami karamin aiki a kan telenovela ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tare da goyon bayan abokansa da danginsa, ya kasance mai takara a gasar Mista Najeriya ta 2011, inda ya zo na 4. A shekara ta 2012, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin samfurin cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Adebule ya sami jefa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da Asirin da Scandals, ''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'', yana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Sola Sobowale, Victor Olaotan da sauransu. A shekara ta 2014, Adebule ta fito a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Four Crooks da ''Rookie'', Deadline, Studio, da Lekki Wives . <ref name=":2" /> Ya fara fitowa na farko a cikin fim din A Soldier's Story, da kuma Road to Yesterday. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin samar da House of Baaj Pictures . Shirinsa na farko shi ne Seeing Betrayal, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ya ci gaba da lashe mafi kyawun gajeren fim a Afirka 2015 a Zafaa Global Awards . <ref name=":2" /> Adebule ta fito a cikin ''Hush'', tana nuna Adze . Ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye kamar 5ive, The Governor, Uncloaked, The Missing, Payday, da Battleground Showdown . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Name !Character !Role !Production !Director |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' |Javier |Supporting |Telenovela |Mnet |- |''Secrets and Scandals'' |Victor |Lead |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- |''Happy Family'' |Chris |Supporting |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Four Crooks and A Rookie'' |Toba |Supporting |Film |Eze Ugo Maduka |- |''Two Sides of A Coin'' |Hacker |Supporting |Series |– |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Deadline'' |David |Lead |Series |[[Imoh Umoren]] |- |''Studio'' |Young One |Supporting |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''[[Lekki Wives]]'' |Director |Supporting |Series |Blessing Egbe |- |''Seeing Betrayal'' |Husband |Lead |Short Film |Baaj Adebule |- |''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|A Soldier's Story]]'' |Captain Dave |Supporting |Film |Frankie Ogar |- |''[[Road to Yesterday (fim)|Road to Yesterday]]'' |Janitor/Nurse |Supporting |Film |Ishaya Bako |- |''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]]'' |Bartender |Supporting |Series |Biyi Bamidele |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Batteries Not Included'' |Guy |Lead |Short Film |OluYomi Ososanya |- |''Hush'' |Adze |Lead |Telenovela |Vicor S. Tope O. & Pat |- |''The Governor'' |Carl |Supporting |Series |Ema E. |- |''5ive'' |Segun |Lead |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Uncloaked'' |Thankgod |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''The Missing'' |Detective Lazarus |Lead |Film |Seyi Babatope |- |''Distraction'' |Kevin |Supporting |Short Film |Deolu Owu |- |''Stay'' |Femi |Lead |Short Film |Ayomide Adeleke |- | rowspan="12" |2018 |''The Undergrads'' |Tunde |Lead |SitCom |Sade Dada |- |''Armstrong'' |Doctor |Supporting |Short Film |Maverick Films |- |''T.R.U.L.I.S'' |Taiwo Mathews |Lead |Series |7 Series |- |''Payday &nbsp; &nbsp;'' |Paul |Lead |Film |Lawrence Cheta |- |''30 Minutes'' |Johnbull/JB |Supporting |Series |7 Series |- |''Requital'' |Husband |Lead |Short film |Amaka Sandra |- |''Bachelor's Party'' |Abdul |Lead |Film |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Through the Fast Lane'' |James |Lead |Series |Abiodun Williams |- |''Club'' |Tunde |Supporting |Film |Imoh Umoren |- |''BattleGround Showdown'' |Adze Tsenogu |Lead |Telenovela |Yemi Filmboy Morafa |- |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |- |''3 Bottles on aTable'' |Segun |Lead |Pilot |Baaj Adebule |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |''Wrong Con'' |John |Lead |Shortfilm |Charles Obiemere |- |''Beast Within'' |Stanley |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Zena'' |Loik |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Rust'' |Collins |Supporting |Film |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''The Men's Club Season 2'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |} {| class="wikitable" |Ranar harbi |Sunan |Halinsa |Matsayi |Fitarwa |Daraktan |- |2015 |''Eripa'' |Jeffery |Lead |Fim din |Kayode Adeleke |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Labarin Soja: Komawa Daga Matattu'' |Kyaftin Dave |Lead |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''Kamfanin 3'' |Inuwa |Lead |SitCom |Paul Gaius |- |''Ayyuka'' |Mai bincike Steve |Taimako |Fim din |Omas |- | rowspan="8" |2019 |''Sabon Mutum'' |Sabon Mutum |Lead |Gajeren fim |Tolulope Ajayi |- |''Lemonade'' |Harry |Lead |Fim din |Mustapha Edochie |- |''Musayar Gaskiya'' |Joshua |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Scarlett'' |Frank |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Barin Tafiya'' |Maxwell |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Maple Inn'' |Ishaku |Taimako |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Moles'' |Kanmi |Lead |Fim din |Uche Chukwu |- |''Jerin Tarihin da ya ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Ƙananan Jerin |Seyi Babatope |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award ceremony !Category !Film !Result !Ref |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Revelation of the Year –male |{{N/a}} |{{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|7484900}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ctxiypxrj3ahzuvynwicodlr7pyol4 966664 966663 2026-10-11T22:20:35Z Hamza DK 12444 966664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Baaj Adebule''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, samfurin, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai daga Jihar Ogun a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . [1] [2][3] Ya fito a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] tun shekarar 2012. Ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' kuma ya bayyana a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar su ''Hush'', The Men's Club, Payday, ''Zena'', Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, ''Omo Wa'', Beast Within, da The ''Moles''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Payday Full Movie Online, Comedy Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143258/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=I’ve always had passion for arts – Baaj Adebule |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/ive-always-had-passion-for-arts-baaj-adebule/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adebule a asibitin Jalupon da ke Surulere, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]]. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Maryland Legas, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Seat of Wisdom da makarantar sakandare ta Caleb. Ya koma Surulere bayan kisan aurensa a shekara ta 2005. Adebule dan asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne kuma ɗan asalin yankin karamar hukumar [[Ijebu Ode]] ne na [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . An haife shi a gidan [[Kirista]]. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai lissafi da kuma dan kasuwa. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara tara daga aure da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru na makaranta sun mayar da hankali ga ilimi, yayin da iyayensa suka jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na yau da kullun. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya mai da hankali kan wasanni da zane-zane, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando, badminton, wasan tennis na tebur, da waƙa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Adebule ya bayyana cewa ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci tun yana ƙarami da kuma memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta makarantarsa. Adebule an fi saninsa da ƙaunar fina-finai, wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayan kisan iyayensa. A shekara ta 2005, Adebule ya fara halartar [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a [[Jihar Ogun]] don nazarin tattalin arziki. Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a shekara ta 2009. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga cikin zane-zane da wasanni. Ya yi aiki a Multi Choice kusan kusan shekaru biyu kafin ya bar don mayar da hankali kan nishaɗi.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Adebule ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin a cikin 2010 yayin da yake aiki a cikin aiki tara zuwa biyar. Zai je don sauraro da hotuna a lokacinsa na kyauta. Daga bisani ya sami karamin aiki a kan telenovela ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tare da goyon bayan abokansa da danginsa, ya kasance mai takara a gasar Mista Najeriya ta 2011, inda ya zo na 4. A shekara ta 2012, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin samfurin cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Adebule ya sami jefa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da Asirin da Scandals, ''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'', yana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Sola Sobowale, Victor Olaotan da sauransu. A shekara ta 2014, Adebule ta fito a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Four Crooks da ''Rookie'', Deadline, Studio, da Lekki Wives . <ref name=":2" /> Ya fara fitowa na farko a cikin fim din A Soldier's Story, da kuma Road to Yesterday. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin samar da House of Baaj Pictures . Shirinsa na farko shi ne Seeing Betrayal, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ya ci gaba da lashe mafi kyawun gajeren fim a Afirka 2015 a Zafaa Global Awards . <ref name=":2" /> Adebule ta fito a cikin ''Hush'', tana nuna Adze . Ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye kamar 5ive, The Governor, Uncloaked, The Missing, Payday, da Battleground Showdown . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Name !Character !Role !Production !Director |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' |Javier |Supporting |Telenovela |Mnet |- |''Secrets and Scandals'' |Victor |Lead |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- |''Happy Family'' |Chris |Supporting |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Four Crooks and A Rookie'' |Toba |Supporting |Film |Eze Ugo Maduka |- |''Two Sides of A Coin'' |Hacker |Supporting |Series |– |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Deadline'' |David |Lead |Series |[[Imoh Umoren]] |- |''Studio'' |Young One |Supporting |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''[[Lekki Wives]]'' |Director |Supporting |Series |Blessing Egbe |- |''Seeing Betrayal'' |Husband |Lead |Short Film |Baaj Adebule |- |''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|A Soldier's Story]]'' |Captain Dave |Supporting |Film |Frankie Ogar |- |''[[Road to Yesterday (fim)|Road to Yesterday]]'' |Janitor/Nurse |Supporting |Film |Ishaya Bako |- |''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]]'' |Bartender |Supporting |Series |Biyi Bamidele |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Batteries Not Included'' |Guy |Lead |Short Film |OluYomi Ososanya |- |''Hush'' |Adze |Lead |Telenovela |Vicor S. Tope O. & Pat |- |''The Governor'' |Carl |Supporting |Series |Ema E. |- |''5ive'' |Segun |Lead |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Uncloaked'' |Thankgod |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''The Missing'' |Detective Lazarus |Lead |Film |Seyi Babatope |- |''Distraction'' |Kevin |Supporting |Short Film |Deolu Owu |- |''Stay'' |Femi |Lead |Short Film |Ayomide Adeleke |- | rowspan="12" |2018 |''The Undergrads'' |Tunde |Lead |SitCom |Sade Dada |- |''Armstrong'' |Doctor |Supporting |Short Film |Maverick Films |- |''T.R.U.L.I.S'' |Taiwo Mathews |Lead |Series |7 Series |- |''Payday &nbsp; &nbsp;'' |Paul |Lead |Film |Lawrence Cheta |- |''30 Minutes'' |Johnbull/JB |Supporting |Series |7 Series |- |''Requital'' |Husband |Lead |Short film |Amaka Sandra |- |''Bachelor's Party'' |Abdul |Lead |Film |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Through the Fast Lane'' |James |Lead |Series |Abiodun Williams |- |''Club'' |Tunde |Supporting |Film |Imoh Umoren |- |''BattleGround Showdown'' |Adze Tsenogu |Lead |Telenovela |Yemi Filmboy Morafa |- |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |- |''3 Bottles on aTable'' |Segun |Lead |Pilot |Baaj Adebule |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |''Wrong Con'' |John |Lead |Shortfilm |Charles Obiemere |- |''Beast Within'' |Stanley |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Zena'' |Loik |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Rust'' |Collins |Supporting |Film |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''The Men's Club Season 2'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |} {| class="wikitable" |Ranar harbi |Sunan |Halinsa |Matsayi |Fitarwa |Daraktan |- |2015 |''Eripa'' |Jeffery |Lead |Fim din |Kayode Adeleke |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Labarin Soja: Komawa Daga Matattu'' |Kyaftin Dave |Lead |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''Kamfanin 3'' |Inuwa |Lead |SitCom |Paul Gaius |- |''Ayyuka'' |Mai bincike Steve |Taimako |Fim din |Omas |- | rowspan="8" |2019 |''Sabon Mutum'' |Sabon Mutum |Lead |Gajeren fim |Tolulope Ajayi |- |''Lemonade'' |Harry |Lead |Fim din |Mustapha Edochie |- |''Musayar Gaskiya'' |Joshua |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Scarlett'' |Frank |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Barin Tafiya'' |Maxwell |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Maple Inn'' |Ishaku |Taimako |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Moles'' |Kanmi |Lead |Fim din |Uche Chukwu |- |''Jerin Tarihin da ya ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Ƙananan Jerin |Seyi Babatope |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award ceremony !Category !Film !Result !Ref |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Revelation of the Year –male |{{N/a}} |{{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|7484900}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7wyzh46ps4ma98346ub65171hjxn7fu Dikko Umaru Radda 0 27938 966329 891721 2026-10-11T16:24:20Z Banchau 49841 966329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Dr. Dikko Umaru Radda''' (An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan satumba, a shekara ta alif dubu Daya da ɗari tara da sittin da tara (1969) Miladiyya a karamar hukumar [[Dutsin-Ma]] ta [[Jihar Katsina]]. Dikko Umar Radda Dan siyasa ne kuma shine zababben gwamnan Jihar katsina a karkashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 2023 inda yayi nasara ne da Kuri'u 859,892.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c901lvv4p48o|date = 19 March 2023 |accessdate = 20 March 2023 |title = Dikko Radda na APC ya lashe zaɓen gwamnan jihar Katsina|publisher = BBC Hausa}}</ref> Shine Darakta Janar/Babban Babban Jami’in Hukumar Raya Kanana da Matsakaitan Masana’antu ta Najeriya (SMEDAN).<ref>{{cite news|url = https://manhaja.blueprint.ng/tattaunawa-ta-musamman-da-shugaban-smedan-dr-dikko-umar-radda|date = 13 August 2021 |accessdate = 20 March 2023 |title = Tattaunawa ta musamman da Shugaban SMEDAN, Dr Dikko Umar Radda|publisher = Manhajar Blueprint Hausa}}</ref> Kuma ya taba zama ciyaman Na Karamar Hukumar Charanchi wace take a jihar katsina. ==karatu== Dikko Umar Radda ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Radda daga Shekara ta 1974 zuwa 1980. Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Kwalejin Malamai ta Zariya tsakanin shekara ta 1980 zuwa 1985.<ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/1408063-buhari-ya-sabunta-na-umaru-radda-a-matsayin-shugaban-smedan.html</ref> Ya shiga Kwalejin Ilimi ta [[Kafanchan]] a shekara ta 1986 zuwa 1990, inda ya samu takardar shaidar NCE. Ya shiga[[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da ke Bauchi a shekara ta 1992 zuwa 1996, inda ya kammala karatunsa na B-Tech.Agric Economic and Extension (Hons). Daga nan kuma ya sami admission a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] Zaria a shekara ta 1998 zuwa 2004 inda ya samu digiri na biyu (MSc) a Agric Extension and Rural Sociology a shekara ta 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smedan.gov.ng/dgs-office/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-09 |archive-date=2023-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128140903/https://smedan.gov.ng/dgs-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dikko Umar Radda ya koma ABU Zariya a shekara ta 2005 don samun digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin kasa da kasa da diflomasiyya. Ya kammala karatunsa na digirin digirgir (P.h.D) a fannin aikin gona da ilimin zamantakewar karkara a shekara ta 2015. == Aiki da Siyasa== Dikko Umar Radda ya kasance malamin makaranta tsakanin shekarar 1989-1999. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin banki tare da rusasshiyar bankin duniya na FSB tsakanin shekarar 1999-2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/dr-dikko-umaru-radda/ |access-date=2021-12-09 |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209214255/https://guardian.ng/tag/dr-dikko-umaru-radda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dikko Umar Radda yayi Shugabancin Karamar Hukumar Charanchi ta Jihar Katsina tsakanin watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 zuwa Afrilun shekarar 2007. kuma sannan an nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin riko na Karamar Hukumar [[Charanchi]], a watan Mayun shekarar 2007. Sauran mukaman daya rike akwai; Babban Mai Taimakawa 'Yan Majalisu, NASS, [[Abuja]], 2012-2014, Sakataren Jin Dadin Jama'a (APC), Yuni 2014-Yuli 2015. Ya rike sarautar gargajiya ta Gwagwaren [[Katsina]] a masarautar KatsIna. An nada shi a matsayin shugaban ma’aikata na Gwamnatin Jihar [[Katsina]]. Shi ne Darakta Janar/Babban Jami’in Hukumar Raya Kanana da Matsakaici Masana’antu ta Najeriya (SMEDAN).<ref name=":0">https://www.bbc.com/hausa/53295828</ref> Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya sake nada Dr Dikko Umaru Radda karo na biyu a matsayin shugaban Hukumar bunƙasa ƙanana da matsakaitan sana'o'i a Najeriya wato SMEDAN. Sanarwar ta fito ne daga ofishin sakataren gwamnatin tarayya, Boss Mustapha a wata takarda mai dauke da kwanan watan 12 ga watan Maris na 2021. [[Fayil:Visit of Jutta Urpilainen, European Commissioner, to Nigeria (2023).jpg|thumb|Dikko Umaru Radda a tsakiya ]] Dr. Dikko Umar Radda ya shiga siyasar neman kujerar Gwamnan Jihar Katsina, a siyasar shekarar 2023. A daidai lokacin ne ya ajiye shugaban Hukumar bunƙasa ƙanana da matsakaitan sana'o'i a Najeriya wato SMEDAN, a ranar Laraba, 1 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2022, inda ya damka wa Mr. Wale Fasanya mukamin, bayan ya lashe zaben fidda gwanin takarar Gwamnan Jihar Katsina a karkashin jam'iyyar APC. ==Zaben Gwamna na 2023== Hukumar zaben Najeriya wato INEC ta ayyana Dakta Dikko Umar Radda na jam'iyyar APC a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen gwamnan jihar Katsina. Radda ya samu nasara ne da ƙuri'u 859,892, yayin da mai biye masa Garba Yakubu Lado Danmarke na jam'iyyar PDP ya samu kuri'u 486,620. Jami'in da ke tattara sakamakon zaɓen gwamnan a jihar ta Katsina, Farfesa Mu'azu Abubakar Gusau ne ya bayyana sakamakon a daren Lahadi. Jihar Katsina ita ce jihar tsohon shugaban Kasar Najeriya Muhammad Buhari. An rantsar da Dr Dikko Radda a Matsayin gwamnan jihar Katsina a ranar Litinin ashirin da tara (29) ga wata mayun Shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku (2023). <ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c901lvv4p48o</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:'Yan Katsina]] [[Category:'Yan Nijeriya]] 5y6mwrka94kt26ia82xzxz5uh2m8ska Ilias Chair 0 32101 966690 363413 2026-10-11T23:54:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Iliaschairqpr2018v020.jpeg|thumb|hoton dsan kwallo illias]] '''Ilias Emilian kujera''' ({{Lang-ar|إلياس إميليان شاعر}}; An haife shia a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoban shekarar, 1997). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari a ƙungiyar Championship ta EFL Championship ta Queens Park Rangers. An haife shi a Belgium, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Morocco.<ref name=":0">JMG Football – Ilias Chair". JMG Academy. Retrieved 20 April 2019.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a Antwerp a Belgium mahaifinsa ɗan Moroccan.<ref name="Ilias Chair set for Morocco Under-20 training camp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/under-23s-news/chair-set-for-morocco-youth-camp/ |title=Ilias Chair set for Morocco Under-20 training camp |date=24 May 2017 |publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C. |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=106669 |title=Ilias Chair - Queen's Park Rangers - Soccer Base |website=www.soccerbase.com |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> == Aikin kulob/ƙungiya == === Farkon aiki === Shugaban ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa a Lierse. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks">{{Cite web |url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/under-23s-news/under-23s-add-belgian-attacker-to-ranks/ |title=Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks |date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C. |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>Ya kuma shafe lokaci a makarantar Club Brugge, da kuma JMG Academy Belgium. ya fara buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a Lierse yana ɗan shekara 17, yana wasa a rukunin na biyu na Belgium, <ref name="JMG Football – Ilias Chair">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jmgfootball.com/en/joueurs/chair-ilias/ |title=JMG Football – Ilias Chair |publisher=JMG Academy |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127084056/https://www.jmgfootball.com/en/joueurs/chair-ilias/ |archive-date=27 January 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref>lokacin da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbi a minti na 76 a wasan Lierse's 1–1 away a Coxyde aranar 9 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta, 2015. <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair">{{soccerway|413607|accessdate = 20 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Coxyde 1–1 Lierse">{{Cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2015/08/09/belgium/second-division/kvv-coxyde/koninklijke-lierse-sportkring/2062073/ |title=Coxyde 1–1 Lierse |date=9 August 2015 |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>Daga baya ya fara wasansa na farko bayan wata daya, a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta, 2015, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin gida da ci 3–2 da Cercle Brugge.<ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair" /><ref name="Lierse 2–3 Cercle Brugge">{{Cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2015/09/09/belgium/second-division/koninklijke-lierse-sportkring/cercle-brugge-ksv/2062080/ |title=Lierse 2–3 Cercle Brugge |date=9 August 2015 |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref> === Queens Park Rangers === ya ci gaba da shari'a a kulob na Championship QPR a watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017. A lokacin gwajin, ya zira kwallaye a wasan sada zumunci na 3-1 na U23 da Bournemouth. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks" /> Daga baya ya sanya hannu kan QPR na dindindin akan 31 Janairu shekara ta, 2017. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks" /> An ƙara mai da shi zuwa ƙungiyar Elite Development Squad kuma ya shafe sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017 yana wasa da ƙungiyar U23 ta ƙungiyar. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks"/> Bayan ya burge manajan QPR Ian Holloway a horo, An nada shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin EFL da kungiyar ta yi da Northampton Town a Loftus Road a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2017. Ya maye gurbin Luke Freeman ne a minti na 63 na wasan inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko. <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair">{{Soccerway|413607}}</ref> <ref name="QPR 1–0 Northampton Town" /> ya fara bayyanarsa na farko ga QPR a ci 1-0 da Preston North End a Deepdale a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba shekarar, 2017. Ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2018, inda ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan karshe na QPR na kakar shekara ta, 2017 zuwa 2018 a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2018, inda ya zura kwallo a raga a matsayi mai nisa yayin da QPR ta yi watsi da ci daya mai ban haushi da ci 3-1 a kan Birmingham City. Chair ya buga wasanni bakwai a rukunin farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zura kwallo daya.<ref name=":0"/> Bayan da ya buga wasanni takwas na QPR a farkon rabin kakar shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019, ya shiga kulob din League Two Stevenage a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na sauran kakar a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2019. Ya buga wasansa na farko na Stevenage a nasarar da kulob din ya samu a kan Yeovil Town da ci 1-0 a Broadhall Way a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2019, yana buga cikakken wasan. Shugaban ya zura kwallayen sa na farko ga Stevenage ta hanyar zira kwallaye biyu na dogon lokaci a karshen wasan da suka tashi 2–2 a waje da shugabannin gasar Lincoln City a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2019. Bayan wata daya, a ranar 12 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2019, ya zura kwallo a cikin rabin sa a wasan da Stevenage ya ci 2–0 a gida da Swindon Town. An zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan watan Maris na shekarar, 2019 bayan ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye hudu da ci hudu a cikin watan. Ya buga wasanni 16 a lokacin yarjejeniyar aro, inda ya zura kwallaye shida ya kuma taimaka a zura kwallaye shida. <ref name="Games played by Ilias Chair in 2018/2019" /> Manajan Stevenage Dino Maamria ya bayyana Chair a matsayin "dan wasa mafi kyawun da ya taba saka rigar Stevenage", da kuma mafi kyawun dan wasan da ya taba taka leda a gasar League Two. <ref name="Ilias Chair 'the best player that has ever worn a Stevenage Football Club shirt' according to boss Dino Maamria"/> Bayan ya koma QPR, ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar a watan Satumba na shekara2019. A karkashin sabon manaja Mark Warburton, Shugaban ya zama babban dan wasa na QPR a farkon kakarar, 2019 zuwa 2020.<ref name=":1"/> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2021, a kungiyar ya rattaba hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara hudu da rabi wanda zai ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa shekarar, 2025, tare da kungiyar na da zabin tsawaita wannan kwantiragin zuwa wata shekara. Ya fara wasa kakar shekara ta, 2021 zuwa 2022 a cikin tsari mai kyau kuma ya ci lambar yabo ta Gasar Cin Kofin Wata na Oktoba shekara ta, 2021 bayan aiki mai ban sha'awa a kan Blackburn Rovers. == Ayyukan kasa == An haifi shi a Belgium kuma dan asalin Morocco ne. An kira shi zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na Morocco don yin horo na tsawon mako guda a [[Rabat]] a watan Yuni shekara ta, 2017. <ref name="Ilias Chair set for Morocco Under-20 training camp" /> ya wakilci Morocco a 'yan U23s a wasan sada zumunta da suka sha kashi a hannun Senegal U23 a ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2018. Ya yi karo/haɗu da babbar tawagar kasar Morocco a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Ghana da ci 1-0 a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni shekara ta, 2021. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2021, a bayyanarsa ta hudu a kasarsa, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Morocco da ta uku a wasan da suka doke Guinea-Bissau da ci 5-0. == Kididdigar sana'a == === Kulob === {{Updated|18 April 2022|<ref name=SW/>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="3" | Lierse | 2015-16 <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair">{{Soccerway|413607|accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref> | Belgium Division na biyu | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 2 | 0 |- | 2016-17 <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair" /> | Rukunin Farko na Belgium B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! colspan="2" | - ! 2 ! 0 |- | rowspan="6" | Queens Park Rangers | 2017-18 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 7 | 1 |- | 2018-19 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 8 | 0 |- | 2019-20 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 41 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | colspan="2" | - | 45 | 5 |- | 2020-21 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 45 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 47 | 8 |- | 2021-22 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 35 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 39 | 9 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 129 ! 22 ! 7 ! 0 ! 10 ! 1 ! colspan="2" | - ! 145 ! 23 |- | Stevenage (rance) | 2018-19 <ref name="Games played by Ilias Chair in 2018/2019" /> | League Biyu | 16 | 6 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 16 | 6 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 147 ! 28 ! 7 ! 0 ! 10 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 164 ! 29 |} === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 18 January 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="2" | Maroko | 2021 | 7 | 1 |- | 2022 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 8 ! 1 |} : ''Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 6 Oktoba 2021.'' ''Makin Ingila da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon kujera.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Ilias Chair ya ci ! A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Cap ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" | 1 | 6 Oktoba 2021 | Filin wasa na Prince Moulay Abdellah, [[Rabat]], Morocco | align="center" | 4 |</img> Guinea-Bissau | align="center" | 3–0 | align="center" | 5–0 | 2022 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA | align="center" | |} == Girmamawa == '''Mutum''' * Burin Gasar Gasar Wata: Oktoba 2021 == Manazarta == .{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Ilias Chair at Soccerbase {{Queens Park Rangers F.C. squad}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h3n39n2awczowmojbwkjx29fcd9e8vx Ilimin magunguna 0 36284 966693 953004 2026-10-12T00:21:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Magunguna''' shine kimiyya da kuma aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saunders |first=John |date=June 2000 |title=The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science |url=https://archive.org/details/medical-humanities_2000-06_26_1/page/18|journal=Med Humanit |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |doi=10.1136/mh.26.1.18 |issn=1468-215X |pmc=1071282 |pmid=12484313 |s2cid=73306806 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na kula da [[Mai haƙuri|marasa lafiya]], sarrafa [[Binciken kiwon lafiya|ganewar asali]], hangen nesa, [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]], magani da kuma warware [[Raunin da ya faru|rauni]] su ko [[Cuta|Cutar]], yayin inganta lafiyarsu su. Magunguna sun ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon [[lafiya]] waɗanda suka samo asali don kiyayewa da dawo da lafiya ta hanyar rigakafi da maganin [[Cuta|rashin lafiya]] da [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]]. [[Magani|magunguna]] zamani suna amfani da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, bincike na kiwon lafiya (biomedical research), kwayoyin halitta, da Fasahar kiwon lafiya don ganowa, magancewa, da hana rauni da cututtuka, yawanci ta hanyar magunguna daban-daban ko tiyata, amma kuma ta hanyar warkewa kamar su psychotherapy, splints na waje da traction, na'urorin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary, medicine |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304154538/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> An yi amfani da magani tun zamanin da ba a san shi ba, kuma a mafi yawan wannan lokacin [[Art|fasaha]] ne (wani yanki na kerawa da ƙwarewa), sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da imani na [[addini]] da [[Falsafa|falsafar]] al'adun yankin. Misali, wani likita zai yi amfani da ganye kuma ya yi addu'o'i don warkarwa, ko kuma wani masanin falsafa da likita na dā zai yi amfani le jini bisa ga ka'idodin ban dariya, ko kuma ban dariya huɗu. A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, tun zuwan kimiyya ta zamani, yawancin magani sun zama haɗuwa da fasaha da kimiyya (duka asali da aikace-aikace, a ƙarƙashin laima na kimiyyar likita). Misali, yayin da fasahar sutura ta zama fasaha da aka koya ta hanyar aiki, kimiyya tana ba da ilimin abin da ke faruwa a matakin salula da kwayoyin a cikin kyallen da ake sutura. Hanyoyin magani na pre-cientific, wanda yanzu aka sani da maganin gargajiya ko maganin gargajiya, ana amfani da shi ba tare da maganin kimiyya ba kuma ana kiransu madadin magani. Sauran jiyya a waje da maganin kimiyya tare da damuwa na ɗabi'a, aminci da inganci ana kiransu quackery ko kasancewa bisa kimiyya ta gefe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=D. |date=1999-12-01 |title=Secret science |url=https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |journal=Science and Public Policy |language=en |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=450–450 |doi=10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |issn=0302-3427 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>  {{Notelist}} == Magana == Magunguna (: /ˈmɛdsɪn/ i, US: /ˈmeredɪsɪn/i) kimiyya ce da [[wiktionary:physic|jiki]] [[Binciken ganewa|ganewar asali]], hangen nesa, [[Therapy|magani]], da [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]] [[Cuta|Cutar]]. Kalmar "magunguna" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] medicus, ma'ana " [[wiktionary:physician|likita]]". {{Efn|Etymology: {{langx|la|medicina}}, from {{lang|la|ars medicina}} {{gloss|the medical art}}, from {{lang|la|medicus}} {{gloss|physician}}.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=medicine |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |dictionary=Etym.Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122928/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> Cf. {{lang|la|mederi}} {{gloss|to heal}}, etym.{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Does this mean "etymologically" or "etymology"?}} {{gloss|know the best course for}}, from [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] base {{lang|ine-x-proto|med-}} {{gloss|to measure, limit}}. Cf. {{langx|el|medos}} {{gloss|counsel, plan}}, {{langx|ae|vi-mad}} {{gloss|physician}}}} Kalmar "physical" kanta, daga abin da "physician" ya samo asali, tsohuwar kalmar ce ga abin da yanzu ake kira [[wiktionary:medicine|magani]], da kuma fagen magani. == Ayyukan asibiti == [[File:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Elizabeth Blackwell, likitan mata na farko a Amurka ta kammala karatu daga SUNY Upstate (1847) ]] Samun kiwon lafiya da aikin asibiti sun bambanta a duk faɗin duniya saboda bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da [[fasaha]]. Magungunan kimiyya na zamani sun bunƙasa sosai kuma sun bazu a Yammacin duniya, yayin da a wasu yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu - gami da sassan Afirka, Tsibirin Pacific na Oceania, Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da Latin Amurka - yawan jama'a galibi suna dogaro da maganin gargajiya. Wadannan ayyuka sun kunshi tsarin horo na rarraba kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin tallafin kwarewa; saboda haka, suna iya rasa kulawa ta tsari ko tabbaci mai ƙarfi don ingancin asibiti. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, ba a amfani da maganin da ya dogara da shaida (EBM) a duk duniya a cikin aikin asibiti; alal misali, binciken da aka yi a 2007 na sake dubawa ya gano cewa kusan kashi 49% na tsoma baki na likita ba su da isasshen shaida don tallafawa ko dai fa'ida ko lahani.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=El Dib RP, Atallah AN, Andriolo RB |date=August 2007 |title=Mapping the Cochrane evidence for decision making in health care |journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=689–692 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00886.x |pmid=17683315}}</ref> Koyaya, likitocin da ke amfani da shiga tsakani ba tare da inganci ba tare da isasshen hujja, gaskiya, ko yardar haƙuri na iya keta ka'idar bioethical na rashin namiji, babban ka'idar ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da tarihin rantsuwar Hippocratic, wanda ke jaddada aikin farko don "na farko, ba su da lahani". A cikin aikin asibiti na zamani, likitoci da masu aiki a matsakaici kamar mataimakan likitoci suna tantance marasa lafiya don ganowa, haɓaka, magani, da hana cututtuka ta amfani da hukunci na asibiti. Gamuwa ta farko ta likita tare da mai haƙuri yawanci tana farawa tare da bita game da [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya]] na mai haƙuri da rikodin kiwon lafiya, sannan kuma hira ta likita da gwajin jiki. Ana amfani da na'urorin kiwon lafiya na asali (misali, stethoscope, mai rage harshe) yawanci. Bayan bincika [[Alamar cututtuka|alamomi]] da yin hira da alamomi, likita na iya ba da umarnin gwajin likita (misali, Gwajin jini), yin biopsy, ko rubuta [[Magani|magunguna]] ko wasu magunguna. Hanyoyin ganewar asali daban-daban suna taimakawa wajen kawar da yanayin bisa ga bayanin da aka bayar. A lokacin gamuwa, sanar da mai haƙuri yadda ya kamata game da duk abubuwan da suka dace wani muhimmin bangare ne na dangantakar da ci gaban amincewa a cikin mahallin dangantakar likita da mai haƙƙin haƙuri. Ana yin rikodin gamuwar likita a cikin rikodin likita, wanda shine takardar doka a yankuna da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Addison K, Braden JH, Cupp JE, Emmert D, Hall LA, Hall T, Hess B, Kohn D, Kruse MT, McLendon K, McQueary J, Musa D, Olenik KL, Quinsey CA, Reynolds R, Servais C, Watters A, Wiedemann LA, Wilkins M, Wills M, Vogt NE |date=September 2005 |title=Update: guidelines for defining the legal health record for-disclosure purposes |url=http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |journal=Journal of AHIMA |volume=76 |issue=8 |pages=64A–64G |pmid=16245584 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309002938/http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |archive-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Tattaunawar bin diddigin na iya zama ɗan gajeren amma suna bin wannan tsari na gaba ɗaya, kuma ƙwararru suna bin irin wannan tsari. Binciken da magani na iya ɗaukar 'yan mintoci kaɗan ko 'yan makonni, dangane da rikitarwa na batun. Abubuwan da suka shafi hira ta likita da gamuwa sune: * Babban korafi (CC): dalilin ziyarar likita ta yanzu. Waɗannan su ne alamun. Suna cikin kalmomin mai haƙuri kuma ana rubuta su tare da tsawon lokaci na kowannensu. Har ila yau ana kiranta ''Babban damuwa'' ko ''gabatar da korafi''. * Ayyuka na yanzu: sana'a, abubuwan sha'awa, abin da mai haƙuri ke yi a zahiri da ƙwarewa da ba ƙwarewa ba. * Tarihin iyali (FH): jerin cututtukan da ke cikin iyali waɗanda zasu iya shafar mai haƙuri. Ana amfani da itacen iyali a wasu lokuta. * Tarihin rashin lafiya na yanzu (HPI): tsari na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan da suka faru na alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙarin bayani game da kowane alama. Ana iya rarrabe shi daga tarihin rashin lafiya na baya, sau da yawa ana kiransa tarihin kiwon lafiya na baya (PMH). [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya]] ya ƙunshi HPI da PMH. * [[Magani|Magunguna]] (Rx): waɗanne magungunan da mai haƙuri ke ɗauka ciki har da waɗanda aka ba da umarni, da [[Maganin gargajiya|Magungunan gida]], da kuma madadin Magungunan ganye ko magunguna. Hakanan ana yin rikodin rashin lafiyan. * Tarihin kiwon lafiya na baya (PMH / PMHx): matsalolin kiwon lafiya a lokaci guda, asibiti da ayyukan da suka gabata, raunin, [[Cutar|Cututtukan cututtuka]] ko [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], tarihin sanannun rashin lafiyan. * <nowiki><i id="mw0w">binciken tsarin</i></nowiki> (ROS) ko bincike na tsarin: saitin ƙarin tambayoyin da za a yi tambaya, wanda za'a iya rasa shi a kan HPI: bincike na gaba ɗaya (kun lura da duk wani asarar nauyi, canji a cikin ingancin bacci, zazzabi, kumfa da bumps? da dai sauransu), sannan tambayoyi game da manyan tsarin jikin jiki ([[zuciya]], [[huhu]], hanyar narkewa, hanyar fitsari, da dai sauransu). * Tarihin zamantakewa (SH): wurin haihuwa, mazauna, tarihin aure, matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, halaye (ciki har da [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]], magunguna, taba, barasa). Binciken jiki shine binciken mai haƙuri don alamun kiwon lafiya na cututtukan da ke da ma'ana kuma ana iya lura da su, sabanin alamun da mai haƙuri ya ba da kansu kuma ba lallai ba ne a lura da su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=26 August 2009 |title=What Are Symptoms? What Are Signs? |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701123344/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-date=1 July 2014 |website=[[Medical News Today]]}}</ref> Mai ba da kiwon lafiya yana amfani da gani, ji, taɓawa, kuma wani lokacin ƙanshi (misali, a cikin kamuwa da cuta, Uremia, ketoacidosis na ciwon sukari). Ayyuka huɗu sune tushen jarrabawar jiki: bugawa, palpation (ji), percussion (taɓawa don ƙayyade halaye na resonance), da auscultation ([[Jin magana|sauraron]]), gabaɗaya a cikin wannan tsari, kodayake auscultation yana faruwa kafin percussion da palpation don kimantawa na ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Assessing patients effectively: Here's how to do the basic four techniques |journal=Nursing2014 |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=6 |doi=10.1097/00152193-200611002-00005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken asibiti ya haɗa da nazarin: <ref name="the free dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Clinical examination |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> * Abdomen da rectum * Cardiovascular ([[zuciya]] da [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]]) * Bayyanar mai haƙuri da takamaiman alamun cutar (yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, kasancewar jaundice, pallor ko clubbing) * Genitalia (da ciki idan mai haƙuri yana da ciki ko zai iya kasancewa da ciki) * Kai, ido, kunne, hanci, da makogwaro (HEENT) <ref name="the free dictionary" /> * [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|Musculoskeletal]] (ciki har da kashin baya da iyaka) * Neurological (sanin, wayar da kan jama'a, [[kwakwalwa]], hangen nesa, jijiyoyin kwakwalwa, kashin baya da jijiyoyin gefe) * Psychiatric (daidaitawa, yanayin tunani, yanayi, shaidar rashin fahimta ko tunani). * Rashin numfashi (babban hanyoyin iska da [[huhu]]) <ref name="the free dictionary" /> * Fata * Alamomi masu mahimmanci ciki har da tsawo, nauyi, zafin jiki, Hawan jini, bugun jini, saurin numfashi, da satar iskar oxygen ta haemoglobin <ref name="the free dictionary" /> Wataƙila zai mai da hankali kan wuraren da aka nuna a tarihin kiwon lafiya kuma bazai haɗa da duk abin da aka jera a sama ba. Shirin magani na iya haɗawa da yin odar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje na likita da nazarin hotunan likita, fara magani, turawa ga kwararre, ko lura mai lura. Ana iya ba da shawarar bin diddigin. Dangane da shirin inshorar kiwon lafiya da tsarin kulawa mai sarrafawa, nau'o'i daban-daban na "bincike na amfani", kamar izinin gwaje-gwaje na farko, na iya sanya shingen kan samun dama ga ayyuka masu tsada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grembowski DE |last2=Diehr P |author-link2=Paula Diehr |last3=Novak LC |last4=Roussel AE |last5=Martin DP |last6=Patrick DL |last7=Williams B |last8=Ulrich CM |author-link8=Cornelia Ulrich |date=August 2000 |title=Measuring the "managedness" and covered benefits of health plans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-services-research_2000-08_35_3/page/707 |journal=Health Services Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=707–734 |pmc=1089144 |pmid=10966092}}</ref> Tsarin yanke shawara na likita (MDM) ya haɗa da bincike da kira na duk bayanan da ke sama don fitowa da jerin yiwuwar ganewar asali (bincike na bambanci), tare da ra'ayin abin da ake buƙatar a yi don samun tabbataccen ganewar asali wanda zai bayyana matsalar mai haƙuri. A ziyarar da ta biyo baya, ana iya maimaita wannan tsari a taƙaice don samun kowane sabon tarihi, alamomi, binciken jiki, dakin gwaje-gwaje ko sakamakon hoto, ko [[Ziyarar likita|shawarwari]] na kwararru. == Cibiyoyin == [[File:Pellegrinaio_Santa_Maria_della_Scala_n5.jpg|alt=Color fresco of an ancient hospital setting|thumb|Asibitin Santa Maria della Scala, fresco na Domenico di Bartolo, 1441-1442]] Ana gudanar da magani na zamani, gabaɗaya, a cikin [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya]]. Shari'a, takaddun shaida, da tsarin kuɗi an kafa su ne ta hanyar gwamnatoci, wanda kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka kara a wasu lokuta, kamar majami'u. Halayen kowane tsarin kiwon lafiya da aka ba su suna da tasiri sosai a kan hanyar da ake ba da kiwon lafiya. Tun daga zamanin d ̄ a, karfafawa na Kirista kan aikin sadaka ya haifar da ci gaban aikin jinya da asibitoci, kuma [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] a yau ya kasance mafi girma mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya a duniya. Kasashen masana'antu masu ci gaba (ban da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]) <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2004 |title=Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations |url=http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019103757/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2009 |publisher=Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battista |first=John R. |last2=McCabe |first2=Justine |date=June 4, 1999 |title=The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care for the United States |url=http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105127/http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Cthealth.server101.com}}</ref> da kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke da niyyar tabbatar da kulawa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya ko inshorar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu ko hadin gwiwa. An yi niyyar wannan ne don tabbatar da cewa dukkan jama'a suna da damar samun kulawa ta likita bisa ga buƙata maimakon ikon biyan kuɗi. Bayarwar na iya zama ta hanyar ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, asibitoci da asibitocin gwamnati, ko kungiyoyin agaji, galibi haɗuwa da duka uku. Yawancin al'ummomin kabilanci ba su ba da tabbacin kiwon lafiya ga yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya. A cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomin, kiwon lafiya yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗin, sun inshora da kansu (ko dai kai tsaye ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangilar aiki), ko kuma ana iya rufe su da kulawa da gwamnati ko kabilar ke tallafawa kai tsaye. [[File:Drug_ampoule_JPN.jpg|alt=collection of glass bottles of different sizes|thumb|Ambulaf ɗin miyagun ƙwayoyi na zamani]] Bayyanawa na bayanai wani abu ne da ke bayyana tsarin isar da kayayyaki. Samun bayanai game da yanayi, jiyya, inganci, da farashi yana shafar zaɓin marasa lafiya / masu amfani kuma, sabili da haka, abubuwan da masu sana'a ke motsawa. Duk da yake tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka ya shiga cikin wuta saboda rashin budewa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sipkoff |first=Martin |date=January 2004 |title=Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement |url=http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |url-status=live |journal=Managed Care |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |pmid=14763279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217160421/http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |archive-date=17 February 2004 |access-date=16 April 2006}}</ref> sabon doka na iya karfafa budewa mafi girma. Akwai tashin hankali tsakanin bukatar nuna gaskiya da damuwa game da sirrin mai haƙuri da kuma cin zarafin kasuwanci na bayanan likita. Masu ba da shawara suna jayayya cewa buɗewa yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su yanke shawara mai kyau, yayin da masu sukar ke gargadi cewa zai iya fallasa bayanan da suka dace kuma ya gayyaci amfani da masu inshora, ma'aikata, ko masu kasuwa. Daidaita lissafi tare da sirri ya kasance babban kalubale. [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|Kwararrun masu kiwon lafiya]] da ke ba da kulawa a cikin magani sun ƙunshi sana'o'i da yawa, kamar likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], masu ilimin halayyar dan adam. Wadannan sana'o'i za su sami nasu ka'idojin ɗabi'a, ilimi na sana'a, da kuma jikin. An tsara sana'ar kiwon lafiya daga hangen nesa na zamantakewa. === Bayarwa === Ana rarraba ba da kulawa ta likita zuwa rukunin kulawa na farko, na biyu, da na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HealthCare – Arthapedia |url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrimary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128011946/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle=Primary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=www.arthapedia.in}}</ref> [[File:Nurses_at_Butawin_Urban_Clinic,_PNG_(10711159465).jpg|alt=photograph of three nurses|thumb|Nurses a Kokopo, Gabashin New Britain, [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]]] likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, ko wasu masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka fara hulɗa da mai haƙuri da ke neman magani ko kulawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of health care providers: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051332/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan suna faruwa a ofisoshin likitoci, ayyukan likita, asibitoci, Gidajen tsofaffi, makarantu, gidajen marasa lafiya, da kuma wasu wuraren da ke kusa da inda marasa lafiya ke zaune, aiki ko karatu. Kimanin kashi 90% na ziyarar likita za a iya magance su yadda ya kamata kuma ta hanyar mai ba da kulawa ta farko (s). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Mala |last2=Pilot |first2=Eva |date=February 13, 2014 |title=The missing link – the role of primary care in global health |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |pmc=3926992 |pmid=24560266 |access-date=April 21, 2026}}</ref> Ziyarar kulawa ta farko na iya haɗawa da maganin ƙananan cututtuka, cututtuka masu tsanani ko marasa tsanani, kulawa ta rigakafi, da ilimin kiwon lafiya. Kulawa na farko ana ba da umarni ga lafiyar dukan jama'a kuma ta haka ne masu ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya na kowane zamani da jinsi. Kwararrun likitoci ne ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na sakandare a ofisoshin su, ayyuka ko asibitoci, ko a asibitocin al'umma, ga marasa lafiya da mai ba da kulawa ta farko ya fara ganowa ko kula da mara lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secondary Health Care |url=https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117030041/https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=International Medical Corps |language=en}}</ref> 'Rahoton' ana yin su ne daga waɗancan marasa lafiya waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewar ƙwarewa ta musamman, ko takamaiman hanyoyin da ƙwararru suka yi. Ayyukan kulawa na sakandare sun haɗa da kulawa ta ambulatory da sabis na asibiti, sassan gaggawa, wasu Magungunan kulawa mai zurfi, wasu tiyata da sabis masu alaƙa, [[Gyaran jiki|maganin jiki]], aiki da isarwa, sassan endoscopy, dakin gwaje-gwaje da sabis na hotunan likita, cibiyoyin hospice, da sauransu dangane da tsarin sabis na kiwon lafiya wanda ake isar da kulawa. Wasu masu ba da kulawa ta farko na iya kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti da kuma isar da jarirai a cikin yanayin kulawa na biyu. Ana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na uku ta ƙwararrun masu ba da sabis a cikin manyan asibitoci na musamman ko cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ta yanki, waɗanda ke da kayan aiki da wuraren bincike da magani waɗanda ba a samu a asibitocin gida (sau da yawa ƙananan) ba. Wannan yana ba da damar magani da kulawa ga marasa lafiya tare da rikice-rikice ko gaggawa ko yanayin kiwon lafiya mai tsanani, wanda hakan na iya buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa (gami da ƙungiyoyi masu yawa) da albarkatu (kayan aiki, ma'aikata, kwanakin gado) don magance su yadda ya kamata. Kulawa ta uku na iya haɗawa da wanda aka bayar a cibiyoyin [[ƙonewa]] ko Cibiyoyin rauni, sabis na sashin jarirai masu ci gaba, transplantation na gabobin jiki, ciki mai haɗari da haihuwa na yara, radiation oncology, da sauran nau'ikan ƙwararru da kulawa mai tsanani. Kula da kiwon lafiya na zamani ya dogara da adanawa da amfani da bayanai, gami da game da wani mai haƙuri - har yanzu ana kiyaye shi a yawancin saitunan kiwon lafiya akan takarda 'rikodin kiwon lafiya', amma ana ƙara ƙarawa a zamanin yau ta hanyar lantarki. A cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, kiwon lafiya na zamani sau da yawa yana da tsada sosai ga matsakaicin mutum. Masu bincike kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa sun ba da shawarar cewa a cire "kudin mai amfani" a cikin waɗannan yankuna don tabbatar da samun dama; duk da haka, koda tare da cire wajibai na biyan haƙuri, manyan farashi da shingen sun kasance ga matalauta da marasa lafiya don samun isasshen kulawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Laokri S, Weil O, Drabo KM, Dembelé SM, Kafando B, Dujardin B |date=April 2013 |title=Removal of user fees no guarantee of universal health coverage: observations from Burkina Faso |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=277–282 |doi=10.2471/BLT.12.110015 |pmc=3629451 |pmid=23599551}}</ref> [[Rabuwa da ba da magani da rarrabawa]] aiki ne a cikin magani da kantin magani inda likitan da ke ba da takardar magani ya bambanta da likitan da ya ba da magani ga mai haƙuri. A kasashen Yammacin duniya akwai ƙarni na al'ada da aiki da ke bambanta likitoci daga likitoci, da kuma sana'o'i biyu daban-daban da suka bunkasa. A kasashe da yawa na Asiya, a gefe guda, al'ada ce ga likitoci su isar da magunguna kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya, aƙalla a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chou YJ, Yip WC, Lee CH, Huang N, Sun YP, Chang HJ |date=September 2003 |title=Impact of separating drug prescribing and dispensing on provider behaviour: Taiwan's experience |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-policy-and-planning_2003-09_18_3/page/316 |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czg038 |pmid=12917273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakanan ana amfani da wannan samfurin a yamma: musamman ga yanayin da aka warkar da shi (misali, waɗanda ke buƙatar maganin rigakafi na gaba ɗaya), a wurare masu nisa, tare da al'ummomin marasa lafiya masu rauni, da kuma ƙananan ko wuraren kiwon lafiya. == Rassan == [[File:Drawing_by_Marguerite_Martyn_of_a_visiting_nurse_with_medicine_and_four_babies,_1918.jpg|thumb|Zane na Marguerite Martyn (1918) na ma'aikaciyar jinya mai ziyara a St. Louis, Missouri, tare da magani da jarirai]] Yin aiki tare a matsayin ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa, [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|Kwararrun masu kiwon lafiya]] da yawa ban da likitoci suna da hannu a cikin isar da kiwon lafiya na zamani. Misalan sun hada da: [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], masu kula da lafiyar gaggawa da likitoci, masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje, likitocin magunguna, likitoci na jiki, likitojin numfashi, likitofin magana, [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|likitocin aiki]], radiographers, masu kulawar abinci, da Injiniyoyin halittu, likitociyar likita, likitota, Mataimakin likitan tiyata, likitan tiyatiko na tiyata. Yankin da kimiyyar da ke tallafawa maganin ɗan adam sun mamaye wasu fannoni da yawa. Mai haƙuri da aka kwantar da shi a asibiti yawanci yana ƙarƙashin kulawar takamaiman ƙungiyar bisa ga babban matsalar gabatarwar su, misali, ƙungiyar ilimin zuciya, waɗanda za su iya hulɗa da wasu ƙwarewa, misali, tiyata, radiology, don taimakawa ganowa ko magance babban matsala ko duk wani rikitarwa / ci gaba. Likitoci suna da ƙwarewa ta ƙwarewa ƙwarewa a cikin wasu rassan magani, waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa. Akwai bambance-bambance daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa game da ƙwarewar wasu ƙwarewa suna ciki. [[File:Imhotep-Louvre.JPG|thumb|Hoton likitan Masar na dā [[Maheru Imhotep|Imhotep]], likitan farko daga zamanin d ̄ a da aka sani da suna]] === Duniyar Dā === An samo rubutun kiwon lafiya na farko da aka sani a duniya a tsohuwar birnin Ebla na [[Siriya]] kuma sun koma 2500 KZ. Sauran rubuce-rubuce na farko game da magani an gano su daga maganin Masar na dā, maganin Babila, maganin Ayurvedic (a cikin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]]), maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin (Alternative medicine) wanda ya riga ya zama maganin gargajiya na gargajiya na kasar Sinanci na zamani), da kuma maganin Girka na dā da maganin Roman. A Misira, [[Maheru Imhotep|Imhotep]] (3rd millennium KZ) shine likita na farko a tarihi da aka sani da suna. Tsohon Rubutun likitancin Masar shine ''Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus'' daga kusan 2000 KZ, wanda ke bayyana cututtukan mata. ''Edwin Smith Papyrus'' wanda ya samo asali ne daga 1600 KZ aiki ne na farko kan tiyata, yayin da ''Ebers Papyrus'' wanda aka samo asali daga 1500 KZ yayi kama da littafi kan magani. A Indiya, tsohuwar rubutun tiyata da aka sani, [[Sushruta]]_Samhita" id="mwBHM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita wanda likitan tiyata Sushruta ya rubuta, ya bayyana ayyukan tiyata da yawa, gami da nau'ikan tiyata ta filastik na farko da kuma hanyoyin hanawa don kayan aikin tiyata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dave |first=Tirth |last2=Habte |first2=Alexander |last3=Vora |first3=Vidhi |last4=Sheikh |first4=Mahin Qudeer |last5=Sanker |first5=Vivek |last6=Gopal |first6=Sri Vengadesh |date=2024-04-05 |title=Sushruta: The Father of Indian Surgical History |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000005715 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=11000756 |pmid=38596573}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen farko na asibitoci da aka keɓe sun fito ne daga Mihintale a [[Sri Lanka]] inda aka sami shaidar wuraren kula da magani ga marasa lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aluvihare A |date=November 1993 |title=Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo. |journal=Vidhusara Science Magazine |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 1997 |title=Resource mobilization in Sri Lanka's health sector |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011029204848/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF |archive-date=29 October 2001 |access-date=16 July 2009 |website=Harvard School of Public Health & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies |page=19}}</ref> [[File:HSAsclepiusKos_retouched.jpg|thumb|Mosaic a ƙasa na Asclepieion na Kos, wanda ke nuna Hippocrates, tare da Asklepius a tsakiya (karni na biyu zuwa uku) ]] A Girka, likitan Girka na dā Hippocrates, "mahaifin magani na zamani", <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grammaticos PC, Diamantis A |year=2008 |title=Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus |journal=Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |pmid=18392218}}</ref> ya kafa tushe don hanyar da ta dace da magani. Hippocrates ya gabatar da rantsuwar Hippocratic ga likitoci, wanda har yanzu yana da mahimmanci kuma ana amfani da shi a yau, kuma shine na farko da ya rarraba cututtuka kamar masu tsanani, masu tsanani, da annoba, da kuma amfani da kalmomi kamar, "ƙuntata, sake dawowa, ƙuduri, rikici, paroxysm, ƙaruwa, da [[warkewa]]". Likitan Girka Galen ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan likitocin tiyata na duniya ta dā kuma ya yi aiki mai yawa, gami da tiyata na kwakwalwa da ido. Bayan faduwar Daular Romawa ta Yamma da Farkon Zamanin Tsakiya, al'adar Girka ta magani ta shiga raguwa a Yammacin Turai, kodayake ta ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba a [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roman ta Gabas]] (Byzantine). === Zamanin Tsakiya === [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|left|thumb|Rubutun ''Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah'' na [[Ali ar-Ridha|Ali al-Ridha]], Imam na takwas na [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Musulmai Shia]]. Rubutun ya ce: "Rubuce-rubucen zinariya a magani wanda Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha ya aiko, zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa, ga al-Ma'mun".]] Ma'anar asibiti a matsayin ma'aikata don bayar da kulawa ta likita da yiwuwar warkarwa ga marasa lafiya saboda manufofin sadaka ta Kirista, maimakon kawai wurin da za su mutu, ya bayyana a [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]]. Kodayake Galen ya san manufar Uroscopy, bai ga muhimmancin amfani da shi don gano cutar ba. Ya kasance a ƙarƙashin Byzantines tare da likitoci irin su Theophilus Protospatharius cewa sun fahimci yiwuwar uroscopy don tantance cuta a lokacin da babu microscope ko stethoscope. Wannan aikin ya bazu zuwa sauran Turai. Bayan 750 AZ, duniyar musulmi tana da ayyukan Hippocrates, Galen da Sushruta da aka fassara zuwa [[Larabci]], kuma Likitocin Musulunci sun shiga cikin wasu muhimman bincike na likita. Shahararrun likitocin Musulunci sun hada da masanin ilimin Farisa, [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]], wanda, tare da Imhotep da Hippocrates, an kuma kira shi "mahaifin magani".<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Becka J |date=January 1980 |title=[The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture. Abu Ali ibn Sina (980–1037)] |journal=Casopis Lekaru Ceskych |language=cs |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=17–23 |pmid=6989499}}</ref> Ya rubuta The Canon of Medicine wanda ya zama misali na likita a yawancin [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] Turai na zamani, wanda aka dauka daya daga cikin shahararrun littattafai a tarihin magani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Avicenna 980–1037 |url=http://hcs.osu.edu/hort/history/023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007070250/http://hcs.osu.edu/hort/history/023.html |archive-date=7 October 2008 |access-date=19 January 2010 |publisher=Hcs.osu.edu}}</ref> Sauran sun hada da Abulcasis, Avenzoar, Ibn al-Nafis, da Averroes.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ahmad Z |year=2007 |title=Al-Zahrawi – The Father of Surgery |journal=ANZ Journal of Surgery |volume=77 |issue=Suppl. 1 |page=A83 |doi=10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x |s2cid=57308997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abdel-Halim RE |date=November 2006 |title=Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology. A study and translations from his book Al-Mukhtar |journal=Saudi Medical Journal |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1631–1641 |pmid=17106533}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2004 |title=Chairman's Reflections: Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/78110223/Traditional-Medicine-Among-Gulf-Arabs |journal=Heart Views |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=74–85 [80] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308101134/http://www.scribd.com/doc/78110223/Traditional-Medicine-Among-Gulf-Arabs |archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martín-Araguz A, Bustamante-Martínez C, Fernández-Armayor Ajo V, Moreno-Martínez JM |date=1 May 2002 |title=[Neuroscience in Al Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine] |journal=Revista de Neurología |language=es |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=877–892 |doi=10.33588/rn.3409.2001382 |pmid=12134355}}</ref> Likitan Farisa [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]] na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya yi tambaya game da ka'idar Girka ta ban dariya, wanda duk da haka ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin maganin Yamma da na Musulunci na zamani. Wasu kundin aikin Rhazes ''Al-Mansuri'', wato "On Surgery" da "A General Book on Therapy", sun zama wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun likita a jami'o'in Turai. Bugu da ƙari, an bayyana shi a matsayin likita, mahaifin likitan yara, kuma majagaba na ilimin ido.<ref name="tschanz-2003" /> Misali, shi ne na farko da ya gane yadda pupil din ido yake amsawa ga haske.<ref name="elgood-2010" /> Asibitocin Bimaristan na Farisa misali ne na farko na asibitocin jama'a. A Turai, [[Charlemagne]] ya ba da umarnin cewa ya kamata a haɗa asibiti ga kowane babban coci da gidan ibada kuma masanin tarihi Geoffrey Blainey ya kwatanta ayyukan Cocin Katolika a cikin kiwon lafiya a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya zuwa farkon yanayin jin dadin jama'a: "Ya gudanar da asibitoci ga tsofaffi da marayu ga matasa; asibitocin marasa lafiya na kowane zamani; wuraren da kuturta; da kuma masauki ko masauki inda mahajjata zasu iya siyan abinci da abinci mai arha". Ya samar da abinci ga jama'a a lokacin yunwa kuma ya rarraba abinci ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin jin dadin cocin ya tallafawa ta hanyar tattara haraji a kan babban sikelin da kuma mallakar manyan gonaki da dukiya. An lura da tsarin Benedictine don kafa asibitoci da asibitocin a cikin masallacin su, haɓaka ganye na likita da zama manyan masu ba da kulawa na gundumominsu, kamar yadda yake a babban Abbey na Cluny. Har ila yau, Ikilisiyar ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantun cocin da jami'o'i inda ake karatun magani. Schola Medica Salernitana a Salerno, yana neman ilmantarwa na likitocin Girka da [[Larabawa]], ya zama makarantar likita mafi kyau a Turai ta zamani. [[File:SantaMariaDellaScalaSienaBack.JPG|thumb|Asibitin Santa Maria della Scala na Siena, daya daga cikin tsofaffin asibitocin Turai. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Cocin Katolika ya kafa jami'o'i don farfado da nazarin kimiyya, yana amfani da ilmantarwa na likitocin Girka da Larabawa a cikin nazarin magani.]] Koyaya, [[Black Death]] na ƙarni na goma sha huɗu da goma sha biyar sun lalata Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai, har ma an yi jayayya cewa Yammacin Turai ya fi tasiri wajen murmurewa daga cutar fiye da Gabas ta tsakiya.{{Efn|Michael Dols has shown that the Black Death was much more commonly believed by European authorities than by Middle Eastern authorities to be contagious; as a result, flight was more commonly counseled, and in urban Italy quarantines were organized on a much wider level than in urban Egypt or Syria.<ref>{{cite book | first = Michael W. | last = Dols |title=The Black Death in the Middle East |publisher=Princeton |year=1977 |pages=119, 285–290 |oclc=2296964 }}</ref>}} A farkon zamanin zamani, muhimman adadi na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da jikin mutum sun fito a Turai, gami da Gabriele Falloppio da William Harvey. Babban canji a cikin tunanin likita shine kin amincewa da hankali, musamman a lokacin [[Black Death]] a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15, na abin da za a iya kira "ikon gargajiya" hanyar kimiyya da magani. Wannan shine ra'ayin cewa saboda wasu fitattun mutane a baya sun ce dole ne wani abu ya kasance haka, to haka shine yadda yake, kuma duk abin da mutum ya lura da akasin haka ya kasance abin mamaki (wanda ya yi daidai da irin wannan canji a cikin al'ummar Turai gabaɗaya - duba [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] ya ƙi ra'ayoyin Ptolemy akan ilimin taurari). Likitoci kamar Vesalius sun inganta ko kuma sun karyata wasu ra'ayoyin daga baya. Babban kundin da daliban likitanci da ƙwararrun likitoci suka yi amfani da su sune De materia medica da Pharmacopoeia . === Zamani na zamani === [[File:Paul-Louis_Simond_injecting_plague_vaccine_June_4th_1898_Karachi.jpg|thumb|Paul-Louis Simond yana yin allurar rigakafin annoba a [[Karachi]], 1898]] Magungunan dabbobi sun kasance, a karo na farko, da gaske sun rabu da maganin ɗan adam a cikin 1761, lokacin da likitan dabbobi na Faransa Claude Bourgelat ya kafa makarantar dabbobi ta farko a duniya a Lyon, Faransa. Kafin wannan, likitocin likitoci sun kula da mutane da sauran dabbobi. Binciken kimiyyar kimiyyar zamani (inda sakamakon ke iya gwadawa kuma ana iya sakewa shi) ya fara maye gurbin al'adun Yammacin farko bisa ga herbalism, Girkanci "hume hudu" da sauran irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin kafin zamani. Zamanin zamani ya fara ne da binciken Edward Jenner na allurar rigakafin kyanda a ƙarshen karni na 18 (wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar variolation da ta samo asali a tsohuwar kasar Sin), binciken Robert Koch a kusa da 1880 na yaduwar cutar ta hanyar kwayoyin cuta, sannan kuma binciken maganin rigakafi a kusa da 1900. Lokacin zamani na bayan karni na 18 ya kawo karin masu bincike daga Turai. Daga [[Jamus]] da Austria, likitoci Rudolf Virchow, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Karl Landsteiner da Otto Loewi sun ba da gudummawa sosai. A cikin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], Alexander Fleming, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick da [[Florence Nightingale]] ana ɗaukar su da muhimmanci. Likitan [[Ispaniya|Mutanen Espanya]] Santiago Ramón da Cajal an dauke shi uban kimiyyar kwakwalwa ta zamani. Daga New Zealand da Australia sun zo Maurice Wilkins, [[Howard Florey]], da [[Macfarlane Burnet|Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]. Sauran da suka yi muhimmiyar aiki sun hada da William Williams Keen, William Coley, [[James Watson|James D. Watson]] (Amurka); Salvador Luria (Italiya); [[Alexandre Yersin]] (Switzerland); [[Kitasato Shibasaburō]] (Japan); Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard, Paul Broca (Faransa); Adolfo Lutz (Brazil); Nikolai Korotkov (Rasha); Sir William Osler (Kanada); da Harvey Cushing (Amurka). Yayinda kimiyya da fasaha suka bunkasa, magani ya zama mai dogaro da [[Magani|magunguna]]. A cikin tarihi da kuma a Turai har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, ba kawai an yi amfani da kayan shuka a matsayin magani ba, har ma da dabbobi (ciki har da mutum) sassan jiki da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Peter |year=2004 |title=Medicinal properties of body parts |url=http://www.pharmj.com/editorial/20041218/christmas/p900bodyparts.html |journal=The Pharmaceutical Journal |volume=273 |issue=7330 |pages=900–902 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203131508/http://www.pharmj.com/Editorial/20041218/christmas/p900bodyparts.html |archive-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> Magungunan magunguna sun samo asali ne daga herbalism kuma wasu magunguna har yanzu ana samo su daga tsire-tsire (atropine, ephedrine, warfarin, aspirin, [[Digoxin]], <nowiki><i id="mwBaU">vinca</i></nowiki> alkaloids, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Der Heijden R, Jacobs DI, Snoeijer W, Hallard D, Verpoorte R |date=March 2004 |title=The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology |journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.2174/0929867043455846 |pmid=15032608}}</ref> taxol, hyoscine, da dai sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H |date=December 2015 |title=Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review |journal=Biotechnology Advances |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1582–1614 |doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001 <!-- | pii = S0734-9750(15)30027-6--> |pmc=4748402 |pmid=26281720}}</ref> Edward Jenner da Louis Pasteur ne suka gano Allurar rigakafi. Magungunan rigakafi na farko shine arsphenamine (Salvarsan) wanda Paul Ehrlich ya gano a cikin 1908 bayan ya lura cewa kwayoyin cuta sun ɗauki dyes masu guba waɗanda ƙwayoyin ɗan adam ba su yi ba. Babban aji na farko na maganin rigakafi shine Magungunan sulfa, wanda masana sunadarai na Jamus suka samo asali daga azo dyes. Ilimin ilimin likitanci ya zama mai ƙwarewa; fasahar kimiyyar zamani tana ba da damar ƙwayoyin da aka yi niyya ga takamaiman hanyoyin ilimin lissafi don haɓaka, wani lokacin an tsara su don jituwa da jiki don rage tasirin gefe. Genomics da ilimin kwayoyin Halitta na ɗan adam da juyin halitta na mutum suna da tasiri sosai a kan magani, kamar yadda aka gano [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] masu yawa na yawancin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, kuma ci gaban dabarun a cikin ilmin halitta, juyin halitta, da kwayoyin halitta suna rinjayar fasahar kiwon lafiya, aiki da yanke shawara. Magungunan da suka danganci shaida ƙungiya ce ta zamani don kafa mafi inganci na algorithms na aiki (hanyoyin yin abubuwa) ta hanyar amfani da sake dubawa na tsari da meta-analysis. Wannan motsi yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar kimiyyar bayanai ta duniya ta zamani, wanda ke ba da damar tattara yawancin shaidun da ke akwai kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma a bincika su bisa ga daidaitattun ladabi waɗanda aka rarraba ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya. Haɗin gwiwar Cochrane yana jagorantar wannan motsi. Binciken 2001 na sake dubawa na tsarin Cochrane 160 ya nuna cewa, a cewar masu karatu biyu, kashi 21.3% na sake duban sun kammala rashin isasshen shaida, kashi 20% sun kammala shaidar babu tasiri, kuma kashi 22.5% sun kammala sakamako mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ezzo J, Bausell B, Moerman DE, Berman B, Hadhazy V |year=2001 |title=Reviewing the reviews. How strong is the evidence? How clear are the conclusions? |journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=457–466 |doi=10.1017/S0266462301107014 |pmid=11758290 |s2cid=21855086}}</ref> == Inganci, inganci, da samun dama == Magungunan da suka danganci shaida, rigakafin Kuskuren likita (da sauran "iatrogenesis"), da kuma guje wa Kula da lafiya mara amfani sune fifiko a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani. Wadannan batutuwa suna haifar da mahimman kulawar siyasa da manufofin jama'a, musamman a Amurka inda ake la'akari da kiwon lafiya da tsada sosai amma ma'aunin kiwon lafiya na [[Lafiyar Jama'a|yawan jama'a]] ya rage irin waɗannan ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bentley TG, Effros RM, Palar K, Keeler EB |date=December 2008 |title=Waste in the U.S. Health care system: a conceptual framework |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2008-12_86_4/page/629 |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=629–659 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2008.00537.x |pmc=2690367 |pmid=19120983}}</ref> Kudin kiwon lafiya ya bambanta da ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambance a samun kulawa da samun magunguna.<ref name="c673">{{Cite journal |last=Pichon-Riviere |first=Andres |last2=Drummond |first2=Michael |last3=Palacios |first3=Alfredo |last4=Garcia-Marti |first4=Sebastián |last5=Augustovski |first5=Federico |year=2023 |title=Determining the efficiency path to universal health coverage: cost-effectiveness thresholds for 174 countries based on growth in life expectancy and health expenditures |url=http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2214109X23001626/pdf |journal=The Lancet Global Health |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=e833–e842 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00162-6 |issn=2214-109X |access-date=1 June 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Tracking universal health coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/2017/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008211224/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/2017/en/ |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=WHO}}</ref> [[Rarraba kiwon lafiya]] ya bambanta da ƙasa. Yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa suna ba da kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ga dukan 'yan ƙasa, tare da wasu banbanci kamar Amurka inda ƙuntatawa akan ɗaukar inshorar kiwon lafiya na iya iyakance farashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2015 |title=Coverage for health care {{!}} READ online |url=https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2015/coverage-for-health-care_health_glance-2015-39-en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308132841/https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2015/coverage-for-health-care_health_glance-2015-39-en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=OECD iLibrary |language=en}}</ref> == Magungunan Telemedicine == * Telenursing yana fuskantar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a duniya saboda dalilai kamar buƙatar rage farashin kiwon lafiya, ƙaruwa da yawan marasa lafiya, da faɗaɗa ɗaukar kiwon lafiya zuwa yankuna masu nisa, yankuna masu ƙauyuka, ƙananan, ko ƙananan jama'a. Telenursing na iya taimakawa wajen magance karancin ma'aikatan jinya, rage lokacin tafiya da nisa, da rage shigar asibiti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2005 |title=Nurses Happier Using Telecare, Says International Survey |url=http://www.e-health-insider.com/news/item.cfm?ID=1263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618103208/http://www.e-health-insider.com/news/item.cfm?ID=1263 |archive-date=18 June 2006 |access-date=4 April 2009 |publisher=eHealth Insider}}</ref> * Kula da Telepalliative wata hanya ce mai nisa don inganta ingancin rayuwa da kuma sauƙaƙa wahala ga mutanen da ke da cututtuka masu tsanani, masu rikitarwa kuma sau da yawa masu kisa. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar haɗa kulawa mai laushi da wuri-wuri don kowane rashin lafiya mai tsanani da kisa. Kula da telepalliative yawanci yana amfani da fasahar sadarwa kamar taron bidiyo, saƙo don bin diddigin, da ƙididdigar alamun dijital ta hanyar tambayoyin da ke haifar da faɗakarwa ga masu sana'ar kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finucane |first=Anne M. |last2=O'Donnell |first2=Hannah |last3=Lugton |first3=Jean |last4=Gibson-Watt |first4=Tilly |last5=Swenson |first5=Connie |last6=Pagliari |first6=Claudia |date=2021-04-06 |title=Digital health interventions in palliative care: a systematic meta-review |journal=npj Digital Medicine |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=64 |doi=10.1038/s41746-021-00430-7 |issn=2398-6352 |pmc=8024379 |pmid=33824407 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Telepharmacy ya haɗa da isar da kulawa ta magunguna ta hanyar sadarwa ga marasa lafiya a wuraren da hulɗa kai tsaye tare da likitan magani bazai yiwu ba ko wahala.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lowry SJ, Kay CN, Marsom EN, Park JS, Poole S, Page AT |year=2020 |title=Optimising health outcomes via pharmacist delivered telehealth medicines management: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research |publisher=Wiley |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=377–390 |doi=10.1002/jppr.1695 |issn=1445-937X |s2cid=225070505 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Telepsychiatry (lafiya ta jiki) tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da kulawa ta hankali mai nisa ga mutanen da ke fama da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schuster |first=Raphael |last2=Fischer |first2=Elena |last3=Jansen |first3=Chiara |last4=Napravnik |first4=Nathalie |last5=Rockinger |first5=Susanne |last6=Steger |first6=Nadine |last7=Laireiter |first7=Anton-Rupert |date=2022 |title=Blending Internet-based and tele group treatment: Acceptability, effects, and mechanisms of change of cognitive behavioral treatment for depression |journal=Internet Interventions |volume=29 |doi=10.1016/j.invent.2022.100551 |pmc=9204733 |pmid=35722084}}</ref> * Telepsychology shine amfani da fasahar sadarwa don gudanarwa mai nisa na gwaje-gwaje na tunanin mutum da kuma maganin kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wadsworth HE, Dhima K, Womack KB, Hart J, Weiner MF, Hynan LS, Cullum CM |date=December 2018 |title=Validity of Teleneuropsychological Assessment in Older Patients with Cognitive Disorders |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1040–1045 |doi=10.1093/arclin/acx140 |pmc=6887729 |pmid=29329363}}</ref> * Teleneurotherapy yana amfani da kwamfutoci da fasahar sadarwa don isar da neurotherapy daga nesa.<ref name="2503290_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Val Danilov |first=Igor |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa motsa jiki na tsari daga na'urorin lantarki na yau da kullun, kamar allunan tare da belun kunne, na iya magance tsarin juyayi da ya ji rauni a kan layi ta hanyar daidaita filastik na neuronal. Shaida ta nuna cewa teleneurotherapy na iya inganta maganin jijiyoyin jiki idan ya haɗa da tasirin warkewa na tasirin tsarin abiotic na dakarun jiki tare da mahimman sigogi na hulɗar uwa da tayin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna tasirin warkewa yayin aiwatar da hanyar APIN a cikin maganin kan layi na marasa lafiya tare da yanayin jijiyoyi daban-daban.<ref name="2503290_2025" /><ref name="Val Danilov et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Val Danilov |first=Igor |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Mihailova et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Val Danilov |first3=Igor |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Medne et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Val Danilov |first2=Igor |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Telenutrition yana nufin amfani da taron bidiyo ko tarho don samar da shawarwari ta kan layi ta masu kula da abinci mai gina jiki ko masu cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costantino |first=Andrea |last2=Roncoroni |first2=Leda |last3=Noviello |first3=Daniele |last4=Nandi |first4=Nicoletta |last5=Lombardo |first5=Vincenza |last6=Scricciolo |first6=Alice |last7=Scaramella |first7=Lucia |last8=Vecchi |first8=Maurizio |last9=Elli |first9=Luca |date=13 April 2021 |title=Nutritional and Gastroenterological Monitoring of Patients With Celiac Disease During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Emerging Role of Telemedicine and Point-of-Care Gluten Detection Tests |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2021.622514 |pmc=8076748 |pmid=33928109 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Telerehabilitation (ko e-rehabilitation) shine isar da ayyukan farfadowa akan hanyoyin sadarwa da Intanet. Yawancin ayyuka sun fada cikin rukuni biyu: kimantawar asibiti (bincike ƙwarewar aiki na mai haƙuri a cikin mahallinsu) da kuma maganin asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keaton L, Pierce LL, Steiner V, Lance K |date=October 2004 |title=An E-rehabilitation Team Helps Caregivers Deal with Stroke |url=http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol2num4/pierce-keaton.htm |journal=The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice |publisher=Ijahsp.nova.edu |volume=2 |issue=4 |issn=1540-580X |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722002419/http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol2num4/pierce-keaton.htm |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h8viwvegpnxhr9s1h2bwc1ipv9y8390 Ilmi 0 36474 966694 962687 2026-10-12T00:34:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kimiyya ta zamani yawanci ta kasu kashi biyu: [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]], wacce ke nazarin duniyar zahiri, da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], wacce ke karatun mutane da al'ummomi. Duk da yake ana kiransu kimiyyar al'ada, dabaru, lissafi, da kimiyyar kwamfuta na ka'idoji galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin daban saboda sun dogara da tunani mai banƙyama maimakon Hanyar kimiyya a matsayin babbar hanyar su. A halin yanzu, [[Kimiyya mai amfani|kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da ita]] sune horo waɗanda ke amfani da ilimin kimiyya don dalilai masu amfani, kamar injiniya da magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=M. R. |last2=Fabry |first2=G |year=2014 |title=Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education |journal=GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=Doc24 |doi=10.3205/zma000916 |pmc=4027809 |pmid=24872859}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=Marius |year=1993 |title=On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods |url=https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c090593.html |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Engineering Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115220102/https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c090593.html |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> Tarihin kimiyya ya mamaye mafi yawan tarihin tarihi, tare da farkon wadanda suka riga sun kasance a kimiyyar zamani wanda ya fara zuwa zamanin Bronze a [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] ({{Circa|3000–1200&nbsp;BCE}} ). Gudummawar da suka bayar ga lissafi, ilimin taurari, da magani sun shiga kuma sun tsara falsafar halitta ta Girka ta zamanin d ̄ a da kuma karatun zamani na zamani, inda aka yi ƙoƙari na samar da bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a duniyar zahiri bisa ga abubuwan da suka haifar da halitta; an ci gaba da ci gaba, gami da gabatar da tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Arabic, a lokacin Golden Age na Indiya da [[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci|Zamanin Zinariya na Musulunci]].: 12 : 1–26 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Keay}}</ref><ref name="Lindberg2007" />: 163–192  Farfadowa da daidaita ayyukan Girka da tambayoyin Musulunci a Yammacin Turai a lokacin [[Renaissance]] sun farfado da falsafar halitta, : 193-224, 225-253 wanda daga baya Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya wanda ya fara a karni na 16 ya canza shi yayin da sababbin ra'ayoyi da abubuwan da aka gano suka tashi daga ra'ayoyin Girka da suka gabata.<ref name="Lindberg2007" />: 357-368 : 274-322 Hanyar kimiyya nan da nan ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun ilimi, kuma a cikin Karni na 19, yawancin bangarorin kimiyya da kwararru sun fara samun tsari, tare da sauya "falsafar halitta" zuwa "kimiyya ta halitta".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> Sabon ilimi a kimiyya yana ci gaba ta hanyar bincike daga masana kimiyya waɗanda ke motsawa ta hanyar son sani game da duniya da sha'awar warware matsaloli. Binciken kimiyya na zamani sau da yawa yana da haɗin gwiwa sosai kuma ƙungiyoyi a cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike suna gudanar da shi akai-akai, hukumomin gwamnati, : 163-192 da kamfanoni. A lokaci guda, manyan ci gaba da yawa - musamman a cikin Kimiyya ta asali - sun fito ne daga masu bincike kuma an san su sosai ta hanyar manyan kyaututtuka na duniya kamar [[Kyautar Nobel]]. Sakamakon aiki na aikin kimiyya ya haifar da fitowar manufofin kimiyya waɗanda ke neman ba da fifiko ga ci gaban alhakin samfuran kasuwanci, kiwon lafiya, ababen more rayuwa na jama'a, kariya ta muhalli, da kuma damar tsaro. == Magana == An yi amfani da kalmar ''kimiyya'' a cikin Turanci tun daga karni na 14 (Middle English) a cikin ma'anar "yanayin sani". An aro kalmar daga Harshen Anglo-Norman a matsayin ma'anar -kimiyya, wanda aka aro daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|[[wikt:scientia|scientia]]}}, ma'ana ', sani, fahimta', sunan da aka samo daga {{Lang|la|[[wikt:sciens|sciens]]}} ma'anar 'sanin', kanta mai aiki na yanzu na sciō 'sanin'. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da asalin kalmar ''kimiyya''. A cewar Michiel de Vaan, masanin harshe na Dutch kuma Indo-Turai, {{Lang|la|sciō}} na iya samun asalinsa a cikin harshen Proto-Italic kamar {{Lang|itc-x-proto|*skije-}} ko {{Lang|itc-x-proto|*skijo-}} ma'anar 'sanin', wanda zai iya samo asali daga Harshen Proto-Indo-Turai kamar {{Lang|ine-x-proto|skh<sub>1</sub>-ie}}, *{{Lang|ine-x-proto|skh<sub>1</sub>-io}} ma'anar' yanka'. ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben'' ya ba da shawarar {{Lang|la|sciō}} wani tsari ne na baya na {{Lang|la|[[wikt:nescire|nescīre]]}}, ma'ana 'ba a sani ba, zama mara sani da', wanda zai iya samo asali daga Proto-Indo-Turai ''{{Lang|ine-x-proto|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sek-|sekH-]]}}'' a cikin Latin {{Lang|la|[[wikt:secare|secāre]]}}, ko {{Lang|ine-x-proto|skh<sub>2</sub>-}} daga *sʹheh2 (i) - ma'ana' yanka'. A baya, kimiyya tana da alaƙa da "sani" ko "bincike", daidai da asalin Latin. Mutumin da ya gudanar da bincike na kimiyya ana kiransa "masanin falsafa na halitta" ko "mutumin kimiyya". A cikin 1834, [[William whewell|William Whewell]] ya gabatar da kalmar ''masanin kimiyya'' a cikin bita na littafin Mary Somerville On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, yana mai da shi ga "wani mutum mai basira" (watakila kansa). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Sydney |year=1962 |title=Scientist: The story of a word |journal=[[Annals of Science]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–85 |doi=10.1080/00033796200202722 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin Farko === [[File:Megaliths_Aswan_Nubia_museum.JPG|left|thumb|Megaliths daga Nabta Playa, wanda jama'ar Neolithic suka gina don daidaita abubuwan lura da taurari da ke [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], Upper Egypt.]] [[File:Plimpton_322.jpg|alt=Clay tablet with markings, three columns for numbers and one for ordinals|thumb|Allon Plimpton 322 na Babiloniyawa ya rubuta Sau uku na Pythagoras, wanda aka rubuta {{Circa|1800&nbsp;BCE}} ]] Kimiyya ba ta da asali ɗaya. Maimakon haka, tunanin kimiyya ya fito ne a hankali a cikin dubban shekaru, <ref>{{Citation|journal=Stephen|url-status=Siegal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lombard |first=Marlize |last2=Gärdenfors |first2=Peter |year=2017 |title=Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=95 |issue=95 |pages=219–234 |doi=10.4436/JASS.95006 |issn=1827-4765 |pmid=28489015}}</ref> yana ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban a duniya, kuma an san bayanai kaɗan game da abubuwan da suka faru na farko. Wataƙila Mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a kimiyyar prehistoric, kamar yadda al'adun addini suka yi. <ref>{{Cite book|last2=David Wengrow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budd |first=Paul |last2=Taylor |first2=Timothy |year=1995 |title=The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making |journal=World Archaeology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=133–143 |bibcode=1995WoArc..27..133B |doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297 |jstor=124782}}</ref> Wasu malamai suna amfani da kalmar "protoscience" don lakafta ayyukan da suka gabata waɗanda suka yi kama da kimiyyar zamani a wasu amma ba duk siffofi ba; duk da haka, an kuma soki wannan lakabin a matsayin mai raina, ko kuma yana nuna halin yanzu, yana tunani game da waɗannan ayyukan kawai dangane da rukunin zamani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Pamela H. |year=2009 |title=Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=62 |pages=345–375 |doi=10.1086/599864 |pmid=19750597 |s2cid=43643053}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=Robert |date=March 2021 |title=Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=25–48 |bibcode=2021PhP....23...25F |doi=10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7 |issn=1422-6944 |s2cid=253597172 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dear |first=Peter |year=2012 |title=Historiography of Not-So-Recent Science |journal=History of Science |volume=50 |pages=197–211 |doi=10.1177/007327531205000203 |s2cid=141599452}}</ref> Shaidar kai tsaye ga hanyoyin kimiyya ta zama mafi haske tare da zuwan tsarin rubutu a cikin wayewar [[zamanin Tagulla]] na [[Tsohuwar Masar]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] ( {{Circa|3000–1200&nbsp;BCE}} ), ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubucen farko a tarihin kimiyya . : 12–15  Duk da cewa kalmomin da ra'ayoyin "kimiyya" da "yanayi" ba su kasance cikin yanayin tunani a lokacin ba, tsoffin Masarawa da Mesopotamiya sun ba da gudummawa waɗanda daga baya suka sami matsayi a cikin kimiyyar Girka da ta zamanin da: lissafi, ilmin taurari, da magani. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Francesca Rochberg|edition=Ronald}}</ref> <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 12  Daga ƙarni na 3&nbsp;Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (K.S), tsoffin Masarawa sun ƙirƙiro tsarin lambobi marasa matsayi, sun warware matsalolin aiki ta amfani da lissafi, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Haggai Erlich}}</ref> kuma suka ƙirƙiro kalanda . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2017 |title=Telling Time in Ancient Egypt |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tell/hd_tell.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303133140/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tell/hd_tell.htm |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Magungunan warkarwa da suka yi sun haɗa da magungunan ƙwayoyi da kuma abubuwan al'ajabi, kamar addu'o'i, addu'o'i, da al'adu. : 9 Tsoffin [[Nubians (ƙabila)|'yan Nubiya]] sun fara amfani da maganin rigakafi na farko kuma sun kafa tsarin ka'idojin lissafi wanda ya zama tushen hasken rana na farko. 'Yan Nubiya sun kuma yi amfani da hanyar trigonometric wacce ta yi daidai da takwarorinsu na Masar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armelagos, George |date=2000 |title=Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years: Use of Tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/482bd90a-de71-49b3-9bbc-d8ff0ab974b3 |journal=Natural History |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=50–3 |s2cid=89542474}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Depuydt |first=Leo |date=1 January 1998 |title=Gnomons at Meroë and Early Trigonometry |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |volume=84 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.2307/3822211 |jstor=3822211}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Slayman |first=Andrew |date=27 May 1998 |title=Neolithic Skywatchers |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234044/http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 |access-date=17 April 2011 |website=Archaeology Magazine Archive}}</ref> Tsoffin [[Mesopotamia|mutanen Mesopotamiya]] sun yi amfani da ilimi game da halayen sinadarai daban-daban na halitta don ƙera [[tukwane]], faience, gilashi, sabulu, ƙarfe, filastar lemun tsami, da kuma hana ruwa shiga. <ref name="McIntosh2005">{{Cite book|last3=Jane McIntosh}}</ref> Sun yi nazarin ilimin halittar dabbobi, [[Anatomy|ilmin halittar jiki]], ɗabi'a, da ilmin taurari don dalilai na allahntaka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aaboe |first=Asger |author-link=Asger Aaboe |date=2 May 1974 |title=Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |pages=21–42 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 |jstor=74272 |s2cid=122508567}}</ref> Mutanen Mesopotamiya suna da sha'awar magani sosai, kuma farkon magungunan likita sun bayyana a Sumerian a lokacin Daular Uku ta Ur . <ref name="McIntosh2005" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Biggs |first=R. D. |year=2005 |title=Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume=19 |pages=7–18}}</ref> Da alama sun yi nazarin fannonin kimiyya waɗanda ke da aikace-aikace na aiki ko na addini kuma ba su da sha'awar gamsar da sha'awa. <ref name="McIntosh2005" /> === Tsoffin tarihi === [[File:MANNapoli_124545_plato's_academy_mosaic.jpg|alt=Framed mosaic of philosophers gathering around and conversing|thumb| Mosaic na Kwalejin Plato, wanda aka yi tsakanin 100&nbsp;BC da 79&nbsp;CE, yana nuna masana falsafa da masana Girka da yawa.]] A zamanin d ̄ a, babu ainihin kwatankwacin masanin kimiyya na zamani. Maimakon haka, masu ilimi sosai, yawanci manyan ɗalibai, kuma kusan maza na duniya suna yin bincike daban-daban game da yanayi a duk lokacin da za su iya samun lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> Kafin kirkirar ko gano manufar ''phusis'' ko ra'ayi ta hanyar masana falsafa na pre-Socratic, ana amfani da kalmomi iri ɗaya don bayyana "hanyar" ta halitta inda shuka ke girma, da kuma "hanyar' wanda, alal misali, wata kabila tana bauta wa wani allah. Saboda wannan dalili, an yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan maza ne masana falsafa na farko a cikin tsananin ma'ana kuma na farko da ya rarrabe "al'ada" da "taron". [[Falsafar Girka ta Da|Masana falsafa na Girka]] na farko na makarantar Milesian, wanda [[Thales na Miletus]] ya kafa daga baya kuma magajinsa Anaximander da [[Anaximenes na Miletus|Anaximenes]] suka ci gaba da shi, su ne farkon waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin bayyana [[List of natural phenomena|abubuwan da suka faru na halitta]] ba tare da dogaro da abubuwan da suka shafi allahntaka ba . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Patricia O'Grady}}</ref> [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagoreans]] sun ƙirƙiro wata falsafar lissafi mai sarkakiya <ref name="Burkert1972">{{Cite book|last3=Walter Burkert}}</ref> {{Rp|467–468}}kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi. <ref name="Burkert1972" /> {{Rp|465}}Masanin falsafar Girka Leucippus da ɗalibinsa [[Democritus]] ne suka ƙirƙiro ka'idar atoms . <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Claire}}</ref> Daga baya, Epicurus zai haɓaka cikakken ilimin halittar halitta bisa ga atomism, kuma zai rungumi "canon" (mai mulki, mizani) wanda ya kafa ka'idoji na zahiri ko ƙa'idodin gaskiyar kimiyya. Likitan Girka Hippocrates ya kafa al'adar kimiyyar likitanci mai tsari <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Steven}}</ref> kuma an san shi da " Uban Magunguna ". Wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a tarihin kimiyyar falsafa ta farko shi ne misalin [[Socrates]] na amfani da falsafa wajen nazarin al'amuran ɗan adam, ciki har da yanayin ɗan adam, yanayin al'ummomin siyasa, da kuma ilimin ɗan adam da kansa. Hanyar Socratic kamar yadda tattaunawar [[Plato]] ta rubuta ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen kawar da hasashe: ana samun ingantattun hasashe ta hanyar gano da kuma kawar da waɗanda ke haifar da sabani a hankali. Hanyar Socratic tana neman gaskiyar da aka saba da ita wadda ke tsara imani kuma tana bincika su don tabbatar da daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Apology |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=1 November 2017 |page=17}}</ref> Socrates ya soki tsohuwar nau'in nazarin kimiyyar lissafi a matsayin abin zato kawai kuma ba shi da sukar kai . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Apology |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=1 November 2017 |page=27}}</ref> A ƙarni na 4&nbsp;Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (K.S), [[Aristotle]] ya ƙirƙiri wani shiri mai tsari na falsafar sadarwa ta zamani . A ƙarni na 3&nbsp;Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (K.S), masanin ilmin taurari na Girka Aristarchus na Samos shi ne farkon wanda ya gabatar da samfurin sararin samaniya mai tsayin daka, tare da Rana a tsakiya kuma dukkan duniyoyi suna kewaye da ita. An yi watsi da tsarin Aristarchus sosai saboda an yi imanin cewa ya karya dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, <ref name="McClellan2015" /> yayin da aka karɓi samfurin Ptolemy's ''Almagest'', wanda ya ƙunshi bayanin yanayin ƙasa na [[Tsarin hasken rana|Tsarin Rana]], ta hanyar farkon Renaissance. Mai ƙirƙira kuma masanin lissafi [[Arkimidus|Archimedes na Syracuse]] ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga farkon [[Calculus|lissafin lissafi]] . [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] marubuci ne na Roma kuma masanin lissafi wanda ya rubuta babban littafin ''tarihin halitta'' . Alamar matsayi don wakiltar lambobi wataƙila ta bayyana tsakanin ƙarni na 3 da 5&nbsp;CE a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Indiya. Wannan tsarin lambobi ya sa ayyukan lissafi masu inganci su fi sauƙin samu kuma daga ƙarshe sun zama mizani ga lissafi a duk duniya. === Tsakiyar Zamani === [[File:ViennaDioscoridesEndpaperPeacock.jpg|alt=Picture of a peacock on very old paper|thumb| Shafin farko na Vienna Dioscurides yana nuna wani tsuntsu mai suna dawisu, wanda aka yi a ƙarni na 6.]] Saboda rugujewar Daular Roma ta Yamma, ƙarni na 5 ya ga raguwar ilimi, tare da lalacewar ilimin fahimtar Girkawa na gargajiya game da duniya a Yammacin Turai. {{Rp|page=194}}Masana kimiyyar Latin na lokacin kamar Isidore na Seville sun kiyaye mafi yawan ilimin da aka sani na da. Sabanin haka, saboda [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta yi tsayayya da hare-haren mamaya, sun sami damar kiyayewa da inganta ilimin da suka gabata. <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> {{Rp|page=159}}John Philoponus, wani malamin Byzantine a ƙarni na 6, ya fara yin tambaya game da koyarwar Aristotle game da kimiyyar lissafi, yana gabatar da ka'idar ƙarfafawa . <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 307, 311, 363, 402 Sukar da ya yi ta zama abin ƙarfafa gwiwa ga masana zamanin da da Galileo Galilei, waɗanda suka yi ta ambaton ayyukansa sosai bayan ƙarni goma. <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 307–308  A ƙarshen zamanin da da kuma farkon zamanin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, an fi yin nazari kan abubuwan da suka faru na halitta ta hanyar tsarin Aristotelian. Tsarin ya haɗa da dalilai guda huɗu na Aristotle: dalilai na zahiri, na zahiri, masu inganci, da kuma na ƙarshe. [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta kiyaye rubuce-rubucen gargajiya da yawa na Girka, kuma Kiristoci ne suka yi fassarar [[Larabci]], galibin su Nestorians da Miaphysites . A zamanin mulkin Abbasiyawa, masana kimiyyar Larabawa sun inganta waɗannan fassarorin Larabci daga baya kuma suka haɓaka su. : 62–67 A ƙarni na 6 da 7, [[Daular Sasanian]] da ke makwabtaka da ita ta kafa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Gondishapur, wadda likitocin Girka, Siriya, da Farisa suka ɗauke ta a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya mafi muhimmanci a duniyar da ta daɗe. Nazarin Musulunci game da Aristotelianism ya bunƙasa a Gidan Hikima da aka kafa a babban birnin Abbasid na [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]], Iraki kuma ya bunƙasa <ref>{{Cite book|last=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da Mongols suka mamaye a ƙarni na 13. [[Ibn al-Haytham]], wanda aka fi sani da Alhazen, ya yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa a cikin bincikensa na gani. {{Efn|Ibn al-Haytham's ''[[Book of Optics]]'' disputed Claudius Ptolemy's extramission theory of vision: "Hence, the extramission of [visual] rays is superfluous and useless". See A. Mark Smith's translation from the Latin,<ref name="Smith2001">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=A. Mark |title=Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's ''De Aspectibus'', the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'': Volume Two |title-link=De Aspectibus |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87169-914-5 |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=91, parts 4 & 5 |location=Philadelphia }}</ref> Book I, [6.54], pp. 372, 408.}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toomer |first=G. J. |year=1964 |title=Reviewed work: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik, Matthias Schramm |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=463–465 |doi=10.1086/349914 |jstor=228328}} See p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "only when the influence of Ibn al-Haytham and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Floris Cohen}}</ref> Tarin littattafan likitanci na [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] na ''The Canon of Medicine'', wani littafi mai suna Medical Encyclopedia, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafai mafi mahimmanci a fannin likitanci kuma an yi amfani da shi har zuwa ƙarni na 18. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Helaine Selin}}</ref> A ƙarni na 11, yawancin Turai sun zama Kiristoci, : 204 kuma a shekara ta 1088, Jami'ar Bologna ta fito a matsayin jami'a ta farko a Turai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Josiah C. |year=1959 |title=Gratian, Irnerius, and the Early Schools of Bologna |journal=[[The Mississippi Quarterly]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=168–188 |jstor=26473232 |quote=Perhaps even as early as 1088 (the date officially set for the founding of the University)}}</ref> Saboda haka, buƙatar fassarar tsoffin rubuce-rubucen kimiyya da na Latin ta ƙaru, <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 204 babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Renaissance na ƙarni na 12 . Ilimin boko na Renaissance a Yammacin Turai ya bunƙasa, inda aka yi gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar lura, bayyanawa, da rarraba batutuwa a cikin yanayi. A ƙarni na 13, malaman likitanci da ɗaliban Bologna sun fara buɗe jikin ɗan adam, wanda ya haifar da littafin farko na ilimin halittar jiki wanda ya dogara da rarrabawar ɗan adam ta Mondino de Luzzi . === Farfado da Zamanin Farfadowa === [[File:Printing_towns_incunabula.svg|alt=Map of Europe with dots marking cities where printing presses were established by the end of the fifteenth century|thumb| Yaɗuwar bugu tsakanin 1440 da 1500.]] Daga shagon buga littattafai guda ɗaya da ke [[Mainz]], Jamus a kusan shekara ta 1440, injin buga littattafai masu motsi ya bazu zuwa kusan birane 270 a Tsakiya, Yamma da Gabashin Turai kuma ya riga ya samar da littattafai sama da miliyan 20 a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15. <ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f.">Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). ''The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800''. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. ''Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo''. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. {{ISBN|978-968-16-3867-2}}. pp. 58f.</ref> Buga littattafai ya sa littattafan ilimi su fi sauƙin samu, wanda hakan ya ba masu bincike damar duba tsoffin rubuce-rubuce cikin 'yanci da kuma kwatanta abubuwan da suka lura da su da na sauran malamai. Bugawa ta kawo ƙarshen al'adar rubuce-rubuce ta Tsakiyar Zamani, inda gaskiya ba ta da yawa, kuma ta maye gurbinta da al'adar bugawa inda gaskiya mai inganci da rubuce-rubuce ta yaɗu cikin sauri kuma ta zama tushe mai aminci ga ilimin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=David Wootton (historian)}}</ref> A ƙarni na 16, [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] ya ƙirƙiro samfurin Tsarin Rana mai tsayin daka mai haske, inda Rana take kusa da tsakiyar duniya, <ref>"The man who had deposed the earth from its proud position as the centre of the universe and had recognized it to be merely one of the planets, had yet felt compelled to give it quite an exceptional position in his new system. Though he had said 'in the midst of all stand the sun,' he had in his planetary theories assumed the centre of all movements to be the centre of the earth's orbit, where the sun was not." Dreyer, J.L.E. ''A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler,'' (Dover Publications, 1953). p.343. {{ISBN|9780486600796}}</ref> ba ta motsi, tare da Duniya da sauran duniyoyi suna kewaye da ita a cikin motsi na zagaye, an gyara ta da ƙwanƙwasa-ƙwanƙwasa, kuma a cikin saurin daidai. Tsarin Copernican ya ƙalubalanci tsarin Ptolemy mai rinjaye, wanda ya sanya Duniya a tsakiyar sararin samaniya. Masana ilmin taurari na ƙarni na 16 sun yi imanin cewa kawar da daidaiton da Copernicus ya yi shine babban nasararsa, amma samfurinsa bai taɓa maye gurbin Ptolemy ba, wanda ya faɗi ƙasa bayan shekaru 70 bayan [[Galileo Galilei|binciken Galileo na 1610.]] === Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya === Abubuwan da [[Tycho Brahe]] ya lura da su a fannin ilmin taurari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da kuma abubuwan da [[Galileo Galilei]] ya [[Galileo Galilei|lura a farkon ƙarni na 17]] sun haɗu suka mayar da ilmin taurari ya zama kimiyyar zamani ta farko. Abubuwan da Galileo ya lura sun kawo ƙarshen shekaru dubu na tsarin ilmin taurari na kafin zamani, [ 95 ] yayin da [[Johannes Kepler]] ya yi amfani da bayanan Brahe don gano cewa duniyoyi suna da kewaya mai siffar elliptical, ba zagaye ba, kuma sun haɓaka dokokin motsi na duniyoyi . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gingerich |first=Owen |author-link=Owen Gingerich |date=2011 |title=The great Martian catastrophe and how Kepler fixed it |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-pdf/64/9/50/9881314/50_1_online.pdf |journal=Physics Today |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=50–54 |bibcode=2011PhT....64i..50G |doi=10.1063/PT.3.1259 |access-date=27 July 2023}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Saboda Kepler, an fara ganin abubuwan da suka faru a sararin samaniya a matsayin waɗanda dokokin zahiri ke tafiyar da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=Bernard |last2=Hon |first2=Giora |date=2005 |title=Kepler's Move from Orbs to Orbits: Documenting a Revolutionary Scientific Concept |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246602496 |journal=Perspectives on Science |volume=13 |pages=74–111 |doi=10.1162/1063614053714126 |s2cid=57559843}}</ref> "Sabon Kimiyya" wanda daga ƙarshe ya bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 ya karya sosai da falsafar halitta da ta gabace shi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Küskü |first=Elif Aslan |date=2022 |title=Examination of Scientific Revolution Medicine on the Human Body / Bilimsel Devrim Tıbbını İnsan Bedeni Üzerinden İncelemek |url=https://www.academia.edu/87500649 |url-status=live |journal=The Legends: Journal of European History Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112202215/https://www.academia.edu/87500649 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hendrix |first=Scott E. |year=2011 |title=Natural Philosophy or Science in Premodern Epistemic Regimes? The Case of the Astrology of Albert the Great and Galileo Galilei |url=http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/issue/view/10 |url-status=live |journal=Teorie Vědy / Theory of Science |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=111–132 |doi=10.46938/tv.2011.72 |s2cid=258069710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118024030/http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/issue/view/10 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |access-date=20 February 2012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ya rabu da ra'ayoyi da al'adun Girkawa na baya, ya fi ƙwarewa a fahimtar duniya kuma ya fi haɗewa da lissafi, <ref name="lindberg2007n" /> kuma ya damu da neman da fassara sabbin shaidu. <ref>Wootton, David. ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution'' (Penguin, 2015). p.136. {{ISBN|0-06-175952-X}}</ref> === Zamanin Wayewa === [[File:Newton's_Principia_title_page.png|thumb| Shafin taken bugu na farko na {{Lang|la|[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]}} na 1687 by Isaac Newton]] A farkon Zamanin Wayewa, Isaac Newton ya kafa harsashin makanikai na gargajiya tare da Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, yana tasiri sosai ga masana kimiyyar lissafi na gaba. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ya haɗa kalmomi daga kimiyyar lissafi ta Aristotelian, wanda yanzu ake amfani da shi ta wata sabuwar hanya wacce ba ta hanyar sadarwa ba. Wannan yana nuna canji a ra'ayin abubuwa: yanzu an ɗauki abubuwa a matsayin waɗanda ba su da wani buri na asali. Leibniz ya ɗauka cewa nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban duk suna aiki ne bisa ga dokokin yanayi iri ɗaya, ba tare da wani dalili na musamman ko na ƙarshe ba. A wannan lokacin, manufar kimiyya da darajarta da aka bayyana ta zama samar da wadata da kirkire-kirkire da za su inganta rayuwar ɗan adam, a ma'anar abin duniya na samun ƙarin abinci, tufafi, da sauran abubuwa. A cikin kalmomin Bacon, "manufar kimiyya ta gaskiya kuma halaltacciyar hanya is the endowment of human life with new inventions and riches ", kuma ya hana masana kimiyya bin ra'ayoyin falsafa ko na ruhaniya marasa taɓawa, waɗanda ya yi imanin cewa ba su da wani tasiri ga farin cikin ɗan adam fiye da "hasashe mai zurfi, mai ɗaukaka ko mai daɗi". A lokacin wayewar kai, [[Al'umma mai ilmantarwa|al'ummomin kimiyya]] da makarantu sun mamaye kimiyya, waɗanda suka maye gurbin jami'o'i a matsayin cibiyoyin bincike da ci gaban kimiyya. Al'umma da makarantu su ne ginshiƙan ci gaban sana'ar kimiyya. Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne yadda [[Shahararrun al'adu|aka yaɗa]] kimiyya a tsakanin al'ummar da ke ƙara karatu da rubutu. Masana falsafar wayewa sun juya ga wasu daga cikin magabatansu na kimiyya&nbsp;– [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]], Boyle, da Newton galibi&nbsp;– a matsayin jagora ga kowane fanni na zahiri da na zamantakewa na yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment (1500–1780) |url=https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheScientificRevolution.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114191547/https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheScientificRevolution.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> A ƙarni na 18, an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fannin likitanci da kimiyyar lissafi; ci gaban tsarin nazarin halittu na [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calisher |first=C. H. |author-link=Charles Calisher |year=2007 |title=Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet? |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=268–270 |pmc=2080517 |pmid=17436393}}</ref> sabuwar fahimtar maganadisu da wutar lantarki; da kuma balagar [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] a matsayin fanni. Ra'ayoyi kan yanayin ɗan adam, al'umma, da tattalin arziki sun samo asali ne a lokacin wayewar kai. Hume da sauran masu tunani game da wayewar Scotland sun ƙirƙiri Littafin ''A Treatise of Human Nature'', wanda marubuta suka bayyana a tarihi a cikin ayyukan da suka haɗa da James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar da William Robertson, waɗanda dukkansu suka haɗa wani bincike na kimiyya game da yadda mutane ke yin aiki a cikin al'adun gargajiya da na asali tare da fahimtar ƙarfin da ke tattare da zamani . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnusson |first=Magnus |date=10 November 2003 |title=Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: How Edinburgh Changed the World'' |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606015918/http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=27 April 2014 |website=New Statesman}}</ref> Ilimin zamantakewa na zamani ya samo asali ne daga wannan motsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swingewood |first=Alan |year=1970 |title=Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=164–180 |doi=10.2307/588406 |jstor=588406}}</ref> A shekarar 1776, [[Adam Smith]] ya buga littafin ''The Wealth of Nations'', wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin littafi na farko kan tattalin arzikin zamani. === ƙarni na 19 === [[File:Darwin_Tree_1837.png|alt=Sketch of a map with captions|thumb|The first diagram of an evolutionary tree made by [[Charles Darwin]] in 1837]] A ƙarni na 19, halaye daban-daban na kimiyyar zamani sun fara bayyana. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sauya yanayin rayuwa da kimiyyar zahiri; yawan amfani da kayan aikin da suka dace; fitowar kalmomi kamar "masanin halittu", "masanin kimiyyar lissafi", da "masanin kimiyya"; ƙaruwar ƙwarewa ga waɗanda ke nazarin yanayi; masana kimiyya suna samun ikon al'adu akan fannoni daban-daban na al'umma; haɓaka masana'antu na ƙasashe da yawa; bunƙasar rubuce-rubucen kimiyya masu shahara; da kuma fitowar mujallun kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya fito a matsayin fanni daban da falsafa lokacin da Wilhelm Wundt ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko don binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a 1879. A tsakiyar karni na 19, [[Charles Darwin]] da Alfred Russel Wallace da kansu sun gabatar da ka'idar juyin halitta ta hanyar Zaɓin halitta a 1858, wanda ya bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi daban-daban suka samo asali kuma suka samo asali. An tsara ka'idarsu dalla-dalla a cikin littafin Darwin On the Origin of Species, wanda aka buga a 1859. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Padian |first=Kevin |year=2008 |title=Darwin's enduring legacy |journal=Nature |volume=451 |issue=7179 |pages=632–634 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..632P |doi=10.1038/451632a |pmid=18256649 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A gefe guda, Gregor Mendel ya gabatar da takarda "Experiments on Plant Hybridisation" a cikin 1865, wanda ya tsara ka'idodin gadon halittu, yana aiki a matsayin tushen kwayoyin halitta na zamani. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Robin Marantz Henig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miko |first=Ilona |year=2008 |title=Gregor Mendel's principles of inheritance form the cornerstone of modern genetics. So just what are they? |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593/ |url-status=live |journal=Nature Education |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719224056/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, John Dalton ya gabatar da ka'idar atomic ta zamani, bisa ga ra'ayin Democritus na asali na ƙwayoyin da ba za a iya raba su ba da ake kira atoms . Dokokin kiyaye makamashi, kiyaye ƙarfin kuzari, da kuma kiyaye yawan jama'a sun nuna cewa akwai sararin samaniya mai ƙarfi inda ba za a iya samun ƙarancin asarar albarkatu ba. Duk da haka, tare da zuwan injin tururi da juyin juya halin masana'antu, an sami ƙarin fahimtar cewa ba duk nau'ikan makamashi suna da halaye iri ɗaya na makamashi ba, sauƙin canzawa zuwa aiki mai amfani ko zuwa wani nau'in makamashi. Wannan fahimta ta haifar da ci gaban dokokin thermodynamics, inda ake ganin kuzarin duniya kyauta yana raguwa koyaushe: entropy na sararin samaniya mai rufewa yana ƙaruwa akan lokaci. An kafa ka'idar lantarki a ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar ayyukan Hans Christian Ørsted, André-Marie Ampère, Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, Oliver Heaviside, da Heinrich Hertz . Sabuwar ka'idar ta haifar da tambayoyi waɗanda ba za a iya amsa su cikin sauƙi ta amfani da tsarin Newton ba. Gano hasken X-ray ya yi wahayi zuwa ga gano hasken rediyo ta hanyar Henri Becquerel da [[Marie Curie]] a shekarar 1896; Daga nan sai Marie Curie ta zama mutum na farko da ta lashe kyaututtukan Nobel guda biyu. <ref name="Estreicher1938">{{Cite book|last3=Tadeusz Estreicher}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa aka gano ƙwayar farko ta subatomic, wato electron . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomson |first=J. J. |year=1897 |title=Cathode Rays |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |volume=44 |issue=269 |pages=293–316 |bibcode=1897LEDPM..44..293T |doi=10.1080/14786449708621070}}</ref> === ƙarni na 20 === [[File:Carte_trou_ozone_Antarctique.jpg|alt=Graph showing lower ozone concentration at the South Pole|thumb| Jadawalin kwamfuta na [[Raguwar ozone|ramin ozone]] da aka yi a shekarar 1987 ta amfani da bayanai daga na'urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya]] A rabin farko na ƙarni, haɓaka magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da [[Taki|takin zamani]] ya inganta yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam a duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goyotte |first=Dolores |year=2017 |title=The Surgical Legacy of World War II. Part II: The age of antibiotics |url=https://www.ast.org/ceonline/articles/402/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Surgical Technologist |volume=109 |pages=257–264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505180530/https://www.ast.org/ceonline/articles/402/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erisman |first=Jan Willem |last2=Sutton |first2=M. A. |last3=Galloway |first3=J. |last4=Klimont |first4=Z. |last5=Winiwarter |first5=W. |date=October 2008 |title=How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world |url=http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=636–639 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..636E |doi=10.1038/ngeo325 |s2cid=94880859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223052/http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf |archive-date=23 July 2010 |access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref> [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Matsalolin muhalli]] masu illa kamar [[Raguwar ozone|raguwar iskar ozone]], [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|ƙara yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku]], [[Eutrophication|fitar da iskar oxygen]], da [[sauyin yanayi]] sun jawo hankalin jama'a kuma sun haifar da fara [[nazarin muhalli]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emmett |first=Robert |last2=Zelko |first2=Frank |year=2014 |title=Minding the Gap: Working Across Disciplines in Environmental Studies |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2014/2/minding-gap-working-across-disciplines-environmental-studies |journal=Environment & Society Portal |series=RCC Perspectives no. 2 |doi=10.5282/rcc/6313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121054306/https://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2014/2/minding-gap-working-across-disciplines-environmental-studies |archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Kimiyya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == nwjyit6dh35xrftcqiupgx9zt5dpf7s FK Kauno Žalgiris 0 41664 966747 794681 2026-10-12T10:05:21Z Makenzis 8913 /* Daraja */ 966747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Futbolo, klubas Kauno Žalgiris''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Kauno Žalgiris''', Kauno Žalgiris ko kuma kawai Žalgiris, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Kaunas]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Lithuania]]. An kafa kulob din a matsayin Spyris a cikin 2004. Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Dariaus ir Girėno stadionas]] da ke [[Kaunas]] wanda, ke da karfin 15,000. == Daraja == * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]''' ** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (1) : 2025 ** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (1) : 2022 * '''Kofin Lithuania''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026 ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : * '''Gasar Kofin''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026<ref>[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]</ref><ref>[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]</ref> ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : == Matsayin Lig == === FK Spyris === ;FK Spyris (''Futbolo klubas Spyris'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2013''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2014''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga</ref> | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2015]]''' |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2015|2015]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga</ref> |- |} === FK Kauno Žalgiris === ;FK Kauno Žalgiris (''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2016|2016]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2017|2017]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2018|2018]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#FFDD00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Diddigin bayanai == <references /> == Sauran yanar gizo == * [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Tashar yanar gizo] * [https://www.facebook.com/fkkaunozalgiris?locale=lt_LT Facebook] * [https://us.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ SOCCERWAY] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-kauno-zalgiris/startseite/verein/40090 Transfermarkt] * [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris FK Kauno Žalgiris: toplyga.lt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2f9uc81ymbobirdww8mi8obbpst7g1 Kwallon kafa a Guinea-Bissau 0 43527 966249 250457 2026-10-11T16:15:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343971842|Football in Guinea-Bissau]]" 966249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Wasanni]] '''[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]]''' a kasar '''[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]]''' ne ke gudanar da shi ta hanyar Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Guinea-Bisau . Kungiyar tana gudanar da Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallaye ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau: FIFA Goal Programme |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=gnb/goalprogramme/newsid=521372.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917094654/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=gnb/goalprogramme/newsid=521372.html |archive-date=17 September 2007 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa) shine shahararren wasanni a ƙasar. Tun lokacin da mai ba da hanya na Portugal Nuno Tristão ya isa gabar teku a cikin 1446, amma a ƙarshe tun lokacin da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na Bissau a cikin 1753, ƙasar ta kasance mulkin mallaka ta Portugal, kuma ta zama mai zaman kanta a hukumance ne kawai a cikin 1975. Har zuwa yau, kwallon kafa a Guinea-Bissau saboda haka ana nuna shi ta hanyar asalin Portuguese da dangantaka, misali ta hanyar wasu ƙungiyoyi na kungiyoyin Portuguese Sporting CP da Benfica. Har ila yau, yawancin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Guinea-Bissau suna wasa a Portugal. == Kwallon ƙafa na cikin gida == Tun daga shekara ta 1975 FFGB ta shirya gasar zakarun kasa, Campeonato Nacional da Guiné-Bissau . Gwarzon rikodin, tare da lakabi 13 shine Sporting Clube de Bissau, wanda aka kafa a 1936 kuma na 89 na kungiyar Sporting Lisbon ta Portugal. A shekara ta 2014, taken ya tafi Nuno Tristão FC na farko daga Bula a yankin Cacheu. An buga kofin kasa na FFGB, Taça Nacional da Guiné-Bissau tun 1977. Wanda ya lashe gasar ta farko shi ne União Desportiva Internacional daga Bissau, wanda ya lashe kofin sau shida (kamar Disamba 2014). Kungiyar ta lashe gasar cin kofin, tare da Sport Bissau e Benfica, wani reshe na kulob din Benfica Lisbon na Portugal. A shekara ta 2014 ya lashe gasar Futebol Clube de Canchungo ta biyu daga Canchungo da mamaki. A cikin Supertaça mai zuwa, Supercup da zakarun Nuno Tristão FC, an ci kulob din a ranar 27 ga Disamba 2014 kawai a kan penalties tare da 2: 3. Ya zuwa yanzu, babu wata kungiya daga Guinea Bissau don CAF Champions League ko CAF Confederation Cup da za ta iya cancanta. == Tsarin ƙungiyar == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Matsayi ! colspan="12" |League (s) /Division (s) |- |1 | colspan="12" |'''Rukunin Farko'''<br />''Kungiyoyi 10'' |- style="background:#c8c8c8" | style="width:4%;" | | colspan="9" style="width:96%;" |↓↑ Kungiyoyi 2 |- |2 | colspan="12" |'''Sashe na Biyu'''<br />''Kungiyoyi 12 da aka raba cikin jerin 2 na 6'' |- style="background:#c8c8c8" | style="width:4%;" | | colspan="9" style="width:96%;" |↓↑ Kungiyoyi 2 |- |3 | colspan="12" |'''Sashe na Uku'''<br />''Kungiyoyi 14 da aka raba cikin jerin 2 na 7'' |} 7un4ls1bhz1mcdxkthw21kbt616cjfr Iyiola Omisore 0 46240 966704 518971 2026-10-12T02:32:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Iyiola-Omisore.png|thumb|Hutun Iyiola Omisore]] '''Iyiola Ajani Omisore,''' (an haifeshi a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1957) ɗan kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, injiniya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi mataimakin gwamnan [[Osun|jihar Osun]] daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa 2003. Bayan haka, ya zama ɗan [[Wakilan Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya daga Osun|majalisar dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar Osun ta Gabas]] daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2011. Shi ne sakataren jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] na ƙasa a yanzu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi '''Iyiola Omisore''' a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1957, a cikin gidan sarautar [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]], inda kuma ya girma. Shi dan Oba David Olajide Omisore ne kuma jikan Lowa Ajani Anibijuwon Omisore, duka tsatson Olode, Ayepe ne. Iyiola kuma jikan Marigayi Olufewara Kabiyesi Oba Titus Adetoba na gidan sarautar Oseganduku a Ifewara inda mahaifiyarsa, Gimbiya Emila Adejola ta yi sarauta a matsayin Regent har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-30 |title=Personality of the week: Iyiola Omisore |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/personality-of-the-week-iyiola-omisore/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2006 ne aka naɗa mahaifinsa sarauta a matsayin, Olu na garin Olode na farko a karamar hukumar Ife ta Kudu a jihar Osun a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=15796 |title=Omisore crowned as Olu of Awolowo town |publisher=Nigerians in America |access-date=5 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919065819/http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=15796 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == [[Fayil:Campaign Poster.jpg|thumb|Iyiola Omisore]] Ya yi karatun firamari a makarantar; SS Peter and Paul Roman Catholic School, da ke Ile-Ife sannan ya yi sakandari a St. John Grammar School Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun, Najeriya daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1977. Daga nan ya halarci Federal Polytechnic Owo da ke jihar Ondo a Najeriya. Daga nan ya zauna jarabawar (Full Technological Certificate Examinations) a [[Technology College, Reading UK|Kwalejin Fasaha, Reading UK]], kuma yaci jarabawar, har-wayau ya sami satifiket na shaidar difloma a fannin, Electrical/Electronics Engineering. '''Omisore''' yana da digiri na injiniya ƙwara biyu da satifiket na shaidar digiri na biyu-(Master's) daga Jami'ar Brunel Uxbridge, da kuma digiri na uku-(PhD) a fannin Kudi na Infrastructure daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Duniya, Paris, Faransa. A halin yanzu yana gudanar da shirinsa na DBA a wannan cibiyar. Abokin Cibiyar Injiniyan Injiniya, Ingila da Wales, ya yi kwasa-kwasai da dama a manyan manyan cibiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da Jami'ar Georgetown, Washington DC, Amurka; Kwalejin ABS, Athens, Girka; Jami'ar Carolina; Kwalejin Yammacin London ; Jami'ar Harvard da Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklungg GmbH, Jamus. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2013, ya kammala kuma an ba shi Digiri na Doctorate daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Duniya a [[Faris|Paris]] . == Kasuwanci == Ya fara rayuwarsa ta farko ta ƙwararrun a shekara ta 1983 tare da Drake da Gordham yayin da yake zaune a Burtaniya, yana cigaba da samun manyan muƙamai na gudanarwa. Bayan shekaru biyu, (division, Drake and Scull (Nig) Ltd) ya dawo da shi Najeriya inda ya kara baje basirar gudanar da ayyuka. Daga baya ya kafa nasa kamfanonin injiniya; Mechelec Consultants –an Engineering Consultancy outfit and Chrisore Eng Ltd - kamfanin Injiniyan Lantarki. Yayin da kamfanin, Drake da Scull Nig. Ltd, ya kula da aikin gina filayen saukar jiragen sama 19 da suka haɗa da sansanin sojojin sama na Makurdi da sauran ayyuka kamar su Sokoto da Makurdi Rice Mills, Taraku Oil Mills, Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Sokoto, Onitsha Flour Mills, Ginin Bankin Arewa (A yanzu Unity Bank). Bankin Duniya Ya Taimakawa Jihohin Plateau, Benue da Nasarawa Lafiya da Aikin Lantarki na Karkara na Imiringi a Jihar Bayelsa. ==Fagen siyasa == === Mataimakin Gwamna === [[File:NigeriaOsun.png|right|thumb|200x200px| [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]]]] Omisore ya taɓa zama mataimakin gwamnan jihar Osun daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2003 a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Adebisi Akande]]. === Majalisar Dattawa === Ko da yake ana ci gaba da shari’a, an zaɓe shi a majalisar dattawa don wakiltar mazaɓar Osun ta gabas, a watan Afrilun a shekara ta 2003 ya yi hidima wa jam’iyyar PDP kuma ya yi aiki har wa'adin sa ya kare a shekara ta 2007. An sake zaɓen shi a shekara ta 2007 kuma an naɗa shi kwamitocin harkokin 'yan sanda, gidaje, al'adu da yawon buɗe ido, sufurin jiragen sama da kuma rabon kayayyaki. A cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2008, an naɗa shi mamba a kwamitin haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa kan sake duba kundin tsarin mulki (JCCR).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ijebustate.com/news-and-event/5-senate-names-constitution-amendment-committee-members-9th-may-2008 |title=Senate Names Constitution Amendment Committee Members |publisher=This day |date=9 May 2008 |access-date=5 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234452/http://www.ijebustate.com/news-and-event/5-senate-names-constitution-amendment-committee-members-9th-may-2008 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Oktoban a shekara ta 2008, Omisore yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Najeriya a zauren majalisar shawara ta 5 a Santo Domingo, Jamhuriyar Dominican.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pgaction.org/uploadedfiles/DR%20List%20of%20Participants.pdf |title=5th Consultative Assembly of Parliamentarians |publisher=Parliamentarians for Global Action |date=31 October 2008 |access-date=6 November 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716212235/http://www.pgaction.org/uploadedfiles/DR%20List%20of%20Participants.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Takarar Gwamna == Ya tsaya takarar gwamnan [[Osun|jihar Osun]] a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam’iyyar]] PDP, kuma ya sha kaye a zaɓen gwamnan a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014 a hannun [[Rauf Aregbesola]] wanda shi ne gwamna mai ci.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/inecs-final-result-2014-osun-governorship-election/|title= inecs final result 2014 osun governorship election |website= vanguardngr.com }}</ref> Ya tsaya takarar gwamna a dandalin jam’iyyar SDP a zaben gwamnan jihar Osun a shekara ta 2018 inda ya zo na uku a bayan Sanata Ademola Adeleke na jam’iyyar PDP sannan kuma Alhaji Gboyega Oyetola ya na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress. (APC) ya lashe zaɓen.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/273483-osun-2018-i-will-win-governorship-election-if-omisore.html|title= I will win governorship election- Omisore |website= premiumtimesng.com }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da nasarori == An ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugabancin Kungiyar Injiniyoyi (NSE) don Tallafawa da Gudunmawa ga Ci gaban Al'umma a shekara ta 2007. Hakanan, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Firayim Minista don Babban Gudunmawa ga Ci gaban Sana'ar Injiniya da Al'umma lokacin da NSE ke bikin Jubilee na Zinare a cikin shekara ta 2008. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] 1lv9g71mwzu14a9agl7fh2r3fgeukw0 Haute-Saône 0 47784 966576 339743 2026-10-11T17:30:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haute-Saône''' ( Furuci a Faransanci: [na soːn] ( ; Arpitan : ''Hiôta-Sona'' ; Turanci: '''Upper Saône''' ) sashe ne a yankin Bourgogne-Franche-Comté daga arewa maso gabashin Faransa. An sanya mata suna bayan kogin Saône, akwai mutum 235,313 a cikin 2019 da ke rayuwa a cikinta. <ref name="pop2019">[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep70.pdf Populations légales 2019: 70 Haute-Saône], INSEE</ref> Lardin sa shine [[Vesoul]]; Babban yankinsa shine Lure. == Tarihi == An kirkiro sashen ne a farkon shekarun juyin juya halin Faransa ta hanyar aiwatar da wata doka da ta samo asali a ranar 22 ga watan Disamban 1789, daga wani yanki na tsohon lardin Franche-Comté . Iyakokin sabon sashen sun yi daidai da na tsohon garin [[:fr:Bailliage d'Amont|Bailiwick of Amont]]. Har ila yau, ana alakanta sashen da yakin Franco-Prussian tare da yakin Héricourt, da Villersexel sannan kuma kusancinta da Siege na Belfort. Sashen yana maraba da Alsatians da ke gujewa hadewar Alsace-Lorraine. Sashen yana da mahimmanci wajen hakar ma'adinai ga masana'antu da suka wuce (kwal, gishiri, baƙin ƙarfe, ma'adinan gubar-azurfa-jan karfe, shale na bituminous, kayan rubutu, kadi, saƙa, ƙirƙira, masana'anta, tileries, masana'antar inji). == Labarin kasa == Haute-Saône wani bangare ne na yankin Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, kuma ta kasu zuwa yankunan arrondissements guda 2 da kuma kantuna 17. Sassan dake maƙwabta da su sune Cote-d'Or daga yamma, Haute-Marne daga arewa maso yamma, Vosges daga arewa, Territoire de Belfort daga gabas, Doubs daga kudu da gabas da kuma Jura daga kudu. Za a iya gabatar da sashen a matsayin yanki na rikon kwarya da ke tsakanin sassan gabashin Faransa da dama da kuma yankin da ake kira Blue Banana, yankin da ake kwantata da ita a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta fuskar ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi. == Tattalin Arziki == Sashen ya kasance gabaki dayansa kauye ne, duk da cewa yankin ya kasance kan gaba wajen bunkasa masana'antu a karni na sha takwas. Al'adar masana'antu sun dawwama, amma kasuwancin masana'antu sun ƙaranta. A cikin 2006 an ayyana aiki a bangaren tattalin arziki kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreste Franche Comté : Agriculture |url=http://agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/D7007C01.pdf |access-date=2023-04-27 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231634/http://agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/D7007C01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> : * Ma'aikatan noma 4,919 : * ma'aikata gini 4,504 : * Ma’aikata a bangaren masana'antu 18,747 :* Ma’aikata a sashin hidimomi 44,865 == Alkaluma == {{Historical populations|1801|291579|1821|308171|1831|338910|1841|347627|1851|347469|1861|317183|1872|303088|1881|295905|1891|280856|1901|266605|1911|257606|1921|228348|1931|219257|1936|212829|1946|202573|1954|209303|1962|208440|1968|214176|1975|222254|1982|231962|1990|229650|1999|229732|2006|235867|2011|239695|2016|237242}}Dangane da yawancin sassan karkara a Faransa, Haute-Saône ta sami raguwar yawan jama'a, daga kusan 350,000 a tsakiyar karni na sha tara zuwa kusan 200,000 a gabanin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], yayin da mutane suka yi ƙaura zuwa sabbin cibiyoyin masana'antu., sau da yawa a wajen Manyana Biranen Faransa . =Wuraren bude idanu = <gallery mode="packed"> File:RonchampCorbu.jpg|[[Notre-Dame du Haut]] by [[Le Corbusier]] (UNESCO) File:Oricourt haute-cour.jpg|[[Château d'Oricourt]] File:Pesmes, le château vu depuis l'île de la sauvageonne.jpg|[[Pesmes]] File:Planche des Belles Filles 07.JPG|[[La Planche des Belles Filles]] ([[Tour de France]]) File:2020-05 - Étangs de Servance - 01.jpg|Landscape of [[Plateau des Mille Étangs]] </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Gundumar Burgundy - Tarihi * Franche-Comté * Cantons na sashen Haute-Saône * Ƙungiyoyin sashen Haute-Saône * Mazaunan sashen Haute-Saône * Harshen Arpitan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{In lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20230505174913/https://www.haute-saone.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] * {{In lang|fr}} [https://www.haute-saone.fr/ Departmental Council website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507235152/https://www.haute-saone.fr/ |date=2019-05-07 }} Archived 2019-05-07 at the Wayback Machine * {{In lang|fr}} [http://www.destination70.com/ Tourism website] {{Departments of France}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 4kcwjdh7l6i6mcjqc5chein3nrvzifd Injaka Dam 0 48177 966697 507980 2026-10-12T01:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Im Goldland des altertums; forschungen zwischen Zambesi und Sabi (IA imgoldlanddesalt00pete).pdf|thumb|littafin '''Injaka Dam''']] {{databox}} '''Injaka Dam''', wanda kuma aka rubuta '''Inyaka Dam,''' wani dam ne mai cike da ƙasa da ke kan [[Ngwaritsane River|kogin Ngwaritsane]], kusa da Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekarar 2001 kuma babban manufarsa shi ne adana ruwa don amfanin ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayin babban al'amari na uku (3). == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa 4sk0b24zyqxxcgmtxs78eu3v865vqp4 Impofu Dam 0 48182 966695 502171 2026-10-12T00:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ISS059-E-67838 - View of South Africa.jpg|thumb|hoton yanda south africa yake]] '''Dam ɗin Impofu,''' wani dam ne mai haɗe da dutse mai cike da duniya wanda ke kan kogin Kromme, kusa da Humansdorp, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1983 kuma babban manufarsa shi ne yin aiki don amfanin birni da masana'antu. Hatsarin da ke tattare da gina madatsar ruwan ya kasance a matsayi babba na uku (3). == Wuri == Dam ɗin, tare da masana'antar tsarkake ruwa ta Elandsjagt, ta ta'allaka ne kawai daga kogin Kromme Dam . Dukkan hanyoyin N2 da R102 sun ratsa yammacin yankin dam. Hanyar zuwa bangon dam kanta bai dace da zirga-zirgar fasinjoji ba. == Tarihi == An gina dam ɗin ne daga shekarar 1972 zuwa ta 1982. A cikin watan Yulin 1983, dam ɗin ya doke duk abin da ake tsammani ta cika cikin kwanaki uku. == Girma == Tafkin yana da tsayi, ƙunƙuntar, kuma mai zurfi, tare da ƙofofi da yawa. Matsakaicin iya aiki miliyan 107 m³ kuma ruwan shi ne 6&nbsp;<sup>km2</sup>, 25&nbsp;km tsawo, kuma 65&nbsp;km a kewaye. Tsayin bangon ya kai mita 75 kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita 800. == Amfani == Babban tushen ruwan sha na Fatakwal Elizabeth, dam ɗin yana kuma hana ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye gonaki da gidaje a kusa da bakin kogi. Tafkin yana da farin jini tare da masu kama kifi kamar yadda aka ba da nau'in kifi guda 5 da aka samu a wurin. Ana samun hanyar zamewa ga masu jirgin ruwa. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Logie, Bartle (1999). ''Tafiyar Gwamna.'' ''Tafiya tare da bakin tekun Kouga/Tsitsikamma'' . Mafarauta Retreat: Bluecliff.  * [[krommerivier.wordpress.com]] * [http://www.bassfishing.co.za www.bassfishing.co.za] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa 41cu4xs343zipcju9csovpopkcgg0wd Sandra Blow 0 50152 966542 263489 2026-10-11T17:09:30Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* A Rayuwar farko */ 966542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sandra Betty Blow''' RA (sha hudu ga Satumba shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da Ashirin da biyar ga Ashirin da biyu ga Agusta a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida) ta kasance mai zanen zance na Ingilishi kuma ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na ƙungiyar Abstract na Burtaniya na shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da hamsin. Ayyukan Blow suna da sikeli manya-manyan sikeli, launuka masu launi waɗanda aka yi daga kayan da aka jefar. ==Farkon rayuwa== An haife ta a Landan, tana fama da zazzabi mai ja tun tana yarinya, tana yin hutun karshen mako da hutu a gonar kakaninta da ke Kent. A can ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo tana yin zane, kafin ta shiga makarantar fasaha ta Saint Martin tsakanin shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da arba'in da daya zowa shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da arba'in da shida, sannan kuma Royal Academy Schools, shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tarada arba'in da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da arba'in da bakwai. Daga baya ta yi rajista a Accademia di Belle Arti a Rome, inda ta sadu da Alberto Burri, abokin aikinta na 'yan shekaru. <ref name="MMcNay" /> Blow da Burri sun yi tafiya tare a Italiya tare kafin su koma aiki a Paris, kuma Burri ya zama tasiri mai tsawo a cikin aikinta. == A Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sandra Betty Blow a ranar sha hudu ga Satumba shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da Ashirin da biyar a Newington, London. Ta fito daga dangin Yahudawa; mahaifinta, Yakubu, wanda ya kasance mai sayar da 'ya'yan itace, kuma mahaifiyarta tana da 'ya'ya uku, Sandra ita ce ta biyu. A lokacin kuruciyarta, Blow ta shafe karshen mako da hutu a Kent a gonar 'ya'yan itacen kakaninta. A cikin a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da talatin da hudu, Blow ta sha wahala tare da zazzaɓi mai ja, sannan kuma zazzabin rheumatic ya biyo baya, wanda zuciyarta ba ta warke sosai ba. Bayan ya halarci makarantar firamare ta gida, Blow ya sami ilimi a makarantar mata masu zaman kansu. A lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha hudu, an kwashe Blow tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta biyu zuwa Paddock Wood a Kent, kusa da gonar 'ya'yan itacen kakaninta, inda ta shafe lokacinta na karatu, zane da zane. Bayan barin makaranta a 14, Blow ta yi rajista a Makarantar Art na Saint Martin a 1941, inda ta yi karatu har zuwa 1946 a karkashin malamai ciki har da Ruskin Spear . A wannan lokacin ta shiga cikin yanayin zamantakewar masu fasaha, tare da saduwa da mutane irin su Lucian Freud, John Minton da Francis Bacon . Ta yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Shekaran 1947 a makarantun Royal Academy, amma ta ga koyarwar ba ta da kyau, don haka a maimakon haka ta tafi Italiya don nazarin fasahar gargajiya. A can Nicolas Carone ya yi mata wahayi don yin rajista a Accademia di Belle Arti a Rome. A can ta sadu da Alberto Burri, wanda ta fara dangantaka da za ta yi tasiri ga aikinta har tsawon rayuwarta kuma sun yi tafiya tare a Italiya a lokacin 1948. Bayan Italiya, Blow ta yi tafiya a Spain da Faransa kuma ita da Burri sun yi aiki tare a Paris a lokacin 1949, amma gano tasirin Burri ya yi yawa, Blow ya koma Birtaniya a 1950 don neman aikinta ba tare da tasirinsa ba. Ma'auratan za su ƙirƙira ayyuka don mayar da martani ga juna a cikin 1950s da 60s yayin da Burri ya tashi zuwa karramawar duniya. Blow ta fuskanci ƙalubalen ba wai kawai ta kafa kanta a matsayin mace mai fasaha ba a cikin shekarun 1950 amma har ma a matsayin mai zane-zane. Siyar da farko ta kowane ɗayan ayyukanta shine Roland Penrose, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, wanda ya tabbatar da zama muhimmin lokaci a cikin aikinta. Nasarar Blow ta ƙara canzawa lokacin da babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London, Gimpel Fils, ta fara wakiltar aikinta daga 1951. A karkashin Gimpel Fils, Blow tana da nune-nunen nune-nunen na yau da kullun kuma ta tabbatar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na solo a New York. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya wakilci masu fasahar St Ives, gami da Barbara Hepworth, wanda ya fara haɗin rayuwar Blow tare da garin bakin teku na Burtaniya. A cikin 1957, Blow ta koma St Ives na shekara guda kuma zai dawo can bayan shekaru don ya rayu na dindindin. <ref name="CCA" /> A cikin 1961, Blow ta fara koyar da zane-zane a Royal College of Art, inda ta kasance har zuwa 1975 kuma ta sami matsayi a matsayin abokiyar girmamawa, yayin da kuma ta yi zane a ɗakinta a Chelsea, London . An zabe ta zuwa Royal Academy a 1978. <ref name="WMSchwab" /> == Aikin fasaha == [[File:Blow,_Space_and_Matter.jpg|thumb|250x250px| ''Space and Matter'', 1959, Tate Gallery . Yawanci na aikin Blow, yin amfani da tasirin haɗin gwiwa tare da kayan da ba na al'ada ba kamar suminti na ruwa, chaff da gawayi. ]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2006]] svbrgo1i1i8d7n01wun358scrvnpu4f 966544 966542 2026-10-11T17:09:55Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Aikin fasaha */ 966544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sandra Betty Blow''' RA (sha hudu ga Satumba shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da Ashirin da biyar ga Ashirin da biyu ga Agusta a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida) ta kasance mai zanen zance na Ingilishi kuma ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na ƙungiyar Abstract na Burtaniya na shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da hamsin. Ayyukan Blow suna da sikeli manya-manyan sikeli, launuka masu launi waɗanda aka yi daga kayan da aka jefar. ==Farkon rayuwa== An haife ta a Landan, tana fama da zazzabi mai ja tun tana yarinya, tana yin hutun karshen mako da hutu a gonar kakaninta da ke Kent. A can ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo tana yin zane, kafin ta shiga makarantar fasaha ta Saint Martin tsakanin shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da arba'in da daya zowa shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da arba'in da shida, sannan kuma Royal Academy Schools, shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tarada arba'in da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da arba'in da bakwai. Daga baya ta yi rajista a Accademia di Belle Arti a Rome, inda ta sadu da Alberto Burri, abokin aikinta na 'yan shekaru. <ref name="MMcNay" /> Blow da Burri sun yi tafiya tare a Italiya tare kafin su koma aiki a Paris, kuma Burri ya zama tasiri mai tsawo a cikin aikinta. == A Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sandra Betty Blow a ranar sha hudu ga Satumba shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da Ashirin da biyar a Newington, London. Ta fito daga dangin Yahudawa; mahaifinta, Yakubu, wanda ya kasance mai sayar da 'ya'yan itace, kuma mahaifiyarta tana da 'ya'ya uku, Sandra ita ce ta biyu. A lokacin kuruciyarta, Blow ta shafe karshen mako da hutu a Kent a gonar 'ya'yan itacen kakaninta. A cikin a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da talatin da hudu, Blow ta sha wahala tare da zazzaɓi mai ja, sannan kuma zazzabin rheumatic ya biyo baya, wanda zuciyarta ba ta warke sosai ba. Bayan ya halarci makarantar firamare ta gida, Blow ya sami ilimi a makarantar mata masu zaman kansu. A lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha hudu, an kwashe Blow tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta biyu zuwa Paddock Wood a Kent, kusa da gonar 'ya'yan itacen kakaninta, inda ta shafe lokacinta na karatu, zane da zane. Bayan barin makaranta a 14, Blow ta yi rajista a Makarantar Art na Saint Martin a 1941, inda ta yi karatu har zuwa 1946 a karkashin malamai ciki har da Ruskin Spear . A wannan lokacin ta shiga cikin yanayin zamantakewar masu fasaha, tare da saduwa da mutane irin su Lucian Freud, John Minton da Francis Bacon . Ta yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Shekaran 1947 a makarantun Royal Academy, amma ta ga koyarwar ba ta da kyau, don haka a maimakon haka ta tafi Italiya don nazarin fasahar gargajiya. A can Nicolas Carone ya yi mata wahayi don yin rajista a Accademia di Belle Arti a Rome. A can ta sadu da Alberto Burri, wanda ta fara dangantaka da za ta yi tasiri ga aikinta har tsawon rayuwarta kuma sun yi tafiya tare a Italiya a lokacin 1948. Bayan Italiya, Blow ta yi tafiya a Spain da Faransa kuma ita da Burri sun yi aiki tare a Paris a lokacin 1949, amma gano tasirin Burri ya yi yawa, Blow ya koma Birtaniya a 1950 don neman aikinta ba tare da tasirinsa ba. Ma'auratan za su ƙirƙira ayyuka don mayar da martani ga juna a cikin 1950s da 60s yayin da Burri ya tashi zuwa karramawar duniya. Blow ta fuskanci ƙalubalen ba wai kawai ta kafa kanta a matsayin mace mai fasaha ba a cikin shekarun 1950 amma har ma a matsayin mai zane-zane. Siyar da farko ta kowane ɗayan ayyukanta shine Roland Penrose, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, wanda ya tabbatar da zama muhimmin lokaci a cikin aikinta. Nasarar Blow ta ƙara canzawa lokacin da babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London, Gimpel Fils, ta fara wakiltar aikinta daga 1951. A karkashin Gimpel Fils, Blow tana da nune-nunen nune-nunen na yau da kullun kuma ta tabbatar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na solo a New York. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya wakilci masu fasahar St Ives, gami da Barbara Hepworth, wanda ya fara haɗin rayuwar Blow tare da garin bakin teku na Burtaniya. A cikin 1957, Blow ta koma St Ives na shekara guda kuma zai dawo can bayan shekaru don ya rayu na dindindin. <ref name="CCA" /> A cikin Shekaran 1961, Blow ta fara koyar da zane-zane a Royal College of Art, inda ta kasance har zuwa 1975 kuma ta sami matsayi a matsayin abokiyar girmamawa, yayin da kuma ta yi zane a ɗakinta a Chelsea, London . An zabe ta zuwa Royal Academy a 1978. <ref name="WMSchwab" /> == Aikin fasaha == [[File:Blow,_Space_and_Matter.jpg|thumb|250x250px| ''Space and Matter'', 1959, Tate Gallery . Yawanci na aikin Blow, yin amfani da tasirin haɗin gwiwa tare da kayan da ba na al'ada ba kamar suminti na ruwa, chaff da gawayi. ]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2006]] ljz9wtwhql8sct2mkhawykjw0saaq31 Beatriz del Cueto 0 50664 966552 735789 2026-10-11T17:12:49Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Ayyuka */ 966552 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Beatriz del Cueto</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Beatriz del Cueto Lopez-Hidalgo</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1952 (shekara&nbsp;&#x2013; )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Havana]], Kuba</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Dan kasa | class="infobox-data category" | Cuban-Amurka |- class="infobox-data category" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sauran&nbsp;sunaye | class="infobox-data nickname" | Beatriz del Cueto de Pantel |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sana'a | class="infobox-data role" | tsare gine-gine |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Shekaru&nbsp;aiki | class="infobox-data" | 1984 - yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sanin&nbsp;domin | class="infobox-data" | Maido da Iglesia San José |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ma'aurata | class="infobox-data" | Agamemnon Pantel |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Beatriz del Cueto''' (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1952) ɗan ƙasar Cuban ɗan asalin ƙasar Kuba ne mai zanen gine-ginen ƙwararre kan kiyayewa da adana gine-gine. Mazauni na Puerto Rico tun 1960, del Cueto Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, kuma Henry Klumb Award wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a 2012. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Beatriz del Cueto López Hidalgo a shekara ta 1952 a [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] kuma ya koma Puerto Rico tare da danginta a 1960.Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar [[Florida]] a Gainesville tana kammala karatun a 1974. Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatunta a [[Preservation Institute of Nantucket|Cibiyar Tsare-Tsare ta Nantucket]],wacce ta kware a fannin adana tarihi da kiyaye gine-gine. A cikin 1976, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine tare da mai da hankali kan kiyayewa daga Jami'ar Florida sannan ta koma Puerto Rico. A cikin 1977, ta fara aiki da Henry Klumb kuma bayan shekaru uku ya bar ofishinsa don aiki a Ofishin Kula da Tarihi na Jiha. A cikin 1984, ta koma [[Rum|Roma]],Italiya kuma ta yi karatu tare da mijinta Agamemnon Pantel a Cibiyar Nazarin Kariya da Maido da Al'adu ta Duniya (ICCROM). Tsakanin 1984 da 1986 Cueto ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Architects na Puerto Rico, yana barin kafa aikin sirri a 1986. A cikin 1990, ta shiga tare da mijinta a cikin kamfanin Pantel del Cueto & Associates wanda ke mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe fahimtar gine-ginen gargajiya a yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]].Ayyukan kiyayewa sun sami karɓuwa a ciki da wajen Puerto Rico.Baya ga gudanar da aiki a San Juan, del Cueto ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Tsarin gine-gine a Jami'ar Polytechnic na Puerto Rico inda ta ba da darussa a cikin ka'idar kiyayewa da kuma nazarin kimiyya na kayan gini. A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka a Rome ta ba del Cueto lambar yabo ta Romekuma ta yi amfani da kyautar bincikenta don bincika kankare da amfani da tarihi a gine-gine. A cikin 2012 ta sami lambar yabo mafi mahimmancin gine-gine na Puerto Rico, lambar yabo ta Henry Klumb, saboda koyarwarta da gagarumar gudummawar da take bayarwa ga maidowa da adana abubuwan tarihi na tsibirin.<ref>[http://www.elnuevodia.com/estilosdevida/hogar/nota/premiosalaexcelencia-1402409/ "Premios a la excelencia: Colegio de Arquitectos entrega importantes reconocimientos a talentos locales"], ''El Nuevo Dia'', 8 December 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</ref> == Ayyuka == === Cape San Juan Light in Fajardo === [[File:Las_Cabezas_de_San_Juan_Lighthouse2.jpg|thumb| Cape San Juan Light]] Cikakken aikin ya ƙunshi maido da fitilun 15 na Puerto Rico,waɗanda ke cikin yanayi daban-daban na lalacewa. Da yake fifiko shine kiyaye gine-gine,matakin farko na Cueto shine nazarin tarihin fitilun. Gwamnatin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ce ta gina su a tsakanin Shekaran 1880 zuwa 1882 a cikin salon ginin gine-ginen gargajiya na Puerto Rican.An yi bangon da dutsen farar ƙasa,yashi da lemun tsami,tare da layuka a kwance na tubalin laka kuma suna da faffadan rufin katako na katako tare da rataye a layi uku. An yi amfani da rufin da ke wajen don isar da ruwa zuwa rijiyar don ruwan sha. Bayan Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka na 1898,fitilun sun zama mallakin Ma'aikatar Hasken Hasken Amurka,wanda daga baya zai zama wani ɓangare na Tsaron Tekun Amurka kuma sun kasance ana amfani da su har zuwa 1970s.Sun kasance a sarari kusan shekaru goma lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da aikin maidowa a 1988. Babban aikin gyaran hasken wuta na Del Cueto ya rufe Cape San Juan Light (Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan)a Fajardo, mafi tsufa na fitilun Puerto Rico.Dutsen bene mai hawa ɗaya,gidan mai gadin salon neoclassical yana haɗe da hasumiya ta siliki,<ref name="UNC" />wanda asalinsa yana da katako mai tsari na uku.Asalin iyakar mil 19 an faɗaɗa shi zuwa mil 25 yayin gyaran.Gyaran ya kuma hada da dawo da tsarin tashoshi da tsarin tattara ruwa na rijiyar,wanda a yanzu ake amfani da shi ba ruwan sha ba,sai dai don samar wa dakunan wanka da ruwa.Hasken hasken yana a cikin Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve kuma da zarar an mayar da shi an bude shi don yawon shakatawa.Wani yanki na gidan mai gadin an sanya shi azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao, <ref name="UNC" />wanda ke buƙatar kawo gine-ginen har zuwa lambobin wuta da aminci na yanzu. Ba a kammala aikin adanawa ba sai 1991. <ref name="lighthouses" /> === Iglesia San José === [[File:Iglesia_de_San_José_-_San_Juan,_Puerto_Riceo_-_DSC06878.JPG|thumb| Iglesia de San José]] Cocin San José(Iglesia de San José)wani tsari ne na ƙarni na goma sha shida, a cikin Old San Juan,Puerto Rico wanda aka rufe a 2002 saboda lalata tsarin kuma a cikin 2003,kamfanin Cueto ya fara kimanta lalacewar dukiya.<ref name="Pantel">{{Cite journal|url-status=6–18}}</ref>Batun nan da nan shine hana ci gaba da tabarbarewar rukunin yanar gizon kuma don taimakawa a wannan ƙoƙarin,an sanya shi cikin Jerin Kallon Abubuwan Tunawa na Duniya a 2004.A cikin lokacin tantancewa, Cueto yayi amfani da radar mai shiga ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin farkon irin wannan amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]. Fasahar tana ba da damar ƙima ba tare da gwaji mai ɓarna ba wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana ba da haske game da yanayin ƙasa wanda ƙila ba za a iya gani ba.Jerin binciken ya gudana cikin tsawon shekaru hudu yana gano gyare-gyare da yawa da gyare-gyare a cikin shekaru 478 na rayuwa na tsarin.<ref name="Pantel" />Da zarar an kammala aikin tantancewa,an fara kiyayewa da gyare-gyare<ref name="World Monument Fund" />wanda ba a kammala ba sai 2012. == Ayyuka == * Faro Las Cabezas de San Juan, Fajardo * Hedikwatar Kwalejin Architects Puerto Rico,Santurce * Gidan Gidan Gida na Amintaccen Tsaro na Puerto Rico,Old San Juan * Mafarin Tsofaffin 'Yan Mata, Miramar * Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico,Miramar * Tsohuwar Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi,wacce aka fi sani da Sashen Lafiya,Santurce * Hacienda La Esperanza, Manatí * Cocin San José,Old San Juan == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == *   * {{Cite journal|url-status=78–82}} *   *  {{Dead link|date=June 2019}} * {{Cite journal|url-status=36–37}} *   == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Mutanan Cuban]] [[Category:Masu tsarine gine gine]] [[Category:Maaza]] b2y7owun9qwqi6pwxx92d4ler5tul96 966555 966552 2026-10-11T17:13:14Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Iglesia San José */ 966555 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Beatriz del Cueto</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Beatriz del Cueto Lopez-Hidalgo</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1952 (shekara&nbsp;&#x2013; )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Havana]], Kuba</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Dan kasa | class="infobox-data category" | Cuban-Amurka |- class="infobox-data category" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sauran&nbsp;sunaye | class="infobox-data nickname" | Beatriz del Cueto de Pantel |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sana'a | class="infobox-data role" | tsare gine-gine |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Shekaru&nbsp;aiki | class="infobox-data" | 1984 - yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sanin&nbsp;domin | class="infobox-data" | Maido da Iglesia San José |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ma'aurata | class="infobox-data" | Agamemnon Pantel |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Beatriz del Cueto''' (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1952) ɗan ƙasar Cuban ɗan asalin ƙasar Kuba ne mai zanen gine-ginen ƙwararre kan kiyayewa da adana gine-gine. Mazauni na Puerto Rico tun 1960, del Cueto Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, kuma Henry Klumb Award wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a 2012. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Beatriz del Cueto López Hidalgo a shekara ta 1952 a [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] kuma ya koma Puerto Rico tare da danginta a 1960.Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar [[Florida]] a Gainesville tana kammala karatun a 1974. Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatunta a [[Preservation Institute of Nantucket|Cibiyar Tsare-Tsare ta Nantucket]],wacce ta kware a fannin adana tarihi da kiyaye gine-gine. A cikin 1976, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine tare da mai da hankali kan kiyayewa daga Jami'ar Florida sannan ta koma Puerto Rico. A cikin 1977, ta fara aiki da Henry Klumb kuma bayan shekaru uku ya bar ofishinsa don aiki a Ofishin Kula da Tarihi na Jiha. A cikin 1984, ta koma [[Rum|Roma]],Italiya kuma ta yi karatu tare da mijinta Agamemnon Pantel a Cibiyar Nazarin Kariya da Maido da Al'adu ta Duniya (ICCROM). Tsakanin 1984 da 1986 Cueto ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Architects na Puerto Rico, yana barin kafa aikin sirri a 1986. A cikin 1990, ta shiga tare da mijinta a cikin kamfanin Pantel del Cueto & Associates wanda ke mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe fahimtar gine-ginen gargajiya a yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]].Ayyukan kiyayewa sun sami karɓuwa a ciki da wajen Puerto Rico.Baya ga gudanar da aiki a San Juan, del Cueto ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Tsarin gine-gine a Jami'ar Polytechnic na Puerto Rico inda ta ba da darussa a cikin ka'idar kiyayewa da kuma nazarin kimiyya na kayan gini. A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka a Rome ta ba del Cueto lambar yabo ta Romekuma ta yi amfani da kyautar bincikenta don bincika kankare da amfani da tarihi a gine-gine. A cikin 2012 ta sami lambar yabo mafi mahimmancin gine-gine na Puerto Rico, lambar yabo ta Henry Klumb, saboda koyarwarta da gagarumar gudummawar da take bayarwa ga maidowa da adana abubuwan tarihi na tsibirin.<ref>[http://www.elnuevodia.com/estilosdevida/hogar/nota/premiosalaexcelencia-1402409/ "Premios a la excelencia: Colegio de Arquitectos entrega importantes reconocimientos a talentos locales"], ''El Nuevo Dia'', 8 December 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</ref> == Ayyuka == === Cape San Juan Light in Fajardo === [[File:Las_Cabezas_de_San_Juan_Lighthouse2.jpg|thumb| Cape San Juan Light]] Cikakken aikin ya ƙunshi maido da fitilun 15 na Puerto Rico,waɗanda ke cikin yanayi daban-daban na lalacewa. Da yake fifiko shine kiyaye gine-gine,matakin farko na Cueto shine nazarin tarihin fitilun. Gwamnatin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ce ta gina su a tsakanin Shekaran 1880 zuwa 1882 a cikin salon ginin gine-ginen gargajiya na Puerto Rican.An yi bangon da dutsen farar ƙasa,yashi da lemun tsami,tare da layuka a kwance na tubalin laka kuma suna da faffadan rufin katako na katako tare da rataye a layi uku. An yi amfani da rufin da ke wajen don isar da ruwa zuwa rijiyar don ruwan sha. Bayan Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka na 1898,fitilun sun zama mallakin Ma'aikatar Hasken Hasken Amurka,wanda daga baya zai zama wani ɓangare na Tsaron Tekun Amurka kuma sun kasance ana amfani da su har zuwa 1970s.Sun kasance a sarari kusan shekaru goma lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da aikin maidowa a 1988. Babban aikin gyaran hasken wuta na Del Cueto ya rufe Cape San Juan Light (Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan)a Fajardo, mafi tsufa na fitilun Puerto Rico.Dutsen bene mai hawa ɗaya,gidan mai gadin salon neoclassical yana haɗe da hasumiya ta siliki,<ref name="UNC" />wanda asalinsa yana da katako mai tsari na uku.Asalin iyakar mil 19 an faɗaɗa shi zuwa mil 25 yayin gyaran.Gyaran ya kuma hada da dawo da tsarin tashoshi da tsarin tattara ruwa na rijiyar,wanda a yanzu ake amfani da shi ba ruwan sha ba,sai dai don samar wa dakunan wanka da ruwa.Hasken hasken yana a cikin Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve kuma da zarar an mayar da shi an bude shi don yawon shakatawa.Wani yanki na gidan mai gadin an sanya shi azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao, <ref name="UNC" />wanda ke buƙatar kawo gine-ginen har zuwa lambobin wuta da aminci na yanzu. Ba a kammala aikin adanawa ba sai 1991. <ref name="lighthouses" /> === Iglesia San José === [[File:Iglesia_de_San_José_-_San_Juan,_Puerto_Riceo_-_DSC06878.JPG|thumb| Iglesia de San José]] Cocin San José(Iglesia de San José)wani tsari ne na ƙarni na goma sha shida, a cikin Old San Juan,Puerto Rico wanda aka rufe a 2002 saboda lalata tsarin kuma a cikin Shekaran 2003,kamfanin Cueto ya fara kimanta lalacewar dukiya.<ref name="Pantel">{{Cite journal|url-status=6–18}}</ref>Batun nan da nan shine hana ci gaba da tabarbarewar rukunin yanar gizon kuma don taimakawa a wannan ƙoƙarin,an sanya shi cikin Jerin Kallon Abubuwan Tunawa na Duniya a 2004.A cikin lokacin tantancewa, Cueto yayi amfani da radar mai shiga ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin farkon irin wannan amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]. Fasahar tana ba da damar ƙima ba tare da gwaji mai ɓarna ba wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana ba da haske game da yanayin ƙasa wanda ƙila ba za a iya gani ba.Jerin binciken ya gudana cikin tsawon shekaru hudu yana gano gyare-gyare da yawa da gyare-gyare a cikin shekaru 478 na rayuwa na tsarin.<ref name="Pantel" />Da zarar an kammala aikin tantancewa,an fara kiyayewa da gyare-gyare<ref name="World Monument Fund" />wanda ba a kammala ba sai 2012. == Ayyuka == * Faro Las Cabezas de San Juan, Fajardo * Hedikwatar Kwalejin Architects Puerto Rico,Santurce * Gidan Gidan Gida na Amintaccen Tsaro na Puerto Rico,Old San Juan * Mafarin Tsofaffin 'Yan Mata, Miramar * Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico,Miramar * Tsohuwar Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi,wacce aka fi sani da Sashen Lafiya,Santurce * Hacienda La Esperanza, Manatí * Cocin San José,Old San Juan == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == *   * {{Cite journal|url-status=78–82}} *   *  {{Dead link|date=June 2019}} * {{Cite journal|url-status=36–37}} *   == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Mutanan Cuban]] [[Category:Masu tsarine gine gine]] [[Category:Maaza]] 6nr4kw43ro6k6vltl3lted9839iaxkm 966557 966555 2026-10-11T17:13:48Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Iglesia San José */ 966557 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Beatriz del Cueto</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Beatriz del Cueto Lopez-Hidalgo</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1952 (shekara&nbsp;&#x2013; )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Havana]], Kuba</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Dan kasa | class="infobox-data category" | Cuban-Amurka |- class="infobox-data category" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sauran&nbsp;sunaye | class="infobox-data nickname" | Beatriz del Cueto de Pantel |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sana'a | class="infobox-data role" | tsare gine-gine |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Shekaru&nbsp;aiki | class="infobox-data" | 1984 - yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sanin&nbsp;domin | class="infobox-data" | Maido da Iglesia San José |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ma'aurata | class="infobox-data" | Agamemnon Pantel |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Beatriz del Cueto''' (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1952) ɗan ƙasar Cuban ɗan asalin ƙasar Kuba ne mai zanen gine-ginen ƙwararre kan kiyayewa da adana gine-gine. Mazauni na Puerto Rico tun 1960, del Cueto Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, kuma Henry Klumb Award wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a 2012. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Beatriz del Cueto López Hidalgo a shekara ta 1952 a [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] kuma ya koma Puerto Rico tare da danginta a 1960.Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar [[Florida]] a Gainesville tana kammala karatun a 1974. Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatunta a [[Preservation Institute of Nantucket|Cibiyar Tsare-Tsare ta Nantucket]],wacce ta kware a fannin adana tarihi da kiyaye gine-gine. A cikin 1976, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine tare da mai da hankali kan kiyayewa daga Jami'ar Florida sannan ta koma Puerto Rico. A cikin 1977, ta fara aiki da Henry Klumb kuma bayan shekaru uku ya bar ofishinsa don aiki a Ofishin Kula da Tarihi na Jiha. A cikin 1984, ta koma [[Rum|Roma]],Italiya kuma ta yi karatu tare da mijinta Agamemnon Pantel a Cibiyar Nazarin Kariya da Maido da Al'adu ta Duniya (ICCROM). Tsakanin 1984 da 1986 Cueto ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Architects na Puerto Rico, yana barin kafa aikin sirri a 1986. A cikin 1990, ta shiga tare da mijinta a cikin kamfanin Pantel del Cueto & Associates wanda ke mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe fahimtar gine-ginen gargajiya a yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]].Ayyukan kiyayewa sun sami karɓuwa a ciki da wajen Puerto Rico.Baya ga gudanar da aiki a San Juan, del Cueto ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Tsarin gine-gine a Jami'ar Polytechnic na Puerto Rico inda ta ba da darussa a cikin ka'idar kiyayewa da kuma nazarin kimiyya na kayan gini. A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka a Rome ta ba del Cueto lambar yabo ta Romekuma ta yi amfani da kyautar bincikenta don bincika kankare da amfani da tarihi a gine-gine. A cikin 2012 ta sami lambar yabo mafi mahimmancin gine-gine na Puerto Rico, lambar yabo ta Henry Klumb, saboda koyarwarta da gagarumar gudummawar da take bayarwa ga maidowa da adana abubuwan tarihi na tsibirin.<ref>[http://www.elnuevodia.com/estilosdevida/hogar/nota/premiosalaexcelencia-1402409/ "Premios a la excelencia: Colegio de Arquitectos entrega importantes reconocimientos a talentos locales"], ''El Nuevo Dia'', 8 December 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</ref> == Ayyuka == === Cape San Juan Light in Fajardo === [[File:Las_Cabezas_de_San_Juan_Lighthouse2.jpg|thumb| Cape San Juan Light]] Cikakken aikin ya ƙunshi maido da fitilun 15 na Puerto Rico,waɗanda ke cikin yanayi daban-daban na lalacewa. Da yake fifiko shine kiyaye gine-gine,matakin farko na Cueto shine nazarin tarihin fitilun. Gwamnatin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ce ta gina su a tsakanin Shekaran 1880 zuwa 1882 a cikin salon ginin gine-ginen gargajiya na Puerto Rican.An yi bangon da dutsen farar ƙasa,yashi da lemun tsami,tare da layuka a kwance na tubalin laka kuma suna da faffadan rufin katako na katako tare da rataye a layi uku. An yi amfani da rufin da ke wajen don isar da ruwa zuwa rijiyar don ruwan sha. Bayan Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka na 1898,fitilun sun zama mallakin Ma'aikatar Hasken Hasken Amurka,wanda daga baya zai zama wani ɓangare na Tsaron Tekun Amurka kuma sun kasance ana amfani da su har zuwa 1970s.Sun kasance a sarari kusan shekaru goma lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da aikin maidowa a 1988. Babban aikin gyaran hasken wuta na Del Cueto ya rufe Cape San Juan Light (Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan)a Fajardo, mafi tsufa na fitilun Puerto Rico.Dutsen bene mai hawa ɗaya,gidan mai gadin salon neoclassical yana haɗe da hasumiya ta siliki,<ref name="UNC" />wanda asalinsa yana da katako mai tsari na uku.Asalin iyakar mil 19 an faɗaɗa shi zuwa mil 25 yayin gyaran.Gyaran ya kuma hada da dawo da tsarin tashoshi da tsarin tattara ruwa na rijiyar,wanda a yanzu ake amfani da shi ba ruwan sha ba,sai dai don samar wa dakunan wanka da ruwa.Hasken hasken yana a cikin Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve kuma da zarar an mayar da shi an bude shi don yawon shakatawa.Wani yanki na gidan mai gadin an sanya shi azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao, <ref name="UNC" />wanda ke buƙatar kawo gine-ginen har zuwa lambobin wuta da aminci na yanzu. Ba a kammala aikin adanawa ba sai 1991. <ref name="lighthouses" /> === Iglesia San José === [[File:Iglesia_de_San_José_-_San_Juan,_Puerto_Riceo_-_DSC06878.JPG|thumb| Iglesia de San José]] Cocin San José(Iglesia de San José)wani tsari ne na ƙarni na goma sha shida, a cikin Old San Juan,Puerto Rico wanda aka rufe a 2002 saboda lalata tsarin kuma a cikin Shekaran 2003,kamfanin Cueto ya fara kimanta lalacewar dukiya.<ref name="Pantel">{{Cite journal|url-status=6–18}}</ref>Batun nan da nan shine hana ci gaba da tabarbarewar rukunin yanar gizon kuma don taimakawa a wannan ƙoƙarin,an sanya shi cikin Jerin Kallon Abubuwan Tunawa na Duniya a Shekaran 2004.A cikin lokacin tantancewa, Cueto yayi amfani da radar mai shiga ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin farkon irin wannan amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]. Fasahar tana ba da damar ƙima ba tare da gwaji mai ɓarna ba wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana ba da haske game da yanayin ƙasa wanda ƙila ba za a iya gani ba.Jerin binciken ya gudana cikin tsawon shekaru hudu yana gano gyare-gyare da yawa da gyare-gyare a cikin shekaru 478 na rayuwa na tsarin.<ref name="Pantel" />Da zarar an kammala aikin tantancewa,an fara kiyayewa da gyare-gyare<ref name="World Monument Fund" />wanda ba a kammala ba sai 2012. == Ayyuka == * Faro Las Cabezas de San Juan, Fajardo * Hedikwatar Kwalejin Architects Puerto Rico,Santurce * Gidan Gidan Gida na Amintaccen Tsaro na Puerto Rico,Old San Juan * Mafarin Tsofaffin 'Yan Mata, Miramar * Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico,Miramar * Tsohuwar Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi,wacce aka fi sani da Sashen Lafiya,Santurce * Hacienda La Esperanza, Manatí * Cocin San José,Old San Juan == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == *   * {{Cite journal|url-status=78–82}} *   *  {{Dead link|date=June 2019}} * {{Cite journal|url-status=36–37}} *   == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Mutanan Cuban]] [[Category:Masu tsarine gine gine]] [[Category:Maaza]] bjgt5bgsbqy90364x9ec7354u64egpg 966558 966557 2026-10-11T17:14:16Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Iglesia San José */ 966558 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Beatriz del Cueto</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Beatriz del Cueto Lopez-Hidalgo</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1952 (shekara&nbsp;&#x2013; )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Havana]], Kuba</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Dan kasa | class="infobox-data category" | Cuban-Amurka |- class="infobox-data category" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sauran&nbsp;sunaye | class="infobox-data nickname" | Beatriz del Cueto de Pantel |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sana'a | class="infobox-data role" | tsare gine-gine |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Shekaru&nbsp;aiki | class="infobox-data" | 1984 - yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sanin&nbsp;domin | class="infobox-data" | Maido da Iglesia San José |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ma'aurata | class="infobox-data" | Agamemnon Pantel |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Beatriz del Cueto''' (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1952) ɗan ƙasar Cuban ɗan asalin ƙasar Kuba ne mai zanen gine-ginen ƙwararre kan kiyayewa da adana gine-gine. Mazauni na Puerto Rico tun 1960, del Cueto Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, kuma Henry Klumb Award wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a 2012. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Beatriz del Cueto López Hidalgo a shekara ta 1952 a [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] kuma ya koma Puerto Rico tare da danginta a 1960.Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar [[Florida]] a Gainesville tana kammala karatun a 1974. Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatunta a [[Preservation Institute of Nantucket|Cibiyar Tsare-Tsare ta Nantucket]],wacce ta kware a fannin adana tarihi da kiyaye gine-gine. A cikin 1976, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine tare da mai da hankali kan kiyayewa daga Jami'ar Florida sannan ta koma Puerto Rico. A cikin 1977, ta fara aiki da Henry Klumb kuma bayan shekaru uku ya bar ofishinsa don aiki a Ofishin Kula da Tarihi na Jiha. A cikin 1984, ta koma [[Rum|Roma]],Italiya kuma ta yi karatu tare da mijinta Agamemnon Pantel a Cibiyar Nazarin Kariya da Maido da Al'adu ta Duniya (ICCROM). Tsakanin 1984 da 1986 Cueto ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Architects na Puerto Rico, yana barin kafa aikin sirri a 1986. A cikin 1990, ta shiga tare da mijinta a cikin kamfanin Pantel del Cueto & Associates wanda ke mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe fahimtar gine-ginen gargajiya a yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]].Ayyukan kiyayewa sun sami karɓuwa a ciki da wajen Puerto Rico.Baya ga gudanar da aiki a San Juan, del Cueto ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Tsarin gine-gine a Jami'ar Polytechnic na Puerto Rico inda ta ba da darussa a cikin ka'idar kiyayewa da kuma nazarin kimiyya na kayan gini. A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka a Rome ta ba del Cueto lambar yabo ta Romekuma ta yi amfani da kyautar bincikenta don bincika kankare da amfani da tarihi a gine-gine. A cikin 2012 ta sami lambar yabo mafi mahimmancin gine-gine na Puerto Rico, lambar yabo ta Henry Klumb, saboda koyarwarta da gagarumar gudummawar da take bayarwa ga maidowa da adana abubuwan tarihi na tsibirin.<ref>[http://www.elnuevodia.com/estilosdevida/hogar/nota/premiosalaexcelencia-1402409/ "Premios a la excelencia: Colegio de Arquitectos entrega importantes reconocimientos a talentos locales"], ''El Nuevo Dia'', 8 December 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</ref> == Ayyuka == === Cape San Juan Light in Fajardo === [[File:Las_Cabezas_de_San_Juan_Lighthouse2.jpg|thumb| Cape San Juan Light]] Cikakken aikin ya ƙunshi maido da fitilun 15 na Puerto Rico,waɗanda ke cikin yanayi daban-daban na lalacewa. Da yake fifiko shine kiyaye gine-gine,matakin farko na Cueto shine nazarin tarihin fitilun. Gwamnatin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ce ta gina su a tsakanin Shekaran 1880 zuwa 1882 a cikin salon ginin gine-ginen gargajiya na Puerto Rican.An yi bangon da dutsen farar ƙasa,yashi da lemun tsami,tare da layuka a kwance na tubalin laka kuma suna da faffadan rufin katako na katako tare da rataye a layi uku. An yi amfani da rufin da ke wajen don isar da ruwa zuwa rijiyar don ruwan sha. Bayan Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka na 1898,fitilun sun zama mallakin Ma'aikatar Hasken Hasken Amurka,wanda daga baya zai zama wani ɓangare na Tsaron Tekun Amurka kuma sun kasance ana amfani da su har zuwa 1970s.Sun kasance a sarari kusan shekaru goma lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da aikin maidowa a Shekaran 1988. Babban aikin gyaran hasken wuta na Del Cueto ya rufe Cape San Juan Light (Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan)a Fajardo, mafi tsufa na fitilun Puerto Rico.Dutsen bene mai hawa ɗaya,gidan mai gadin salon neoclassical yana haɗe da hasumiya ta siliki,<ref name="UNC" />wanda asalinsa yana da katako mai tsari na uku.Asalin iyakar mil 19 an faɗaɗa shi zuwa mil 25 yayin gyaran.Gyaran ya kuma hada da dawo da tsarin tashoshi da tsarin tattara ruwa na rijiyar,wanda a yanzu ake amfani da shi ba ruwan sha ba,sai dai don samar wa dakunan wanka da ruwa.Hasken hasken yana a cikin Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve kuma da zarar an mayar da shi an bude shi don yawon shakatawa.Wani yanki na gidan mai gadin an sanya shi azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao, <ref name="UNC" />wanda ke buƙatar kawo gine-ginen har zuwa lambobin wuta da aminci na yanzu. Ba a kammala aikin adanawa ba sai 1991. <ref name="lighthouses" /> === Iglesia San José === [[File:Iglesia_de_San_José_-_San_Juan,_Puerto_Riceo_-_DSC06878.JPG|thumb| Iglesia de San José]] Cocin San José(Iglesia de San José)wani tsari ne na ƙarni na goma sha shida, a cikin Old San Juan,Puerto Rico wanda aka rufe a 2002 saboda lalata tsarin kuma a cikin Shekaran 2003,kamfanin Cueto ya fara kimanta lalacewar dukiya.<ref name="Pantel">{{Cite journal|url-status=6–18}}</ref>Batun nan da nan shine hana ci gaba da tabarbarewar rukunin yanar gizon kuma don taimakawa a wannan ƙoƙarin,an sanya shi cikin Jerin Kallon Abubuwan Tunawa na Duniya a Shekaran 2004.A cikin lokacin tantancewa, Cueto yayi amfani da radar mai shiga ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin farkon irin wannan amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]. Fasahar tana ba da damar ƙima ba tare da gwaji mai ɓarna ba wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana ba da haske game da yanayin ƙasa wanda ƙila ba za a iya gani ba.Jerin binciken ya gudana cikin tsawon shekaru hudu yana gano gyare-gyare da yawa da gyare-gyare a cikin shekaru 478 na rayuwa na tsarin.<ref name="Pantel" />Da zarar an kammala aikin tantancewa,an fara kiyayewa da gyare-gyare<ref name="World Monument Fund" />wanda ba a kammala ba sai 2012. == Ayyuka == * Faro Las Cabezas de San Juan, Fajardo * Hedikwatar Kwalejin Architects Puerto Rico,Santurce * Gidan Gidan Gida na Amintaccen Tsaro na Puerto Rico,Old San Juan * Mafarin Tsofaffin 'Yan Mata, Miramar * Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico,Miramar * Tsohuwar Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi,wacce aka fi sani da Sashen Lafiya,Santurce * Hacienda La Esperanza, Manatí * Cocin San José,Old San Juan == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == *   * {{Cite journal|url-status=78–82}} *   *  {{Dead link|date=June 2019}} * {{Cite journal|url-status=36–37}} *   == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Mutanan Cuban]] [[Category:Masu tsarine gine gine]] [[Category:Maaza]] 1ofivhlbxlqfpv3be4m7memby5kjkcb Gwagwalada 0 52699 966124 703421 2026-10-11T12:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwagwalada''' karamar hukumace a babban birnin tarayyar Najeriya [[Abuja]], tana daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi biyar da suke a babban birnin tarayya.<ref>https://medicsinn.com/university-of-abuja-teaching-hospital/</ref> Gwagwalada tana da fadin kasa kilomita 1,043 2 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 158,618 a kidayar shekara ta 2006. Ana hasashen za ta samu ci gaba da kashi 6.26 cikin 100 tsakanin shekara ta 2020 zuwa shekara ta 2025, wanda shine karuwar mafi girma a nahiyar [[Afirka]]. Kafin a kafa babban birnin tarayya Gwagwalada tana karkashin gundumar Kwali ta tsohuwar masarautar Abuja wacce a yanzu take a [[Suleja]].<ref>https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/315/gwagwalada</ref> An kirkiro Gwagwalada ne a ranar 15 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1984. Adadin jama'arta a hukumance ya kai mutane 158,618 a kidayar 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/206392/gwagwalada/population |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710181310/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/206392/gwagwalada/population |archive-date=2023-07-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== ok70h2okjzgemhren3psc5kqqf4k171 Nora Awolowo 0 54096 966696 943510 2026-10-12T00:51:18Z Bappa.almu 49849 /* */ 966696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oreoluwa Racheal Awolowo''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Maris 1999), wacce aka fi sani da '''Nora Awolowo''', furodusa ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]], darakta, kuma mai daukar hoto a sinima. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nora Awolowo |url=https://filmfreeway.com/NoraAwolowo17 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Popular Nigerian Cinematographer, Nora Shares The Best Thing A Stranger Has Done For Her |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/popular-nigerian-cinematographer-nora-shares-the-best-thing-a-stranger-has-done-for-her/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=ghgossip.com |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925180600/https://www.ghgossip.com/popular-nigerian-cinematographer-nora-shares-the-best-thing-a-stranger-has-done-for-her/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=#Symphonies: Watch The Trailer To Nora Awolowo's Short Film "Symphonies" |url=https://stationmag.com/trailer-to-short-film-symphonies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924103039/https://stationmag.com/trailer-to-short-film-symphonies/ |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=stationmag.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=This Must Watch Documentary "Life at the Bay" portrays the Inspiring Survival Tales of Tarkwa Bay Women {{!}} Watch the Teaser on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/this-must-watch-documentary-life-at-the-bay-portrays-the-inspiring-survival-tales-of-tarkwa-bay-women-watch-the-teaser-on-bn/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2025 ta zama ƙaramar mai shirya fina-finai 'yar Najeriya da ta kai ga matsayin ₦ miliyan 100 a matsayin jarumin fim na ''Red Circle'', fim da ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da kuma mai daukar hoto a sinima. Ita ce kuma mace ta farko 'yar Najeriya da aka zaɓa don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography a bikin [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] (AMVCA) saboda aikinta a cikin fim ɗin ''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi: The Uprising]]'' na Najeriya na 2024. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=These Emerging Nigerian Filmmakers are Having a Great Year - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/listicles/these-emerging-nigerian-filmmakers-are-having-a-great-year/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Awolowo, ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, inda har yanzu take zaune. Ta sami digirinta a fannin lissafin kuɗi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]] a shekarar 2019. <ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> A jami'a, ta fara sha'awar daukar hoto kuma ta koyi ɗaukar hotuna da wayarta, inda ta sami aikin yi a matsayin albashi tun tana ɗaliba. Ta fi sha'awar bayar da labarai, ta koma yin fina-finai, ta fara da yin rikodin bidiyo a bayan fage don ayyukan talabijin marasa rubutu, kamar ''Lota Takes'' [[Lota Chukwu|na Lota Chukwu]] . A wannan lokacin, ta kuma koya wa kanta yadda ake gyara abubuwan da ke cikin talabijin, wanda hakan ya ƙara mata sha'awar shiga harkar shirya fina-finai. <ref name="Sule" /> [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 24q7tm0k3qh4w0mztsi9ks0lleghuc7 Clare Ezeakacha 0 62205 966459 929999 2026-10-11T16:45:25Z Mahmud maby 33237 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372328188|Clare Ezeakacha]]" 966459 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Clare Ezeakacha''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1985) [[Ɗan wasa|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Najeriya, furodusa, darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma mai ba da shawara ga yara da aka sani da fina-fakkawarta ''Arima'' da Gone Grey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’ |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos |url=https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=diamondcelebrities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=nollywoodgists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=ARIMA |url=https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181017/https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=worldfilmfair.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Ayyuka == Clare ta fara aikinta a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin mutum mai suna air. A shekara ta 2016, ta shiga cikin Yin fim kuma ta samar da kuma ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa na nollywood, ciki har da: "Jack of All Trade", "Two Wrongs", "Arima" da "Smok" wanda aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Gasar a [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=final selection 2018 |url=https://afriff.com/final-selection-2018/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809182512/https://afriff.com/final-selection-2018/ |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=afriff.com}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓen fim (a matsayin darektan) == * Shan sigari (2018) * ''Arima'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2017 |title=Arima |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7298372/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=imdb.com}}</ref> * Ordinary Fellow (2018) (Mataimakin darektan) == Zaɓin fim ɗin (a matsayin mai gabatarwa) == * ''Ya tafi Grey'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2016 |title=Kidnappers Turn Against Their Leader After Kidnapping Millionaire |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/76-behind-the-scene/36359-kidnappers-turn-against-their-leader-after-kidnapping-millionaire |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=nigeriafilms.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2016 |title=Xplore Reviews: Gone Grey |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/xplore-reviews-gone-grey/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=xplorenollywood.com}}</ref> * ''Arima'' (2017) * ''Ma'aikaci'' (2017) * Mystified (2017) (abokin hulɗa) <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2017 |title=Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9229615/?ref_=tt_ov_dr |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=imdb.com}}</ref> * ''JOAT, Jack na Duk Kasuwanci'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=Actor, Rotimi Salami is now Jack of all Trade ‘JOAT’ |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/31709/actor-rotimi-salami-is-now-jack-of-all-trade.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kuskuren Biyu (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Two Wrongs |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/4496849/cast/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=kinopoisk.ru}}</ref> * ''Abokai Kawai'' (2020) == Kyautar == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon |- ! scope="row" |2018 |[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] |''Mafi Kyawun Takaitaccen'' |Shan sigari | {{Nom}} |- |} * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a6gyd7pcz8pr1dxofucjru9cfd9d055 Ti Oluwa Ni Ile 0 68668 966130 901457 2026-10-11T12:55:55Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Cast" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378191635|Ti Oluwa Ni Ile]]" 966130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ti Oluwa Ni Ile''''' (Turanci: The Land is the Lord's) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nollywood]] [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta. An sake shi a 1993 ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions, fim ɗin shine fim na farko na Tunde Kelani a matsayin darektan fim. An yi shi a sassa 3 kuma an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 mafi kyawun Yoruba. == Makirci == Maza biyu masu haɗama sun shiga cikin ayyukan wani shugaban cin hanci da rashawa don sayar da wani yanki na ƙasar kakannin mu don cin hanci. Sabbin masu mallakar ƙasa kamfani ne na man fetur. Magana; bakin alloli duk da haka ya nuna cewa ƙasar ta mallaki ƙasar sabili da haka ba ta dace da tashar man fetur ba. Masu sayar da ƙasa sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani kuma shugaban ya fahimci cewa shi ne na gaba. Ya je wurin annabi don neman taimako. Mai ba da labari ya gaya masa cewa zai tsira idan zai iya hana a binne gawar abokin makirci na biyu. Labarin ya biyo bayan yunkurin da ya yi na hana binnewar. Mai ba da labari ya ba shi damar ta biyu amma ya gudu kuma ya fuskanci jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Daga bisani ya koma gida kuma ya gano cewa an yi zaton ya mutu. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da matsayinsa na gargajiya amma ruhohin abokan makircinsa sun zo don rayuwarsa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kareem Adepoju]] a matsayin Baba Wande * [[Dele Odule]] * Lekan Oladapo * [[Yemi Shodimu]] * Yetunde Ogunsola * [[Oyin Adejobi]] * Gbolagbade Akinpelu * Jide Oyegunle * Akin Sofoluwe == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == 'Yan wasa == * [[Kareem Adepoju]] a matsayin Baba Wande * [[Dele Odule]] * Lekan Oladapo * [[Yemi Shodimu]] * Yetunde Ogunsola * [[Oyin Adejobi]] * Gbolagbade Akinpelu * Jide Oyegunle * Akin Sofoluwe == Haɗin waje == 15hotpcfvdj1qizc1blxi3nxo5c2a5k Irapada 0 69358 966132 895018 2026-10-11T13:09:39Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Cast" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330365636|Irapada]]" 966132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Irapada''''' (Turanci: '''''Fansa''''' ) fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Najeriya na shekarar 2006, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya shirya kuma ya kuma ba da umarni, kuma Kunle Afolayan, John Izuchukwu da Jide Okeke suka rubuta. . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Irapada has not been fairly judged".......Kunle Afolayan |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3567/3/irapada-has-not-been-fairly-judgedkunle-afolayan.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 ya kuma lashe [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|kyautar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Harshen Afirka]] . An kuma nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fina-finan Afirka da ya zama dole a gani a ƙarni na 21 a [[CNN]] African Voices a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Must-see African movies of the 21st century |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/ |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]] edition.cnn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leila Djansi's Sinking Sands Listed On CNN Among 10 Must-See African Films |url=http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022005151/http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=news1ghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Waters" & "Irapada" Make CNN's Must See African Movies Of The 21st Century List - See the Full List |url=http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022434/http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> An fitar da shi a DVD a watan Yulin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAPADA MOVIE GOES ON SALE IN JULY |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/4367/2/irapada-movie-goes-on-sale-in-july.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Kunle Afolayan's 'Irapada' & 'The Figurine' free |url=http://www.gistus.com/25122/watch-kunle-afolayans-irapada-the-figurine-free |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=gistus.com}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * Deola Oloyede a matsayin Moji * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * Angela Phillips a matsayin Amaka * Toun Oni a matsayin Uwar renon yara * Laide Adewale a matsayin Kawun Foster * Joe Adekwagh a matsayin Alhaji * Kunle Coker as Kazeem * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Boka * Marubucin fim ɗin shine Jude Okeke. ==Manazarta == Cast == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * * * * * * * == 'Yan wasa == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * Deola Oloyede a matsayin Moji * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * Angela Phillips a matsayin Amaka * Toun Oni a matsayin Uwar renon yara * Laide Adewale a matsayin Kawun Foster * Joe Adekwagh a matsayin Alhaji * Kunle Coker as Kazeem * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Boka * Marubucin fim ɗin shine Jude Okeke. 8ci6b6usjaz5f4owxpgmkbw1e84oywr Harsunan Daru 0 70727 966428 813166 2026-10-11T16:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family|name=Duru|region=northern [[Cameroon]], eastern [[Nigeria]]|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Savanna languages|Savannas]]|fam4=[[Leko–Nimbari languages|Leko–Nimbari]]|child1=''Duli''|child2=Dii|child3=Voko–Dowayo|glotto=samb1323|glottorefname=Samba Duru}} '''Harsunan Duru''' rukuni ne na harsunan Savanna da ake magana da su a arewacin [[Kamaru]] da gabashin [[Najeriya]] . An yi musu lakabi da "G4" a cikin shawarwarin iyali da harshen [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]] na Joseph Greenberg . Kleinewillinghöfer (2012) kuma yana lura da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin Samba-Duru da Harsunan Gur ta Tsakiya . == Harsuna == * Duli (bacewa) * Dii: Duupa, Dugun (Panõ), Dii (Mambe', Mamna'a, Goom, Boow, Ngbang, Sagzee, Vaazin, Home, Nyok) * Peere (Kutin) * Longto (Voko) * Vere-Dowayo ** Dowayo ** Sewe ** Koma ** Vere Duk da haka, Guldemann (2018) ya sanya shakku kan haɗin kai na Samba–Duru a matsayin ƙungiyar gamayya. == Rabuwa == A cikin rukunin Ayyukan Harsunan Adamawa, Kleinewillinghöfer (2015) ya rarraba ƙungiyar Samba-Duru kamar haka (duba kuma harsunan Leko ). <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/samba-duru-group/ Samba-Duru group]. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> ; Samba-Duru * Vere (Verre) ** Jango (Mama Jango) <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich (2015). [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/samba-duru-group/mom-jango/ Notes on Jango (Mom Jango)].</ref> ** Vere cluster (Momi, Vere Kaada) ** Wɔmmu (Wongi, Wɔŋgi) ** Nissim-Eilim ** Kobom, Karum (Vere Kari), Danum ** Vɔmnəm (Koma Vomni) ** Gəunəm cluster: Yarəm, Lim, Gbaŋrɨm, Baidəm, Zanəm, Ləələm, etc. ** Damtəm (Koma Damti), etc. * Gəmme (Gimme) ( Koma ) <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich (2015). [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/06/Gimme-Vere-Doyayo.pdf Gimme-Vere and Doyayo: Comparative Wordlists].</ref> ** Gəmnəm (Gəmnime, Gimnime): Beiya, Gindoo; Rikici ** Gəmme (Kompana, Panme): Yəgme, Dehnime; Banime * Doyayo ( <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich (2015). [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/samba-duru-group/doyayo/ Doyayo].</ref> . (Na Poli); Na gode (na tsaunin dutse) * Duru ** Dii cluster ** Dugun (Paape, Sa) ** Duupa (Paape) ** Pɛrɛ (Pere, Kutin): Gaziwaːlɛ, Nɔlti), ˀAːlti; Zane Pɛrɛ (Potopo) ** Lɔŋto (Voko, Woko) * Samba (Samba Leeko, Leko) ** Samba tari ** Mubaako (Məbaako, Mumbaako, Nyong ) ** Kolbila <ref>Littig, Sabine (2017). [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/samba-duru-group/samba-duru-languages/kolbila/ Kolbila: Geography and history].</ref> ** Pɛrɛma ( Mace ) == Sunaye da wurare == A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshe, yawan jama'a, da wurare daga Blench (2019). {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 75%;" !Harshe ! Tari ! Yaruka ! Madadin rubutun kalmomi ! Sunan kansa don harshe ! Wasu sunaye (na tushen wuri) ! Sauran sunaye na harshe ! Masu magana ! Wuri(s) |- | Ina Jango | | | | Ina Jango | Vere (duba kuma Momĩ, Were, Verre, Kobo (a Kamaru ) | | Jimlar 20,000 (ciki har da Momĩ, 4,000 a Kamaru (1982 SIL) | [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Fufore LGA |- | Momi | | | | Ziri | Vere (wannan kuma ya haɗa da Mama Jango, qv), Were, Verre, Kobo (a cikin Kamaru ) | | 20,000 (ciki har da Mama Jango), 4,000 a Kamaru (1982 SIL) | [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Yola da Fufore LGAs; kuma a Kamaru |- | '''''Koma cluster''''' | Koma | Ba a da tabbas game da wasiku tsakanin sunayen Kamaru da Najeriya | Kuma, Koma (kalmar murfin Fulfulde don Gomme, Gomnome, Ndera; ALCAM yana ɗaukar su a matsayin dabam ko da yake harsunan da ke da alaƙa) | | | | 3,000 (1982 SIL); mafi rinjaye a Kamaru | [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Ganye da Fufore LGAs, a cikin tsaunin Alantika ; kuma a Kamaru |- | Gomme | Koma | | Girmama | | | Damti, Koma Kampana, Panbe | | |- | Gomnome | Koma | | Gomneme | | | Mbeya, Gimbe, Koma Kadam, Laame, Youtubo | | |- | Ndera | Koma | | | | | Vomni, Doome, Doobe | | |} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Nassoshi == * Roger Blench, 2004. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Jerin harsunan Adamawa] (ms)  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/samba-duru-group/ Samba-Duru] (Adamawa Languages Project) [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Adamawa]] 4oscqgfd6q0ow95yyd3alb6brfmsfep Harsunan Mumuye–Yendang 0 70730 966450 813183 2026-10-11T16:44:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harsunan Mumuye–Yendang''' gungun harsunan Savanna ne da ake magana da su a gabashin [[Najeriya]] . An yi musu lakabi da "G5" a cikin shawarwarin iyali da harshen [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]] na Joseph Greenberg . * Harsunan Mumuye * Yaren Yendang Güidemann bai yadda da haɗin kan su ba a (2018).<ref name="Guldemann">{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|last=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor-last=Güldemann|editor-first=Tom|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58-444|series=The World of Linguistics series|volume=11}}</ref> [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da Yendang kawai suna da sama da masu magana sama da 5,000. Mumuye shine yaren Adamawa wanda akafi amfani dashi. == Kara karantawa == * Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1979. ''Nazarin kwatancen yarukan Mumuye (Nigeria)'' . (Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde A14). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Nassoshi == * Roger Blench, 2004. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Jerin harsunan Adamawa] (ms) [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Adamawa]] 1izotc391cyuq8em5qk6543q3gfpv8j Harsunan Mbum-Ray 0 70746 966449 379577 2026-10-11T16:44:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harsunan Mbum-Day''' rukuni ne na tsoffin [[Yaren Adamawa|harsunan Adamawa]] (G6, G13, G14, & Day), a yanzu reshe ne na harsunan Savanna . Ana amfani da waɗannan harsuna a kudancin [[Cadi|Chadi]], arewa maso yammacin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya]], arewacin [[Kamaru]], da kuma gabashin [[Najeriya]] . == Harsuna == Blench (2006) ƙungiyoyin Mbum (G6), Bua (G13), Kim (G14), da Harsunan Day tare a cikin wani babban ci gaba na harshen Gur – [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]].<ref name="AfricanPast">{{Cite book|title=Archaeology, language, and the African past|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Altamira Press|year=2006|isbn=9780759104655}}</ref> * Buwa * Kim * Mbum * ''Rana'' Kim, Mbum, da Day kuma an haɗa su tare a cikin nazarin lissafi mai sarrafa kansa ( ASJP 4) ta Müller et al. (2013).<ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164740/https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip |date=2022-03-28 }}''.</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Harsunan Kamaru]] [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] 25ej0rachhc9zzxkelr3vfyxqebru1z Harsunan Mbum 0 70751 966448 813181 2026-10-11T16:44:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family|name=Mbum|altname=Kebi-Benue|region=southern [[Chad]], northwestern [[Central African Republic|CAR]], northern [[Cameroon]], eastern [[Nigeria]]|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Savanna languages|Savannas]]|fam4=[[Mbum–Day languages|Mbum–Day]]|child1=Central|child2=Northern|child3=''Mbum''|glotto=mbum1257|glottorefname=Mbumic}} Harsuna '''Mbum''' ko '''Kebi-Benue''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Lakka''' a cikin kunkuntar yanki <ref>Boyd, Raymond. 1974. Étude Comparative dans le groupe Adamawa. (Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France, 46.) Paris: Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique</ref> ) rukuni ne na reshen [[Harsunan Mbum-Ray|Mbum – Day]] na [[Yaren Adamawa|harsunan Adamawa]], da ake magana a kudancin [[Cadi|Chadi]], arewa maso yammacin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], Arewacin [[Kamaru]] da Gabashin [[Najeriya]] . Sanannen membansu shine Mbum ; sauran harsunan cikin rukunin sun haɗa da Tupuri da Kare . An yi musu lakabi da "G6" a cikin shawarar Joseph Greenberg ta harshen [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]] . == Harsuna == * Southern Mbum: Mbum dace, Mbere, Gbete * South West Mbum : [Limbum na Wimbum] * Mbum ta tsakiya ** Karang: Karang (Mbum, Laka), Nzakambay (Njak Mbai), Pana, Ngumi, Kare (Kãrɛ̃) ** Koh: Kuo (Koh), Sakpu * Mbum ta Arewa ** Dama–Galke: Dama, Ndai (Galke, Pormi), Mono, Kali ** Tupuri–Mambai: Mangbai, Mundang, Tupuri Bugu da ƙari, Pondo, Gonge, Tale, Laka, Pam da To ba su da alaƙa a cikin Mbum. To shi ne sirrin yaren ƙaddamar da maza na Gbaya . Ana zargin Dek a wasu kafofin amma a fili ba a tantance ba. La'bi, harshen al'ada na esoteric na ƙaddamar da namiji a tsakanin Gbaya Kara, Mbum, da wasu Sara Laka, yana da alaƙa da Mbum. Yana da lamuni masu yawa daga ɗaya ko fiye da harsunan Sara . <ref>Yves Moñino, 1977. "Conceptions du monde et langue d'initiation ''la'bi'' de Gbaya-Kara", ''Langages et cultures africaines'', Paris, Maspero.</ref> Sauran harsunan farawa a cikin dangin Mbum sune To (Gbaya, amma tare da asalin Mbum), Dzel, da Ngarage. <ref>Elders, Stefan. 2006. Issues in comparative Kebi-Benue (Adamawa). Africana Linguistica XII. 37-88.</ref> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} * Roger Blench, 2004. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Jerin harsunan Adamawa] (ms)  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-039 Binciken zamantakewa na yaren Mambay na Chadi da Kamaru (PDF)] na Cameron Hamm, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-039. [[Category:Harsunan Kamaru]] [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] b9gjwdzlffezyg72czdef9zcqppyidu Harsunan Savannas 0 70854 966455 813192 2026-10-11T16:45:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harsunan Savannas''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Gur–Adamawa''' ko '''Adamawa–Gur''', reshe ne na [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Nijar – Kongo]] wanda ya hada da dangin Gur na Greenberg da na Adamawa–Ubangui . == Tarihin rarrabawa == An nuna hanyar haɗin Gur-Adamawa a cikin Kleinewillinghöfer (1996) <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1996. 'Relationship between Adamawa and Gur: The case of Waja.' ''Gur Papers / Cahiers Voltaiques'' 1.25–46.</ref> kuma an yarda da ita kamar yadda masu bincike daga baya suka kafa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da lura da cewa harsunan Adamawa da Gur da kansu ba su kafa ƙungiyoyi masu jituwa kuma ba lallai ba ne su kasance da dangantaka ta kusa. na ciki fiye da yadda suke da juna. Bennett (1983), ya kuma ambaci reshen ''Arewa ta Tsakiya Nijar-Congo'' wanda ya ƙunshi Gurunsi, “Ubangian”, da ƙungiyoyin Trans-Benue, tare da ƙungiyar ''Trans-Benue'' da ta ƙunshi Burak-Jen (watau [[Harsunan Bikwin-Jen|Bikwin-Jen]] ), Yungur ( watau, [[Harsunan Bena-Mboi|Bena-Mboi]] ), da [[Harsunan Tula-Waja|Tula]] - [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. <ref>Bennett, Patrick R. 1983. Adamawa-Eastern: problems and prospects. - in: Dihoff, I. R. (ed.) Current Approaches to African Linguistics. Vol. 1: 23-48.</ref> Akwai tarin harsunan Adamawa da dama; a cikin harsunan Gur, kawai jigon wannan shawara (Central Gur) an kiyaye shi, kodayake yana yiwuwa wasu daga cikin harsunan 'na gefe' na iya zama alaƙa da juna. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) lura cewa sake gina azuzuwan proto-Central Gur suna buƙatar haɗa da iyalai da yawa na Adamawa. <ref>Miehe, Kleinewillinghöfer, von Roncador, & Winkelmann, 2012. "[http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/nigercongo/abstracts/Kleinewillinghoefer_miehe_von_winkelmann.pdf Overview of noun classes in Gur (II)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725210025/http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/nigercongo/abstracts/Kleinewillinghoefer_miehe_von_winkelmann.pdf |date=2018-07-25 }}"</ref> Senufo (tsohon Gur) da [[Harshen Fali|Fali]] (tsohon Adamawa) ba a cire su daga Savannas, saboda da alama wasu daga cikin rassan Nijar – Kongo. Dimmendaal (2008), ya ware dangin Ubangian daga kasar Nijar – Kongo gabaɗaya, yana mai cewa “wataƙila ya zama dangin harshe mai zaman kansa wanda ba zai iya ko kuma ba za a iya nuna yana da alaƙa da Nijar – Kongo (ko wani iyali),” kodayake Ubangian Harsuna su kansu ba ƙungiya mai inganci ba ne, kuma reshen Gbaya na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da Gur. Ban da irin wannan banda, DimAdaal bayanin kula da Savannna "ana iya nuna shi da alaƙa da kowane irin yanayi mai mahimmanci. <ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008, "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:841.</ref> Roger Blench (2012), <ref>Blench, Roger. 2012. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf |date=2012-12-03 }}.</ref> ya ɗauki Gur-Adamawa a matsayin ci gaba da harshe ( haɗin kai ) maimakon ainihin reshe mai daidaituwa. Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) ya lura cewa yawancin harsunan “Adamawa” a haƙiƙa suna da kamanceceniya da harsunan Gur daban-daban (Central) fiye da sauran harsunan Adamawa, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa masu magana da harshen Gur-Adamawa na farko sun noma [[Dawa|masara]] da gero a cikin wani yanayi na savanna daji. <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2018/06/ADAMAWA-Kleinewillinghoefer_04_02_2014.pdf Adamawa]. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Savannas, tare da tsarin agnostic don rarraba cikin gida, sune kamar haka:   [[Yaren Oblo]] da ba a san shi ba ya kasance a cikin Adamawa, kuma ba a yi magana da shi a Savannas ba. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012), lura cewa sake gina tsarin suna ya nuna cewa Waja ('Tula-Waja') da Leko-Nimbari ('Sama-Duru') (da yiwuwar sauran kungiyoyin Adamawa) suna tare da Tsakiyar Gur, kuma sunan suna. Tsarin aji da suke sake ginawa don waɗannan harsuna yayi kama da na Bantu, Senufo, Tiefo, Vyemo, Tusya, da "Samu". === Güldemann (2018). === Güldemann (2018), ya gane ma'anar "raka'o'in asali" masu zuwa (8 Gur, 14 Adamawa, da 7 Ubangi) amma ba su da masaniya game da matsayinsu a cikin Niger-Congo. {{Col-begin}} {{Col-3}} ;[[Gur languages|Gur]] area #[[Central Gur languages|(Central) Gur]] #[[Kulango languages|Kulangoic]] #''[[Miyobe language|Miyobe]]'' #[[Tiefo language|Tiefo]] #''[[Viemo language|Viemo]]'' #[[Tusya language|Tusian]] #[[Samo language (Burkina)|Samuic]] #[[Senufo languages|Senufo]] {{Col-3}} ;[[Adamawa languages|Adamawa]] area #[[Tula–Waja languages|Tula-Waja]] #''[[Longuda language|Longuda]]'' #[[Bena-Mboi languages|Bena-Mboi]] #[[Bikwin-Jen languages|Bikwin-Jen]] #[[Duru languages|Samba-Duru]] #[[Mumuye languages|Mumuyic]] #[[Yendang languages|Maya]] (Yendangic) #[[Mbum languages|Kebi-Benue]] (Mbumic) #[[Kim languages|Kimic]] #[[Bua languages|Buaic]] #''[[Day language|Day]]'' #''[[Baa language|Baa]]'' = ''Kwa'' #''[[Nyingwom language|Nyingwom]]'' = ''Kam'' #''[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]'' {{Col-3}} ;[[Ubangian languages|Ubangi]] area #[[Gbaya languages|Gbayaic]] #[[Zande languages|Zandic]] #[[Mba languages|Mbaic]] #[[Ngbaka languages|Mundu-Baka]] #[[Ngbandi languages|Ngbandic]] #[[Banda languages|Bandaic]] #[[Sere languages|Ndogoic]] {{Col-end}} == rassa da wurare (Nijeriya) == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan rassan Savannas (Adamawa) da wurarensu na farko (cibiyoyin bambancin) a cikin Najeriya dangane da Blench (2019). {| class="wikitable" |+'''Rarraba rassan Adamawa a Najeriya''' ! Reshe ! Wurare na farko |- | [[Harsunan Daru|Duru]] (Vere) | [[Fufore]] LGA, [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]] |- | [[Harsunan Leko|Leko]] | Jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] ; [[Kamaru]] |- | [[Harsunan Mumuye|Mumuye]] | [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Yaren Yendang|Yendang]] | [[Mayo-Belwa|Mayo Belwa]] and [[Numan (Nijeriya)|Numan]] LGAs, [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] |- | [[Harsunan Tula-Waja|Waja]] | Karamar Hukumar [[Kaltungo]] da [[Balanga (Nijeriya)|Balanga]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] |- | ''[[Yaren Nyingwom|Kam]]'' | [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]] LGA, [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba State]] |- | ''[[Yaren Kwah|Ba]]'' | [[Numan (Nijeriya)|Numan]] LGA, [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]] |- | ''Laka'' | [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba State]] and [[Yola]] LGA, [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]] |- | [[Harsunan Bikwin-Jen|Jen]] | [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba State]] |- | [[Harsunan Bikwin-Jen|Bikwin]] | [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba State]] |- | [[Harsunan Bena-Mboi|Yungur]] | [[Song (Nijeriya)|Song]] and [[Guyuk (Nijeriya)|Guyuk]] LGAs, [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] |} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Blench (2004) [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Jerin harsunan Adamawa] * [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-048 Binciken kima cikin sauri da ƙididdigar lexicostatistical na Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai da Oblo (PDF)] na Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-048. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050107014910/http://www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/19379.pdf Vocabulaires comparés des instruments aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun], Tourneaux * [https://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/afrika/adamawa-gur/ Harsunan Adamawa-Gur] [[Category:Harsunan Adamawa]] [[Category:Harsunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bubmwdtdao8fb36ia1z2od84fiwk4pu Abdellatif Ben Ammar 0 71212 966564 489085 2026-10-11T17:16:32Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Tarihin Rayuwa */ 966564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Abdellatif Ben Ammar JCC 1980.jpg|thumb|Abdellatif Ben Ammar]] '''Abdellatif Ben Ammar''' ( {{Lang-ar|عبد اللطيف بن عمار}} 25 Afrilu 1943 - 6 Fabrairu 2023) darektan fina-finan kasar Tunisiya ne kuma marubucin fim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2005044567.html|title=ʻAmmār, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, 1943-|work=Library of Congress}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin [[Tunis]] a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu 1943, Ben Ammar ya karanci fannin ilimin lissafi a {{Interlanguage link|Lycée Alaoui|fr}}. Daga nan ya koma harkar cinema kuma ya sami difloma a harkar fim daga Institut des haute études cinématographiques a birnin [[Faris|Paris]] a shekarar 1965. Bayan ya koma Tunisiya, Ben Ammar ya samu hayar kamfanin Tunisiya don shirya fina-finai da faɗaɗawa kuma ya fara ɗaukar gajerun fina-finai tare da taimakon daraktocin Tunisiya da na waje. A cikin shekarar 1970, ya fito da fim ɗinsa na farko, ''[[A Simple Story (fim, 1970)|Labari Mai Sauƙi]]'', sannan ya kafa kamfanin studio Latif Productions tare da Abdellatif Layouni. Ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa wajen kafa kamfanin post-production Company, Ben Duran. [[Fayil:Poterie de Sejnane.jpg|thumb]] Ben Ammar ya mutu a birnin Tunis a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2023, yana da shekaru 79 a duniya. == Fina-finai == *''2 + 2 = 5'' (1966) *''Le Cerveau'' (1967) *''Opération yeux'' (1967) *''L'Espérance'' (1968) *''[[A Simple Story (1970 film)|A Simple Story]]'' (1970) *''Sur les traces de Baal'' (1971) *''Mosquées de Kairouan'' (1972) *''{{ill|Sejnane (film)|fr|lt=Sejnane}}'' (1973) *''Sadiki'' (1975) *''Kairouan, la Grande Mosquée'' (1979)<ref>{{cite news |last=Nasser Sardi|first=Mohamed|date=25 April 2007|title=Les journées du cinéma tunisien (J.C.T.). Deuxième session|trans-title= |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/africine/6555|language=French|work=Africiné|location= |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> *''[[Aziza (1980 film)|Aziza]]'' (1980) *''Le Chant de la noria'' (2002) *''Farhat Hached'' (2002) *''Khota Fawka Assahab'' (2003) *''Les Palmiers blessés'' (2010) ==Distinctions== *Tanit de bronze at the [[Carthage Film Festival]] for ''A Simple Story'' (1970) *Tanit de bronze at the Carthage Film Festival for ''Sejnane'' (1974) *Special jury prize of the [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou]] for ''Sejnane'' (1976) *[[Tanit d'or]] at the Carthage Film Festival for ''Aziza'' (1980) *Selection for the [[Directors' Fortnight]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] for ''Aziza'' (1980) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2023]] f8zepiq7g7ap125324rd7nan7uxmsnt 966566 966564 2026-10-11T17:16:51Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Tarihin Rayuwa */ 966566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Abdellatif Ben Ammar JCC 1980.jpg|thumb|Abdellatif Ben Ammar]] '''Abdellatif Ben Ammar''' ( {{Lang-ar|عبد اللطيف بن عمار}} 25 Afrilu 1943 - 6 Fabrairu 2023) darektan fina-finan kasar Tunisiya ne kuma marubucin fim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2005044567.html|title=ʻAmmār, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, 1943-|work=Library of Congress}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwar sa == An haife shi a birnin [[Tunis]] a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu 1943, Ben Ammar ya karanci fannin ilimin lissafi a {{Interlanguage link|Lycée Alaoui|fr}}. Daga nan ya koma harkar cinema kuma ya sami difloma a harkar fim daga Institut des haute études cinématographiques a birnin [[Faris|Paris]] a shekarar 1965. Bayan ya koma Tunisiya, Ben Ammar ya samu hayar kamfanin Tunisiya don shirya fina-finai da faɗaɗawa kuma ya fara ɗaukar gajerun fina-finai tare da taimakon daraktocin Tunisiya da na waje. A cikin shekarar 1970, ya fito da fim ɗinsa na farko, ''[[A Simple Story (fim, 1970)|Labari Mai Sauƙi]]'', sannan ya kafa kamfanin studio Latif Productions tare da Abdellatif Layouni. Ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa wajen kafa kamfanin post-production Company, Ben Duran. [[Fayil:Poterie de Sejnane.jpg|thumb]] Ben Ammar ya mutu a birnin Tunis a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2023, yana da shekaru 79 a duniya. == Fina-finai == *''2 + 2 = 5'' (1966) *''Le Cerveau'' (1967) *''Opération yeux'' (1967) *''L'Espérance'' (1968) *''[[A Simple Story (1970 film)|A Simple Story]]'' (1970) *''Sur les traces de Baal'' (1971) *''Mosquées de Kairouan'' (1972) *''{{ill|Sejnane (film)|fr|lt=Sejnane}}'' (1973) *''Sadiki'' (1975) *''Kairouan, la Grande Mosquée'' (1979)<ref>{{cite news |last=Nasser Sardi|first=Mohamed|date=25 April 2007|title=Les journées du cinéma tunisien (J.C.T.). Deuxième session|trans-title= |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/africine/6555|language=French|work=Africiné|location= |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> *''[[Aziza (1980 film)|Aziza]]'' (1980) *''Le Chant de la noria'' (2002) *''Farhat Hached'' (2002) *''Khota Fawka Assahab'' (2003) *''Les Palmiers blessés'' (2010) ==Distinctions== *Tanit de bronze at the [[Carthage Film Festival]] for ''A Simple Story'' (1970) *Tanit de bronze at the Carthage Film Festival for ''Sejnane'' (1974) *Special jury prize of the [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou]] for ''Sejnane'' (1976) *[[Tanit d'or]] at the Carthage Film Festival for ''Aziza'' (1980) *Selection for the [[Directors' Fortnight]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] for ''Aziza'' (1980) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2023]] kvy646cyxidjwc3a6mqb3ilqeppc2tr Harshen Toto 0 71870 966361 535407 2026-10-11T16:30:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Sino-Tibetan language}} {{Infobox language |name = Toto |altname = {{Script|Toto|𞊒𞊪𞊒𞊪}}, তোতো |image = {{Photomontage|position=center |photo1a = Shukla Toto T.svg |photo2a = Shukla Toto B.svg | size = 200 | spacing = 2 | color =0 | border = 0 | foot_montage =}} |region = [[West Bengal]] |ethnicity = [[Toto people|Toto]] |speakers = 1,411 |imagecaption = The word "Toto" in Toto and [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] script |date = 2014 |ref = <ref name="Languages of India">{{cite web|url=http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf|title=Languages of India|date=|accessdate=2015-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207192528/http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf|archive-date=2020-12-07|url-status=dead}}|</ref> |familycolor = Sino-Tibetan |fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] |fam3 = [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]] (?) |fam4 = [[Dhimalish languages|Dhimalish]] |script = [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] and [[Toto (script)]] |iso3 = txo |glotto = toto1302 |glottorefname = Toto }} [[Fayil:99 by toto US reissue grey 1980s.tif|thumb]] [[Fayil:TOTO LETTER A.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:TOTO LETTER RA.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Toto Cafe 20-09-25 009.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Depot in Toto, Indiana (1915).jpg|thumb]] {{Contains special characters | special = Toto [[Unicode]] characters | fix = Help:Multilingual_support#Toto_script | image = Replacement character.svg | link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character | alt = <?> | compact = yes }} '''Toto''' ([[Bengali script|Bengali]]: {{lang|bn|তোতো}}, [[Toto (script)|Toto]]: {{script|Toto|𞊒𞊪𞊒𞊪}})Yaren Sino-Tibet ne da ake magana a kan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan, ta kabilar Toto a Totopara, West Bengal tare da iyaka da Bhutan. Hakanan ana magana a Subhapara, Dhunchipara, da Panchayatpara hilllocks akan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan a gundumar Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (Ethnologue). [[Fayil:Toto-Logo.svg|thumb]] == Matsayi == UNESCO ta jera Toto a matsayin yare mai hatsarin gaske, mai yiwuwa masu magana 1,000. Koyaya, yawancin iyalai a cikin al'umma suna magana Toto a gida. Yawancin yara suna koyon Toto a gida, kodayake suna amfani da Bengali a makaranta. Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropological na Indiya (AnSI) ta shirya gudanar da bincike a kan harshen kabilar Toto, wanda yawansu ya ragu zuwa 1,536, ba su fahimci cewa harshen ya fi ƙabilanci ba. Masu bincike da kuma membobin al’ummar Toto sun yarda cewa harshen na fuskantar barazana kuma tasirin wasu harsuna, musamman Nepali da Bengali, na karuwa kowace rana.<ref name= Singh>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=Toto language more endangered than tribe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=18 December 2019 |date=1 August 2014}}</ref> Aikin Harsunan Himalayan yana aiki akan zanen nahawu na farko na Toto. == Fassarar sauti == Toto ya ƙunshi ƙananan wayoyi 25, waɗanda 19 baƙaƙe ne shida kuma wasula ne. Wayoyin wannan harshe sune kamar haka: '''Wasula''' Akwai wayoyi guda shida a cikin harshen Toto: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. Ana iya rarraba su: * a kwance zuwa rukuni uku a matsayin gaba maras zagaye, na tsakiya mara zagaye da baya; * a tsaye zuwa kungiyoyi hudu kusa, kusa-tsaki, bude-tsaki da budewa. * Akwai diphthong guda takwas da aka gane a cikin Toto, waɗannan su ne: * /eu/ - yana faruwa a matsayi na farko da na tsakiya, * /au/, /ou/ - yana faruwa ne kawai a matsayi na tsakiya, * /ei/, /əi/, /ai/, /oi/ - yana faruwa a matsakaici da matsayi na ƙarshe, da * /ui/ - yana faruwa a kowane matsayi.<ref name="Languages of India" /> Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i masu zuwa suna tabbatar da matsayin sautin wasali: /i/~/e/ /iŋ/ 'dan'uwan suruki', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger' /ciwa/ 'Tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (tufafi) /i/~/a/ /guJi/ 'mujiya', vs. /guJa/ 'aljihu' /nico/ 'wuta', vs. /naco/ 'biyu' /i/~/u/ /Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'tsuntsu' /ei/~/əi/ /e/~/a/ /lepa/ 'kwakwalwa', vs. /lapa/ 'Ganye betel na daji' /kewa/ 'haihuwa', vs. /kawa/ 'sauti' /e/~/o/ /je/ 'ciyawa', vs. /jo/ 'nono' bi..<ref name="Languages of India" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- !<small>plain</small> ![[Aspirated consonant|<small>aspirated</small>]] !<small>plain</small> ![[Aspirated consonant|<small>aspirated</small>]] |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]] !<small>voiceless</small> |[[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] |pʰ |[[Voiceless dental and alveolar stops|t]] |tʰ |[[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] |[[Voiceless velar stop|k]] | |- ![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]] |[[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] | |[[Voiced dental and alveolar stops|d]] | |[[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] |[[Voiced velar stop|g]] | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | | |[[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | | | |[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |[[Bilabial nasal|m]] | |[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]] | | |[[Velar nasal|ŋ]] | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | | |[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]] | |[[Palatal approximant|j]] |[[Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | |[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]] | | | | |} ==Kamus== A ƙasa akwai wasu kalmomin Toto daga van Driem (1995), wanda ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi don ba da shawarar cewa Toto na iya zama harshen Sal..<ref name="vanDriem1995">van Driem, George. 1995. ''The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars''. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.</ref> {{refbegin|20em}} *{{transliteration|txo|aŋ-}} 'to drink' *{{transliteration|txo|bɔcɔŋ}} 'shoulder' *{{transliteration|txo|yoti}} 'cooking pot' (second syllable), cf. [[Dzongkha]] {{transliteration|dz|dî}} 'jug' *{{transliteration|txo|uŋtí}} 'seed' *{{transliteration|txo|haní}} 'today' *{{transliteration|txo|tarí}} 'moon' *{{transliteration|txo|lip-}} 'fall' (cf. [[Paul K. Benedict|Benedict]]'s [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman language|PTB]] {{lang|mis|*lip}}<!-- Proto-Tibeto-Burman --> 'dive, sink, drown') *{{transliteration|txo|tɛ́bo}} 'big' (first syllable) *{{transliteration|txo|así}} 'shit' *{{transliteration|txo|daŋkre}} 'right' (vs. 'left') *{{transliteration|txo|buibé}} 'stomach' (first syllable); the second syllable {{transliteration|txo|-be}} is cognate with Toto {{transliteration|txo|biyá}} 'meat' *{{transliteration|txo|biyá}} 'meat' *{{transliteration|txo|wɔteŋ}} 'bamboo species' (first syllable), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] {{transliteration|ne|ḍhuṅgre ko ghās}} *{{transliteration|txo|maʔoŋ}} 'paddy' *{{transliteration|txo|bagreŋ}} 'wing' *{{transliteration|txo|saní}} 'sun' *{{transliteration|txo|jâr-}} 'stand' *{{transliteration|txo|anji}} 'yesterday' *{{transliteration|txo|böidi}} 'navel' *{{transliteration|txo|lâru-}} 'bring' *{{transliteration|txo|em-}} 'to shit' *{{transliteration|txo|jiŋ-}} 'sleep' *{{transliteration|txo|cici}} 'urine' *{{transliteration|txo|kiya}} 'dog' *{{transliteration|txo|miŋ}} 'name' *{{transliteration|txo|daŋ}} 'horn' *{{transliteration|txo|maibe}} 'flower' *{{transliteration|txo|pǘyɔ}} 'snake' *{{transliteration|txo|luŋtü}} 'stone' *{{transliteration|txo|lɛbɛ́}} 'tongue' *{{transliteration|txo|maŋbü-}} 'to dream' *{{transliteration|txo|nanuŋ}} 'ear' *{{transliteration|txo|mico}} 'eye' *{{transliteration|txo|ŋaya}} 'fish' *{{transliteration|txo|musa}} 'body hair' *{{transliteration|txo|ka}} 'I' *{{transliteration|txo|taŋpa}} 'sole of the foot' *{{transliteration|txo|paká}} 'pig' *{{transliteration|txo|nati}} 'thou' *{{transliteration|txo|satáŋ}} 'tooth' *{{transliteration|txo|si-}} 'die' *{{transliteration|txo|ca-}} 'eat' *{{transliteration|txo|the-}} 'be sweet, taste sweet' *{{transliteration|txo|toise}} 'mango' (suffix: {{transliteration|txo|-se}}) *{{transliteration|txo|daŋse}} '[[jackfruit]]' (suffix: {{transliteration|txo|-se}}) *{{transliteration|txo|sâ-}} 'kill' *{{transliteration|txo|dai-}} 'dig' *{{transliteration|txo|köitü}} 'egg' *{{transliteration|txo|yuŋ-}} 'sit, stay' *{{transliteration|txo|ti}} 'water' *{{transliteration|txo|mití}} 'tear' *{{transliteration|txo|totí}} 'spit' *{{transliteration|txo|wɛtí}} 'rain' *{{transliteration|txo|yutí}} 'blood' *{{transliteration|txo|yutí}} 'milk' *{{transliteration|txo|dikɔ́}} 'buffalo' *{{transliteration|txo|ü-}} 'come down, descend' *{{transliteration|txo|ŋɛtɔ́ŋ}} 'neck' *{{transliteration|txo|to pa-}} 'weave' *{{transliteration|txo|kai-}} 'cry' *{{transliteration|txo|ŋɔká}} 'monkey' *{{transliteration|txo|jüwɔ́}} 'mouse, rat' {{refend}} === Karin magana === === Sunan Toto na sirri sune (van Driem 1995)<ref name="vanDriem1995" /> === {| class="wikitable" ! !! singular !! plural |- ! first person | {{Transliteration|txo|ka}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|kibi}} |- ! second person | {{Transliteration|txo|nati}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|natibi}} |- ! third person | {{Transliteration|txo|aku}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|abi}} |} === Lambobi === === Lambobin Toto sune (van Driem 1995)<ref name="vanDriem1995" /> === {| class="wikitable" ! English numeral !! bare stem for counting !! counting humans !! counting animals !! inanimate objects |- ! one | {{Transliteration|txo|i}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|iccɔ}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|ippu}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|icce}} |- ! two | {{Transliteration|txo|ni}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|niso}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|nipu}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|nise}} |- ! three | {{Transliteration|txo|suŋ}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|sumcɔ}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|suŋpu}}|| {{Transliteration|txo|suŋse}} |- ! four | {{transliteration|txo|di}} || {{transliteration|txo|dicɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|dipu}} || {{transliteration|txo|dise}} |- ! five | {{transliteration|txo|ŋa}} || {{transliteration|txo|ŋacɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|ŋapu}} || {{transliteration|txo|ŋase}} |- ! six | {{transliteration|txo|tu}} || {{transliteration|txo|tukcɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|tukpu}} || {{transliteration|txo|tuse}} |- ! seven | {{transliteration|txo|ni}} || {{transliteration|txo|nícɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|nípu}} || {{transliteration|txo|níse}} |- ! eight | {{transliteration|txo|yâ}} || {{transliteration|txo|yấcɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|yấpu}} || {{transliteration|txo|yấse}} |- ! nine | {{transliteration|txo|ku}} || {{transliteration|txo|kucɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|kupu}} || {{transliteration|txo|kuse}} |- ! ten | {{transliteration|txo|tâ}} || {{transliteration|txo|tâcɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|tâpu}} || {{transliteration|txo|tâse}} |- ! eleven | {{transliteration|txo|eghâra}} || {{transliteration|txo|eghârcɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|eghârpu}} || {{transliteration|txo|eghârse}} |- ! twelve | {{transliteration|txo|bâra}} || {{transliteration|txo|bârcɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|bârpu}} || {{transliteration|txo|bârse}} |- ! twenty | {{transliteration|txo|ikai}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai cɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai pu}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai se}} |- ! twenty-one | {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so i}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so iccɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so ippu}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so icce}} |- ! thirty | {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so tâ}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so tâcɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so tâpu}} || {{transliteration|txo|ikai-so tâse}} |- ! forty | {{transliteration|txo|nikai}} || {{transliteration|txo|nikai cɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|nikai pu}} || {{transliteration|txo|nikai se}} |- ! fifty | {{transliteration|txo|nikai-so tâ}} || {{transliteration|txo|nikai-so tâcɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|nikai-so tâpu}} || {{transliteration|txo|nikai-so tâse}} |- ! sixty | {{transliteration|txo|suŋkai}} || {{transliteration|txo|suŋkai cɔ}} || {{transliteration|txo|suŋkai pu}} || {{transliteration|txo|suŋkai se}} |} * ==Nau'in Rubutu== {{Infobox writing system | name = Toto script | altname = {{script|Toto|𞊒𞊪𞊒𞊪}} | type = [[alphabet]] | typedesc = | languages = Toto | region = [[Bengal]] | creator = Dhaniram Toto | date = | published = 2015 | time = | fam1 = | fam2 = | fam3 = | footnotes = | print = | sample = | imagesize = | unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E290.pdf U+1E290&ndash;U+1E2BF] | iso15924 = Toto | iso15924 note = | note = none }} An buga rubutun haruffan da dattijon al'umma kuma marubuci, Dhaniram Toto ya haɓaka don harshen a cikin 2015, kuma ya ga iyakance amma ana ƙara amfani da shi a cikin adabi, ilimi, da lissafi; Mafi mahimmanci, an ƙara haruffan Toto zuwa ma'auni na Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021. Kafin buga wannan rubutun, Dhaniram Toto da sauran membobin al'umma (waɗanda adadin karatunsu kamar yadda binciken samfurin da aka gudanar a 2003 ya kasance kawai 33.64 bisa dari). ) rubuce-rubucen littattafai da kasidu a cikin rubutun Bengali.<ref name= Singh /> === Unicode === === Samfura: Babban haruffan Toto an ƙara shi zuwa Matsayin Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021 tare da sakin sigar 14.0. === === Tushen Unicode na Toto shine U+1E290–U+1E2BF === <nowiki>:</nowiki> {{Unicode chart Toto}} ==Duba == *[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list|Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list]] (Wiktionary) ==Don Karatu== {{reflist}} ==Manazarta== {{refbegin}} *Amitabha, S. (1993). Toto, Society and Change: A Sub-Himalayan Tribe of West Bengal. Firma KLM. *Basumatary, C. (2014). The Phonological Study of Toto Language. Language in India, 14:6, 59–84. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207192528/http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf |date=2020-12-07 }} *Chaudhuri, B. (1992). Tribal Transformation in India. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications. *Doherty, B. (2012, April 29). India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html *{{Linguistic Survey of India|3|1}} *Mehrotra, R. (1974). Endangered Languages in India. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 105–114. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from https://web.archive.org/web/20111016074549/http://www.degruyter.de/journals/ijsl/detailEn.cfm *Perumalsamy P (2016) "Toto Language" in Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal Volume I by Office of the Registrar General India: New Delhi pp 628–702 https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34826 *Singh, S. (2014, August 1). Toto Language More Endangered Than Tribe. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece *van Driem, G., & Bronkhorst, J. (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (pp.&nbsp;559–760). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub. *van Driem, G. (2007). South Asia and Middle East. In C. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (pp.&nbsp;289–348). London and New York: Routledge. *van Driem, George. 1995. ''The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars''. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28. {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== *[http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xt06.html India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words] *[http://wbnorthbengaldev.gov.in/HtmlPage/toto.aspx About Toto People] *[http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger] *[http://www.oralliterature.org/ World Oral Literature Project] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)] *[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_wb/5TOTO.pdf] {{Sino-Tibetan languages}} {{Kiranti languages}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Toto Language}} [[Category:Kiranti languages]] [[Category:Languages of India]] [[Category:Languages of Bhutan]] [[Category:Endangered languages of India]] qyj5hfhlxm3wjussoh2r6ca63drcqu3 Harshen Zo 0 72207 966394 540974 2026-10-11T16:36:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sibbe-zo beneden zo boven (1).jpg|thumb]]{{Databox}} '''Zo''' (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Zou kuma aka fi sani da Zokam) yaren Kuki-Chin-Mizo ne na yankin Arewa <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=hnYShQ7TryMC&pg=PA55</ref>wanda ya samo asali daga yammacin Burma kuma ana magana da shi a Mizoram da Manipur a arewa maso gabashin Indiya. A wani lokaci ana amfani da sunan Zou a matsayin kalmar fakewa da harsunan duk mutanen Mizo (Zo people) wato Kukish da Chin, musamman mutanen Zomi. An yi amfani da kalmar 'Zo' a cikin littattafai da yawa don nuna kalmar 'Zo', saboda sauƙi na amfani da sauti. Zo da kansu suna amfani da kalmomi daban-daban Zo, Zou, da Jo don nufin kabilarsu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue</ref> == Fassarar sauti == Za'a iya kafa saitin wayoyi na zou 23 na baƙon baki a kan ƙaramin nau'i-nau'i masu zuwa ko kalmomi masu taruwa. Bayan waɗannan Wayoyin Waya guda 23, baƙaƙe 1 lambar wayar da aka aro (watau /r/), wadda ake samun ta a cikin kalmomin rance kawai, a lokuta da ba kasafai ba (misali /r/ a /rəŋ/ "launi"). Tare da waɗannan baƙaƙe, Zou yana da wasula guda 7: i, e, a, ɔ, o, u, ə.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123155118/http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Harsuna]] j8qwrxe6fj1xsfkf37y3weo6y7gcned Harshan Aikanã 0 72269 966193 598683 2026-10-11T16:02:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liikennettä Hämeenkadulla välirauhan aikana kesäkuussa 1940.jpg|thumb|Aikana]] [[Fayil:Dungaanikapinan aikana tuhottua kylää Etualalla pensaita 1906 (VKK269-718).tif|thumb|Hoton aikana]] '''Aikanã''' (wani lokacin ana kiranta '''Tubarão''', Corumbiara / Kolumbiara, ko Huari / Uari / Warri) yare ne mai haɗari wanda kusan mutane 200 na Aikanã ke magana a [[Rondonia]], [[Brazil]]. Yana rikitarwa kuma yana da tsari na [[Magana-abu-kalma|SOV]]. Aikanã yana amfani da [[Baƙaƙen boko|Rubutun Latin]]. Mutanen suna zaune tare da masu magana da [[Kwaza language|Koaia (Kwaza)]] . == Yawan jama'a == Ana magana da Aikanã a al'ada a cikin Terra Indígena Tubarão-Latundê, inda har yanzu shine harshen da ya fi dacewa. Hakanan ana magana da shi a cikin Terra Indígena Kwazá do Rio São Pedro, inda ake magana da Kwazá ta al'ada. Wasu iyalan Aikanã a ciki ma suna zaune a cikin Terra Indígena Rio Guaporé, amma ba sa magana da yaren a can. Akwai kusan kabilun Aikanã (wanda aka fi sani da ''Kassupá'') mutane, a cikin Comunidad Indígena Cassupá e Salamãi, kodayake mai magana da Aikanã na ƙarshe ya mutu a shekarar 2018. == Rarraba == <ref>Van der Voort, Hein. 2005. Kwaza in a comparative perspective. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 71: 365–412.</ref> der Voort (2005) ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin Aikanã, [[Yaren Kano|Kanoê]], da [[Kwaza language|Kwaza]], kuma ya yi imanin cewa yana da ƙarfi sosai don haɗa harsuna uku tare a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin harshe ɗaya. Wani bincike na atomatik (ASJP 4) na Müller et al. (2013) <ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164740/https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip |date=2022-03-28 }}''.</ref> kuma ya sami kamanceceniya tsakanin Aikanã da Kwaza. Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, rukuni na iya zama ko dai saboda rance na juna ko gado na kwayar halitta. (2016) ya kuma lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da [[Yaren Kano|Kanoe]], [[Kwaza language|Kwaza]], da Nambikwara saboda lamba. == Iri-iri == Hanyoyin da Loukotka ta lissafa (1968): <ref name="Loukotka">{{Cite book|last3=Čestmír Loukotka}}</ref> * '''Huari (Corumbiara) ''' - ana magana tsakanin Kogin Corumbiara da Kogin Guarajú, Rondônia * '''Masaca (Aicana) ''' - ana magana a gefen hagu na Kogin Corumbiara * '''Aboba''' - yaren da ba a taɓa magana a Kogin Guarajú * '''Maba''' - yaren da ba a taɓa magana a Kogin Guajejú ba (ba a tabbatar da shi ba) * '''Puxacaze''' - sau ɗaya ana magana a Kogin Guajejú, Brazil (ba a tabbatar da shi ba) * '''Guajejú''' - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Jamarí da Kogin Candeia (ba a tabbatar da shi ba) == Fasahar sauti == === Sautin sautin === {| class="wikitable" |+Sautin baki ! ! colspan="2" |A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- align="center" !Kusa |i | rowspan="2" |y~ ø<br /> | (Kawai) |u |- align="center" !Tsakanin |ɛ | | |- align="center" !Bude | colspan="2" | |a | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Sautin hanci ! ! colspan="2" |A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- align="center" !Kusa |Ya kasance | rowspan="2" |ỹ~ ø̃<br /> |ɨ̃ (Abin da ke ciki) |A cikin su |- align="center" !Tsakanin |ɛ̃ | | |- align="center" !Bude | colspan="2" | |ɐ̃ | |} * /y, ỹ/ kuma ana iya jin sa a kusa-tsakiya [ø, ø̃]. * /a, ã/ ana jin su kamar [ɨ, ɨ̃] kafin /i, ĩ/ . === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" |+Anin da aka yi amfani da shi ! colspan="2" | !Labari !Dental !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Gishiri |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" |'''Dakatar da / Africate<br />Rashin lafiya''' !<small>ba tare da murya ba</small> |p |t̪͡s |t |t͡ʃ |k | (ʔ) |- align="center" !<small>murya</small> |b | rowspan="2" |d̪͡ð |d |d͡ʒ | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |'''Fricative''' | | (s) | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |'''Hanci''' |[m] |[n̪ð] |[n] |[ɲ] | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |Mai sautin |w | |ɾ | (j) | |h |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qt4hfhqh2awbkantn5lqfe96wk3jlmx Olumide Oworu 0 72316 966279 959947 2026-10-11T16:18:15Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357084264|Olumide Oworu]]" 966279 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Olumide Oworu''' Listenⓘ (born December 11, 1994) is a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nigerian]] actor, model and rapper.{{Dead link|date=October 2025}} == Ayyuka == Oworu attended [[King's College, Lagos]], and the [[Jami'ar Lagos|University of Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olumide Oworu as crash kid |url=http://8barsandaclef.com/gallery/olumide-oworu-as-crash-kid/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914180759/http://8barsandaclef.com/gallery/olumide-oworu-as-crash-kid/ |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=8 bars and a clef}}</ref> He graduated from [[Jami'ar Babcock|Babcock University]] in June 2017. Oworu commenced his acting career at the age of six with the television series ''Everyday People.'' He is also known for his role of Tari in the Africa Magic Series ''[[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]]''. He also starred in other television series such as ''The Patriot, The Men In Her Life, Hammer, Stolen Waters, and New Son.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Actor Olumide Oworu Describes His First Time On Set Of Shuga With Tiwa Savage |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dNaLy_y3V4 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=Pulse TV on [[YouTube]]}}</ref> Olumide portrayed the character ‘Weki’ in MTV Base's [[Shuga Naija|Shuga]] series, seasons 3 and 4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Cast |url=http://mtvshuga.com/cast/weki/ |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=MTV Shuga}}</ref> He is also a television presenter. Olumide has won several awards including the "Mr. Popularity" prize in the ''Model of Africa 2012 contest'', the Nollywood Revelation of The Year award at the Scream Awards 2014, and The Most Promising Youth Actor award at Ping Awards 2014. He won the Most Promising actor in the [[2015 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2015 Best of Nollywood Awards]] and Best Supporting actor for his role in the ''Soldier's Story'' in the [[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] (AMVCA). == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Mutanen yau da kullun'' * ''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|Labarin Soja]] (2015) a matsayin Edwin'' * ''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]] (2013) Weki'' * ''[[This Is It|Wannan shi ne (jerin talabijin)]]'' ''(2016)'' * ''[[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|Johnsons]] (2021-2022) a matsayin Tari Johnson'' * ''[[Man of God (2022 film)|Mutumin Allah]] (2022) a matsayin Daniel Obalolu'' * ''[[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|Daga Gida]] (2022) a matsayin Atlas'' * ''[[Day of Destiny (fim)|Ranar Makoma]] (2021) a matsayin Chidi'' * ''[[The New Normal (fim)|Sabon Al'ada]] (2020) '' * ''[[She Is (fim)|Ita ce]] (2019) a matsayin Joshua'' * ''[[Kyaddala]] (2019) a matsayin Eze'' * ''[[Ijakumo]] (2022) a matsayin Matashi Jide'' * ''Ranar Yana da Shi (Season 3) '' * ''Mai ba da labari (2021) '' * ''Zaɓuɓɓuka (2019) a matsayin Tega'' * ''Detour (2021) a matsayin Alex'' * ''Game da Ɗa (2021) a matsayin Eazy'' * ''Àkúdàáyà (2023) '' * ''[[The Black Book|Littafin Baƙar fata]] (2023) a matsayin Damilola Edima'' * ''[[A Tribe Called Judah|Ƙabilar da ake kira Yahuza]] (2023) a matsayin Ejiro Yahuza'' * ''Tattaunawar Ruwa (2024) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Ceton Onome (2024) a matsayin Jite'' * ''A kan iyaka (2024) a matsayin Tomisin'' * ''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi: Tashin hankali]]'' (2024) a matsayin Bejide * ''[[lisabi: An haifi Gwarzo|Lisabi: An haifi Labari]]'' (2025) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 2ts14wx6dfgs2xzyuprhyzbv4z9e4bk Harshen Koma 0 72577 966257 813015 2026-10-11T16:15:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Koma Shrine.jpg|thumb|Harshen Koma]] '''Harshen Koma''' wani rukuni ne na harshe na reshen [[Harsunan Daru|Duru]] na [[Harsunan Savannas]] na Kamaru . Blench (2004) ya haɗa da nau'o'i uku da aka raba a cikin Ethnologue, Koma Ndera, Gɨmne, da Gɨmnɨme; a cikin Koma Ndera، masu magana da yarukan da ke gefen, Gomnome da Ndera, ba za su iya fahimtar juna ba, kodayake dukansu sun fahimci yaren tsakiya, Gomme . == Iri-iri == Blench (2019) ya lissafa waɗannan nau'ikan harsuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na rukunin Koma. * Gomme (Gәmme) (wanda aka fi sani da Damti, Koma Kampana, Panbe) * Gomnome (Gọmnọme) (wanda aka fi sani da Mbeya, Gimbe, Koma Kadam, Laame, Youtubo) * Ndera (wanda aka fi sani da Vomni, Doome, Doobe) Ana magana da nau'ikan yaren Ndera, Gimnime, da Kompana a tsakiyar yankin Alantika Mountains da kuma wani ɓangare na filayen Faro da ke ƙarƙashin Dutsen Alantika (a tsakiyar yankin Beka, Sashen Faro, Yankin Arewa). Nau'ikan da aka jera a cikin ''ALCAM'' (2012) sune kamar haka, an jera su daga arewa zuwa kudu: * '''Ndera''': ana magana da shi a arewa maso yammacin Tchamba. Ndera da Kobo (nau'i-nau'i na Vere) suna da alaƙa da juna, kuma suna da alaƙar juna kamar yadda Gimnime da Kompana suke da juna. Ndera ba ta da alaƙa da Gimnime da Kompana. * Gimnime (ethnonym: ''Gimbe''): ana magana da shi a kusa da Wangay, an raba shi tsakanin Gimbe na duwatsu zuwa yammacin Tchamba. Akwai kimanin masu magana da Gimnime 3,000 a yankin Arewa, a cikin Sashen Faro (a cikin garin Beka, a kusa da Wangay). Harshensu ya fi kusa da Kompana fiye da Koma (Koma Ndera). Ana kuma samunsa a Najeriya. * '''Ritibe''': ana magana da shi a fili zuwa kudu maso yammacin Tchamba. Gimbe da Ritibe sun bambanta da juna kuma ba su da al'adu iri ɗaya. * '''Kompana''': ya fi ƙuntata a cikin tsaunuka kuma kawai ya kai ga fili a Saptou. Akwai kimanin masu magana da Kompana 3,000 a cikin garin Beka, Sashen Faro. Suna amfani da [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] a matsayin yare na biyu. Kompana (Koma Kompana) ko ''Gimma'' yana da alaƙa da Koma (Koma Ndera) da Gimnime (Koma Kadam). Ana kuma magana da Kompana a Najeriya. Kodayake karamar hukuma tana kiran ''''Koma'' Ndera'', ''Koma Kadam'', da ''Koma Kompana'', kalmar Koma kanta ba ta amfani da ita ta kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Sunan ''Koma Ndera'' [[Fulani|Fulbe]] da ƙaramar hukumar Kamaru suna amfani da shi. ''Ndera'' ya samo asali ne daga sunan ƙauye. Har ila yau, kalmomin ''Doabe'' (ethnonym; sunan da ke nufin kabilanci) da ''Doome'' (glossonym; sunan yana nufin harshe) maƙwabcin Gimbe ne ke amfani da su, gami da Kobo, waɗanda ke magana da harshe da ke da alaƙa da Koma Ndera. Léélu, ''Bangru'', ''Zanu'', ''Liu'', da ''Yeru'' sune sunayen (nau'i da yawa) wanda ya dace da ƙauyukan Ndera, Mougini, Boge, Li, da Gede. Ndera yana cikin Sashen Faro, Yankin Arewa (arewa maso yammacin yankin Chamba Leko) kuma ana magana da shi a Najeriya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} * [Hasiya] [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Jerin harsunan Adamawa] (ms) [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tpsddllfk345znbvdihy21fxy1bol4z Alf Ackerman 0 75041 966547 909714 2026-10-11T17:11:24Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Kididdigar sana'a */ 966547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alfred Arthur Eric Ackerman''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 Janairu 1929 - 10 Yuli 1988)<ref name="Hugman 2015">{{cite book |editor-first=Barry J. |editor-last=Hugman |title=The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2015 |url=https://archive.org/details/pfapremierfootba0000unse |year=2015 |publisher=G2 Entertainment Ltd |isbn=9781782811671}}</ref> ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebbsfleetunited.co.uk/eufc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=67|title=1960s|access-date=30 October 2008|publisher=Ebbsfleet United F.C}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He died in [[Dunottan]] at the age of 59.<ref>{{Hugman|30|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Pretoria]], Ackerman ya shafe yawancin aikinsa a [[Scotland]] da Ingila, yana wasa tare da Clyde, Hull City, Norwich City, Derby County, Carlisle United da Millwall. An zaɓe shi don buga wa ƙungiyar ta uku ta Arewa wasa da Kudu a cikin Afrilu 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebbsfleetunited.co.uk/eufc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=67|title=1960s|access-date=30 October 2008|publisher=Ebbsfleet United F.C}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He died in [[Dunottan]] at the age of 59.<ref>{{Hugman|30|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin ɗan wasa a Shekaran 1961, Ackerman ya zama manajan Dartford, kuma daga baya manajan Gravesend &amp;amp; Northfleet. Ya rasu a [[Dunottan]] yana da shekaru 59. Ackerman ya gama a matsayin babban mai zura kwallo a raga a gasar Transvaal a Afirka ta Kudu na tsawon yanayi biyu a jere kafin ya shiga Clyde. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000566/19461215/065/0010 | title = SOUTH AFRICA'S GOAL ACE IS CLYDE'S NEW CAPTURE | newspaper = Sunday Post | date = 15 December 1946 | access-date = 28 March 2022 | url-access = subscription | via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa uku na Afirka ta Kudu da suka buga wa Hull City a shekarun 1950, sauran su ne Norman Nielson da Neil Cubie. Ya zira kwallaye 37 a ragar Carlisle United a kakar wasa ta 1957–58 . == Kididdigar sana'a == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! rowspan="2" |Division ! colspan="2" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Clyde |1947–48 | rowspan="3" |Scottish Division A |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |- |1948–49 |10 |7 |0 |0 |4 |1 |14 |8 |- |1949–50 |21 |12 |1 |1 |6 |1 |28 |14 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !33 !20 !1 !1 !10 !2 !44 !23 |- | rowspan="4" |Hull City |1950–51 | rowspan="3" |English Division Two |34 |21 |3 |0 |0 |0 |37 |21 |- |1953–54 |29 |18 |7 |2 |0 |0 |36 |20 |- |1954–55 |29 |11 |1 |0 |0 |0 |30 |11 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !82 !50 !11 !2 !0 !0 !91 !52 |- ! colspan="3" |Career Total !115 !70 !12 !3 !10 !2 !137 !75 |} == Girmamawa == ; Yankin Derby * Masu tseren rukuni na uku na Kudu: 1956–57 ; Dartford * Yankin Kudancin Kudu na Farko: 1962-63 ; Northfleet * Kudu Division One gabatarwa: 1970-71 ; Mutum * Babban Mawakiyar Ƙwararrawar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Uku ta Kudu: 1957–58 == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1929]] kugs32x5f2rp6wsp9850whxsmntye9p Jami'ar Kumi 0 79156 966717 886690 2026-10-12T05:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Kumi''' ('''KUMU'''), jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a [[Uganda]] . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Moi |first=Williams |date=20 September 2006 |title=Kumi University gets US$600,000 for New Dormitories |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/kumi-university-gets-600000-for-new-dormitories |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> == Waje == Babban harabar jami'a tana cikin "Nyero Parish", yankin Nyero, [[Kumi Town|Kumi]] Yankin Gabas Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|11|km|0}} , ta hanya, yammacin garin Kumi . Wannan kusan kilomita 250 ne (155 mi) arewa maso gabashin [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma. Ma'aunin Babban Cibiyar Jami'ar Kumi sune 1°28'21.0"N, 33°51'45.0"E (Latitude:1.472500; Longitude:33.862500). A shekara ta 2007, jami'ar ta kafa harabar ta biyu a garin Soroti, {{Convert|48|km|0}} mi) arewa maso yammacin babban harabar. == Tarihi == An kafa ma'aikatar ne a cikin 1996 ta hanyar ma'aurata masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Hyeong Lyeol Lyu da Min Ja Lee, a ƙarƙashin sunan Cibiyar Horar da Shugabannin Afirka. A shekara ta 1999, an canza sunan zuwa Jami'ar Kumi . <ref name="About">{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=2012 |title=About Kumi University |url=http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/about-us/historical-background/#.Wo-K86jwbIU |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=Kumi University |archive-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052817/http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/about-us/historical-background/#.Wo-K86jwbIU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Wasanni ta amince da jami'ar a shekara ta 2004. Ana gudanar da shirye-shirye don samun takardar shaidar jami'a.[1] A cewar wani rahoto da aka buga a shekarar 2012, ana ci gaba da kokarin fara makarantar likita a wannan jami'a.<ref name="Future">{{Cite web |last=Alexander Tehoon Ahn |date=23 April 2012 |title=Korean professor becomes Ugandan university president |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/include/print.asp?newsIdx=109562 |access-date=23 February 2018}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Shiga a jami'ar ya kasance ƙasa da iyawa, wanda ke haifar da rashin isasshen kuɗi. A cikin 2015, wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan, musamman ma malamai na ɗan lokaci ba a biya su ba, wanda ya haifar da yajin aikin malamai. == Malamai == Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2018, jami'ar tana da waɗannan ƙwarewar aiki: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=23 February 2018 |title=The Functioning Faculties of Kumi University |url=http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/#.Wo-RkajwbIU |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=Kumi University}}</ref> * Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Harsuna <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=23 February 2018 |title=About the Faculty of Education and Languages |url=http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-education-and-languages/#.Wo-UAqjwbIV |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=Kumi University |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118002919/http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-education-and-languages/#.Wo-UAqjwbIV |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=23 February 2018 |title=About the Faculty of Science and Technology |url=http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-science-technology/#.Wo-ZNqjwbIV |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=Kumi University |archive-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211090251/http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-science-technology/#.Wo-ZNqjwbIV |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Nazarin Gudanarwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=23 February 2018 |title=About the Faculty of Social Sciences and Management Studies |url=http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/social-sciences/#.Wo-aL6jwbIV |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=Kumi University |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309080938/http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/social-sciences/#.Wo-aL6jwbIV |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kwalejin tauhidin <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=23 February 2018 |title=About the Faculty of Theology |url=http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-theology/#.Wo-a5KjwbIV |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=Kumi University |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126042249/http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-theology/#.Wo-a5KjwbIV |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Darussa == Darussan da aka bayar sun kai ga bayar da takaddun shaida, difloma, da digiri na farko. An ba da darussan digiri masu zuwa a Jami'ar Kumi a watan Fabrairun 2018: <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=23 February 2018 |title=Kumi University, Office of the Academic Registrar: Current Courses Offered |url=http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Kumi-University-Courses-Offered-2017-2018.pdf |access-date=23 February 2018 |publisher=Kumi University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052824/http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Kumi-University-Courses-Offered-2017-2018.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Harsuna === * Bachelor of Science tare da Ilimi * Bachelor of Arts tare da Ilimi * Bachelor of Education (A cikin sabis) * Bachelor Arts a cikin Ilimi na Firamare * difloma a makarantar sakandare * Diploma a cikin Ilimi na Firamare * Bachelor na Ilimi tare da ICT === Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha === * Bachelor na Fasahar Bayanai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumi University |date=2019 |title=Kumi University: Faculty of Science & Technology: Available Courses |url=http://kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-science-technology/#.XG1mbehKjIU |access-date=20 February 2019 |publisher=Kumi University |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000116/http://kumiuniversity.ac.ug/faculties/faculty-of-science-technology/#.XG1mbehKjIU |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Diploma a cikin Fasahar Bayanai * Takardar shaidar a Fasahar Bayanai * Bachelor na Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona * Diploma a Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona * Takardar shaidar Aikin Gona === Kwalejin Kimiyya da Nazarin Gudanarwa === * Bachelor na Gudanar da Kasuwanci<ref name="Data"/> * Bachelor na Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam <ref name="Data" /> * Bachelor na Gudanarwa da Nazarin Sakatariyar [1]<ref name="Data" /> * Bachelor na Kasuwanci<ref name="Data" /> * Bachelors a cikin Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanar da Jama'a [1]<ref name="Data" /> * Bachelors a cikin Nazarin Ci Gaban<ref name="Data" /> * Bachelors a cikin Jagora da Ba da Shawara [1]<ref name="Data" /> * Bachelors a Ci gaban Al'umma [1]<ref name="Data" /> * Bachelor na Gudanar da Jama'a * Diploma a cikin Rubuce-rubuce da Gudanar da Tarihi * Takardar shaidar a cikin Rubuce-rubuce da Gudanar da Tarihi Baya ga darussan digiri, jami'ar tana ba da difloma da takardar shaidar da yawa a cikin fannoni iri ɗaya ko masu alaƙa.<ref name="Data"/> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.kumiuniversity.ac.ug/ Shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Kumi] {{Authority control}} aj717eq02lggwyvep0q9bdi5bqqunjc Jerin manyan cibiyoyin a Jihar Kano 0 79324 966781 701650 2026-10-12T10:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 na Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, Tana cikin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin arewa]] ƙasar. Wannan shi ne jerin manyan cibiyoyin a Jihar Kano, jerin sun ƙunshi Gwamnati da cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu waɗanda sune: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yahaya |first=Abdulwali |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Full List of Kano State Colleges, Universities & Polytechnics |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/kano-state-colleges-universities-polytechnics/ |access-date=June 10, 2024 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201153701/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/kano-state-colleges-universities-polytechnics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jami'o'i == * [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] * [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kano|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Aliko Dangote]], [[Wudil]] * [[Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule|Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule, Kano]], * [[Makarantar yan sandan Najeriya ta Wudil|Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Najeriya Wudil]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nigeria Police Academy ( University), Wudil, Kano, Nigeria - Academia.edu |url=https://policeacademy.academia.edu/ |website=policeacademy.academia.edu}}</ref> * Jami'ar Skyline, Kano . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skyline University Nigeria |url=https://www.sun.edu.ng/ |website=Skyline University Nigeria |access-date=2024-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221012420/https://www.sun.edu.ng/ |archive-date=2022-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Maryam Abacha American University of Nigeria|Maryam Abacha Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Abacha American University of Nigeria |url=https://maaun.edu.ng/ |website=Maryam Abacha American University of Nigeria}}</ref> * [[Al-istiqama University, Sumaila|Jami'ar Al-istiqama, Sumaila]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-istiqama University, Sumaila |url=https://www.ausumaila.edu.ng/ |website=Al-istiqama University, Sumaila}}</ref> * [[Jami'ar Azman Kano|Jami'ar Azman, Kano]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azman University, Kano |url=https://www.azmanuniversity.edu.ng/ |website=Azman University, Kano}}</ref> * Jami'ar Baba Ahmed, Jihar Kano <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fapohunda |first=Olusegun |date=2024-01-05 |title=List of Universities in Kano State |url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/universities-in-kano-state/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=MySchoolGist |language=en}}</ref> * [[Capital City University, Kano|Jami'ar Babban Birni, Kano]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital City University, Kano |url=https://ccuk.edu.ng/ |website=Capital City University, Kano }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Attanzil University, Kano|Jami'ar Attanzil, Kano]] * [[Annahda International University|Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Annahda]] * [[Jami'ar Ilimi ta Sa'adatu Rimi|Jami'ar Ilimi ta Sa'adatu Rimi Kano]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sa'adatu Rimi College of Education Kano |url=https://www.srcoe.edu.ng/ |website=Sa'adatu Rimi College of Education Kano}}</ref> * [[Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University|Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University |url=https://khairun.edu.ng/ |website=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University |access-date=2024-06-10 |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609111057/https://khairun.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Al-Muhibba Open University|Jami'ar Al-Muhibba]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aou.edu.ng/}}</ref> == Kolejoji == === Gwamnati === * [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Kano]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal College of Education, Kano, Kano State &#124; Official Portal |url=https://fcekano.edu.ng/afcek/ |website=fcekano.edu.ng |access-date=2024-06-10 |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809023905/https://www.fcekano.edu.ng/afcek/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha) Bichi|Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Bichi]] * [[Kwalejin koyar da shari’ar Musulunci ta Aminu Kano|Kwalejin Aminu Kano na Nazarin Shari'a]] na Musulunci, Kano * Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Tarayya Fasahar Kano * [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kano|Makarantar Kwalejin Jihar Kano]] * [[Makarantar Aikin Gona Ta Audu Bako|Makarantar Audu Bako ta Aikin Gona]], Danbatta * Makarantar Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Kano * Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Kano * Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya da Nazarin Magunguna ta Jihar Kano * Kwalejin Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso na Ci gaba da Nazarin gyara * Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Aminu Dabo * Kwalejin Ilimi, Kura * Kasuwanci Fasahar Kwarewa Ltd * Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gwamnati, Bagauda * Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano * Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Ungogo * Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Wudil Masu zaman kansu * Kwalejin Ilimi ta Ameenudeen, Badawa === Gwamnati === * Kwalejin Jinya da Midwifery ta Jihar Kano, Madobi * Makarantar Kula da Bayanai ta Lafiya Asibitin Koyarwa na Aminu Kano, Kano * Makarantar Post Basic Paediatric da Nephrology Nursing, AKTH * Shirin Midwifery na Al'umma, Makarantar Basic Midwiferry, Danbatta * Makarantar Gudanar da Bayanai ta Lafiya, AKTH * Makarantar Fasahar Orthopaedic, Asibitin Orthopa Medical na Kasa, Dala * Makarantar Tsabtace, Kano '''Labari''' * Murtala Muhammad Library Kano * '''Sauran''' * Cibiyar Kasuwancin Innovation ta Adhama, Bompai * Gidauniyar Hajia Sa'adatu da Umul-Khairi * Matakin mahaifiyar == Bayanan da aka ambata == 0ddzw5cf55w3evy518yw3yt1ap293ln Jami'ar Mount Kenya 0 79785 966718 498483 2026-10-12T05:48:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mount_Kenya_University,_Nakuru.jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin makarantun jami'a a Nakuru]] [[Fayil:Mount Kenya University, Nakuru.jpg|thumb|mount kenya]] '''Jami'ar Mount [[Kenya]]''' (MKU) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta, mai ɗakunan karatu da yawa a cikin garin Thika, Kenya . Farfesa Simon N. Gicharu ne ya kafa shi kuma ya zama ɗayan manyan jami'o'i masu zaman kansu a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Survey shows MKU now among the top 10 universities in Kenya |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/brand-book/mount-kenya-university-now-among-top-10-in-kenya-4511720 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> MKU tana da yawan dalibai 52,000 a watan Satumbar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Kenya University Ranking & Review 2003 {{!}} uniRank |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/13381.htm |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.4icu.org |language=en}}</ref> MKU an hayar ta kuma an tabbatar da ISO 9001: 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality Management Systems(ISO 9001:2015) |url=https://www.kebs.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212&Itemid=408 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.kebs.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-28 |title=Focus on quality keeps Mount Kenya University in good books |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/brand-book/focus-on-quality-keeps-mount-kenya-university-in-good-books-135150 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Jerin Cibiyoyin == Babban harabar MKU tana cikin Thika, kimanin {{Convert|47|km|0}} ta hanyar arewa maso gabashin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin da birni mafi girma a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=24 March 2016 |title=Distance between Nairobi, Kenya and Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Mount%20Kenya%20University%2C%20Thika%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJp0lN2HIRLxgRTJKXslQCz_c&dt2=ChIJFd3SF_VOLxgRFlmvPTgHfY4 |access-date=24 March 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Ma'aunin babban harabar jami'ar shine 1°02'44.0"S, 37°04'54.0"E (-1.045559 37.081669). * Cibiyar Thika (Babban) * Cibiyar [[Mombasa]] * Cibiyar Nazarin [[Nairobi]] * Cibiyar Shari'a ta Parklands * Cibiyar Open Distance da Ilimin Lantarki (ODEL) - babban harabar * Cibiyar Nakuru * Cibiyar Eldoret * Cibiyar Meru * [[Kigali]], Cibiyar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] * [[Kampala]], Cibiyar [[Uganda]] == Tarihi == An san ma'aikatar da sunan Cibiyar Fasaha ta Thika, wacce Dokta Simon Gicharu ya kafa a shekarar 1996. Da farko, cibiyar ta ba da shirye-shiryen da aka mayar da hankali kan gudanarwa da horar da kwamfuta. A cikin wannan shekarar, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Kimiyya, da Fasaha ta Kenya ta amince da cibiyar a matsayin cikakkiyar cibiyar ilimi mafi girma. A shekara ta 2005, cibiyar ta zama cibiyar farko mai zaman kanta a Kenya don karɓar izini don horar da masu fasahar magunguna daga Hukumar Pharmacy and Poisons ta Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Kenya.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=MKU |date=24 March 2016 |title=Mount Kenya University: Our History |url=http://www.mku.ac.ke/index.php/mount-kenya-university/our-history |access-date=24 March 2016 |publisher=Mount Kenya University (MKU)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ongwae |first=Evans |date=2023-05-18 |title=15 factors that make Mount Kenya University attractive to students |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/brand-book/15-factors-that-make-mount-kenya-university-attractive-to-students-4239434 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Dr._Simon_Gicharu,_CBS,_Founder_and_Chairman,_Mount_Kenya_University.jpg|thumb|Wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Mt. Kenya]] A shekara ta 2006 Hukumar Ilimi Mafi Girma (CHE), wacce daga baya ta canza zuwa 'Kwamitin Ilimi na Jami'ar Kenya <ref name="cue.or.ke">{{Cite web |title=Commission for University Education - Home |url=https://www.cue.or.ke/ |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=www.cue.or.ke}}</ref> (CUE), ta amince da bukatar cibiyar don hadin gwiwa tare da JKUAT don bayar da shirye-shiryen difloma da digiri. Bayan cika dukkan bukatun, Hukumar Ilimi Mafi Girma ta ba da izini ga MKU don kafa jami'a mai zaman kanta.<ref name="Hist"/> A shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Kenya ta ba jami'ar takardar shaidar bisa ga shawarar Hukumar Ilimi Mafi Girma. <ref name="cue.or.ke" /> <ref name="Chart">{{Cite web |last=Ob |first=Fredrick |date=11 January 2011 |title=Mount Kenya University to receive a charter |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000027027/mt-kenya-university-to-receive-charter |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin 2023, tsohon harabarta a Kigali, Rwanda, ta zama jami'a mai cin gashin kanta da aka sani da Jami'ar Mount Kigali . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciuri |first=Simon |date=2023-04-24 |title=Mt Kenya University Kigali campus renamed after receiving Charter |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/education/-mt-kenya-university-kigali-campus-renamed-after-receiving-charter--4210234 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Malamai == An tsara jami'ar zuwa kwalejoji uku, makarantu 12, da cibiyoyi uku: <ref>{{Cite web |last=MKU |date=24 March 2016 |title=Mount Kenya University: Academic Year 2015 - 2016 Prospectus |url=http://mku.ac.ke/images/pdfdocuments/Thika%20%20Nairobi%20prospectus%202015.pdf |access-date=24 March 2016 |publisher=Mount Kenya University (MKU) |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511052914/http://mku.ac.ke/images/pdfdocuments/Thika%20%20Nairobi%20prospectus%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Cibiyoyin === * Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro, Adalci da Da'a * Cibiyar Fim, Creative da Ayyuka * Cibiyar Kayan Kayan Kungiyar Afirka === Kolejoji === * Kwalejin Nazarin Digiri da Bincike * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya * Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiyar === Makarantu === * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ** Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ** Makarantar Magunguna ** Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ** Makarantar Nursing ** Makarantar Lafiya ta Jama'a * Makarantar Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki * Makarantar Ilimi * Makarantar Injiniya, Makamashi da Ginin Muhalli * Makarantar Kimiyya Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace * Makarantar Kimiyya ta Jama'a * Makarantar Shari'a <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karanja |first=Faith |date=20 January 2016 |title=Mount Kenya University in court over Council for Legal Education accreditation |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000188694/mount-kenya-university-in-court-over-council-for-legal-education-accreditation |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> * Makarantar Kwamfuta da Ilimin Lantarki == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.mku.ac.ke/ Shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Mount Kenya] 8utwwknu2ch7pxjmzw98zxer198ce2h Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana 0 79836 966560 891114 2026-10-11T17:15:10Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Tarihi */ 966560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana''' ('''GIMPA''') jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke da haɗin kai da ke shimfiɗa a kan makarantun huɗu ([[Accra]], Tema, [[Kumasi]] da Takoradi) kuma ta ƙunshi makarantu shida, cibiyoyin bincike goma da ke Greenhill a Accra, Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GIMPA |url=http://www.ghanaschoolsonline.com/intermediate/school_profile.cfm?levelID=9&schID=845 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522084017/http://ghanaschoolsonline.com/intermediate/school_profile.cfm?levelID=9&schID=845 |archive-date=2013-05-22 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=Ghana Schools Online}}</ref> Wurin GIMPA, Greenhill, Nicholas T. Clerk (1930 - 2012) ne ya sanya masa suna wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Rector na cibiyar daga 1977 zuwa 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-11 |title=PRESEC {{!}} ALUMINI PORTAL |url=http://www.odadee.net/school |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111065106/http://www.odadee.net/school |archive-date=2016-11-11 |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> Sunan, "Greenhill", yana nufin kayan lambu da tsaunuka na babban harabar, da kuma wurin da yake a Legon wanda a tarihi ya kasance a gefen babban birnin Ghana, [[Accra]].<ref name=":0" /> Tare da cibiyoyin jihohi 200, GIMPA ta samu nasarar shiga cikin Shirin Gyara na Sashen Jama'a a karkashin jagorancin [[Bankin Duniya]] kuma ta zama cibiyar tallafawa kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Gyaran Cibiyoyin Kasa a shekara ta 2001. == Tarihi == An kafa shi a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar a shekara ta 2004. [[Gwamnatin Ghana]] ce ta kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1961 tare da taimakon Shirin Asusun Musamman na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma da farko an kira ta Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a, wanda aka nufa a matsayin makarantar digiri ta kwararru ga ma'aikatan gwamnati a kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A yau, GIMPA tana ba da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci, kasuwanci, doka, gudanar da jama'a, gudanar da ci gaba, shugabanci, jagoranci da fasaha.<ref name=":1">gimpa.edu.gh</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Background |url=http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/index.php?id=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623015344/http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/index.php?id=3 |archive-date=2013-06-23 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=www.gimpa.edu.gh}}</ref> === Alamar Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana === '''Ziyarar:''' Don sanya GIMPA a bayyane a matsayin babbar Cibiyar Kwarewa da ke mai da hankali kan gina iyawa a cikin jagoranci, gudanarwa, gudanar da jama'a da dorewa don tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arzikin Ghana da Afirka.<ref name="gimpa_about-us">{{Cite web |title=About Us – GIMPA |url=https://gimpa.edu.gh/about-us/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Manufar:''' Babban manufar GIMPA ita ce bunkasa ma'aikatan gwamnati masu ban sha'awa da masu iyawa, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da shugabannin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu tare da karfi na bil'adama don tallafawa ci gaban kasa mai ɗorewa.<ref name="gimpa_about-us"/> A tsakiyar tambarin GIMPA shine hasumiyar tripodal, wanda ke tasowa cikin sama. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da asalin taken "Ragewa da Kai, Ilimi da Kula da Kai". An dauki wannan taken daga waka "Oenone" ta mawaki na Burtaniya na karni na 19 Alfred Lord Tennyson. Sashe mai dacewa ya karanta: "...Rashin girmamawa, sanin kai, kame kai, Wadannan uku ne kawai ke jagorantar rayuwa zuwa ikon mallaka. Duk da haka ba don iko ba (ikon kanta) Zai zo ba tare da an kira shi ba) amma ya rayu ta hanyar doka, Yin aiki da doka muna rayuwa ba tare da tsoro ba; Kuma, saboda dama daidai ne, bi dama Sun kasance hikima a cikin ƙyamar sakamako. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=guyfinley |date=2020-01-10 |title=Lord Alfred Tennyson Quote – "Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control..." |url=https://onejourney.net/lord-alfred-tennyson-quote-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=One Journey |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617173112/https://onejourney.net/lord-alfred-tennyson-quote-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control: These three alone lead life to sovereign power." —Alfred Lord Tennyson |url=https://www.passiton.com/inspirational-quotes/4119-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=The Foundation for a Better Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Yin aro daga al'adun gargajiya, waɗannan kayan bikin da aka yi da hannu suna haifar da sha'awa da girmamawa daga mahalarta da masu kallo. Su ne muhimman wakilci da ke girmama ci gaba da GIMPA da ƙarfin ilimi. == Makarantu / fannoni == * Makarantar Kasuwanci ta GIMPA * Makarantar Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa * Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a * Kwalejin Shari'a, GIMPA * Makarantar Fasaha * Makarantar Bincike da Nazarin Digiri == Makarantar Kasuwanci ta GIMPA (GBS) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare === * Bachelor na lissafi * Bachelor na Kudi * Bachelor na Kasuwanci * Bachelor, Gudanar da Kasuwanci * Bachelor na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam * Bachelor, Sayarwa, Daidaitawa, da Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa * Bachelor, Hospitality da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido * Bachelor, Gudanar da Ayyuka === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (CBA) * Diploma a cikin Nazarin Gudanarwa (DMS) * Diploma a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Jagoran Lissafi da Kudi * Jagoran Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam * Jagoran Kasuwanci * Jagoran Gudanar da Inganci * Jagoran Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa (MSCM) * Jagoran Gudanar da Ayyuka (MPM) * Jagoran Asusun Ilimin Halitta * Babban Jagora a Gudanar da Kasuwanci (EMBA) * Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) * Jagoran Bincike A Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MRes) === Shirye-shiryen PhD === * Dokta na Falsafa a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (PhD) * Dokta na Gudanarwa (DMGT) == Makarantar GIMPA ta Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa, (SPSG) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare === * Bachelor na Gudanar da Jama'a === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Shirin Horar da Gudanar da Sashen Jama'a (PSMTP) * Masana a cikin Lafiya ta Jama'a (MPH) * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a (MPA) * Jagoran Gudanar da Jama'a * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Kudin Ci Gaban * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Gudanarwa da Jagora * Jagoran Gudanar da Ci Gaban (MDM) * Jagoran Fasaha a Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da diflomasiyya (MAIRD) * Masana a cikin Haɗin Yankin da Ci gaban Afirka (MAIRD) * MSc Nazarin Muhalli da Manufofin (ESP) * Shugabannin zartarwa a cikin Gudanarwa da Jagora (Emgl) da Shugabannin zattaka a cikin Gudun Jama'a (EMPA) === Shirin PhD === Shirin Ph.D. A cikin Gudanar da Jama'a, Manufofin da Gudanarwa == Kwalejin Shari'a, GIMPA == An kafa fannin shari'a a GIMPA a cikin 2010 kuma ya girma da sauri daga ƙaramin girmansa na kimanin dalibai saba'in da ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci guda biyar zuwa sama da dalibai ɗari huɗu da ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci ashirin da shida ban da mataimakan goma sha huɗu. Faculty of Law, GIMPA ya nuna cewa na farko ne kuma kawai na zamani ne kawai a Ghana. * LL.Shirin Ranar B * LL.B Shirin na yau da kullun * LL.B Shirin Modular === Law Library & Cibiyoyin === * Laburaren Shari'a * Cibiyar Shari'a da Gudanarwa ta Atta Mills * Cibiyar SKB Asante don Tattaunawa da Matsakaici ta Duniya == Makarantar Fasaha ta GIMPA (SOT) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun digiri === * BSc Bayanai da Fasahar Sadarwa (BSc ICT) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc Computer Science (BSc CS) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc Management Information Systems (BSC MIS) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc. Bayanan Lafiya [Daytime da Evening Sessions] * Diploma a cikin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (Taron Rana) === Shirye-shiryen Masters (Taron maraice da Modular) === * Jagoran Falsafa MIS (MPhil MIS) [Taron maraice da Modular] * Jagoran Falsafa ICT (MPhil ICT) [Taron maraice da Modular] * Jagoran Kimiyya MIS (MSc MIS) [Mafin, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * Jagoran Kimiyya ICT (MSc ICT) [Maganar, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Tsarin Bayanai (MPhil IS) [Taron maraice da Modular] * MSc. IT & Law [Da yamma, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * MSc. Digital Forensics da Cybersecurity [Mafin, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * MSc. Lissafi mai amfani [Mafin dare, karshen mako da kuma Sessions Modular] === Shirye-shiryen Digiri === * Diploma na ICT (PD ICT) [Taron maraice da karshen mako] * Diploma na Post-Graduate MIS (PD MIS) [Taron maraice da karshen mako] === Takaddun shaida da gajerun darussan === * Takardar shaidar a cikin ICT (CICT) [Daytime, Evening and Weekend Sessions] * Mature Entrance Course [Daytime, Evening and Weekend Sessions] == Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a == * MSc a cikin Manufofin Tattalin Arziki * MSc a cikin Tattalin Arziki * MSc a cikin Tattalin Arziki * Mphil a cikin Tattalin Arziki * Bachelor of Science a cikin Gudanar da Baƙi === Gajerun Shirye-shiryen === * Takardar shaidar a cikin Karɓar Baƙi da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido * Takardar shaidar Gudanar da Otal * Takardar shaidar Gudanar da Gidaje * Takardar shaidar a cikin Kwarewar Ingilishi == Makarantar Bincike da Nazarin Digiri == * Shirin Binciken Muhalli da Albarkatun Halitta (ENRRI - EfD Ghana) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENRRI– EfD Ghana – GIMPA |url=https://www.gimpa.edu.gh/schools/school-of-graduate-studies-and-research/enrri-efd-ghana/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607214652/https://www.gimpa.edu.gh/schools/school-of-graduate-studies-and-research/enrri-efd-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jagorancin jami'a == {| {{table}} | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''Rector''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''Matsayin Ofishin''' |- |E. V. Mamphey |1965–1968 |- |E. A. Nasara |1968–1972 |- |James Nti |1972–1977 |- |[[Nicholas T. Clerk|Nicholas T. magatakarda]] |1977–1982 |- |R. K. O. Djang |1982–1986 |- |T. B. Wereko |1986–1999 |- |[[Stephen Adei]] |1999–2008 |- |Yaw Agyemang Badu |2008–2012 |- |Franklin A. Manu |2012–2017 |- |Philip Ebow Bondzi-Simpson |2017–2021 |- |Samuel Kwaku Bonsu |2021-yanzu |- |} == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Becca - mawaƙa, mawaƙa, marubuciya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=Rebecca Acheampong (Becca) Bio: 10 Lesser Known Facts About Her |url=https://buzzghana.com/rebecca-acheampong-becca-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ghanaian-songstress/ |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=BuzzGhana}}</ref> * Kenneth Gilbert Adjei - Tsohon Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro * Gifty Afenyi-Dadzie - Matar farko da aka nada shugabar kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Ghana (GJA) kuma jami'in da ya fi dadewa a wannan mukamin * [[Roland Agambire]] - Shugaba na Agams Holdings kuma shugaban da Shugaba na kamfanin ICT Rlg CommunicationsRlg Sadarwa * Charles Agyin-Asare - Wanda ya kafa Perez Chapel International da Precious TV * Samuel Kwame Adibu Asiedu - Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Ghana * [[Akua Sena Dansua]]- Tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokoki na Arewacin Dayi, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Mata da Yara, Matasa da Wasanni da Yawon Bude Ido. * Eldah Naa Abiana Dickson (Abiana) - Mawakin mawaƙa kuma marubucin waƙa * Patrick Amoah-Ntim - diflomasiyyar Ghana * Mimi Areme - Miss Duniya 2010 (1st Runner Up Beauty with A Purpose, Miss Ghana 2009) (Winner) * [[Theresa Lardi Awuni]] - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana na mazabar Okaikwei ta ArewaGundumar Okaikwei ta Arewa * Samira Bawumia - Uwargidan [[Ghana]] ta biyu * [[Aliu Mahama]] - Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana na 4 (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na 3) * Lordina Mahama - tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ghana (2012-2017) * [[Daniel McKorley]] - Kamfanoni na McDan * Kojo Oppong Nkrumah - Ministan Bayanai kuma MP na Ofoasi / Ayirebi * Paskal A. B. Rois, Mai ba da izini na Indonesia a Ghana <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Asare |first=Fred Quame |date=15 April 2022 |title=From street musician to ambassador, the story of Paskal Rois |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/from-street-musician-to-ambassador-the-story-of-paskal-rois/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=My Joy Online |language=}}</ref> * Imoro Yakubu Kakpagu - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana don Kumbungu (Janairu 2009 -Janairu 2013) * [[Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi]] - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana na Asante Akim-Central * [[John Dumelo]] - Dan wasan Ghana, Dan siyasa, kuma Manomi. * [[Yvonne Nelson]] - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ghana, Model, mai shirya fina-finai, da kuma dan kasuwa. * Rita Korankye Ankrah - Firayim Minista na Royalhouse Chapel International * Issah Adam Yakubu - Shugaban Ma'aikatan Ruwa == Bincike da bayar da shawarwari == * Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Binciken Manufofin (CHESPOR) * Cibiyar Ilimi kan Bincike da Sakamakon (CLEAR) * Cibiyar Ci gaban Gudanarwa (CMD) * Cibiyar Ci gaban IT (CITD) * Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa da Kasa ta Afirka (ACICJ) * Cibiyar Kula da Jima'i da Ci Gaban (GDRC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka (CWAS) * Cibiyar Afirka kan Shari'a da Da'a * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Gudanarwa * Kwalejin Jagora da Horar da Zartarwa (ALET) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.gimpa.edu.gh Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.justschoolnews.com/gimpa-admission-form GIMPA Amincewa Form] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617101505/https://www.justschoolnews.com/gimpa-admission-form |date=2024-06-17 }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nfseyopjd0jysphe90ave6uneibobti 966562 966560 2026-10-11T17:15:36Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Tarihi */ 966562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana''' ('''GIMPA''') jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke da haɗin kai da ke shimfiɗa a kan makarantun huɗu ([[Accra]], Tema, [[Kumasi]] da Takoradi) kuma ta ƙunshi makarantu shida, cibiyoyin bincike goma da ke Greenhill a Accra, Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GIMPA |url=http://www.ghanaschoolsonline.com/intermediate/school_profile.cfm?levelID=9&schID=845 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522084017/http://ghanaschoolsonline.com/intermediate/school_profile.cfm?levelID=9&schID=845 |archive-date=2013-05-22 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=Ghana Schools Online}}</ref> Wurin GIMPA, Greenhill, Nicholas T. Clerk (1930 - 2012) ne ya sanya masa suna wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Rector na cibiyar daga shekaran 1977 zuwa 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-11 |title=PRESEC {{!}} ALUMINI PORTAL |url=http://www.odadee.net/school |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111065106/http://www.odadee.net/school |archive-date=2016-11-11 |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> Sunan, "Greenhill", yana nufin kayan lambu da tsaunuka na babban harabar, da kuma wurin da yake a Legon wanda a tarihi ya kasance a gefen babban birnin Ghana, [[Accra]].<ref name=":0" /> Tare da cibiyoyin jihohi 200, GIMPA ta samu nasarar shiga cikin Shirin Gyara na Sashen Jama'a a karkashin jagorancin [[Bankin Duniya]] kuma ta zama cibiyar tallafawa kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Gyaran Cibiyoyin Kasa a shekara ta 2001. == Tarihi == An kafa shi a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar a shekara ta 2004. [[Gwamnatin Ghana]] ce ta kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1961 tare da taimakon Shirin Asusun Musamman na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma da farko an kira ta Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a, wanda aka nufa a matsayin makarantar digiri ta kwararru ga ma'aikatan gwamnati a kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A yau, GIMPA tana ba da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci, kasuwanci, doka, gudanar da jama'a, gudanar da ci gaba, shugabanci, jagoranci da fasaha.<ref name=":1">gimpa.edu.gh</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Background |url=http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/index.php?id=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623015344/http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/index.php?id=3 |archive-date=2013-06-23 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=www.gimpa.edu.gh}}</ref> === Alamar Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana === '''Ziyarar:''' Don sanya GIMPA a bayyane a matsayin babbar Cibiyar Kwarewa da ke mai da hankali kan gina iyawa a cikin jagoranci, gudanarwa, gudanar da jama'a da dorewa don tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arzikin Ghana da Afirka.<ref name="gimpa_about-us">{{Cite web |title=About Us – GIMPA |url=https://gimpa.edu.gh/about-us/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Manufar:''' Babban manufar GIMPA ita ce bunkasa ma'aikatan gwamnati masu ban sha'awa da masu iyawa, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da shugabannin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu tare da karfi na bil'adama don tallafawa ci gaban kasa mai ɗorewa.<ref name="gimpa_about-us"/> A tsakiyar tambarin GIMPA shine hasumiyar tripodal, wanda ke tasowa cikin sama. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da asalin taken "Ragewa da Kai, Ilimi da Kula da Kai". An dauki wannan taken daga waka "Oenone" ta mawaki na Burtaniya na karni na 19 Alfred Lord Tennyson. Sashe mai dacewa ya karanta: "...Rashin girmamawa, sanin kai, kame kai, Wadannan uku ne kawai ke jagorantar rayuwa zuwa ikon mallaka. Duk da haka ba don iko ba (ikon kanta) Zai zo ba tare da an kira shi ba) amma ya rayu ta hanyar doka, Yin aiki da doka muna rayuwa ba tare da tsoro ba; Kuma, saboda dama daidai ne, bi dama Sun kasance hikima a cikin ƙyamar sakamako. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=guyfinley |date=2020-01-10 |title=Lord Alfred Tennyson Quote – "Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control..." |url=https://onejourney.net/lord-alfred-tennyson-quote-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=One Journey |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617173112/https://onejourney.net/lord-alfred-tennyson-quote-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control: These three alone lead life to sovereign power." —Alfred Lord Tennyson |url=https://www.passiton.com/inspirational-quotes/4119-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=The Foundation for a Better Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Yin aro daga al'adun gargajiya, waɗannan kayan bikin da aka yi da hannu suna haifar da sha'awa da girmamawa daga mahalarta da masu kallo. Su ne muhimman wakilci da ke girmama ci gaba da GIMPA da ƙarfin ilimi. == Makarantu / fannoni == * Makarantar Kasuwanci ta GIMPA * Makarantar Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa * Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a * Kwalejin Shari'a, GIMPA * Makarantar Fasaha * Makarantar Bincike da Nazarin Digiri == Makarantar Kasuwanci ta GIMPA (GBS) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare === * Bachelor na lissafi * Bachelor na Kudi * Bachelor na Kasuwanci * Bachelor, Gudanar da Kasuwanci * Bachelor na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam * Bachelor, Sayarwa, Daidaitawa, da Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa * Bachelor, Hospitality da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido * Bachelor, Gudanar da Ayyuka === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (CBA) * Diploma a cikin Nazarin Gudanarwa (DMS) * Diploma a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Jagoran Lissafi da Kudi * Jagoran Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam * Jagoran Kasuwanci * Jagoran Gudanar da Inganci * Jagoran Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa (MSCM) * Jagoran Gudanar da Ayyuka (MPM) * Jagoran Asusun Ilimin Halitta * Babban Jagora a Gudanar da Kasuwanci (EMBA) * Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) * Jagoran Bincike A Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MRes) === Shirye-shiryen PhD === * Dokta na Falsafa a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (PhD) * Dokta na Gudanarwa (DMGT) == Makarantar GIMPA ta Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa, (SPSG) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare === * Bachelor na Gudanar da Jama'a === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Shirin Horar da Gudanar da Sashen Jama'a (PSMTP) * Masana a cikin Lafiya ta Jama'a (MPH) * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a (MPA) * Jagoran Gudanar da Jama'a * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Kudin Ci Gaban * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Gudanarwa da Jagora * Jagoran Gudanar da Ci Gaban (MDM) * Jagoran Fasaha a Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da diflomasiyya (MAIRD) * Masana a cikin Haɗin Yankin da Ci gaban Afirka (MAIRD) * MSc Nazarin Muhalli da Manufofin (ESP) * Shugabannin zartarwa a cikin Gudanarwa da Jagora (Emgl) da Shugabannin zattaka a cikin Gudun Jama'a (EMPA) === Shirin PhD === Shirin Ph.D. A cikin Gudanar da Jama'a, Manufofin da Gudanarwa == Kwalejin Shari'a, GIMPA == An kafa fannin shari'a a GIMPA a cikin 2010 kuma ya girma da sauri daga ƙaramin girmansa na kimanin dalibai saba'in da ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci guda biyar zuwa sama da dalibai ɗari huɗu da ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci ashirin da shida ban da mataimakan goma sha huɗu. Faculty of Law, GIMPA ya nuna cewa na farko ne kuma kawai na zamani ne kawai a Ghana. * LL.Shirin Ranar B * LL.B Shirin na yau da kullun * LL.B Shirin Modular === Law Library & Cibiyoyin === * Laburaren Shari'a * Cibiyar Shari'a da Gudanarwa ta Atta Mills * Cibiyar SKB Asante don Tattaunawa da Matsakaici ta Duniya == Makarantar Fasaha ta GIMPA (SOT) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun digiri === * BSc Bayanai da Fasahar Sadarwa (BSc ICT) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc Computer Science (BSc CS) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc Management Information Systems (BSC MIS) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc. Bayanan Lafiya [Daytime da Evening Sessions] * Diploma a cikin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (Taron Rana) === Shirye-shiryen Masters (Taron maraice da Modular) === * Jagoran Falsafa MIS (MPhil MIS) [Taron maraice da Modular] * Jagoran Falsafa ICT (MPhil ICT) [Taron maraice da Modular] * Jagoran Kimiyya MIS (MSc MIS) [Mafin, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * Jagoran Kimiyya ICT (MSc ICT) [Maganar, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Tsarin Bayanai (MPhil IS) [Taron maraice da Modular] * MSc. IT & Law [Da yamma, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * MSc. Digital Forensics da Cybersecurity [Mafin, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * MSc. Lissafi mai amfani [Mafin dare, karshen mako da kuma Sessions Modular] === Shirye-shiryen Digiri === * Diploma na ICT (PD ICT) [Taron maraice da karshen mako] * Diploma na Post-Graduate MIS (PD MIS) [Taron maraice da karshen mako] === Takaddun shaida da gajerun darussan === * Takardar shaidar a cikin ICT (CICT) [Daytime, Evening and Weekend Sessions] * Mature Entrance Course [Daytime, Evening and Weekend Sessions] == Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a == * MSc a cikin Manufofin Tattalin Arziki * MSc a cikin Tattalin Arziki * MSc a cikin Tattalin Arziki * Mphil a cikin Tattalin Arziki * Bachelor of Science a cikin Gudanar da Baƙi === Gajerun Shirye-shiryen === * Takardar shaidar a cikin Karɓar Baƙi da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido * Takardar shaidar Gudanar da Otal * Takardar shaidar Gudanar da Gidaje * Takardar shaidar a cikin Kwarewar Ingilishi == Makarantar Bincike da Nazarin Digiri == * Shirin Binciken Muhalli da Albarkatun Halitta (ENRRI - EfD Ghana) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENRRI– EfD Ghana – GIMPA |url=https://www.gimpa.edu.gh/schools/school-of-graduate-studies-and-research/enrri-efd-ghana/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607214652/https://www.gimpa.edu.gh/schools/school-of-graduate-studies-and-research/enrri-efd-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jagorancin jami'a == {| {{table}} | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''Rector''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''Matsayin Ofishin''' |- |E. V. Mamphey |1965–1968 |- |E. A. Nasara |1968–1972 |- |James Nti |1972–1977 |- |[[Nicholas T. Clerk|Nicholas T. magatakarda]] |1977–1982 |- |R. K. O. Djang |1982–1986 |- |T. B. Wereko |1986–1999 |- |[[Stephen Adei]] |1999–2008 |- |Yaw Agyemang Badu |2008–2012 |- |Franklin A. Manu |2012–2017 |- |Philip Ebow Bondzi-Simpson |2017–2021 |- |Samuel Kwaku Bonsu |2021-yanzu |- |} == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Becca - mawaƙa, mawaƙa, marubuciya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=Rebecca Acheampong (Becca) Bio: 10 Lesser Known Facts About Her |url=https://buzzghana.com/rebecca-acheampong-becca-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ghanaian-songstress/ |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=BuzzGhana}}</ref> * Kenneth Gilbert Adjei - Tsohon Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro * Gifty Afenyi-Dadzie - Matar farko da aka nada shugabar kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Ghana (GJA) kuma jami'in da ya fi dadewa a wannan mukamin * [[Roland Agambire]] - Shugaba na Agams Holdings kuma shugaban da Shugaba na kamfanin ICT Rlg CommunicationsRlg Sadarwa * Charles Agyin-Asare - Wanda ya kafa Perez Chapel International da Precious TV * Samuel Kwame Adibu Asiedu - Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Ghana * [[Akua Sena Dansua]]- Tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokoki na Arewacin Dayi, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Mata da Yara, Matasa da Wasanni da Yawon Bude Ido. * Eldah Naa Abiana Dickson (Abiana) - Mawakin mawaƙa kuma marubucin waƙa * Patrick Amoah-Ntim - diflomasiyyar Ghana * Mimi Areme - Miss Duniya 2010 (1st Runner Up Beauty with A Purpose, Miss Ghana 2009) (Winner) * [[Theresa Lardi Awuni]] - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana na mazabar Okaikwei ta ArewaGundumar Okaikwei ta Arewa * Samira Bawumia - Uwargidan [[Ghana]] ta biyu * [[Aliu Mahama]] - Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana na 4 (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na 3) * Lordina Mahama - tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ghana (2012-2017) * [[Daniel McKorley]] - Kamfanoni na McDan * Kojo Oppong Nkrumah - Ministan Bayanai kuma MP na Ofoasi / Ayirebi * Paskal A. B. Rois, Mai ba da izini na Indonesia a Ghana <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Asare |first=Fred Quame |date=15 April 2022 |title=From street musician to ambassador, the story of Paskal Rois |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/from-street-musician-to-ambassador-the-story-of-paskal-rois/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=My Joy Online |language=}}</ref> * Imoro Yakubu Kakpagu - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana don Kumbungu (Janairu 2009 -Janairu 2013) * [[Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi]] - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana na Asante Akim-Central * [[John Dumelo]] - Dan wasan Ghana, Dan siyasa, kuma Manomi. * [[Yvonne Nelson]] - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ghana, Model, mai shirya fina-finai, da kuma dan kasuwa. * Rita Korankye Ankrah - Firayim Minista na Royalhouse Chapel International * Issah Adam Yakubu - Shugaban Ma'aikatan Ruwa == Bincike da bayar da shawarwari == * Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Binciken Manufofin (CHESPOR) * Cibiyar Ilimi kan Bincike da Sakamakon (CLEAR) * Cibiyar Ci gaban Gudanarwa (CMD) * Cibiyar Ci gaban IT (CITD) * Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa da Kasa ta Afirka (ACICJ) * Cibiyar Kula da Jima'i da Ci Gaban (GDRC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka (CWAS) * Cibiyar Afirka kan Shari'a da Da'a * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Gudanarwa * Kwalejin Jagora da Horar da Zartarwa (ALET) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.gimpa.edu.gh Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.justschoolnews.com/gimpa-admission-form GIMPA Amincewa Form] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617101505/https://www.justschoolnews.com/gimpa-admission-form |date=2024-06-17 }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s1hikl07kbya3vhmfvdxcutunp3yfoj Jami'o'in Honoris United 0 80127 966724 896652 2026-10-12T06:39:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'o'in Honoris United (HUU) ''', kungiya ce da ke da ƙwarewa a cikin ilimi mafi girma mai zaman kansa da ilimin ƙwararru a nahiyar Afirka. Tana da cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa a [[Moroko|Maroko]], [[Najeriya]], [[Tunisiya]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoris United Universities |url=https://www.weforum.org/organizations/honoris-united-universities/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Private equity firm Actis sets up Africa education platform{{!}} Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3e0b8747-e8a8-3f07-8598-49ca52e31afc |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref> Kungiyar tana gudana ne ta hanyar kwamitin da kuma kwamitin ilimi kuma babban jami'in zartarwa ne ke jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoris United Universities Announces Academic Council |url=https://honoris.net/honoris-united-universities-announces-academic-council/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Honoris United Universities |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=Press |date=2019-05-27 |title=Honoris United Universities announces Academic Council and appoints new independent board member |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/honoris-united-universities-announces-academic-council-and-appoints-new-independent-board-member/63293/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912125817/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/honoris-united-universities-announces-academic-council-and-appoints-new-independent-board-member/63293/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, cibiyar sadarwar Honoris ta ƙunshi cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu 14 a cikin ƙasashe 10 da birane 32 tare da dalibai 57,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Office |first=Press |date=2021-01-14 |title=Honoris United Universities appoints Luis Lopez as non-executive Chairman and introduces Dr. Jonathan Louw as its new CEO |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/honoris-united-universities-appoints-luis-lopez-as-non-executive-chairman-and-introduces-dr-jonathan-louw-as-its-new-ceo/88637/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831153158/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/honoris-united-universities-appoints-luis-lopez-as-non-executive-chairman-and-introduces-dr-jonathan-louw-as-its-new-ceo/88637/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Actis Capital ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da Jami'o'in Honoris United a matsayin ƙungiyar ilimi inda take saka hannun jari dala miliyan 275. Kungiyar ta sanar da Luis Lopez a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa. An sanya shi shugaban da ba shugaban zartarwa ba a watan Janairun 2021 kuma Jonathan Louw ya zama sabon Shugaba. == Tarihi == === Kafawa === A cikin shekara ta 2014, Actis ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Jami'ar Centrale Group, ƙungiyar ilimi ta sakandare a Tunisia, don gina dandalin ilimi mafi girma. Slah Ben Turkia ya zama Shugaba na farko na dandalin. A shekara ta 2016, kungiyar ta fadada zuwa Maroko ta hanyar hada Jami'ar Mundiapolis . A cikin 2017, ƙungiyar ta fara shiga Afirka mai magana da Ingilishi, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[MANCOSA|Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Kudancin Afirka (MANCOSA)]] da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Regent. A wannan shekarar, an kafa Jami'o'in Honoris United kuma sun fara daukar ma'aikatan gudanarwa tare da Luis Lopez da aka nada a matsayin Shugaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoris United Universities |url=https://www.act.is/about-us/portfolio/honoris-united-universities/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Actis |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline |url=https://honoris.net/about-honoris/history/timeline/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Honoris United Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, Honoris ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Makarantar Kasuwancin Turai (ESCP Turai) don manufar raba ilimi da albarkatu tare da samar da tallafin karatu da taimakon kuɗi ga ɗaliban da aka shigar da su ta hanyar wannan ma'aikatar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=Press |date=2018-05-22 |title=ESCP Europe signs comprehensive memorandum of understanding with Honoris United Universities |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/escp-europe-signs-comprehensive-memorandum-of-understanding-with-honoris-united-universities/61527/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143430/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/escp-europe-signs-comprehensive-memorandum-of-understanding-with-honoris-united-universities/61527/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2019, Honoris ta ƙaddamar da [[MANCOSA|Makarantar Ilimi ta MANCOSA]] kuma a cikin 2021, ta haɗu da Le Wagon don buɗe sansanonin ƙididdiga a duk faɗin nahiyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na fadada ta zuwa Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoris United Universities launches the MANCOSA School of Education to elevate teacher training in Africa |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/honoris-united-universities-launches-the-mancosa-school-of-education-to-elevate-teacher-training-in-africa |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Ghana Guardian News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Wagon - an Honoris Partner Institution |url=https://info.lewagon.com/honoris_africa |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=info.lewagon.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912125823/https://info.lewagon.com/honoris_africa |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2021, cibiyar sadarwa ta ba da sanarwar aiki a kan yiwuwar shigarwa a [[Misra|Misira]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The private sector really likes higher education |url=https://enterprise.press/stories/2021/12/23/the-private-sector-really-likes-higher-education-61281/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Enterprise |language=en}}</ref> == Makarantu da rassa == === Afirka ta Kudu === * [[MANCOSA|Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Kudancin Afirka]] (2017) * Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Regent (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Red & Yellow |url=https://www.africa.com/red-yellow-creative-school-of-business-expands-into-mauritius-and-beyond/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www.africa.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912125816/https://www.africa.com/red-yellow-creative-school-of-business-expands-into-mauritius-and-beyond/ |archive-date=2022-09-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Red da Yellow Creative School of Business (2020) * FEDISA, Makarantar Fasaha, Afirka ta Kudu (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandstories |title=Leading South African Fashion School, FEDISA selects Honoris United Universities for pan-African expansion |url=https://www.iol.co.za/education/partnered/leading-south-african-fashion-school-fedisa-selects-honoris-united-universities-for-pan-african-expansion-932717fc-a46c-4018-8bce-7016b378bf30 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> === Maroko === [[Fayil:Campus-mundiapolis.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Mundiapolis, Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]]]] * Jami'ar Mundiapolis (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maroc : Mundiapolis à Casablanca, une usine à cadres – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/519430/societe/maroc-mundiapolis-a-casablanca-une-usine-a-cadres/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Les ressources humaines comme levier de développement du système national de santé {{!}} Consonews - Premier site consommation au Maroc |url=https://consonews.ma/39297.html |access-date=2022-09-08 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * Makarantar Kimiyya ta Injiniya ta Morocco (EMSI) (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'EMSI intègre le réseau panafricain Honoris United Universities - La Vie éco |url=https://www.lavieeco.com/economie/lemsi-integre-le-reseau-panafricain-honoris-united-universities/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * Makarantar Gine-gine ta Casablanca (EAC) (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=Press |date=2018-11-01 |title=EAC, the leading school of architecture in Casablanca, Morocco, joins Honoris United Universities |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/eac-the-leading-school-of-architecture-in-casablanca-morocco-joins-honoris-united-universities/62428/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928034154/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/eac-the-leading-school-of-architecture-in-casablanca-morocco-joins-honoris-united-universities/62428/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Najeriya === [[Fayil:NILE_UNIVERSITY,_NIGERIA_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ƙofar harabar Nilu, Najeriya]] * [[Jami'ar Nile Dake Nigeria|Jami'ar Nilu ta Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Honoris-owned Nile University of Nigeria leverages Pan-African Network's capital investments to drive student success |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/features/honoris-owned-nile-university-of-nigeria-leverages-pan-african-networks-capital-investments-to-drive-student-success/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912125817/https://editor.guardian.ng/features/honoris-owned-nile-university-of-nigeria-leverages-pan-african-networks-capital-investments-to-drive-student-success/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mauritius === [[Fayil:Honoris_educational_network.jpg|thumb|Honoris a Mauritius]] * Cibiyar Ilimi ta Honoris, da farko YKBS (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoris Educational Network celebrates 20 years of existence – Mauritius News |url=https://mauritiushindinews.com/ion-news/honoris-educational-network-celebrates-20-years-of-existence/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=mauritiushindinews.com |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221213525/https://mauritiushindinews.com/ion-news/honoris-educational-network-celebrates-20-years-of-existence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tunisiya === * Jami'ar Tsakiya (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Université Centrale et CENTURY 21 lancent la 1ère école de formation en immobilier en Tunisie |url=https://www.ilboursa.com/marches/universite-centrale-et-century-21-lancent-la-1ere-ecole-de-formation-en-immobilier-en-tunisie_33210 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=ilboursa.com |language=fr}}</ref> * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya (UPSAT) (2018) * Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Honoris (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ouverture à Tunis du premier centre de simulation médicale dans le nord de l’Afrique |url=https://www.espacemanager.com/ouverture-tunis-du-premier-centre-de-simulation-medicale-dans-le-nord-de-lafrique.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Espace Manager |language=fr |archive-date=2023-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010115256/https://www.espacemanager.com/ouverture-tunis-du-premier-centre-de-simulation-medicale-dans-le-nord-de-lafrique.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Makarantar Injiniya da Fasaha mai zaman kanta - ESPRIT (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=ATANGANA |first=Vanessa Louise NGONO |title=L'Université tunisienne ESPRIT devient membre du groupe panafricain Honoris United Universities |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/formation/0212-83127-l-universite-tunisienne-esprit-devient-membre-du-groupe-panafricain-honoris-united-universities |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Agence Ecofin |language=fr-fr}}</ref> ==== Cibiyar horar da sana'a ==== * Cibiyar Maghrebin ta Kimiyya da Fasaha (IMSET) * Kwalejin Fasaha ta Carthage (AAC) == Bayanan da aka ambata == f5cadrvsgpmank6ujhhvq04sz9i1rvp Hutun iyaye 0 81251 966659 952961 2026-10-11T22:07:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Vaderschapsverlof.jpg|right|thumb|Nuni don hutun iyaye a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai]] [[Fayil:Paid parental leave picnic (7174340166).jpg|thumb|iyaye su biya domin su huta]] '''Hutun iyaye''', ko '''hutun iyali''', amfanin ma'aikaci ne a kusan dukkanin ƙasashe duniya. Kalmar "hutu na iyaye" na iya haɗawa da haihuwa, iyaye, da izinin tallafi; ko uba ana iya amfani da shi ta fuska daban kamar"hutun haihuwa" da "hutun kula da iyaye" don bayyana izinin iyali daban-daban ga kowanne iyaye don kula da kananan yara.<ref name="Ruhm">{{Cite journal |last=Ruhm |first=Christopher J. |year=1998 |title=The Economic Consequences of Parental Leave Mandates: Lessons from Europe |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/C_Ruhm_Economic_1998.pdf |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=285–317 |doi=10.1162/003355398555586 |s2cid=51297709 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901044127/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/C_Ruhm_Economic_1998.pdf |archive-date=2025-09-01 |access-date=2024-07-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe da hukunce-hukunce, "Hutun iyali" ya haɗa da hutun da aka bayar don kula da marasa lafiya. Sau da yawa, mafi ƙarancin fa'idodi da bukatun sun cancanta da doka kuma ita ta tsara su. Ana ba da izinin iyaye ko na iyali ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba lokacin da ake buƙatar Wani ma'aikaci ya riƙe aikin ma'aikacin yayin da yake yin hutu. Iyaye da aka biya ko hutun iyali yana ba da lokacin biyan kuɗi don kula da ko yin shirye-shirye don jin daɗin yaro ko memba mai dogaro. Misalai uku na kudade sune inshorar zamantakewa / Tsaro na jama'a da gwamnati ta ba da umarni (inda ma'aikata, ma'aikata ko masu biyan haraji gabaɗaya ke ba da gudummawa ga sanannen asusun jama'a), alhakin ma'aikaci (inda ma ma'aikacin dole ne ya biya ma'aikata tsawon hutun), da kuma manufofi masu gauraye waɗanda suka haɗu da alhakin tsaron jamaʼa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Addati |first=Laura |date=1 January 2015 |title=Extending maternity protection to all women: Trends, challenges and opportunities |journal=International Social Security Review |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=69–93 |doi=10.1111/issr.12060 |issn=1468-246X}}</ref> Ana samun izinin iyaye a matsayin haƙƙi a dokance ko shirin gwamnati na shekaru da yawa a cikin wani nau'i. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta sake nazarin manufofin hutun iyaye a kasashe da yankuna 185, kuma ta gano cewa gaba ɗaya ƙasashe banda [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] suna da dokoki da ke ba da umarnin wasu nau'ikan hutun iyaye.<ref>International Labour Organization. (2014). [http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_242615.pdf Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the World].</ref> Wani bincike daban ya nuna cewa daga cikin kasashe 186 da aka bincika, kashi 96% suna ba da wani albashi ga uwaye a lokacin hutu, amma kashi 44% ne kawai na waɗancan ƙasashe suka ba da wannan ga iyaye.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Gualt |first=Barbara |last2=Hartmann |first2=Heidi |last3=Hegewisch |first3=Ariane |last4=Milli |first4=Jessica |last5=Reichlin |first5=Lindsey |title=Paid Parental Leave in the United States |url=https://www.dol.gov/wb/resources/paid_parental_leave_in_the_united_states.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930133630/https://www.dol.gov/wb/resources/paid_parental_leave_in_the_united_states.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=27 January 2017 |publisher=Institute for Women's Policy Research}}</ref> [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]], [[Mikroneziya|Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[Palau]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], [[Tonga]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] sune kasashe bakwai kawai a cikin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] waɗanda ba sa buƙatar ma'aikata su samar da lokacin biyan kuɗi ga sababbin iyaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is paid leave available for both parents of infants? |url=https://www.worldpolicycenter.org/policies/is-paid-leave-available-for-both-parents-of-infants |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=World Policy Analysis Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Note'': Suriname is the latest country to introduce paid leave |url=https://wbl.worldbank.org/content/dam/documents/wbl/2021/snapshots/Suriname.pdf |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref> Ma'aikata masu zaman kansu wani lokacin sukan ɗan bayar koma duka suƙi bayarwa, kuma ana biyan su izinin iyaye a waje ko ban da kowane umarni na doka. Bincike ya alaƙanta hutun iyaye da ake biya zuwa ga samun ingantaccen sakamako na kiwon lafiya ga yara, <ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Danzer |first=Natalia |last2=Halla |first2=Martin |last3=Schneeweis |first3=Nicole |last4=Zweimüller |first4=Martina |date=2020-11-10 |title=Parental Leave, (In)formal Childcare and Long-Term Child Outcomes |url=http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2020/11/04/jhr.58.2.0619-10257R1 |journal=Journal of Human Resources |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=0619–10257R1 |doi=10.3368/jhr.58.2.0619-10257R1 |issn=0022-166X |s2cid=157124069}}</ref> da kuma uwaye. <ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Bütikofer |first=Aline |last2=Riise |first2=Julie |last3=Skira |first3=Meghan M. |date=2021 |title=The Impact of Paid Maternity Leave on Maternal Health |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20190022 |journal=American Economic Journal: Economic Policy |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=67–105 |doi=10.1257/pol.20190022 |issn=1945-7731 |s2cid=234033258 |via=}}</ref> == Tsarin tattalin arziki == === Fa'idodin hutun iyaye na duniya === ==== Hanyar iyawa ==== Amartya Sen da Martha Nussbaum sun habaka tsarin siyasa da aka sani da tsarin iyawa, inda aka hada 'yanci da dama na asali a cikin kididdigar tattalin arziki na jin daɗin kasar, ban da GDP.<ref>Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.</ref><ref name="Nussbaum">Nussbaum, Martha. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 34</ref> Nussbaum ya ba da shawarar damar tsakiya 11 a matsayin mafi karancin abin da ake bukata don al'umma mai kyau. A cikin tsarin Nussbaum, jihohi ya kamata su samar da albarkatu da 'yanci don tabbatar da cewa mutane suna da damar cimma matsakaicin kofar kowane karfin tsakiya. Universal, biyan izinin iyaye misali ne na jihohin da za su iya samarwa don haka mutane suna da zabi na fara iyali yayin da suke aiki; alal misali, a karkashin damar 10 (kula da mahalli), jihar tana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa duk mutane suna da "yancin neman aiki daidai da wasu".<ref name="Nussbaum" /> ==== Kudin shiga da ma'aikata ==== Hutun iyaye da aka biya yana karfafa ƙaruwar kasuwar aiki ga mata kafin da bayan haihuwa, yana shafar GDP da yawan aiki na ƙasa, yayin da ma'aikata suka fi girma.<ref name="Geyer1">{{Cite journal |last=Geyer |first=Johannes |last2=Haan |first2=Peter |last3=Wrohlich |first3=Katharina |date=1 January 2014 |title=The Effects of Family Policy on Mothers' Labor Supply: Combining Evidence from a Structural Model and a Natural Experiment |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/diw/diwwpp/dp1366.html |journal=Discussion Papers of Diw Berlin |via=RePEc – IDEAS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kluve |first=J. |last2=Tamm |first2=M. |year=2013 |title=Parental Leave Regulations, Mothers' Labor Force Attachment and Fathers' Childcare Involvement: Evidence from a Natural Experiment |journal=Journal of Population Economics |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=983–1005 |doi=10.1007/s00148-012-0404-1 |s2cid=6446330 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ronsen |first=Marit |last2=Kitterod |first2=Ragni Hege |date=July 2014 |title=Gender-Equalizing Family Policies and Mothers' Entry into Paid Work: Recent Evidence from Norway |journal=Feminist Economics |volume=21 |pages=59–89 |doi=10.1080/13545701.2014.927584 |s2cid=154808826}}</ref><ref>Note: Rønsen & Kitterød, in their literature review on p. 60, reference several other citations to this same point, q.v., Marit Rønsen and Marianne Sundstrøm [1996]; Jutta M. Joesch [1997]; Christopher J. Ruhm [1998]; JaneWaldfogel, Yoshio Higuchi, and Masahiro Abe [1999]; Chiara Daniela Pronzato [2009]. These could be added</ref> Hutun iyaye yana ƙara kuɗin shiga a matakin gida ta hanyar tallafawa iyalai masu karɓa biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Esping-Andersen |first=G |year=2003 |title=Women in the New Welfare Equilibrium |journal=[[The European Legacy]] |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=599–610 |doi=10.1080/1084877032000153975 |s2cid=143983889}}</ref> Hutun iyaye da aka biya yana ƙarfafa haihuwa, wanda ke shafar ma'aikata na gaba. Don haka ana jayayya cewa hutun iyaye da aka biya, sabanin hutun iyaye marasa biyan kuɗi, yana da lahani ga jin daɗin yara saboda a ƙasashe masu tsufa ko ƙasashe masu ƙarancin haihuwa, ana haifi yara ba saboda iyaye suna son yaron ba kuma suna iya biyan bukatun yaron amma saboda ana sa ran yara su tallafa wa iyayensu. Wasu suna ganin yara suna da alhakin tallafawa duk waɗanda ke cikin tsofaffi a cikin al'umma (ba kawai iyayen yaron ba); ana sa ran ba za a adana kuɗin da suke samu ba don tsufa na yara, amma za a kashe su akan bukatar tsararraki na baya don tsaron jama'a da fansho wanda ba a adana isasshen ajiya ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bittman |first=M |year=1999 |title=Parenthood Without Penalty: Time Use And Public Policy in Australia And Finland |journal=Feminist Economics |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=27–42 |doi=10.1080/135457099337798}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Esping-Andersen |first=G |year=2003 |title=Women in the New Welfare Equilibrium |journal=[[The European Legacy]] |volume=8 |issue=5 |page=606 |doi=10.1080/1084877032000153975 |s2cid=143983889}}</ref> === Kalubale ga duniya, hutun da aka biya === ==== Nuna bambanci na kididdiga ==== Tsarin neoclassical na kasuwannin aiki ya annabta cewa, idan ana sa ran farashin daukar mata masu shekaru masu haihuwa zai karu (ko dai saboda an ba ma'aikaci damar biyan izinin haihuwa ko kuma saboda ba za ta kasance daga aiki a hutun jama'a ba), to "bukatar" ga mata a kasuwar aiki za ta ragu. Duk da yake nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, ba tare da wani irin magani ba tsarin neoclassical zai hango hasashen " nuna bambanci na kididdiga" game da hayar mata masu shekaru masu haihuwa.<ref>Akerlof, G. A., & Kranton, R. E. (2010). Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being. Princeton: Princeton University Press</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Esping-Andersen |first=G |year=2003 |title=Women in the New Welfare Equilibrium |journal=[[The European Legacy]] |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=599–610 |doi=10.1080/1084877032000153975 |s2cid=143983889}}</ref> Don magance wannan, wasu ƙasashe sun gabatar da manufofi don ƙara yawan izinin iyaye don yada tasirin farashi daidai a duk faɗin kasuwar ma'aikata.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Nations |first=United |date=17 March 2016 |title=Paid parental leave, including mandatory paternity leave {{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/paid-parental-leave-including-mandatory-paternity-leave |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> ==== Rarraba jima'i a cikin aiki ==== Idan mata suka dauki dogon [[ganye]] na iyaye, tsarin neoclassical zai yi hasashen cewa ribar rayuwarsu da damar samun ci gaba za su kasance ƙasa da takwarorinsu na namiji ko marasa haihuwa - "Hukuncin uwa".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Theunisse |first=G. |last2=Verbruggen |first2=M. |last3=Forrier |first3=A. |last4=Sels |first4=L. |year=2011 |title=Career Sidestep, Wage Setback? The Impact of Different Types of Employment Interruptions on Wages |journal=Gender, Work & Organization |volume=18 |pages=e110–e131 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00471.x}}</ref> Mata na iya neman bangarorin aiki waɗanda ke da "abokan iyali" (watau, tare da manufofin hutun iyaye masu karimci), wanda ke haifar da rarrabewar jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Datta Gupta |first=N. |last2=Smith |first2=N. |last3=Verner |first3=M. |year=2008 |title=The Impact of Nordic Countries' Family Friendly Policies on Employment, Wages, and Children |journal=Review of Economics of the Household |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=65–89 |doi=10.1007/s11150-007-9023-0 |s2cid=56077457}}</ref> Nielsen, Simonsen, da Verner sun bincika abin da sakamakon daban-daban ga mata a [[Denmark]] suke tsakanin "abokan iyali" da "ba na iyali ba".<ref name="Geyer1"/> A [[Denmark]], bangaren jama'a "mai sadaukar da iyali" ne saboda hutun sa da amfanin ma'aikata; ma'aikata suna yanke shawarar wane bangare za su yi aiki bisa ga abubuwan da suka fi so da dama. Binciken ya gano cewa, yayin da a cikin bangaren "abokan iyali" babu asarar albashi da ke da alaƙa da ɗaukar hutun iyaye, mata suna da asarar kuɗi a cikin bangarorin masu zaman kansu "marasa iyali" don hutun shekara guda.<ref name="Geyer1" /> ==== Kudin ==== Za'a iya ba da izinin iyaye na duniya (watau, kamfanoni suna da izinin ɗaukar kuɗin lokacin hutu na iyaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na fa'idodin ma'aikata) ko kuma a ba da kuɗin jama'a (watau kai tsaye ga ma'aikata a hutu, kamar inshorar rashin aikin yi). Damuwa game da kudade masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da nuna bambanci na kididdiga da aka bayyana a sama da kuma farashin ga ƙananan kamfanoni. Datta Gupta, Smith, & Verneer sun gano a cikin 2008 cewa, yayin da hutun iyaye na jama'a ke da fa'idodi, yana da tsada sosai don tallafawa da tambaya idan shine mafi kyawun amfani da kudade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Datta Gupta |first=N. |last2=Smith |first2=N. |last3=Verner |first3=M. |year=2008 |title=PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE: The impact of Nordic countries' family friendly policies on employment, wages, and children |journal=Review of Economics of the Household |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=65–89 |doi=10.1007/s11150-007-9023-0 |s2cid=56077457}}</ref> ==== Rashin amincewa da 'mahaifin' ==== Matsayin uba shine manufofin da wasu ƙasashe ko kamfanoni suka aiwatar waɗanda ke ajiye wani ɓangare na hutun iyaye ko wasu nau'ikan hutun iyali ga uba. Idan mahaifin bai dauki wannan ɓangaren da aka tanada ba, iyalin sun rasa wannan lokacin barin - wato, ba za a iya canja shi ga mahaifiyar ba. Idan aka ba da yawan mata da ke shiga cikin ma'aikata a sassa da yawa na duniya, akwai karuwar sha'awa tsakanin masana kimiyyar zamantakewa da masu tsara manufofi don tallafawa daidaita rabon ma'aikata tsakanin abokan tarayya. Wasu masu sukar suna tambaya akan shin ko irin waɗannan manufofi sun dogara ne akan shaida kuma suna nuna damuwa cewa su "gwaji ne na zamantakewa, wanda ba a san tasirinsa ba". Koyaya, wasu binciken sun nuna cewa izinin iyaye yana inganta alaƙa tsakanin iyaye da yara kuma yana taimakawa wajen rage gibin albashi da mata ke fuskanta bayan sun sami izinin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandatory Paternity Leave: The Next Must-Have Benefit? |url=https://business.linkedin.com/talent-solutions/blog/hr/2018/mandatory-paternity-leave-the-next-must-have-benefit |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=business.linkedin.com}}</ref> Sauran ra'ayoyin ilimin halayyar mutum sun taƙaita shaidu kuma sun gano cewa rawar da uba ke takawa a ci gaban yaro yayi kama da na uwa, yana magance damuwa cewa mafi yawan shiga cikin iyaye a cikin kula da yara na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako.<ref>Lamb, Michael E. (2010) The Role of the Father in Child Development. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons</ref> Sau da yawa ana nuna rashin damuwa game da ra'ayin barin iyaye, amma yana Allah wadai da gaskiyar cewa manufofin iyakar uba ba su ba da damar a ba da wannan lokacin ga mahaifiyar ba. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa adadin yana cutar da uwaye, yana hana su izinin da ake buƙata, yana rage gaskiyar halittu, kuma misali ne na nuna bambanci ga uwaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Likedeling av foreldrepermisjonen er diskriminering av mor og barn |url=http://kvinnesak.no/2015/10/venstre-krav-for-likestilling-likedeling-av-foreldrepermisjonen-diskriminering-av-mor-og-barn/ |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=Norsk Kvinnesaksforening |language=nb-NO }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Tarayyar Turai, izinin iyaye da ba za a iya canja shi ba ya kasance batun jayayya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Busby |first=Nicole |year=2018 |title=The evolution of gender equality and related employment policies |journal=[[International Journal of Discrimination and the Law]] |volume=18 |issue=2–3 |pages=104–123 |doi=10.1177/1358229118788458 |s2cid=149870156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An fara gabatar da shi ne ta hanyar Dokar Hutun Iyaye ta 2010, wanda ke buƙatar aƙalla wata ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin watanni huɗu na hutun iyaye ba za a iya canja shi ba; wannan lokacin da ba za a canza shi ba ya karu zuwa watanni biyu ta hanyar Dokar Ma'aunin Ayyuka-Rayuwa ta 2019, wanda dole ne jihohin membobin su canza shi a ƙarshe a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2022. Da farko, shirin a karkashin Dokar Ma'aunin Rayuwa shine don kara lokacin da ba za a iya canja shi ba zuwa watanni huɗu, amma saboda rashin iya cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin jihohin membobin, an cimma matsaya a watanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wutz |first=Isabell |title=What is left of the ambitious proposal for an EU Work–Life Balance Directive? &#124; COFACE |url=http://www.coface-eu.org/europe/reaction-epsco-work-life-balance-directive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727024133/http://www.coface-eu.org/europe/reaction-epsco-work-life-balance-directive/ |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> (Lura: wannan yana nufin takamaiman irin hutun da ake kira hutun iyaye, a karkashin dokar EU akwai nau'ikan hutun daban-daban, kamar hutun haihuwa, hutun iyaye، hutun iyaye da hutun kulawa waɗanda aka tsara daban). Don ƙarin bayani, duba Paternity leave da sakamakonsa. === Kwatanta tsakanin ƙasashe === Kwatanta tsakanin ƙasashe dangane da fa'idodin ma'aikata don barin iyaye galibi ana ƙoƙarin yin su, amma waɗannan suna da wuyar yin su saboda rikitarwa na nau'ikan hutun da ake da su kuma saboda sharuɗɗa kamar hutun haihuwa, hutun haihuwa kafin haihuwa, hutunin bayan haihuwa, hutunar iyaye, hutun iyali da hutun kula da gida, suna da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin iko daban-daban. Ana iya amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin ba daidai ba. Idan aka kwatanta tsawon ''hutun haihuwa'' (wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin matsayi na kasa da kasa) na iya faɗi kadan game da halin da iyali ke ciki a cikin wata ƙasa. Kasar misali na iya samun hutun haihuwa na dogon lokaci amma gajeren (ko babu) hutun iyaye ko iyali, ko akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN: The world's Longest Paid Motherhood is in Bulgaria – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency |url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/187207/CNN%3A+The+world%27s+Longest+Paid+Motherhood+is+in+Bulgaria |website=novinite.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family leave in Latvia – among the world's best |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/family-leave-in-latvia-among-the-worlds-best.a283417/}}</ref> A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]], kowace ƙasa tana da manufofinta, waɗanda suka bambanta sosai, amma duk membobin EU dole ne su bi mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin Dokokin Ma'aikata masu ciki da Dokokin Mahimmanci na Rayuwa.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Equality |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/your-rights-eu/know-your-rights/equality_en |website=European Commission – European Commission}}</ref> Wani lokaci akwai karkatarwa a yadda ake bayar da rahoton hutun haihuwa kuma an rarraba shi daga wasu nau'ikan hutun, musamman a yankuna inda babu wata kalma ta doka ta " hutun haihuwa", kuma ana amfani da irin wannan kalmar ba bisa ka'ida ba don nuna ko dai mafi ƙarancin ko matsakaicin lokacin hutun iyaye da aka tanada ta hanyar ƙididdiga ga mahaifiyar.<ref name="leavenetwork.org">{{Cite web |last=Berit Brandth |last2=Elin Kvande |date=April 2018 |title=Norway |url=https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/country_notes/2018/FINAL.Norway2018.pdf |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=leavenetwork.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411223358/https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/country_notes/2018/FINAL.Norway2018.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe na iya kasancewa da aka lissafa su ta hanyar wucin gadi kamar yadda suke da fa'idodi masu yawa. [[Sweden]] wani lokacin ana lissafa ta a cikin kididdigar kasa da kasa kamar yadda take da kwanaki 480 'yancin haihuwa', kodayake waɗannan kwanakin sun haɗa da hutun iyaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternity leave benefits |url=http://data.un.org/DocumentData.aspx?id=344}}</ref> Saboda haka, sau da yawa ana ambaton Sweden tana da hutu mai tsawo, kodayake akwai ƙasashe da yawa da ke da hutu mai tsayi, lokacin da aka kara hutun haihuwa da sauran ganye, inda iyaye zasu iya yin hutu har sai yaro ya kai shekaru 3. == Samun izinin iyaye == === Tasirin tsara === Bincike ya nuna cewa tsawon lokacin hutun iyaye tsakanin mutane yana rinjayar halayyar tsara.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last=Welteke |first=Clara |last2=Wrohlich |first2=Katharina |date=2016 |title=Peer Effects in Parental Leave Decisions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2830386 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2830386 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=139085694}}</ref> Misali, idan uwa ta lura da abokin aiki yana zaɓar hutun iyaye mai tsawo, yiwuwar ita ta kara hutun haihuwa yana ƙaruwa. Welteke da Worhlich (2019) <ref name=":110" /> labarin sun gano cewa mahaifiyar da ke da juna biyu da ke da hutun iyaye sama da watanni goma sun kasance kashi talatin cikin dari da za su iya ɗaukar fiye da watanni goma idan aka kwatanta da iyaye masu juna biyu waɗanda takwarorinsu suka ɗauki ɗan gajeren hutu. Tasirin tasirin tsara ba kawai ga uwaye masu juna biyu ba har ma da iyaye. Bincike a Norway ya gano cewa iyayen da ke da ciki sun kasance kashi 11 cikin dari na iya ɗaukar izinin iyaye idan sun ga abokan aikinsu suna amfani da wannan fa'idar.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Dahl |first=Gordon |last2=Løken |first2=Katrine |last3=Mogstad |first3=Magne |date=2014 |title=Peer Effects in Program Participation |journal=American Economic Review |location=Cambridge, MA |doi=10.3386/w18198 |s2cid=244373597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baya ga abokan aiki, iyayen da ke da ciki sun kasance kashi 15 cikin dari na iya amfani da izinin iyaye idan ɗan'uwansu ya yi amfani da shirin.<ref name=":03" /> Dahl et al., (2014) <ref name=":03" /> bincike ya kuma sami tasirin dusar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa a wuraren aiki inda iyaye ke amfani da izinin iyaye.Wannan yana nufin tare da kowane ƙarin abokin aiki yana amfani da fa'idodin hutun iyaye a ofishin, yiwuwar wasu su yi amfani da fa-idodin shirin.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Abhijit V. |date=1992 |title=A Simple Model of Herd Behavior |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118364 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=797–817 |doi=10.2307/2118364 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=2118364 |s2cid=154723838}}</ref> Akwai muhawara masu gasa game da dalilin da ya sa takwarorinsu ke da tasiri ga lokacin hutun uba na iyaye masu tsammanin. Tunanin farko ya samo asali ne daga uwaye da ke koyo daga takwarorinsu game da shirye-shiryen hutun iyaye da ba su sani ba a baya. Wannan karuwar wayar da kan jama'a zai haifar da karin uwaye da ke amfani da hutun iyaye na dogon lokaci. Wani ra'ayi mai fafatawa ya bayyana cewa lokacin da abokan aiki suka kara hutun ciki, canji ya zama a cikin ka'idodin zamantakewa na wannan wurin aiki.<ref name=":110"/> Wannan sabon abu an san shi da "halayyar garken" wanda canjin al'adun gargajiya a wurin aiki ya canza halayyar ma'aikata.<ref name=":28"/> === Amfani da izinin iyaye ga iyaye === Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga ɗaukar izinin iyaye ta iyaye masu juna biyu. Misali, bincike ya gano cewa iyayen da ke da ilimin sakandare sun fi 28% damar daukar shirye-shiryen hutun iyaye fiye da iyayen da ba su sami ilimin sakandare ba. Bugu da ƙari, iyayen da ke da ilimi na sakandare sun kasance kashi 67% mafi yiwuwar ɗaukar hutun iyaye fiye da watanni biyu fiye da iyayen da suka sami ilimin sakandare.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=MA |first=LI |last2=ANDERSSON |first2=GUNNAR |last3=DUVANDER |first3=ANN-ZOFIE |last4=EVERTSSON |first4=MARIE |date=2019-05-21 |title=Fathers' Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010 |journal=Journal of Social Policy |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=361–381 |doi=10.1017/s0047279419000230 |issn=0047-2794 |s2cid=182257694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an lura da matakan samun kudin shiga na iyaye don yin tasiri ga ɗaukar izinin iyaye na iyaye. Iyaye masu karamin karfi ba su iya amfani da hutun iyaye ba, kuma idan sun dauki lokaci, ya fi guidan aka kwatanta da iyayen da ke da mafi girman kudin shiga.<ref name=":32"/> Bambance-bambance tsakanin yawan jama'a guda biyu na iya zama saboda iyayen da ke da ƙananan kudaden shiga da ke ƙuntata ta hanyar kudaden mutum. Iyaye a cikin dangantakar jima'i ba su da damar daukar izinin iyaye idan mahaifiyar kanta mai karamin kuɗi ce.<ref name=":32" /> Rashin kudin shiga na mahaifiyar yana da alaƙa da mahaifin da ke karɓar izinin iyaye kaɗan. Wannan na iya zama saboda mahaifin yana son mahaifiyar ta dauki hutu mai tsawo ko wasu dalilai; kamar matsin lamba don samar da iyalin ta hanyar kudi.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Kaufman |first=Gayle |date=2017-03-24 |title=Barriers to equality: why British fathers do not use parental leave |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2017.1307806 |journal=Community, Work & Family |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=310–325 |doi=10.1080/13668803.2017.1307806 |issn=1366-8803 |s2cid=152090151}}</ref> Bincike a Sweden ya gano cewa iyayen da aka haifa a kasashen waje ba su da damar shiga hutun iyaye fiye da iyayen da suka haifa a Sweden.<ref name=":32"/> Marubutan sun yi la'akari da cewa wannan sakamakon na iya nuna rashin daidaituwa na kasuwannin ma'aikata ga baƙi na ƙarni na farko. Bugu da ƙari, akwai yiwuwar mafi girma ga baƙi na ƙarni na farko don rashin samun damar samun bayanai game da hutun iyaye na iya taimakawa ga raguwar ɗaukarwa daga wannan yawan jama'a. Wani bangare da ke tasiri ga ɗaukar izinin iyaye shine yanayin jinsi a gida da aiki.<ref name=":42"/> A cikin gidaje da ke da kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin shigar iyaye da dabi'un daidaito, ana ƙara amfani da izinin iyaye. Yanayin wurin aiki wanda ke inganta hutun iyaye ga iyaye kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci ya haifar da yiwuwar waɗannan iyaye su ɗauki hutun iyaye na dogon lokaci. Sabanin haka, al'adun wurin aiki wanda ke kallon hutun uba a matsayin alamar halaye marasa kyau na aiki kuma a matsayin "mata" yana sa iyaye a wannan yanayin su kasance da ƙarancin shiga cikin hutun iyaye.<ref name=":42" /> A Ostiraliya an yi jayayya, ta hanyar Georgie Dent, cewa ɗaukar hutun iyaye ta iyaye na iya ba da damar shiga ma'aikatan mata, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen sakamakon tattalin arziki ga iyalai da ƙasar. === Samun cancanta da karbar izinin iyaye ga uwaye === Samun cancanta da daukar shirye-shiryen hutun iyaye ba daidai ba ne tsakanin duk yawan jama'a na iyaye mata masu jiran. A mafi yawan kasashen Turai, ana ba da izinin iyaye ga iyaye, yawanci bayan izinin haihuwa da izinin uba. A wasu kasashe, hutun iyaye yana da bukatu masu kuntatawa fiye da hutun haihuwa ko hutun iyaye. Binciken da Marynissen, Wood da Neels suka yi (2021) <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Marynissen |first=Leen |last2=Wood |first2=Jonas |last3=Neels |first3=Karel |date=2021-06-11 |title=Mothers and Parental Leave in Belgium: Social Inequalities in Eligibility and Uptake |journal=Social Inclusion |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=325–337 |doi=10.17645/si.v9i2.3834 |issn=2183-2803 |s2cid=236300549 |doi-access=free}}</ref> sun gano cewa kashi 26.37% na uwaye a Belgium ba su cancanci hutun iyaye ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ka'idojin cancantar aiki da ke cikin shirin hutun iyaye na kasar (ko da yake mata marasa aikin yi suna karɓar hutun haihuwa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgium - Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1102&langId=en&intPageId=4415 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Ta hanyar amfani da ma'auni na aiki, masana sun lura cewa wannan yana haifar da shingen ga uwaye marasa aikin yi a halin yanzu don samun damar daukar karin lokaci don neman aiki da kula da yaransu.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Dobrotić |first=Ivana |last2=Blum |first2=Sonja |date=2019-06-25 |title=Inclusiveness of Parental-Leave Benefits in Twenty-One European Countries: Measuring Social and Gender Inequalities in Leave Eligibility |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxz023 |journal=Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=588–614 |doi=10.1093/sp/jxz023 |issn=1072-4745}}</ref> Wani iyakancewar da ke akwai tare da ka'idojin aiki shine cewa a wasu kasashe masu aiki da kansu ba su cancanci wasu fa'idodin iyaye ba.<ref name=":62" /> Misali, a Belgium, mace mai aiki da kanta tana karbar izinin haihuwa wanda ya fi guntu kuma ya fi biyan kudi fiye da mace mai aiki; kuma ba ta karbar izini na iyaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernard Fusulier |last2=Dimitri Mortelmans |date=April 2019 |title=Belgium |url=https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2019/Belgium_2019_0824.pdf |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=leavenetwork.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wasu sa'o'i da ma'aikaci ya hadu kafin ya cancanci hutun iyaye na aiki.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Dobrotić |first=Ivana |last2=Blum |first2=Sonja |date=2019-06-25 |title=Inclusiveness of Parental-Leave Benefits in Twenty-One European Countries: Measuring Social and Gender Inequalities in Leave Eligibility |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxz023 |journal=Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=588–614 |doi=10.1093/sp/jxz023 |issn=1072-4745}}</ref> Wadannan dalilai daban-daban suna iyakance damar samun kulawa ta iyaye ga iyaye masu jiran haihuwa. Iyaye masu sa ran wadanda wadannan ka'idodin suka fi shafa yawanci karami ne, marasa aure, marasa ilimi ko kuma daga asalin kaura.<ref name=":52" /> Baya ga bambance-bambance da ke cikin cancanta, akwai bambanci tsakanin iyaye mata masu jiran da ke amfani da fa'idodin hutun iyaye. Misali, binciken da Kil, Wood da Neels suka yi (2018) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kil |first=Tine |last2=Wood |first2=Jonas |last3=Neels |first3=Karel |date=2017-06-20 |title=Parental leave uptake among migrant and native mothers: Can precarious employment trajectories account for the difference? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796817715292 |journal=Ethnicities |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=106–141 |doi=10.1177/1468796817715292 |issn=1468-7968 |s2cid=148650202 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> sun gano cewa 'yan asalin kasar Belgium suna da karbar shirye-shiryen iyaye (52%) idan aka kwatanta da' yan asalin Belgium na farko daga Turkiyya da Morocco, wadanda karbar su ya kasance ƙasa (34%). Bambancin da ke cikin daukarwa za a iya danganta shi da dalilai kamar sassauci na hutun iyaye, al'adun wurin aiki, manufofin al'adu na hutun da aka biya, ba tare da sanin game da shirin da kansa da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi amfani da hutun da ake biya ba.<ref name=":52"/> Bincike ya gano cewa uwaye da ke cikin dangantakar jinsi daya ba su da damar daukar izinin iyaye fiye da uwaye da suke cikin dangantakar jima'i daban-daban.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Evertsson |first=Marie |last2=Boye |first2=Katarina |date=2018-07-20 |title=The Transition to Parenthood and the Division of Parental Leave in Different-Sex and Female Same-Sex Couples in Sweden |journal=European Sociological Review |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=471–485 |doi=10.1093/esr/jcy027 |issn=0266-7215 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Evertsson da Boye (2018) <ref name=":72" /> sun gano cewa uwaye masu haihuwa a cikin jima'i guda, a matsakaita, sun dauki makonni bakwai kasa da izinin iyaye fiye da uwaye masu haifuwa a cikin jimaʼi daban-daban. Marubutan sun yi nuni da cewa ka'idojin jinsi suna haifar da bambanci tsakanin lokacin haihuwa tsakanin uwaye a cikin dangantakar jima'i idan aka kwatanta da dangantakar jima-i daban-daban.<ref name=":72" /> === Samun izinin iyaye ga ma'aurata na jinsi daya === Samun izinin iyaye ga ma'aurata na jinsi daya ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: akan manufofin tallafi (a kan ko ma'auratan jinsi daya za su iya daukar tare ko a'a; akan ko an yarda da iyaye daya su dauki ko a'ana - kuma idan ee, ko iyaye na biyu za su iya karbar - da kuma dokokin maye gurbin). Dangane da binciken da ya bincika manufofi a cikin kasashe 34 na OECD, a cikin goma sha tara daga cikin wadannan kasashe, ma'aurata mata na jinsi daya sun sami adadin adadin izinin iyaye kamar ma'auratan jima'i daban-daban.<ref name=":83">{{Cite journal |last=WONG |first=ELIZABETH |last2=JOU |first2=JUDY |last3=RAUB |first3=AMY |last4=HEYMANN |first4=JODY |date=2019-09-05 |title=Comparing the availability of paid parental leave for same-sex and different-sex couples in 34 OECD countries |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000643 |journal=Journal of Social Policy |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=525–545 |doi=10.1017/s0047279419000643 |issn=0047-2794 |s2cid=203085632}}</ref> Ga ma'aurata maza masu jinsi daya, kasashe hudu sun ba da izinin iyaye iri ɗaya kamar ma'auratan jima'i daban-daban. Sabili da haka, kasashe ashirin da tara na OECD sun ba da dan gajeren lokacin hutun iyaye da kananan fa'idodi ga iyayen maza na jinsi daya. Bugu da kari, wasu kasashe, kamar Turkiyya da Isra'ila, ba su ba da damar hutun iyaye ko kuma sun biya hutun iyaye maza masu juna biyu ba.<ref name=":83" /> Dalilin bambance-bambance a cikin hutun iyaye tsakanin ma'aurata masu jinsi guda da ma'aurata masu jinsi daban-daban an yi la'akari da cewa suna da bayani daban-daban, yawanci suna da alaka da wanda zai iya zama iyaye na doka. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke shafar lokacin hutun iyaye ga ma'aurata masu jinsi daya shine harshen kuntatawa da aka samu a cikin manufofin hutun iyaye. Binciken ya gano cewa wasu manufofi na hutun iyaye kawai suna magana ne game da ma'aurata masu jima'i kuma ba su haɗa da ma'auratan jinsi daya a cikin dokar ba, wanda ya haifar da karuwar shingen ga iyaye masu jinsi daya don samun hutun biyan kudi. Wani muhimmin shingen ya zo ne lokacin da ma'aurata masu jinsi guda suka yi kokari su karbi yaransu. A cikin 15 daga cikin kasashe 34 na OECD da aka bincika, ma'aurata na jinsi daya ba za su iya daukar da tare ba. A cikin waɗannan kasashe, ma'aurata masu jinsi daya na iya samun mutum daya a cikin dangantakar da ke karbar dansu a matsayin iyaye daya.<ref name=":83"/> Iyaye guda daya ne kawai za a ba su izinin iyaye ko tallafi ta hanyar wannan dabarar tallafi. Duk da yake akwai zaɓi na tallafin iyaye na biyu a wasu daga cikin wadannan kasashe 15, tsarin tallafi na biyu yana da tsada kuma yana cin lokaci- kirkirar yiwuwar shingen da ke hana ma'aurata na jinsi daya bin wannan hanya. A wasu kasashe, ana iya kafa iyaye masu jinsi guda ne kawai ta hanyar mahaifiyar haihuwa a cikin dangantakar lesbian (wanda aka dauka a matsayin uwa ɗaya bisa doka), don haka mahaifiyar ta biyu ba ta karbar izini. == Matsakaicin Matsayi na Duniya == Yarjejeniyar Kare Maternity, 2000 tana bukatar akalla makonni 14 na hutun haihuwa. A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]], Umurnin Ma'aikata masu juna biyu yana bukatar akalla makonni 14 na hutun haihuwa; yayin da Umurnin Maida hankali na Ayyuka-Rayuwa yana bukatar a kalla kwanaki 10 na hutun iyaye, da kuma akalla watanni 4 na hutun iyayengiji, tare da watanni 2 ba za a iya canja su ba. == Tasirin == Yawanci, tasirin izinin iyaye shine ingantawa a cikin kulawa ta haihuwa da bayan haihuwa, gami da samun raguwar mutuwar jarirai. Sakamakon hutun iyaye a kasuwar aiki sun hada da karuwar aiki, canje-canje a cikin albashi, da sauye-sauye a cikin yawan ma'aikata da ke komawa aiki. Dokar barin kuma na iya tasiri ga yawan haihuwa.<ref name="Utrecht">{{Cite journal |last=Akgunduz |first=Y. E. |last2=Plantenga |first2=J. |year=2012 |title=Labour market effects of parental leave in Europe |journal=[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]] |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=845–862 |doi=10.1093/cje/bes052 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === A kasuwar aiki === Wani bincike a Jamus ya gano cewa albashin ya ragu da kashi 18 cikin 100 ga kowace shekara da ma'aikaci ke kashewa a hutun iyaye.<ref name="Utrecht"/> kodayake, bayan raguwar farko a cikin albashi, albashin ma'aikaci yana sake dawowa da sauri fiye da albashin wani da ba a ba shi izinin iyaye ba.<ref name="Utrecht" /> Binciken manufofin hutun [[California]], jiha ta farko a Amurka da ta bukaci ma'aikata su ba da hutun iyaye da aka biya, ya nuna cewa albashin ya karu.<ref name="NBER">{{Cite journal |last=Rossin-Slater |first=M. |last2=Ruhm |first2=C. J. |last3=Waldfogel |first3=J. |year=2013 |title=The Effects of California's Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers' Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-policy-analysis-and-management_spring-2013_32_2/page/224 |journal=[[Journal of Policy Analysis and Management]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=224–245 |citeseerx=10.1.1.704.5350 |doi=10.1002/pam.21676 |pmc=3701456 |pmid=23547324}}</ref> Hutun iyaye na iya haifar da mafi girman tsaro na aiki.<ref name="Utrecht"/> Nazarin ya bambanta da yadda wannan ke taimakawa komawa aiki bayan ya dauki lokaci. Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa idan iyaye sun tafi fiye da shekara guda bayan haihuwar yaro, yana rage yiwuwar cewa zai dawo.<ref name="Utrecht" /> Sauran binciken gajeren lokacin hutu sun nuna cewa iyaye ba sa bukatar barin ayyukansu don kula da yaransu, don haka dawowar aiki tana karuwa.<ref name="NBER"/> Ba a bayyana cewa manufofin hutun iyaye sun yi tasiri sosai a kan bambancin albashin jinsi ba, wanda ya kasance mai dorewa tun daga karshen shekarun 1980, duk da karuwar karbar manufofin hutunin iyaye.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Rønsen |first=M. |last2=Kitterød |first2=R. H. |year=2015 |title=Gender-equalizing family policies and mothers' entry into paid work: recent evidence from Norway |journal=Feminist Economics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=59–89 |doi=10.1080/13545701.2014.927584 |s2cid=154808826}}</ref> ==== Hutun haihuwa da sakamakonsa ==== A cikin Amurka, yayin da Dokar Hutun Iyali da Kiwon Lafiya ta 1993 (FMLA) ta ba da izinin hutun iyaye da ba a biya ba, iyaye galibi ba sa amfani da wannan cancanta sosai saboda ba za a iya biya shi ba. A sakamakon haka, wasu binciken sun nuna cewa FMLA tana da iyakantaccen tasiri akan yawan abin da sabbin iyaye ke dauka.<ref name="HanWaldfogel">{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=W.-J. |last2=Waldfogel |first2=J. |year=2003 |title=Parental Leave: The Impact of Recent Legislation on Parents' Leave-Taking |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_demography_2003-02_40_1/page/191 |journal=Demography |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=191–200 |doi=10.1353/dem.2003.0003 |pmid=12647520 |s2cid=22696348 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake takamaiman adadin na iya bambanta, samun yaro (gami da farashin kulawa mai inganci) yana biyan iyalan kusan $ 11,000 a cikin shekara ta farko. Wadannan tsada masu yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga sababbin uwaye a Amurka da ke dawowa aiki da sauri fiye da sababbin uwaye da ke kasashen Turai; kusan kashi daya bisa uku na mata a Amurka suna dawowa aiki a cikin watanni uku na haihuwa, idan aka kwatanta da kusan kashi biyar cikin dari a Burtaniya, Jamus, da Sweden, da kuma fiye da rabin uwaye a cikin Amurka tare da yaro a karkashin shekaru daya. <ref>Berger, L.M., [[Jennifer Hill|Hill, J.]] et al. 2005. "Maternity Leave, Early Maternal Employment and Child Health Development in the US." ''The Economic Journal''. 115(501):F29-F47.</ref><ref>(Johnson 2007)</ref> Akwai wasu shaidu cewa dokokin hutun iyaye suna hablbaka yiwuwar mata su koma ayyukansu na baya maimakon neman sabon aiki. Wannan hauhawar ana zaton ta fadi zuwa tsakanin 10% da 17%. A lokaci guda, akwai raguwa a cikin kashi na mata da ke samun sabbin ayyuka, wanda ya fadi tsakanin 6% da 11%. Don haka, irin wannan dokar ta bayyana ta kara yawan mata da ke komawa aiki bayan haihuwa da kusan 3% ko 4% .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Baum II |first=Charles L. |date=April 2003 |title=The Effects of Maternity Leave Legislation on Mothers' Labor Supply after Childbirth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-economic-journal_2003-04_69_4/page/772 |journal=Southern Economic Journal |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=772–799 |doi=10.2307/1061651 |jstor=1061651}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa manufofin hutun iyaye suna ba da damar mata su zauna a gida na dogon lokaci kafin su koma aiki yayin da yiwuwar komawa tsohuwar aiki ta fadi a cikin wata na biyu bayan haihuwa kafin ta tashi sosai a cikin wata ta uku. Kodayake wannan dokar ta bayyana tana da tasiri kadan ga mata da ke zabar hutu, ya bayyana yana kara lokacin da mata ke dauka a hutu.<ref name=":0"/> Dokar hutun haihuwa na iya haifar da fa'idodi ko lahani ga ma'aikata. Babban matsalar da za a iya samu na izinin izini shine damar da zai iya rushe ayyukan samarwa ta hanyar kara yawan ma'aikata. Tare da izinin izini na wani lokaci kuma yana fuskantar rashin iyaye mata a wurin aiki, kamfanoni za su fuskanci zabubbuka guda biyu: hayar dan lokaci (wanda zai iya hadawa da farashin horo) ko aiki tare da ma'aikacin da ya bace. A madadin haka, wadannan manufofi na iya zama masu kyau ga ma'aikata waɗanda a baya ba su ba da izini ba saboda suna damuwa game da jan hankalin ma'aikatan da ke iya amfani da izinin haihuwa. Don haka, akwai yiwuwar wadannan manufofi don gyara gazawar kasuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Rashin samun izini mai yawa a matakin al'umma, duk da haka, shine raguwar ma'aikatan mata. A cikin kasashe masu yawan bukatun ma'aikata, gami da kasashe da yawa na yanzu tare da yawan tsofaffi, karamin ma'aikata ba shi da kyau.<ref name=":1"/> Wani abu mai mahimmanci da za a lura da shi ga duk binciken da aka ambata a sama shine cewa sakamakon yawanci ya dogara da yadda aka bayyana izinin izini, da kuma ko manufofi don ba a biya su ba ko izinin da ba a biya ba. Manufofin da ke ba da tabbacin hutun da aka biya wasu suna daukar su da tasiri sosai fiye da manufofin da ba a biya su ba.<ref name="HanWaldfogel"/> Ga mata dai-dai, dogon hutu a aiki, kamar yadda zai zo daga hutun iyaye, yana shafar ayyukansu. Rashin daidaito mai tsawo yana da alaka da rage yawan kudin rayuwa da kananan biyan kudi da kuma kara yawan damar aiki da rage yawan kudi. Saboda wadannan matsalolin, wasu kasashe, musamman Norway, sun fadada shirye-shiryen manufofin iyali don kara yawan mahaifin da fadada kula da yara a kokarin yin aiki don samun daidaito tsakanin jinsi.<ref name=":1"/> Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016, fadada hutun haihuwa da gwamnati ke tallafawa a Norway daga makonni 18 zuwa 35 ya jagoranci iyaye mata su ciyar da karin lokaci a gida ba tare da rage yawan kudin shiga na iyali ba.<ref name="What is the case">{{Cite journal |last=Dahl |first=Gordon B. |last2=Løken |first2=Katrine V. |last3=Mogstad |first3=Magne |last4=Salvanes |first4=Kari Vea |date=23 March 2016 |title=What Is the Case for Paid Maternity Leave? |url=http://ekstern.filer.uib.no/svf/2013/WP9.13.pdf |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=655–670 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00602 |issn=0034-6535 |s2cid=57565748}}</ref> [[Fayil:Girl-1641215_1920.jpg|alt=|thumb|Uba yana ciyar da lokaci tare da 'yar]] ==== Hutun iyaye da sakamakonsa ==== Kalmar 'yancin iyaye' tana nufin izinin da aka ba wa iyayen kawai don ba su damar ciyar da lokaci tare da jaririnsu. Kodayake ana ba da izinin iyaye ga iyaye, iyaye mata suna ci gaba da ɗaukar mafi yawan izinin iyaye.<ref name="Ruhm"/> Lokacin da ba a biya izinin izini ba, bincike ya nuna cewa amfani da izinin maza ba ya shafar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waldfogel |first=J |last2=Han |first2=WJ |date=February 2003 |title=Parental leave: the impact of recent legislation on parents' leave taking |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_demography_2003-02_40_1/page/191 |journal=Demography |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=191–200 |doi=10.1353/dem.2003.0003 |pmid=12647520 |s2cid=22696348 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Jamus, inda aka tabbatar da izinin iyaye ga iyaye biyu, karfafa kudi, shi kaɗai, bai isa ya ƙarfafa iyaye su ɗauki izinin iyaye ba.<ref>VOGL, S., & KRELL, C. (2012). PARENTAL LEAVE AND PARENTING BENEFITS: Potential Effects on Father Participation in Germany. ''International Journal of Sociology of the Family,'' ''38''(1), 19–38. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43488388</ref> Duk da yake ba a saba gani ba a duniya, wasu ƙasashe suna ajiye ɓangarorin hutun da aka biya ga uba, ma'ana ba za a iya canja shi ga mahaifiyar ba kuma ya ɓace sai dai idan ya yi amfani da shi. Daga cikin kasashe na farko da suka fara turawa don kara yawan amfani da izinin iyaye sune jihohin jin dadin Nordic, farawa da Sweden ta sanya izinin iyaye tsaka-tsaki a cikin 1974 kuma nan da nan Iceland, Denmark, Norway da Finland suka biyo baya. Wadannan ƙasashe ba su da ra'ayi na haɗin kai na izinin iyaye, kowannensu yana sanya yanayi daban-daban, rabo da ma'auni, amma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafi karimci a duniya. A wani bangare a cikin wani shiri na yaki da "hukuncin uwa", [[Norway]] a 1993 ta fara canjin manufofi don karfafa [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|hutun uba]], abin da ake kira "ƙididdigar uba", kuma Sweden ta bi hakan a 1995. Wannan yana nufin wasu kwanakin hutu na iyaye ne kawai mahaifin zai iya amfani da su, kuma in ba haka ba sun ɓace. A cikin ƙasashe waɗanda haƙƙin izini ya haɗa da ƙididdigar uba, an sami tasiri sosai, tare da ƙididdiga da aka ba da ƙididdige don ƙara sa hannun uba da ƙalubalanci matsayin jinsi a cikin iyali, inganta daidaitattun rarraba aiki.<ref name=":1"/> Don kimanta wannan canjin, Rønsen da Kitterød sun kalli yawan da lokacin dawowar mata zuwa aiki bayan haihuwa, da kuma tasirin wannan na sabon manufofin hutun iyaye. A cikin binciken da suka yi a shekarar 2015, Rønsen da Kitterød sun sami mata a Norway sun koma aiki da sauri bayan canjin manufofi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rønsen |first=M. |last2=Kitterød |first2=R. H. |year=2015 |title=Gender-equalizing family policies and mothers' entry into paid work: recent evidence from Norway |journal=Feminist Economics |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=59–89 [84] |doi=10.1080/13545701.2014.927584 |s2cid=154808826}}</ref> Koyaya, an faɗaɗa kula da yara na jama'a ko tallafi sosai a lokaci guda, don haka Rønsen da Kitterød ba su sami cewa "ƙididdigar uba" ne kawai ke da alhakin lokacin shigar da aiki ba. Amma ana iya fahimtar cewa yana da tasiri a kan rarraba aikin gida ta hanyar jinsi lokacin da iyaye biyu zasu iya ɗaukar lokaci don kula da sabon jariri.<ref name=":1" /> Wani tasiri daga iyaye da ke karbar hutu shine cewa a Norway an nuna cewa yana da damar rage ko kara yawan lokacin da mata ke ɗauka, dangane da ko ana ganin kula da yara na uwa da uba a matsayin maye gurbin ko kari. Idan sun maye gurbin kayayyaki, iyaye mata suna iya komawa aiki da wuri yayin da iyaye ke ɗaukar wasu nauyin kula da yara. Bincike ya ba da shawarar wani abu na aji yana wasa: iyayen aji na tsakiya suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin madadin da ya dace ga mahaifiyar a matsayin mai kula da farko, yayin da maza masu aiki na iya ganin kansu a matsayin masu goyon bayan abokin aikinsu a lokacin hutun ta. Sakamakon haka, iyayen aji na tsakiya na iya amfani da hutun su bayan mahaifiyar ta koma aiki, yayin da iyayen ajiyar ma'aikata na iya zaɓar hutun su yayin hutun mahaifiyar.<ref>[[Berit Brandth|Brandth, B.]], & [[Elin Kvande|Kvande, E.]] (2016). Fatherhood in the Nordic Welfare States: Comparing Care Policies and Practice. Bristol, United Kingdom: Policy Press.</ref> A wasu lokuta, hutu mai tsawo ga iyaye na iya motsa uwaye su zauna a gida.<ref name=":1"/> Iyaye suna amfani da izinin iyaye kaɗan fiye da uwaye a Amurka da kuma wasu ƙasashe inda ake samun izinin biyan kuɗi, <ref name="HanWaldfogel"/> <ref name="Bygren">{{Cite journal |last=Bygren |first=M |last2=Duvander |first2=A.-Z. |year=2006 |title=Parents' Workplace Situation and Fathers' Parental Leave Use |url=https://zenodo.org/record/997940 |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=363–372 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00258.x}}</ref> kuma wannan bambancin na iya samun dalilai ban da matsalolin kuɗi waɗanda ke tasiri ga iyaye biyu. Bygren da Duvander, <ref name="Bygren" /> kallon amfani da hutun iyaye ta iyaye a Sweden, sun kammala cewa halaye na wurin aiki na iyaye (gami da girman wurin aiki, ko akwai maza ko mata da yawa a wurin aiki, kuma ko wurin aiki ya kasance wani ɓangare na masu zaman kansu ko na jama'a) ya rinjayi tsawon hutun iyaye ga iyaye, kamar yadda kasancewar wasu maza da suka ɗauki hutun iyaye a baya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016 hutun iyaye ya kai kashi 25% na hutun iyaye da aka biya a Sweden. Wani binciken da aka yi a 2023 ya gano cewa hutun iyaye yana haifar da canjin halin mutum a kan batutuwan jinsi. Lokacin da aka ba da izinin iyaye ga iyaye, iyaye suna ƙara tallafawa manufofin zamantakewar jinsi da kuma batutuwan kare hakkin mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tavits |first=Margit |last2=Schleiter |first2=Petra |last3=Homola |first3=Jonathan |last4=Ward |first4=Dalston |date=2023 |title=Fathers' Leave Reduces Sexist Attitudes |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/fathers-leave-reduces-sexist-attitudes/78DA98DAA6E6B00A302E9DE3EE676E85 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000369 |issn=0003-0554 |s2cid=258358469 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==== Tsawon hutun ==== [[Fayil:"WORKING_MOTHERS_-_YOUR_SCHOOLS_CAN_HELP"_-_NARA_-_516193.jpg|thumb|Manufofin iyali a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu lokacin da aka dauki mata a wurin aiki]] A cikin 2013, Joseph, Pailhé, Recotillet, da Solaz sun gudanar da wani gwaji na halitta wanda ke kimanta canjin manufofin shekarar 2004 a [[Faransa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Olivier |last2=Pailhé |year=2013 |title=The economic impact of taking short parental leave: Evaluation of a French reform |journal=Labour Economics, 25(European Association of Labour Economists 24th Annual Conference, Bonn, Germany, 20–22 September 2012) |volume=25 |pages=63–75 |doi=10.1016/j.labeco.2013.04.012}}</ref> Suna da sha'awar tasirin tattalin arziki na cikakken lokaci, gajeren lokacin hutu na iyaye. Kafin sake fasalin, mata suna da izinin iyaye na watanni biyu, kuma suna iya daukar izinin iyaye har zuwa shekaru uku da ba a biya su ba tare da tabbatar da aikinsu, kodayake yawancin mata sun dauki watanni biyu kawai. Sabuwar manufofin, kariyar zabin aiki (CLCA), tana ba da tabbacin watanni shida na hutun iyaye da aka biya. Marubutan sun sami sakamako mai kyau a kan aiki: idan aka kwatanta da mata a cikin irin wannan yanayi kafin sake fasalin, uwaye na farko da suka dauki hutun da aka biya bayan sake fasalin sun fi dacewa da aiki bayan hutun su, kuma ba za su iya kasancewa daga cikin ma'aikata ba. Marubutan sun nuna irin wannan sakamako na cikakken lokaci, gajeren hutun iyaye da aka kiyaye a Kanada a 2008 ta Baker da Milligan, kuma a Jamus a 2009 ta Kluve da Tamm. <ref>Baker, M., Milligan, K.,2008. How does job-protected maternity leave affect mothers' employment? [https://www.jstor.org/journal/jlaboreconomics Journal of Labor Economics] 26,655–692.</ref><ref>Kluve, J., Tamm, M.,2009. [http://ftp.iza.org/dp4500.pdf Now daddy's changing diapers and mommy's making her career: evaluating a generous parental leave regulation using a natural experiment]. IZA Discussion Papers 4500. Institute for the Study of Labor(IZA).</ref> Koyaya, Joseph et al. sun kuma gano cewa albashin ya kasance kasa (idan aka kwatanta da mata kafin sake fasalin) ga mata masu matsakaici da ilimi sosai bayan izinin, wanda zai iya zama saboda mata sun koma aiki na dan lokaci ko kuma saboda "hukuncin uwa", inda masu aiki ke nuna bambanci ga uwaye, suna daukar izinin watanni shida a matsayin "alamu" cewa mace ba za ta kasance mai kyau ga ma'aikaci ba saboda nauyin uwawarta. ==manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2c3173q5ashpqoab1q7yji9gzf5j9ri Ikon ɗaukar kaya 0 81308 966688 899779 2026-10-11T23:47:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Logistic Carrying Capacity.svg|thumb|kidayat daukar kaya]] [[Fayil:Exponential Carrying Capacity.svg|thumb|Yanda make smau hawa da sauna na abun]] Capacity na ɗaukar yanayi shine matsakaicin girman yawan jinsunan halittu wanda za'a iya kiyaye shi ta wannan takamaiman yanayi, idan aka ba da abinci, mazauni, ruwa, da sauran albarkatun da ke akwai. An bayyana ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya a matsayin mafi girman nauyin muhalli, wanda a cikin [[yanayin muhalli]] ya dace da daidaitattun yawan jama'a, lokacin da yawan mutuwar a cikin yawan jama'ar yayi daidai da yawan haihuwa (kazalika da shige da fice da ƙaura). Gudanar da ƙarfin muhalli yana nuna cewa fitar da albarkatun ba sama da yawan sake farfaɗo da albarkatuna ba kuma sharar da aka samar tana cikin ikon dai-daita yanayin. Tasirin ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi akan Yawan jama'a ana tsara shi tare da aikin dabaru. Ana amfani da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya ga matsakaicin yawan jama'a da mahalli zai iya tallafawa a cikin muhalli, [[noma]] da kamun kifi. Anyi amfani da kalmar ɗaukar nauyi ga wasu matakai daban-daban a baya kafin a ƙarshe ayi amfani da ita ga iyakokin yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1950.<ref name="Chapman-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Eric J. |last2=Byron |first2=Carrie J. |date=January 2018 |title=The flexible application of carrying capacity in ecology |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=13 |pages=e00365 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2017.e00365 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ma'anar iya ɗaukar mutane an rufe shi da ra'ayin yawan jama'a mai ɗorewa. An buga cikakken bincike na farko game da iyakokin duniya a cikin littafin 1972 Limits to Growth, wanda ya haifar da sharhin da bincike, gami da zargi da yawa. Wani bita na shekara ta 2012 a cikin Nature da masu bincike na kasa da kasa 22 suka nuna damuwa cewa Duniya na iya "kusanci canjin yanayi" wanda biosphere na iya zama mara karɓar baƙi ga rayuwar ɗan adam kuma wanda ƙarfin ɗaukar ɗan adam na iya raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnosky |first=AD |last2=Hadly |first2=EA |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-06-07_486_7401/page/52 |journal=Nature |volume=486 |issue=7401 |pages=52–58 |bibcode=2012Natur.486...52B |doi=10.1038/nature11018 |pmid=22678279 |s2cid=4788164 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan damuwa cewa bil'adama na iya wucewa fiye da "maɓallin kai tsaye" don amfani da biosphere mai aminci yakaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong McKay |first=David I. |last2=Staal |first2=Arie |last3=Abrams |first3=Jesse F. |last4=Winkelmann |first4=Ricarda |last5=Sakschewski |first5=Boris |last6=Loriani |first6=Sina |last7=Fetzer |first7=Ingo |last8=Cornell |first8=Sarah E. |last9=Rockström |first9=Johan |last10=Lenton |first10=Timothy M. |date=2022-09-09 |title=Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7950 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=377 |issue=6611 |pages=eabn7950 |doi=10.1126/science.abn7950 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=36074831 |s2cid=252161375 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bradshaw-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bradshaw |first=Corey J. A. |last2=Ehrlich |first2=Paul R. |last3=Beattie |first3=Andrew |last4=Ceballos |first4=Gerardo |last5=Crist |first5=Eileen |last6=Diamond |first6=Joan |last7=Dirzo |first7=Rodolfo |last8=Ehrlich |first8=Anne H. |last9=Harte |first9=John |last10=Harte |first10=Mary Ellen |last11=Pyke |first11=Graham |last12=Raven |first12=Peter H. |last13=Ripple |first13=William J. |last14=Saltré |first14=Frédérik |last15=Turnbull |first15=Christine |date=2021-01-13 |title=Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |volume=1 |pages=615419 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419 |issn=2673-611X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kwanan nan na ƙarfin ɗaukar duniya yana gudana tsakanin mutane biliyan biyu zuwa biliyan huɗu, dangane da yadda masu bincike masu kyakkyawan fata suke game da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa don magance matsalolin aiki tare.<ref>Examples include Lianos, T. P., & Pseiridis, A. (2016). Sustainable welfare and optimum population size. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'', ''18''(6), 1679-1699; Tucker, C. K. (2019). ''A Planet of 3 Billion: Mapping Humanity's Long History of Ecological Destruction and Finding Our Way to a Resilient Future: a Global Citizen's Guide to Saving the Planet''. Atlas Observatory Press; Dasgupta, P. (2019). ''Time and the generations: population ethics for a diminishing planet''. Columbia University Press; Tamburino, L., & Bravo, G. (2021). Reconciling a positive ecological balance with human development: A quantitative assessment. ''Ecological Indicators'', ''129'', 107973.</ref> == Asalin == Dangane da Yawan jama'a, kalmar 'ƙwarewar ɗaukar' ba'ayi amfani da ita a bayyane a cikin 1838 ta hanyar masanin lissafi na Belgian Pierre François Verhulst lokacin da yafara buga lissafinsa bisa ga bincike kan ƙirar ƙimar yawan jama'ar.<ref name="Verhulst1838">{{Cite journal |last=Verhulst |first=Pierre-François |author-link=Pierre François Verhulst |year=1838 |title=Notice sur la loi que la population poursuit dans son accroissement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsEAAAAYAAJ |format=PDF |journal=Correspondance Mathématique et Physique |volume=10 |pages=113–121 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> Asalin kalmar "ƙwarewar ɗaukar" ba ta da tabbas, tare da tushe daban-daban da ke nuna cewa anyi amfani dashi da farko "a cikin mahallin jigilar kayayyaki na duniya" a cikin shekarun 1840, <ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal |last=Sayre |first=N. F. |year=2008 |title=The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=120–134 |doi=10.1080/00045600701734356 |jstor=25515102 |s2cid=16994905}}</ref> ko kuma an fara amfani dashi a lokacin gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje-gaje na ƙarni na 19 tare da micro-organisms. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zimmerer |first=Karl S. |year=1994 |title=Human Geography and the "New Ecology": The Prospect and Promise of Integration |url=http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/prosem/PDFs/human_geog.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=84 |pages=108–125 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01731.x |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719152701/http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/prosem/PDFs/human_geog.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref> Binciken 2008 ya gano amfani da kalmar a Turanci shine rahoton 1845 na Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka ga Majalisar Dattijan Amurka. Daga nan sai ya zama kalmar da akayi amfani da ita gabaɗaya a cikin ilmin halitta a cikin shekarun 1870, kasancewar ya fi bunkasa a cikin namun daji da kula da dabbobi a farkon shekarun 1900.<ref name="informaworld.com" /> Ya zama kalma mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin muhalli da akayi amfani dashi don bayyana iyakokin halittu na tsarin halitta dake da alaƙa da girman yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1950.<ref name="Berkshire-2012" /><ref name="informaworld.com" /> Neo-Malthusians da eugenicists sun shahara da amfani da kalmomin don bayyana yawan mutanen da Duniya zats iya tallafawa a cikin shekarun 1950, <ref name="informaworld.com"/> kodayake masana kimiyyar halittu na Amurka Raymond Pearl da Lowell Reed sun riga sun yi amfani dashi a cikin waɗannan kalmomin ga yawan mutane a cikin shekarun 1920. Hadwen da Palmer (1923) sun bayyana ikon ɗaukar kaya a matsayin yawan kayan da za'a iya kiwo na wani lokaci batare da lalacewar kewayon ba.<ref name="Dhondt1988"/><ref name="McLeod1997">{{Cite journal |last=McLeod |first=Steven R. |date=September 1997 |title=Is the Concept of Carrying Capacity Useful in Variable Environments? |journal=Oikos |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=529–542 |bibcode=1997Oikos..79..529M |doi=10.2307/3546897 |jstor=3546897}}</ref> An fara amfani da shi a cikin mahallin kula da namun daji ta Amurka Aldo Leopold a 1933, kuma bayan shekara guda daga Amurka Paul Lester Errington, ƙwararren masanin ruwa. Sunyi amfani da kalmar a hanyoyi daban-daban, Leopold galibi a ma'anar dabbobi masu kiwo (banbanci tsakanin 'matakin cikawa', matakin ƙididdigar jinsin da zasu rayu a ciki, da ɗaukar damar, mafi yawan dabbobi waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa a fagen) da kuma Errington yana bayyana 'ƙwarewar ɗaukar' kamar yawan dabbobi sama da abin da farauta zai zama 'mai nauyi' (wannan ma'anar an ƙi shi sosai, gami da Errington da kansa).<ref name="Dhondt1988"/><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Aldo Leopold}}</ref> Muhimmin kuma sanannen littafi na 1953 game da ilimin muhalli na Eugene Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology, ya shahara da kalmar a cikin ma'anar zamani a matsayin ma'auni na ma'aunin ma'aikatar tsarin haɓaka yawan jama'a. <ref name="Dhondt1988" /> <ref name="Odum1959">{{Cite book|last3=Eugene Odum}}</ref> == Lissafi == Takamaiman dalilin da yasa yawan jama'a ya daina girma an san shi da iyakancewa ko daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Limiting Factors |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/limiting-factors |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Logistic_Carrying_Capacity.svg|thumb|Samun damar ɗaukar kaya ta hanyar tsarin haɓaka kayan aiki]] Bambanci tsakanin yawan haihuwa da yawan mace-mace shine karuwar halitta. Idan yawan mutanen da aka ba su yana ƙasa da ƙarfin ɗaukar wani yanayi, wannan yanayin na iya tallafawa ƙaruwa mai kyau; idan ya sami kansa sama da wannan ƙofar yawan jama'a yawanci yana raguwa.<ref name="Storch-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Storch |first=David |last2=Okie |first2=Jordan G. |date=October 2019 |title=The carrying capacity for species richness |journal=Global Ecology and Biogeography |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1519–1532 |bibcode=2019GloEB..28.1519S |doi=10.1111/geb.12987 |s2cid=202026304}}</ref> Don haka, ƙarfin ɗaukar hoto shine matsakaicin adadin mutane na jinsin da mahalli zai iya tallafawa a cikin dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=William E. |date=October 1992 |title=Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=121–130 |bibcode=1992EnUrb...4..121R |doi=10.1177/095624789200400212 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan jama'a yana raguwa sama da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya saboda dalilai da yawa dangane da nau'in da aka shafa, amma yana iya haɗawa da isasshen sarari, samar da [[Tsaron abinci|Abinci]], ko Hasken rana. Ikon ɗaukar yanayi ya bambanta ga nau'o'i daban-daban. A ci'''K''' algebra na muhalli kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin tsarin Verhulst mai sauƙi na Yawan jama'a, ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya yana wakiltar K mai ɗorewa: : <math> \frac{dN}{dt} = rN \left(1 - \frac{N}{K}\right) </math> inda * N shine [[yawan jama'a]], * r shine ƙimar haɓaka ta ainihi[[Yawan jama'a|Girman ci gaba]] * K shine ƙarfin ɗaukar mahalli na gida, kuma * <nowiki>dt="#mwt106" class="texhtml mvar" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"mvar","href":"./Template:Mvar"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"N"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwkQ" style="font-style:italic;" typeof="mw:Transclusion">N / dt, wanda aka samo daga N dangane da lokaci t, shine yawan canji a cikin yawan jama'a tare da lokaci.</nowiki> <nowiki>Dor" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"mvar","href":"./Template:Mvar"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"N"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwlA" style="font-style:italic;" typeof="mw:Transclusion">N haK, daidaitattun ya danganta yawan ci gaban yawan jama'a N da girman yawan jama'ar yanzu, yana haɗa da tasirin sigogi biyu na r da K. (Lura cewa raguwa ci gaba ne mara kyau). Zaɓin harafin K ya fito ne daga </nowiki>[[German language|Jamusanci]] ''Kapazitätsgrenze'' (ƙayyadadden iyawa). Wannan daidaitattun gyare-gyare ne na asalin Verhulst model: : <math> \frac{dN}{dt} = rN - \alpha N^2</math><ref name="Verhulst18383">{{Cite journal |last=Verhulst |first=Pierre-François |author-link=Pierre François Verhulst |year=1838 |title=Notice sur la loi que la population poursuit dans son accroissement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsEAAAAYAAJ |format=PDF |journal=Correspondance Mathématique et Physique |volume=10 |pages=113–121 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> A ciK wannan daidaitattun, ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya K, <nowiki> </nowiki>N <nowiki> </nowiki>Sanya <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle N^{*}} <nowiki> </nowiki>, shine : <math> N^* = \frac{r}{\alpha}. </math> [[Fayil:Logistic_curve_examples.png|thumb|Wannan hoto ne na canjin yawan jama'a ta amfani da tsarin tsarin dabaru. Lokacin da yawan jama'a yafi ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya yana raguwa, kuma lokacin da yake ƙasa da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya ya ƙaru.]] LoK da aka tsara samfurin Verhulst a cikin jadawalin, canjin yawan jama'a a tsawon lokaci yana ɗaukar nau'in sigmoid, yana kaiwa matakin mafi girma a K. Wannan shine tsarin ci gaban dabaru kuma an lissafa shi tare da: : <math>f(x) = \frac{L}{1 + e^{-k(x-x_0)}},</math> inda * e shine tushen [[logarithm na halitta]] (wanda aka fi sani da lambar Euler), * x" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"math","href":"./Template:Math"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"<nowiki>''</nowiki>x<nowiki>''</nowiki><nowiki><sub>0</sub></nowiki>"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwuQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''x''<sub>0</sub> shine darajar x na tsakiyar sigmoid, * L shine matsakaicin darajar layin, * K shine ƙimar haɓaka ko tsayi na layin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verhulst |first=Pierre-François |author-link=Pierre-François Verhulst |year=1845 |title=Recherches mathématiques sur la loi d'accroissement de la population |trans-title=Mathematical Researches into the Law of Population Growth Increase |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN129323640_0018&DMDID=dmdlog7 |journal=Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles |volume=18 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.3406/marb.1845.3438 |s2cid=157536237 |access-date=2013-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518154129/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN129323640_0018&DMDID=dmdlog7 |archive-date=2016-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da * <math>f(x_0) = L/2.</math> Tsarin cigaban dabaru yana nuna yadda yawan cigaban jama'a da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya ke haɗuwa. Kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin tsarin tsarin cigaban tsari, lokacin da yawan jama'a yayi ƙanƙanta, yawan jama'ar yana ƙaruwa sosai. K, yayin da yawan jama'a ke kusa da ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi, ci gaban yana raguwa kuma ya kai sifili a K.<ref>Swafford, Angela Lynn. "Logistic Population Growth: Equation, Definition & Graph." Study.com. N.p., 30 May 2015. Web. 21 May 2016. "Logistic Population Growth - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 May 2016. </ref> Abin dake ƙayyade ƙwarewar ɗaukar takamaiman tsarin ya haɗa da iyakancewar; wannan na iya samun wadataccen [[Tsaron abinci|abinci]] ko ruwa, wuraren nesting, sarari, ko adadin [[Shara|sharar gida]] za'a iya sha batare da lalata muhalli ba kuma rage ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya. == Ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a == Capacity na ɗaukar hoto shine ra'ayi da aka saba amfani dashi ga masu ilimin halitta yayin ƙoƙarin fahimtar yawan halittu da abubuwan dake shafar su.<ref name="Chapman-2018"/> Lokacin da ake magana da yawan halittu, ana iya ganin ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi a matsayin daidaitattun daidaito, tare da la'akari da ƙarancin lalacewa da ƙimar mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Storch-2019"/> A cikin ilmin halitta na yawan jama'a, ci gaban dabaru yana ɗauka cewa yawan jama'ar yana canzawa sama da ƙasa da ƙimar daidaitawa.<ref name="Seidl-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Seidl |first=Irmi |last2=Tisdell |first2=Clem A |date=December 1999 |title=Carrying capacity reconsidered: from Malthus' population theory to cultural carrying capacity |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:10486/ei_4_98.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=395–408 |bibcode=1999EcoEc..31..395S |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00063-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821010236/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:10486/ei_4_98.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-21}}</ref> Marubutan da yawa sunyi tambaya game da amfanin kalmar lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita ga ainihin mutanen daji.<ref name="Dhondt1988">{{Cite journal |last=Dhondt |first=André A. |date=January 1988 |title=Carrying capacity - a confusing concept |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229192031 |journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=337–346 |doi= |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="McLeod1997"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=C |year=2006 |title=Carrying capacity, population equilibrium, and environment's maximal load |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=192 |issue=1–2 |pages=317–320 |bibcode=2006EcMod.192..317H |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.001}}</ref> Kodayake yana da amfani a cikin ka'idar da gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje, ɗaukar damar a matsayin hanyar auna iyakokin yawan jama'a a cikin muhalli bashi da amfani kamar yadda wani lokacin yakan sauƙaƙa hulɗar tsakanin jinsuna.<ref name="Storch-2019"/> == Aikin noma == Yana da mahimmanci ga manoma su lissafa ƙarfin ɗaukar ƙasarsu don su iya kafa ƙimar ɗorewa mai ɗorewa.<ref name="MoreBeef2019">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |title=4 - Determine carrying capacity and stocking rate |url=https://mbfp-pastoral.mla.com.au/managing-your-feedbase/determine-carrying-capacity-and-stocking-rate/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=More Beef from Pastures |publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia Limited}}</ref> Misali, lissafin ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya a Ostiraliya ana yin sa a Dry Sheep Equivalents (DSEs). DSE guda ɗaya shine 50 kg Merino [[Rago|wether]], busassun ƙwai ko mara ciki, wanda aka kiyaye shi a cikin yanayi mai ɗorewa. &nbsp;Ba wai kawai ana lissafin tumaki a cikin DSEs ba, ana lissafin ƙarfin ɗaukar wasu dabbobi ta amfani da wannan ma'auni. Ɗan maraƙi mai nauyin kilo 200 na salon Burtaniya wanda ke samun 0.25 kg / rana shine 5.5DSE, amma idan nauyin wannan nau'in maraƙi yana samun 0.75 kg / rana, za a auna shi a 8DSE. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Karnuka ba iri ɗaya ba ne, DSEs ɗin su na iya bambanta dangane da jinsi, ƙimar girma, nauyi, idan saniya ce ('dam'), shanu ko bijimi ('bullock' a Ostiraliya), kuma idan yana yayewa, ciki ko 'ruwa' (watau shayarwa). A wasu sassan duniya ana amfani da raka'a daban-daban don lissafin ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila ana auna paddock a cikin LU, rukunin dabbobi, kodayake akwai tsare-tsare daban-daban don wannan.<ref>Nix, J. 2009. ''Farm Management Pocketbook''. 39th Ed. Corby: The Andersons Centre.</ref> New Zealand tana amfani da ko dai LU, EE (mafi dacewa) ko SU (rukunin ajiya). A Amurka da Kanada tsarin gargajiya yana amfani da raka'a na dabbobi (AU). <ref>Jasper Womach, ''Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition'' {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212033139/http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf |archive-date=2011-02-12 |access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Faransanci / Switzerland ita ce Unité de Gros Bétail (UGB). <ref>[http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/910_91/app1.html ''Coefficients de conversion des animaux en unités de gros bétail'' (French)]: Conversion factors for livestock units.</ref> [[Fayil:Sömmerung_von_Milchkühen,_Schweizer_Alp_im_Wallis.jpg|thumb|Summering na shanu na madara a cikin Swiss Alps a Valais Canton]] A wasu ƙasashen Turai kamar Switzerland ana auna makiyaya a al'ada a ''Stoß'', tare da ''Stoß'' ɗaya daidai da Füße huɗu (ƙafafu). Tsarin Turai na zamani shine [[:de:Viehbesatz#Großvieheinheit|''Großvieheinheit'']] (GV ko GVE), wanda yadace da 500 kg a cikin nauyin shanu. &nbsp;A cikin aikin noma mai yawa 2 GV / ha shine yawan kayan aiki na yau da kullun, a cikin aikin gona, lokacin da aka kara makiyaya da ƙarin abinci, farashin na iya zama 5 zuwa 10 GV / hectare. A cikin Turai matsakaicin yawan kaya ya bambanta dangane da ƙasar, a cikin 2000 [[Holand|Netherlands]] da Belgium suna da babban adadin 3.82 GV / ha da 3.19 GV / hectare bi da bi, ƙasashen dake kewaye dasu suna da ƙimar kusan 1 zuwa 1.5 GV / hektare, kuma ƙasashen kudancin Turai suna da ƙarancin ƙimar, tare da [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da mafi ƙarancin 0.44 GV / hekta.<ref>''top agrar'' 11/2001, o.n.A.</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da wannan tsarin ga wuraren halitta. Kiwon Megaherbivores a kusan 1 GV / ha ana ɗaukarsa mai ɗorewa a cikin tsakiya na Turai, kodayake wannan ya bambanta sosai dangane da dalilai da yawa. A cikin [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]] yana da ka'ida (watau maye gurbin cyclic, patch dynamics, ''Megaherbivorenhypothese'') an ɗauka cewa matsin kiwo na 0.3 GV / ha ta hanyar namun daji ya isa ya hana gandun daji a cikin yanki na halitta. Saboda nau'o'i daban-daban suna da wurare daban-daban na muhalli, tare da dawakai misali suna kiwon gajeren ciyawa, shanu masu tsayi, da awaki ko dabbobi da suka fi son bincika shrubs, bambancin niche yana bada damar ƙasa don samun ɗan ƙarfin ɗaukar hoto don ƙungiyar jinsuna, fiye da yadda zai kasance idan akwai nau'in jinsuna ɗaya kawai. Wasu tsare-tsaren kasuwar niche suna ba da umarnin ƙananan ƙididdigar kaya fiye da yadda za'a iya kiwo a kan makiyaya. Don tallata kayayyakin nama na mutum a matsayin [[Aikin noma na Biodynamic|'biodynamic']], an ba da umarnin ƙananan ''Großvieheinheit'' na 1 zuwa 1.5 (2.0) GV / ha, tare da wasu gonaki dake da tsarin aiki ta amfani da 0.5 zuwa 0.8 GV /ha kawai. Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta gabatar da raka'a uku na kasa da kasa don auna ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya: Ƙungiyoyin Dabbobi na FAO don Arewacin Amurka, <ref name="FAO1">{{Cite web |title=P Chilonda and J Otte, Indicators to monitor trends in livestock production at national, regional and international levels, ''Livestock Research for Rural Development'', '''18''' (8), 2006, Article #117 |url=http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/8/chil18117.htm}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin dabbobi na FAO na Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, da Ƙungiyoyin Kula da Dabbobi na Tropical. Wata hanya mai wuya kuma ba daidai ba ce ta tantance ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya na paddock shine kawai ta hanyar kallon yanayin garken. A Ostiraliya, tsarin daidaitaccen ƙasa don kimanta yanayin dabbobi ana yin sa ne ta hanyar ƙididdigar yanayin jiki (BCS). Ana samun dabba da ke cikin mummunan yanayi tare da BCS na 0, kuma dabba wacce keda matukar lafiya ana samun sa a 5: ana iya samun sa dabbobi tsakanin waɗannan lambobi biyu a cikin karuwar 0.25. Akalla dabbobi 25 na iri ɗaya dole ne a zira kwallaye don samar da lambar wakilci ta ƙididdiga, kuma dole ne a ci kwallaye kowane wata - idan matsakaicin ya faɗi, wannan na iya zama saboda yawan ajiya sama da ƙarfin ɗaukar paddock ko ƙananan abinci. Wannan hanyar bata kai tsaye ba don ƙayyade ƙimar ajiya fiye da kallon makiyaya da kansa, saboda canje-canje a cikin yanayin ajiya na iya komawa bayan canje-canje cikin yanayin makiyaya.<ref name="MoreBeef2019"/> == Kifi == [[Fayil:Sunset_Fishery,_Cochin,_Kerala,_India.jpg|thumb|Kifi a faɗuwar rana a Cochin, Kerala, [[Indiya]]]] A cikin kamun kifi, ana amfani da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya a cikin tsari don lissafin amfanin gona mai ɗorewa don Gudanar da kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Terrance J. |date=28 June 2008 |title=Ruminations on the development and future of population dynamics models in fisheries |journal=Natural Resource Modeling |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=341–392 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-7445.2003.tb00119.x |s2cid=153420994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> matsakaicin amfanin gona mai ɗorewa (MSY) an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi girman matsakaicin kamawa wanda za'a iya ci gaba da ɗauka daga yawan mutanen da akayi amfani da su (= ajiya) a ƙarƙashin matsakaicin yanayin muhalli". MSY da farko an lissafa shi azaman rabin ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya, amma an inganta shi tsawon shekaru, yanzu ana ganin kusan kashi 30% na yawan jama'a, dangane da jinsin ko yawan jama'ar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bousquet |first=N. |last2=Duchesne |first2=T. |last3=Rivest |first3=L.-P. |year=2008 |title=Redefining the maximum sustainable yield for the Schaefer population model including multiplicative environmental noise |url=http://mat.ulaval.ca/pages/duchesne/BDR.pdf |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=254 |issue=1 |pages=65–75 |bibcode=2008JThBi.254...65B |doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.04.025 |pmid=18571675}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Thorpe">{{Cite journal |last=Thorpe |first=R.B. |last2=LeQuesne |first2=W.J.F. |last3=Luxford |first3=F. |last4=Collie |first4=J.S. |last5=Jennings |first5=S. |year=2015 |title=Evaluation and management implications of uncertainty in a multispecies size-structured model of population and community responses to fishing |journal=Methods in Ecology and Evolution |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=49–58 |bibcode=2015MEcEv...6...49T |doi=10.1111/2041-210X.12292 |pmc=4390044 |pmid=25866615}}</ref> Saboda yawan jinsin da aka kawo ƙasa da ƙarfin ɗaukarsa saboda kamun kifi zai sami kansa a cikin matakin haɓaka, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin samfurin Verhulst, girbi na yawan kifi a ko ƙasa da MSY shine amfanin da za'a iya girbe shi ba tare da rage yawan jama'a a daidaito ba, kiyaye yawan jama'ar a matsakaicin ɗaukar sa. ''K'', ana iya ganin kamun kifi na sheka''r''-shekara a matsayin gyare-gyare na r a cikin daidaitattun -watau an canza yanayin, wanda ke nufin cewa girman yawan jama'a a daidaituwa tare da kamun kifin shekara-sheko yana da ɗan ƙasa da abin da K zai kasance ba tare dashi ba. Lura cewa a lissafi da kuma a cikin sharuddan aiki, MSY yana da matsala. Idan aka yi kuskure harma da ƙananan kifi ana girbe su a kowace shekara sama da MSY, yawan jama'a yana nuna cewa yawan jama'ar zai ragu zuwa sifili. Ainihin ikon ɗaukar muhalli na iya canzawa a cikin ainihin duniya, wanda ke nufin cewa a zahiri, MSY na iya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara <ref name="Larkin">{{Cite journal |last=Larkin |first=P. A. |year=1977 |title=An epitaph for the concept of maximum sustained yield |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |bibcode=1977TrAFS.106....1L |doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1977)106<1:AEFTCO>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> (amfanin gona mai ɗorewa na shekara-shekara da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙoƙarin ɗaukar wannan cikin la'akari).<ref name="Botsford">{{Cite journal |last=Botsford |first=L.W. |last2=Castilla |first2=J.C. |last3=Peterson |first3=C.H. |year=1997 |title=The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-07-25_277_5325/page/509 |journal=Science |volume=277 |issue=5325 |pages=509–515 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5325.509}}</ref>  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}}Sauran irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sune mafi kyawun amfanin gona mai ɗorewa da matsakaicin amfanin gona na tattalin arziki; waɗannan duka duka duka yawan girbi ne a ƙasa da MSY. <ref>Clark, C.W. (1990), ''Mathematical Bioeconomics: The Optimal Management of Renewable Resources'', 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York</ref><ref>National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1996. Our Living Oceans: Report on the Status of U.S. Living Marine Resources 1995. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS0F/SPO-19. NMFS, Silver Springs, Md.</ref> Ana amfani da waɗannan lissafi don ƙayyade ƙididdigar kamun kifi.   == Mutane == Ikon ɗaukar mutum aiki ne na yadda mutane ke rayuwa da kuma fasahar da suke da ita. Babban juyin juya halin tattalin arziki guda biyu da suka nuna tarihin ɗan adam har zuwa 1900 - juyin juya hali na noma da masana'antu - sun kara karfin ikon ɗaukar ɗan adam na duniya, suna bada damar yawan ɗan adam ya girma daga mutane miliyan 5 zuwa 10 a cikin 10,000 KZ zuwa biliyan 1.5 a cikin 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Estimates of World Population |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html |access-date= |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Babban cigaban fasaha na shekaru 100 da suka gabata - a cikin ilmin sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, kwamfuta, injiniyan kwayar halitta, da sauransu - sun kara karuwar ikon ɗaukar mutum na Duniya, aƙalla a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Batare da tsarin Haber-Bosch don gyara nitrogen ba, aikin gona na zamani ba zai iya tallafawa mutane biliyan 8 ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smil |first=Vaclav |date=1999 |title=Detonator of the population explosion |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=400 |issue=6743 |pages=415 |bibcode=1999Natur.400..415S |doi=10.1038/22672 |issn=0028-0836 |s2cid=4301828 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Batare da Green Revolution na shekarun 1950 da 60 ba, yunwa na iya kashe mutane da yawa a cikin ƙasashe masu talauci a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata na karni na ashirin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gollin |first=Douglas |last2=Hansen |first2=Casper Worm |last3=Wingender |first3=Asger Mose |date=2021 |title=Two Blades of Grass: The Impact of the Green Revolution |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/714444 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=129 |issue=8 |pages=2344–2384 |doi=10.1086/714444 |issn=0022-3808 |s2cid=53401811}}</ref> Nasarorin fasaha na baya-bayan nan, duk da haka, sun zo da tsada mai tsanani na muhalli. Canjin yanayi, yaduwar teku, da manyan wuraren da suka mutu a bakin manyan koguna da yawa na duniya, aiki ne na sikelin aikin gona na zamani <ref name="Crist-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Crist |first=Eileen |last2=Mora |first2=Camilo |last3=Engelman |first3=Robert |date=2017-04-21 |title=The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2011 |journal=Science |volume=356 |issue=6335 |pages=260–264 |bibcode=2017Sci...356..260C |doi=10.1126/science.aal2011 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=28428391 |s2cid=12770178}}</ref> da sauran bukatun da mutane biliyan 8 keyi a duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ripple |first=William J. |last2=Wolf |first2=Christopher |last3=Newsome |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Galetti |first4=Mauro |last5=Alamgir |first5=Mohammed |last6=Crist |first6=Eileen |last7=Mahmoud |first7=Mahmoud I. |last8=Laurance |first8=William F. |date=2017-11-13 |title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix125 |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=1026–1028 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125 |issn=0006-3568 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Masana kimiyya yanzu suna magana game da bil'adama dake wucewa ko barazanar wucewa da iyakokin duniya 9 don amfanin biosphere.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Steffen |first=Will |last2=Richardson |first2=Katherine |last3=Rockström |first3=Johan |last4=Cornell |first4=Sarah E. |last5=Fetzer |first5=Ingo |last6=Bennett |first6=Elena M. |last7=Biggs |first7=Reinette |last8=Carpenter |first8=Stephen R. |last9=de Vries |first9=Wim |last10=de Wit |first10=Cynthia A. |last11=Folke |first11=Carl |last12=Gerten |first12=Dieter |last13=Heinke |first13=Jens |last14=Mace |first14=Georgina M. |last15=Persson |first15=Linn M. |date=2015-02-13 |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855 |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6223 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=25592418 |s2cid=206561765 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tasirin muhalli na bil'adama da ba'a taɓa gani ba yana barazanar lalata ayyukan muhalli waɗanda mutane da sauran rayuwa suka dogara da su - mai yuwuwar rage ikon ɗaukar ɗan adam na Duniya. Alamun cewa mun ƙetare wannan ƙofar suna ƙaruwa.<ref>IPCC, 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Work- ing Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref><ref name="IPBES-2019">IPBES. (2019). ''Summary for policymakers. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services.'' Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Secretariat.</ref>   The fact that degrading Earth's essential services is obviously possible, and happening in some cases, suggests that 8 billion people may be above Earth's human carrying capacity. But human carrying capacity is always a function of a certain number of people living a certain way.<ref name="Pimentel-1994">{{Cite journal |last=Pimentel |first=David |last2=Harman |first2=Rebecca |last3=Pacenza |first3=Matthew |last4=Pecarsky |first4=Jason |last5=Pimentel |first5=Marcia |date=1994 |title=Natural resources and an optimum human population |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02208317 |journal=Population and Environment |language=en |volume=15 |issue=5 |page=348 |doi=10.1007/BF02208317 |issn=0199-0039 |s2cid=153634463}}</ref> This was encapsulated by Paul Ehrlich and James Holdren's (1972) IPAT equation: environmental impact (I) = population (P) x affluence (A) x the technologies used to accommodate human demands (T). IPAT has found spectacular confirmation in recent decades within climate science, where the Kaya identity for explaining changes in {{CO2}} emissions is essentially IPAT with two technology factors broken out for ease of use. Wannan yana nuna wa masu sa zuciya na fasaha cewa sabbin abubuwan da aka gano na fasaha (ko tura wadanda ke akwai) na iya cigaba da kara karfin ɗaukar mutum na Duniya, kamar yadda ya kasance a baya. Duk da haka fasahar tana da sakamako masu illa ba zato ba tsammani, kamar yadda muka gani tare da raguwar ozone na stratospheric, yawan nitrogen a cikin koguna da bays na duniya, da canjin yanayi na duniya.<ref name="Bradshaw-2021"/> Wannan yana nuna cewa mutane biliyan 8 na iya zama masu dorewa na 'yan ƙarni, amma ba'a cikin dogon lokaci ba, kuma kalmar 'ƙwarewar ɗaukar' tana nuna yawan jama'a wanda ke dorewa har abada. Hakanan yana yiwuwa, cewa ƙoƙarin yin tsammanin da sarrafa tasirin sabbin fasahohi masu ƙarfi, ko raba ƙoƙarin da ake buƙata don ci gaba da tasirin muhalli na duniya a cikin iyakoki masu ɗorewa tsakanin kasashe sama da 200 duk suna bin bukatun kansu, na iya zama da rikitarwa don cimma su a tsawon lokaci. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan dake tattare da yin amfani da ƙarfin ɗaukar hoto ga kowane nau'in shine cewa yanayin halittu ba koyaushe bane kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci, saboda haka canza albarkatun dake akwai. Bincike ya nuna cewa wani lokacin kasancewar yawan mutane na iya kara yawan halittu na gida, yana nuna cewa mazaunin ɗan adam ba koyaushe yana haifar da sare daji da rage yawan halittu ba. Wani batun da za a yi la'akari da shi lokacin da ake amfani da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya, musamman ga mutane, shine cewa auna albarkatun abinci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Wannan ya faru ne saboda zabar abin da za'ayi la'akari dashi (misali, ko a haɗa da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba'a samu a kowace shekara ba), yadda za a rarraba abin da ake la'akari (misali., rarraba tsire-shire masu cin abinci waɗanda ba a yawan cin su a matsayin albarkatun abinci ko a'a), da kuma ƙayyade idan ƙimar caloric ko ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki suna da dama. Ƙarin yadudduka ga wannan ga mutane sune bambance-bambance na al'adunsu a dandano (misali, wasu suna cinye ƙwayoyin da ke tashi) da kuma zaɓin mutum akan abin da za su saka hannun jari a cikin aikinsu (misali., kamun kifi vs. noma), dukansu sun bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Wannan yana haifar da buƙatar tantance ko a haɗa duk albarkatun abinci ko kawai waɗanda jama'ar da ake la'akari da su zasu cinye su. Gudanar da ma'aunin iyawa a kan manyan yankuna kuma yana ɗaukar daidaito a cikin albarkatun da ake dasu amma wannan ba ya lissafin yadda albarkatun kuma samun damar zuwa gare su zai iya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna da yawan jama'a. Sun kuma ɗauka cewa yawan jama'a a yankin kawai sun dogara da albarkatun yankin duk da cewa mutane suna musayar albarkatu tare da wasu daga wasu yankuna kuma akwai kaɗan, idan akwai, yawan jama'ar da aka ware. Bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin rayuwa wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye a amfani da albarkatun ba'a la'akari dasu ba. Wadannan batutuwan sun nuna cewa yayin da akwai iyakoki ga albarkatun, ana buƙatar amfani da tsarin da yafi rikitarwa game da yadda mutane ke hulɗa da yanayin halittu don fahimtar su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cliggett |first=Lisa |date=2001 |title=Carrying Capacity's New Guise: Folk Models for Public Debate and Longitudinal Study of Environmental Change |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/at.2001.0003 |journal=Africa Today |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1353/at.2001.0003 |issn=1527-1978}}</ref> == Gargadi na baya-bayan nan cewa bil'adama na iya wuce ƙarfin ɗaukar ƙasa == Tsakanin 1900 da 2020, yawan mutanen duniya yakaru daga biliyan 1.6 zuwa biliyan 7.8 (karin 390%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date= |website=population.un.org |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref> Wadannan nasarorin sun kara yawan bukatun albarkatun mutane, suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli.<ref name=":0">Reid, W. V., et al. (2005). ''The millennium ecosystem assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being.'' Washington, DC: Island Press.</ref> === Binciken tsarin halittu na Millennium === Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) na shekara ta 2005 babban yunkuri ne na hadin gwiwa don tantance yanayin yanayin yanayin halittu na Duniya, wanda ya shafi masana sama da 1,300 a duk duniya.<ref name=":0">Reid, W. V., et al. (2005). ''The millennium ecosystem assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being.'' Washington, DC: Island Press.</ref> Abubuwa biyu na farko daga cikin manyan binciken da suka samu sune: Binciken farko shine:<blockquote>A cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, mutane sun canza yanayin halittu da sauri da yawa fiye da kowane lokaci mai kama dashi a tarihin ɗan adam, galibi don biyan buƙatun dake ƙaruwa da sauri don abinci, ruwa mai laushi, katako, fiber, da man fetur. Wannan ya haifar da asarar da baza'a iya juyawa ba'a cikin bambancin rayuwa a Duniya.<ref name=":1">Reid, W. V., et al. (2005). ''The millennium ecosystem assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being.'' Washington, DC: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Synthesis, p. 1.</ref></blockquote>Na biyu daga cikin manyan binciken guda huɗu shine:<blockquote>Canje-canjen da akayi wa yanayin halittu sun bada gudummawa ga samun riba mai yawa a cikin jin daɗin ɗan adam da cigaban tattalin arziki, amma an sami waɗannan nasarorin ne a farashin dake ƙaruwa ta hanyar lalacewar ayyukan yanayin halittu da yawa, ƙara haɗarin canje-canje marasa layi, da ƙaruwar talauci ga wasu kungiyoyin mutane. Wadannan matsalolin, sai dai idan an magance su, zasu rage fa'idodin da tsararraki masu zuwa ke samu daga yanayin halittu.<ref name=":1">Reid, W. V., et al. (2005). ''The millennium ecosystem assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being.'' Washington, DC: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Synthesis, p. 1.</ref></blockquote>A cewar MEA, waɗannan canje-canjen muhalli da ba'a taɓa gani ba suna barazanar rage ikon ɗaukar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci na Duniya. "Rashin lalacewar ayyukan yanayin halittu na iya zama mafi muni a farkon rabin wannan [21st] karni, "sun rubuta, yana aiki a matsayin shingen inganta rayuwar matalauta a duniya.<ref name=":1">Reid, W. V., et al. (2005). ''The millennium ecosystem assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being.'' Washington, DC: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Synthesis, p. 1.</ref> === Masu sukar Capacity tare da Dangantaka da Mutane === Mutane da al'adun ɗan adam da kansu abubuwa ne masu sauƙin daidaitawa waɗanda suka shawo kan batutuwan da suka zama kamar ba'a fahimta ba a lokacin da ya gabata. Ba'a ce iya ɗaukar nauyi ba wani abu ne daya kamata ayi la'akari dashi ba, amma ya kamata a ɗauka tare da wasu shakku lokacin da aka gabatar dashi a matsayin tabbacin tabbatar da wani abu. Yawancin masana kimiyyar halittu, masu ilimin muhalli, da masana kimiyyyar zamantakewa sun zubar da kalmar gaba ɗaya saboda ƙaddamar da akayi wanda ya haskaka kan rikitarwa na hulɗar dake faruwa a matakin micro da macro. Gudanar da iyawa a cikin yanayin ɗan adam yana ƙarƙashin canji a kowane lokaci saboda yanayin daidaitawa sosai na al'umma da al'adu. Idan an sanya albarkatun, lokaci, da makamashi a cikin matsala, akwai mafita dake fallasa kanta. Hakanan bai kamata a yi amfani da wannan a matsayin uzuri don cinyewa ko amfani da ƙasar ko albarkatun da ke akwai ba. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa ba za a iya yin mummunan ra'ayi ba kamar yadda za'a iya hanzarta sauye-sauyen fasaha, zamantakewa, da kuma ma'aikata, musamman a lokacin bukata, don magance matsaloli, ko a wannan yanayin, kara karfin ɗaukar kaya. Har ila yau, akwai albarkatun da ke kan wannan Duniya waɗanda ke da iyaka waɗanda tabbas za su ƙare idan aka kula da su ko akayi amfani dasu batare da kulawa da ma'auni ba. Idan an bar abubuwa batare da an bincika su ba to ana iya amfani dayawa da kuma amfani da ƙasa da albarkatu.<ref>Cliggett, L., 2001. Carrying capacity's new guise: folk models for public debate and longitudinal study of environmental change. ''Africa Today'', pp.3-19. </ref> === Lissafin sawun muhalli === Lissafin lissafin muhalli yana auna bukatun da mutane ke yi akan yanayi kuma yana kwatanta su da kayan da ake da su, ga ƙasashe da duniya gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":2">Mathis Wackernagel and Bert Beyers, 2019. ''Ecological Footprint: Managing Our Biocapacity Budget.'' New Society Publishers.</ref> Mathis Wackernagel da William Rees ne suka kirkireshi, an gyara shi kuma an yi amfani dashi a wurare daban-daban a cikin shekaru ta hanyar Global Footprint Network (GFN). A gefen buƙata, sawun Muhalli yana auna yadda saurin yawan jama'a ke amfani da albarkatu da kuma samar da sharar gida, tare da mai da hankali kan manyan wurare biyar: amfani da makamashi, ƙasa da aka sadaukar don daidaitawa kai tsaye, amfani da katako da takarda, amfani da abinci da fiber, da amfani da abincin teku.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Global Footprint |url=https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/ |website=Global Footprint Network}}</ref> Yana canza waɗannan zuwa kowane mutum ko jimlar hekta da akayi amfani dasu. A bangaren samarwa, ƙwarewar halittu ta ƙasa ko ta duniya tana wakiltar yawan kayan muhalli a cikin wata al'umma ko duniya gaba ɗaya; wannan ya haɗa da "ƙasa, filayen kiwo, filayen daji, filayen kamun kifi, da ƙasar da aka gina. " <ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau ana fassara ma'auni daban-daban don kama ƙwarewar rayuwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya na hekta na ƙasar da ke akwai. Kamar yadda Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya (GFN) ta bayyana:<blockquote>Kowace birni, jiha ko ƙasa za'a iya kwatanta sawun muhalli da ƙarfinsa, ko na duniya. Idan sawun muhalli na yawan jama'a ya wuce ikon halittu na yankin, wannan yankin yana da karancin ikon halittu. Bukatarsa ga kayayyaki da aiyuka da ƙasarsa da tekun zasu iya samarwa - 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, nama, kifi, itace, auduga don tufafi, da kuma shan carbon dioxide - ya wuce abin da yanayin yankin zai iya sabuntawa. A cikin shahararrun sadarwa, muna kuma kiran wannan "rashin muhalli". Yankin da ke cikin rashi na muhalli yana biyan buƙata ta hanyar shigowa, kawar da kadarorinsa na muhallar (kamar yawan kamun kifi), da / ko fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi. Idan ikon halittu na yanki ya wuce sawun muhalli, yana da ajiyar ikon halittu.<ref name=":3"/></blockquote>Dangane da lissafin GFN, bil'adama suna amfani da albarkatu da samar da sharar gida fiye da dorewa tun kusan 1970: a halin yanzu muna amfani da albarkatun Duniya a kusan 160% na iyawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=LIVING PLANET REPORT 2020: BENDING THE CURVE OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2020-0074-0399 |doi=10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2020-0074-0399 |access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> Wannan yana nuna cewa bil'adama yafi ƙarfin ɗaukar ɗan adam na Duniya don matakanmu na yanzu na wadata da amfani da fasaha. A cewar GFN:<blockquote>A cikin 2022, Ranar Duniya ta fadi a ranar 28 ga Yuli. Ranar Duniya ta nuna ranar da bil'adama ta gaji da kasafin kudin yanayi na shekara. A sauran shekara, muna kula da rashi na muhalli ta hanyar janye kayan aiki na gida da tara carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi. Muna aiki a cikin overshoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Overshoot Day |url=https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/earth-overshoot-day/ |website=Global Footprint Network}}</ref></blockquote>Ana iya ganin manufar 'overhoot' daidai da wuce ikon ɗaukar ɗan adam.<ref>Catton, W. R. (1982). ''Overshoot: The ecological basis of revolutionary change''. University of Illinois Press.</ref><ref name=":2">Mathis Wackernagel and Bert Beyers, 2019. ''Ecological Footprint: Managing Our Biocapacity Budget.'' New Society Publishers.</ref> Dangane da lissafin kwanan nan daga GFN, yawancin mazaunan duniya suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu yawa na muhalli (duba taswirar da ke dama). [[Fayil:Ecological_footprint.png|thumb|Al'ummai dake zaune a cikin yanayin muhalli (kore mai inuwa) ko kuma a cikin muhalli mai yawa (ja mai inuwa).]] Wannan ya haɗa da ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a (kamar China, Indiya, da Philippines), ƙasashe masu amfani da yawa da amfani da albarkatu (Faransa, Jamus, da Saudi Arabia), da ƙasashe dake da yawan amfani da yawa ([[Japan]], Ingila, da Amurka). <ref name=":3"/> === Tsarin iyakokin duniya === A cewar masu haɓakawa, tsarin iyakokin duniya ya bayyana "sararin aiki mai aminci ga bil'adama bisa ga tsarin halittu na ciki wanda ke tsara kwanciyar hankali na tsarin Duniya. " <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Steffen |first=Will |last2=Richardson |first2=Katherine |last3=Rockström |first3=Johan |last4=Cornell |first4=Sarah E. |last5=Fetzer |first5=Ingo |last6=Bennett |first6=Elena M. |last7=Biggs |first7=Reinette |last8=Carpenter |first8=Stephen R. |last9=de Vries |first9=Wim |last10=de Wit |first10=Cynthia A. |last11=Folke |first11=Carl |last12=Gerten |first12=Dieter |last13=Heinke |first13=Jens |last14=Mace |first14=Georgina M. |last15=Persson |first15=Linn M. |date=2015-02-13 |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855 |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6223 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=25592418 |s2cid=206561765 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> wayewar ɗan adam ta samo asali ne a cikin kwanciyar hankali ga zamanin Holocene; ƙetare iyakokin duniya don matakan tsaro na carbon na yanayi, acidity na teku, ko ɗaya daga cikin sauran iyakokin da aka bayyana na iya aika da tsarin halittu ya shiga cikin sababbin yanayi waɗanda basu da kyau ga rayuwa - mai yiwuwa rage ƙarfin ɗaukar ɗan adam na duniya. Wannan tsarin, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Nature <ref name=":42" /> sannan aka sabunta shi a cikin labaran biyu da aka buga A cikin 2015 a cikin ''Kimiyya'' [1] kuma a cikin 2018 a cikin ''PNAS'', <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockström |first=Johan |last2=Steffen |first2=Will |last3=Noone |first3=Kevin |last4=Persson |first4=Åsa |last5=Chapin |first5=F. Stuart III |last6=Lambin |first6=Eric |last7=Lenton |first7=Timothy M. |last8=Scheffer |first8=Marten |last9=Folke |first9=Carl |last10=Schellnhuber |first10=Hans Joachim |last11=Nykvist |first11=Björn |last12=de Wit |first12=Cynthia A. |last13=Hughes |first13=Terry |last14=van der Leeuw |first14=Sander |last15=Rodhe |first15=Henning |date=2009 |title=Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/es-03180-140232 |journal=Ecology and Society |volume=14 |issue=2 |doi=10.5751/es-03180-140232 |issn=1708-3087 |s2cid=15182169 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ya gano masu damuwa tara na tsarin tallafin duniya waɗanda ke buƙatar kasancewa a cikin iyakoki masu mahimmanci don adana yanayin biospheric mai ɗorewa da aminci (duba adadi da ke ƙasa).<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Steffen |first=Will |last2=Rockström |first2=Johan |last3=Richardson |first3=Katherine |last4=Lenton |first4=Timothy M. |last5=Folke |first5=Carl |last6=Liverman |first6=Diana |last7=Summerhayes |first7=Colin P. |last8=Barnosky |first8=Anthony D. |last9=Cornell |first9=Sarah E. |last10=Crucifix |first10=Michel |last11=Donges |first11=Jonathan F. |last12=Fetzer |first12=Ingo |last13=Lade |first13=Steven J. |last14=Scheffer |first14=Marten |last15=Winkelmann |first15=Ricarda |date=2018 |title=Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=33 |pages=8252–8259 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8252S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1810141115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6099852 |pmid=30082409 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canjin yanayi da asarar halittu masu yawa ana ganin su da mahimmanci, tunda a kansu, zasu iya tura tsarin Duniya daga jihar Holocene: "canji tsakanin lokutan lokaci a tarihin Duniya galibi ana bayyana su ta hanyar sauye-sauye masu yawa a cikin yanayi, biosphere, ko duka biyun. "<ref name=":42" /> [[Fayil:Estimates_of_how_the_different_control_variables_for_seven_of_nine_planetary_boundaries_have_changed_from_1950_to_present.png|thumb|Kimanin yadda bambance-bambance daban-daban na iko don bakwai daga cikin iyakokin duniya tara suka canza daga 1950 zuwa yanzu. Polygon mai inuwa mai launin kore yana wakiltar sararin aiki mai aminci.]] Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ita ce bil'adama ta wuce uku zuwa biyar daga cikin iyakokin duniya tara don amfani da biosphere lafiya kuma yana matsawa sosai a kan wasu da yawa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Steffen |first=Will |last2=Rockström |first2=Johan |last3=Richardson |first3=Katherine |last4=Lenton |first4=Timothy M. |last5=Folke |first5=Carl |last6=Liverman |first6=Diana |last7=Summerhayes |first7=Colin P. |last8=Barnosky |first8=Anthony D. |last9=Cornell |first9=Sarah E. |last10=Crucifix |first10=Michel |last11=Donges |first11=Jonathan F. |last12=Fetzer |first12=Ingo |last13=Lade |first13=Steven J. |last14=Scheffer |first14=Marten |last15=Winkelmann |first15=Ricarda |date=2018 |title=Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=33 |pages=8252–8259 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8252S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1810141115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6099852 |pmid=30082409 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Da kansa, ƙetare ɗaya daga cikin iyakokin duniya ba ya tabbatar da cewa bil'adama ya wuce ikon ɗaukar ɗan adam na Duniya; watakila ingantaccen fasaha ko sarrafawa mai basira na iya rage wannan damuwa kuma ya dawo da mu cikin sararin samaniya mai aminci. Amma lokacin da aka ƙetare iyakoki da yawa, ya zama da wuya a yi jayayya cewa ba a karya ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Higgs |first=Kerryn |date=2017 |title=Limits to growth: human economy and planetary boundaries |journal=The Journal of Population and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.3197/jps.2017.2.1.15 |issn=2398-5496 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda mutane kalilan ne ke taimakawa wajen rage dukkan matsalolin duniya guda tara, yayin da aka ƙetare iyakoki da yawa, yafi bayyana cewa rage yawan mutane wani bangare ne na abin da ake buƙata don dawowa cikin sararin aiki mai aminci. Girman yawan jama'a a kai a kai yana saman jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayin halitta a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na tsarin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bourban |first=Michel |date=2019 |title=Croissance démographique et changement climatique: repenser nos politiques dans le cadre des limites planétaires |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lpe.003.0019 |journal=La Pensée écologique |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.3917/lpe.003.0019 |issn=2558-1465 |s2cid=203184072}}</ref> Kwanan nan, mai haɓaka iyakokin duniya Will Steffen da haɗin gwiwar marubuta sun sanya canjin yawan jama'a na duniya a matsayin babban mai nuna tasirin yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki akan aikin tsarin Duniya a zamanin zamani, bayan 1750. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steffen |first=Will |last2=Broadgate |first2=Wendy |last3=Deutsch |first3=Lisa |last4=Gaffney |first4=Owen |last5=Ludwig |first5=Cornelia |date=2015 |title=The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785 |journal=The Anthropocene Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=84 |bibcode=2015AntRv...2...81S |doi=10.1177/2053019614564785 |issn=2053-0196 |s2cid=131524600 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Capacity na halitta - Kimanin samar da wasu kayan halittu * Matsayin muhalli - Bukatar mutum ko rukuni game da yanayi * Rashin kula da muhalli - Bukatar tsarin halittu wanda ya wuce sake farfadowa * Yawan jama'a - Lokacin da yawan jinsin ya wuce karfin dake kewaye dashi * Overshot (yawan jama'a)  - Abinda ke faruwa wanda yawan jama'a na ɗan lokaci ya wuce ƙarfin ɗaukar muhalli * Ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a - Ƙananan fannin muhalli * Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a - Ƙara yawan mutane a cikin yawan jama'a * r/K ka'idar zaɓe - Ka'idar muhalli game da zaɓin halaye na tarihin rayuwa == Ƙarin karantawa == * Kin, Cheng Sok, et al. "Tsinkaya da Capacity na Duniya na Jama'a a matsayin Predator da Natural Resources a matsayin Prey a cikin Modified Lotka-Volterra Equations tare da Time-dependent Parameters. " arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05002 (2019). == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] krtra1mjvfd6vff735elbdae7m6gcde Hana shan sigari 0 81459 966158 954487 2026-10-11T14:48:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:No_Smoking.svg|thumb|Alamar da aka sani a duniya "babu shan sigari"]] [[Fayil:Smoking_pictogram_(black).svg|thumb|Alamar baƙar fata da aka sani a duniya "hasara don shan sigari"]] '''Hana shan sigari''', ko '''Dokokin da ba su da hayaki''', manufofin jama'a ne, gami da dokokin aikata laifuka da ka'idojin tsaro da kiwon lafiya na sana'a, waɗanda ke hana shan sigari a wasu wurare. Yankunan da aka fi shafa ta hanyar haramta shan sigari sune wuraren aiki na cikin gida da gine-gine da ke buɗewa ga jama'a kamar Gidajen cin abinci, mashaya, gine-ginen ofisoshi, makarantu, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], ɗakunan karatu, wuraren sufuri, da gine-ginan gwamnati, ban da motocin sufuri na jama'a irin su jirgin sama, bas, jiragen ruwa, da jiragen kasa. Koyaya, dokoki na iya hana shan sigari a wuraren waje kamar wuraren shakatawa, rairayin bakin teku, wuraren tafiya, kwaleji da asibitoci, kuma a cikin wani nesa daga ƙofar gini, kuma a wasu lokuta, motoci masu zaman kansu da gidaje masu yawa. Dalilin da aka fi nunawa don ƙuntatawa kan shan sigari shine mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da hayaki na biyu (SHS), ko kuma shan sigari ta mutanen da ba sa shan sigari. Wadannan sun hada da cututtuka kamar cututtukan zuciya, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], da cututtukatattun cututtukani na huhu. Adadin haramta shan sigari a duniya ya karu sosai a ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21 saboda karuwar ilimi game da waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya. Yawancin ƙuntatawa na farko na shan sigari kawai suna buƙatar sanya wuraren da ba a shan sigari a cikin gine-gine, amma manufofi na wannan nau'in sun zama marasa amfani bayan shaidar cewa ba su kawar da damuwa game da kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da SHS ba. Ra'ayoyi game da haramta shan sigari sun bambanta. Mutane da yawa da kungiyoyi kamar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) suna tallafawa haramtacciyar shan sigari bisa ga cewa suna inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya ta hanyar rage yawan mutanen da ke shan sigari, yayin da wasu ke adawa da haramtacciya shan sigari kuma suna tabbatar da cewa sun keta haƙƙin mutum da dukiya kuma suna haifar da wahalar tattalin arziki, da sauran batutuwa. == Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi == [[Fayil:Valdez_Trash_Pile.jpg|right|thumb|Wani lokaci ana hana shan sigari saboda dalilai na aminci da suka shafi gawayi masu cin wuta da aka samar. Ana tara sharar mai bayan zubar da man Exxon Valdez kusa da karamin alamar No Smoking.]] Ana yawan aiwatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin ƙoƙari na kare wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba daga tasirin hayaki na biyu, wanda ya haɗa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar zuciya]], [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun, da sauran cututtukani. Dokokin aiwatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin gida an gabatar da su ta kasashe da yawa da sauran hukunce-hukunce yayin da ilimin jama'a game da waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya ya karu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smokefree legislation consultation response, The Institute of Public Health in Ireland |url=http://www.publichealth.ie/index.asp?locID=396 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008192053/http://www.publichealth.ie/index.asp?locID=396 |archive-date=8 October 2007 |access-date=5 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="DG_10027079">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2005 |title=New health bill will ban smoking in majority of workplaces |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Nl1/Newsroom/DG_10027079 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509062745/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Nl1/Newsroom/DG_10027079 |archive-date=9 May 2007 |website=www.direct.gov.uk}} (UK Health Secretary: The smoking ban "is a huge step forward for public health and will help reduce deaths from cancer, heart disease and other smoking related diseases")</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050906213831/http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdf WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]; First international treaty on public health, adopted by 192 countries and signed by 168. See in particular Article 8 ''Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke''.</ref> Ƙarin ra'ayoyi don ƙuntatawa na shan sigari sun haɗa da rage haɗarin wuta a yankunan da ke da haɗarin fashewa; tsabta a wuraren da ake samar da abinci, magunguna, semiconductors, ko kayan aiki da kayan aiki masu kyau; rage nauyin doka; yiwuwar rage amfani da makamashi ta hanyar rage buƙatun iska; rage yawan datti; da kewa mafi lafiya; da kuma ba masu shan sigari damar barin.<ref name="DG_10027079"/> == Tabbacin shaida == [[Fayil:Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg|right|thumb|Shan taba a cikin mashaya na Irish kafin haramtacciyar shan taba ta fara aiki a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2004]] Bincike ya samar da shaidar cewa hayaki na biyu yana haifar da matsaloli iri ɗaya kamar shan sigari kai tsaye, gami da ciwon huhu, cututtukan zuciya, da cututtuken huhu kamar emphysema, bronchitis, da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=P |year=2003 |title=European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification: Third version (2003) |journal=Annals of Oncology |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=973–1005 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mdg305 |pmid=12853336 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, meta-analyses ya nuna cewa wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba tare da abokan hulɗa da ke shan sigari a gida suna da haɗarin 20-30% mafi girma na ciwon huhu fiye da wadanda ba masu sigari ba waɗanda ke zaune tare da wadanda ba su shan sigari. Wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba ne da ke fuskantar hayaki a wurin aiki suna da karuwar haɗarin ciwon huhu na 16-19%.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K |date=August 2004 |title=Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence |journal=Lung Cancer |volume=45 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S3–9 |doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.998 |pmid=15552776}}</ref> Wani rahoto na yaduwar cututtuka daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya (IOM), wanda Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) suka shirya, ya ce haɗarin cutar zuciya ya karu da kusan 25-30% lokacin da mutum ya fallasa hayaki na biyu. Bayanan sun nuna cewa ko da a ƙananan matakan fallasawa, akwai haɗari kuma haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙarin fallasawa. Kungiyoyin kimiyya da ke tabbatar da tasirin hayaki na biyu sun hada da Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta Amurka, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka, <ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/ Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet], from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</ref> Cibiyar Kulawa ta Lafiya ta Amurka, <ref>[https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/tobaccorelatedexposures.pdf Environmental Tobacco Smoke]. From the 11th Report on Carcinogens of the [[National Institutes of Health]]. Retrieved 6 August 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080716173310/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf Archive]</ref> Babban Likita na Amurka, <ref>[http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/ The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke]: A Report of the Surgeon General. Dated 27 June 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</ref> da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. <ref>[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking]: A monograph of the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] of the [[World Health Organization]]. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</ref> === Ingancin iska a cikin mashaya da gidajen cin abinci === Ƙuntatawa kan shan sigari a mashaya da gidajen cin abinci na iya inganta ingancin iska a cikin irin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Misali, wani binciken da aka jera a shafin yanar gizon CDC ya bayyana cewa dokar jihar New York don kawar da shan sigari a wuraren aiki da aka rufe da wuraren jama'a ya rage matakan RSP (ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar da su) a wuraren karɓar baƙi na yammacin New York. An rage matakan RSP a kowane wurin da ya ba da izinin shan sigari kafin a aiwatar da dokar, gami da wuraren da aka lura da hayaki kawai daga ɗakin da ke kusa a asali. CDC ta kammala cewa sakamakon su yayi kama da sauran binciken da suka nuna ingancin iska na cikin gida bayan an kafa haramcin shan sigari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) |date=12 November 2004 |title=Indoor Air Quality in Hospitality Venues Before and After Implementation of a Clean Indoor Air Law --- Western New York, 2003 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5344a3.htm |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=53 |issue=44 |pages=1038–1041 |pmid=15538318}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa mashaya da gidajen cin abinci na [[New Jersey]] suna da fiye da sau tara na matakan gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida na makwabta [[New York (birni)|New York City]], wanda ya riga ya kafa haramcin shan sigari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study Finds That New Jersey Bars and Restaurants Have Nine Times More Air Pollution than Those in Smoke-Free New York |url=http://www.umdnj.edu/about/news_events/releases/04/r041214_bars.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223231929/http://www.umdnj.edu/about/news_events/releases/04/r041214_bars.htm |archive-date=23 February 2006}}</ref> === Binciken Shari'ar Lafiya ta Jama'a === A cikin shekara ta 2009, Shirin Binciken Shari'ar Lafiya ta Jama'a, ofishin shirin kasa na Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson ta Amurka, ya buga taƙaitaccen shaida da ke taƙaita binciken da ke kimanta tasirin takamaiman doka ko manufofi akan lafiyar jama'a. Sun bayyana cewa "Akwai shaidar da ke goyan bayan haramtacciyar shan sigari da ƙuntatawa a matsayin ingantaccen shigar kiwon lafiyar jama'a da nufin rage bayyanar hayaki na biyu". == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Smoke_Ban_ABC.ogv|thumb|1973 da 2007 ABC labarai rahotanni game da farko, sannan kuma cikakkiyar haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin gida a Victoria, Australia.]] Ginin farko a duniya da ya hana shan sigari shine [[Wellington]]" Tsohon Ginin Gwamnati a Wellington, New Zealand a 1876. Harin ya shafi damuwa game da barazanar wuta, saboda shine gini na biyu mafi girma a duniya. Yunkurin farko na zamani na hana shan sigari ya ga Nazi Jamus ta haramta shan sigari a kowane jami'a, ofishin gidan waya, asibitin soja, da ofishin Jam'iyyar Nazi, a karkashin jagorancin Cibiyar Nazarin Hadarin Taba sigari ta Karl Astel, wacce aka kafa a 1941 a karkashin umarnin [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Proctor |first=Robert N |name-list-style=vanc |year=2001 |title=Commentary: Schairer and Schöniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_2001-02_30_1/page/31 |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.1093/ije/30.1.31 |pmid=11171846 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazis sun gudanar da manyan kamfen na yaki da taba har zuwa mutuwar mulkin su a shekarar 1945.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clough JD, Lewis EJ, Lachin JM |year=1996 |title=Treatment protocols of the lupus nephritis collaborative study of plasmapheresis in severe lupus nephritis. The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group |journal=Progress in Clinical and Biological Research |volume=337 |issue=7070 |pages=301–7 |doi=10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1450 |pmc=2352989 |pmid=8973234}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 20, yayin da bincike kan haɗarin hayaki na sigari ya zama na jama'a, Masana'antar taba ta kaddamar da kamfen ɗin "sanarwa na ladabi". Tsoron rage tallace-tallace, masana'antar ta fara shirin watsa labarai da na majalisa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan "haɗin kai". An karfafa haƙuri da ladabi a matsayin hanyar sauƙaƙe tashin hankali tsakanin masu shan sigari da waɗanda ke kewaye da su, yayin da suke guje wa haramtacciyar shan sigari. A Amurka, an ƙarfafa jihohi su zartar da dokoki da ke ba da sassan shan sigari daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 1994 |title=Preemption/Accommodation presentation |url=http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=pmn67d00&fmt=pdf&ref=results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016085535/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=pmn67d00&fmt=pdf&ref=results |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=23 November 2006 |website=Legacy Tobacco Documents Library |publisher=University of California at San Francisco}}</ref> A shekara ta 1975 [[Minnesota|jihar Minnesota]] ta Amurka ta kafa Dokar Tsabtace Wutar Cikin Gida ta Minnesota, ta sa ta zama jiha ta farko da ta hana shan sigari a yawancin wuraren jama'a. Da farko ana buƙatar gidajen cin abinci su sami sassan "Babu Shan Sigari", kuma an cire mashaya daga Dokar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act – Freedom to Breathe |url=http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/mciaa/ftb/index.html |publisher=Minnesota Department of Health |access-date=2024-07-13 |archive-date=2018-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222033914/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/mciaa/ftb/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2007 Minnesota ta kafa haramtacciyar shan sigari a duk gidajen cin abinci da mashaya a duk fadin jihar, wanda ake kira Dokar 'Yanci don numfashi ta 2007. Garin shakatawa na Aspen, Colorado, ya zama birni na farko a Amurka don hana shan sigari a gidajen cin abinci, a cikin 1985, kodayake ya ba da izinin shan sigari. A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1987 birnin Beverly Hills, California, ya fara doka don hana shan sigari a yawancin gidajen cin abinci, a cikin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da kuma tarurrukan jama'a. Ya cire gidajen cin abinci a otal-otal - membobin Majalisar Birnin sun yi tunanin cewa gidajen cin abincin otal suna ba da abinci ga yawan baƙi daga ƙasashen waje, inda shan sigari ya fi karɓa fiye da Amurka. A cikin 1990 birnin San Luis Obispo, California, ya zama birni na farko a duniya don hana shan sigari a cikin gida a mashaya da kuma gidajen cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David E. Garth |date=29 January 2001 |title=Letter to Nebraska Senators from San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce in favor of Smokefree Legislation |url=http://www.tobacco.org/News/010129garth.html |access-date=7 April 2007 |publisher=Tobacco.org |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315203259/http://www.tobacco.org/News/010129garth.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harin bai haɗa da wuraren aiki ba, amma ya rufe duk sauran wuraren jama'a na cikin gida kuma tilasta shi yana da iyaka. A Amurka, haramcin shan sigari na California na 1998 ya karfafa wasu jihohi kamar New York don aiwatar da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi. Harin California ya haɗa da ƙuntatawa mai rikitarwa game da shan sigari a cikin mashaya, yana tsawaita haramcin da aka kafa a cikin jihar a 1994. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, akwai jihohi 37 tare da wasu nau'ikan haramta shan sigari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2006 |title=How many Smokefree Laws? |url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |access-date=23 November 2006 |publisher=American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation}}</ref> Wasu yankuna a California sun fara haramta shan sigari a duk birane, gami da kowane wuri sai dai gidajen zama. Fiye da birane 20 a [[California]] sun kafa takunkumin shan sigari da kuma rairayin bakin teku.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, Birnin New York ya fadada haramcin shan sigari da aka aiwatar a baya ta hanyar hana shan sigari a wuraren shakatawa, rairayin bakin teku da kuma tituna, filin golf na jama'a da sauran wuraren da Ma'aikatar Parks ta Birnin Nework ke sarrafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2013 |title=Tobacco Free Ireland |url=http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/TobaccoFreeIreland.pdf |website=Department of Health |access-date=13 July 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717183155/https://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/TobaccoFreeIreland.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan Birnin New York ya zartar da lambobin gudanarwa §17-502 da §17-508 da ke tilasta masu mallakar gine-gine masu zaman kansu, hadin gwiwa, da condominiums su karɓi manufofin shan sigari a cikin duk hayar. Wadannan lambobin suna tilasta masu gida su kafa tanadi suna gaya wa masu haya ainihin wuraren da za su iya ko ba za su iya shan sigari ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2006 New York Laws: New York City Administrative Code(NEW) : (17-501 - 17-514) Smoke-free Air Act |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2006/new-york-city-administrative-code-new/idx_adc0t17c5.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title=The Newest New York City Real Estate Laws That Property Owners and Occupants Must Know in 2018 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-newest-new-york-city-real-estate-laws-that-property_b_5a5e44c9e4b0d8c653bbfffb}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2010, magajin garin [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Thomas Menino, ya ba da shawarar ƙuntatawa kan shan sigari a cikin gidajen jama'a a ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Boston. Daga Disamba 1993, a [[Peru]], ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a shan taba a kowane wuri mai rufe jama'a da kowane abin hawa na jama'a (bisa ga Dokar 25357 da aka bayar a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1991 da ƙa'idodinta da aka bayar akan 25 ga Nuwamba 1993 ta hanyar doka D.S.983-93-PCM). Har ila yau akwai dokokin da ke hana tallace-tallace, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ne (Dokar 26957 21 ga Mayu 1998) don sayar da taba ga yara ko kai tsaye don tallata taba a cikin 500m na makarantu (Dokar 24849 9 Yuli 1997). A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1975 [[Italiya]] ta haramta shan sigari a kan motocin sufuri na jama'a (sai dai motocin jirgin kasa na masu shan sigari) da kuma wasu gine-ginen jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=*** NORMATTIVA *** |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1975-11-11;584!vig= |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=www.normattiva.it}}</ref> Bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba a 1986, a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2003 majalisar dokokin Italiya ta zartar da Legge Sirchia, wanda zai hana shan sigari a duk wuraren jama'a na cikin gida, gami da mashaya, gidajen cin abinci, gidajen rawa da ofisoshi daga 10 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L. 3/2003 |url=https://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/03003l.htm |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=www.camera.it}}</ref><ref>That was part of a wider law. Smoke provisions are contained in art. 51</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, [[New Zealand]] ta zartar da doka don ci gaba da aiwatar da haramcin shan sigari a makarantu, filayen makaranta, da wuraren aiki a watan Disamba shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Health |date=15 September 2005 |title=Smokefree Law in New Zealand |url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |access-date=24 March 2011 |publisher=moh.govt.nz |archive-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129001044/http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Ireland]] ta aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk wuraren aiki. A Norway, irin wannan doka ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2008 |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |access-date=23 December 2009 |website=[[Innovation Norway]] |id=IS-1275 E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701101553/https://www.visitnorway.com/plan-your-trip/travel-tips-a-z/ |archive-date=1 July 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Scotland, Andy Kerr, Ministan Lafiya da Kula da Al'umma, ya gabatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a wuraren jama'a a ranar 26 ga Maris 2006. An haramta shan taba a duk wuraren jama'a a duk faɗin Burtaniya a cikin 2007, lokacin da [[Ingila]] ta zama yankin karshe da dokar ta fara aiki (ƙayyadadden shekarun sayen taba ya karu daga 16 zuwa 18 a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2007). A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1999 wani Sashen Bench na Babban Kotun [[Kerala]] a Indiya ya hana shan taba a wuraren jama'a ta hanyar ayyana "shan taba a matsayin haramtacciyar karo na farko a tarihin duniya baki daya, wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki kuma ya saba wa Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki". Bench, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Justice K. Narayana Kurup, ta gudanar da cewa "shan taba" a wuraren jama'a (ta hanyar sigari, sigari, kudan [[zuma]] ko wani abu) "ya fada cikin ɓarna na tanadin hukunci da ya shafi cutar da jama'a kamar yadda ya kunsa. a cikin ka'idar Penal Code na Indiya da ma ma'anar gurɓataccen iska kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin dokokin da suka shafi karewa da kiyaye muhalli, musamman, iska (Rigakafin da Kula da Gurɓatawa), Dokar 1981. A shekara ta 2003 Indiya ta gabatar da dokar da ta haramta shan sigari a wuraren jama'a kamar gidajen cin abinci, sufuri na jama'a ko makarantu. Wannan dokar ta kuma sanya shi ba bisa ka'ida ba don tallata sigari ko wasu kayayyakin taba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ Explained ] The Cigarettes And Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition Of Advertisement And Regulation Of Trade And Commerce, Production, Supply And Distribution) Act, 2003 |url=http://nyaaya.in/law/94/the-cigarettes-and-other-tobacco-products-prohibition-of-advertisement-and-regulation-of-trade-and-commerce-production-supply-and-distribution-act-2003/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113011939/http://nyaaya.in/law/94/the-cigarettes-and-other-tobacco-products-prohibition-of-advertisement-and-regulation-of-trade-and-commerce-production-supply-and-distribution-act-2003/ |archive-date=13 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-10 |website=Nyaaya.in}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8hftx0vx3ko7t1gn3wvsdm1h2fdmk0g Cin zarafin yara a Najeriya 0 82342 966537 900933 2026-10-11T17:07:47Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Ayyukan yara */ 966537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cin zarafin yara a Najeriya''' laifi ne a sassa da yawa na babi na 21 na dokar aikata laifuka ta kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2014 |title=Rising cases of rapes |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/rising-cases-rape/ |website=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref> shekarun yarda ita ce 18.<ref>Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/185851-fact-check-nigerias-sexual-offences-bill-stipulates-18-years-not-11-years-as-age-of-consent.html "Fact check: Nigeria's Sexual Offences Bill stipulates 18 years, not 11 years, as age of consent"], ''Premium Times'', 30 June 2015.</ref> [[UNICEF]] ta ruwaito a shekarar 2015 cewa daya daga cikin 'yan mata hudu da daya daga cikin' yan maza goma a Najeriya sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jima'i kafin su kai shekara 18.<ref name="UNICEF10Sept2015">[http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_9588.html "Release of the findings of the Nigeria Violence Against Children Survey"], UNICEF Nigeria, 10 September 2015.</ref> Dangane da binciken da ''Positive Action for Treatment Access'' ta yi, sama da kashi 31.4 cikin dari na 'yan mata a can sun ce haduwarsu ta farko ta jima'i ta kasance fyade ko tilasta jima'i na wani nau'i.<ref name="Kawu23May2013">Is’haq Modibbo Kawu (23 May 2013). [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/nigerias-troubling-epidemic-of-rapes/ "Nigeria’s troubling epidemic of rapes"], ''Vanguard''.</ref> Cibiyar Muhalli, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban ta ba da rahoton cewa an yi wa' yan mata 1,200 fyade a shekarar 2012 a Rivers, wata jiha da ke bakin teku a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref name="Kawu23May2013">Is’haq Modibbo Kawu (23 May 2013). [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/nigerias-troubling-epidemic-of-rapes/ "Nigeria’s troubling epidemic of rapes"], ''Vanguard''.</ref><ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/hoodlums-rape-1200-girls-in-rivers/ "Hoodlums rape 1,200 girls in Rivers"], ''Vanguard'', 27 February 2013.</ref> A cewar UNICEF, shida daga cikin yara goma a Najeriya suna fuskantar cin zarafin motsin rai, na jiki, ko na jima'i kafin su kai shekara 18, tare da rabin suna fuskantar tashin hankali na jiki.<ref name="UNICEF10Sept2015">[http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_9588.html "Release of the findings of the Nigeria Violence Against Children Survey"], UNICEF Nigeria, 10 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Stein |date=10 September 2015 |title=UN: Child Abuse Prevalent in Nigeria |url=http://m.voanews.com/a/unicef-report-child-abuse-nigeria/2955314.html |website=Voice of Nigeria}}</ref> Har ila yau, cin zarafi ya faru ne a cikin addinai irin su a cikin addinan Furotesta da kuma tsakanin Musulmai da ke yin auren mata da yawa.<ref name="Akuche Nyiam 2015 g900">{{Cite web |last=Akuche |first=Andre Ben Moses |last2=Nyiam |first2=Ogbiji |date=2015-08-01 |title=RELIGION AS A PRETEXT FOR THE ABUSE OF THE NIGERIAN CHILD |url=https://www.academia.edu/14550707 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Academia.edu}}</ref> == 'Yan mata matasa == Yanayin da ke kara haɗarin cin zarafin jima'i ga 'yan mata a Najeriya ana iya samun su a makarantu da masana'antun jarirai. Ayyukan aiki na yara kuma suna ƙarfafa irin wannan hari. Binciken da aka gudanar a Najeriya ya gano cewa 'yan mata ne wadanda ke fama da cutar a mafi yawan wadanda aka ruwaito a asibitoci. Binciken shekaru hudu na shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i a [[Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas|LASUTH]] wanda ya fara a 2008 kuma ya ƙare a watan Disamba na 2012, ya nuna cewa daga cikin jimlar 287 da aka ruwaito na cin zarafin lalata, kashi 83% na wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasa da shekaru 19. <ref>Akinlusi FM, Rabiu KA, Olawepo TA, Adewunmi AA, Ottun TA, Akinola OI. Sexual assault in Lagos, Nigeria: a five year retrospective review. http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-14-115.</ref> Binciken shekara guda da aka gudanar a asibitin koyar da Jami'ar Jihar Enugu tsakanin Shekaran 2012 da 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 70% na wadanda aka yi wa fyade sun kasa da shekaru 18. A cikin binciken Enugu, yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa sun san masu aikata su da kansu, kuma irin wannan yawancin hare-haren sun faru a cikin gine-ginen da ba a kammala su ba, ko kuma gidan wanda aka azabtar ko mai aikata.<ref>Ohayi, Robsam S. et al. Prevalence and pattern of rape among girls and women attending Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, southeast Nigeria International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Volume 130 , Issue 1 , 10 - 13</ref> === Ayyukan yara === Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gargajiya na zamantakewa yara shine ta hanyar kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Ebigbo|2003}} Koyaya, gabatar da 'yan mata a cikin kasuwancin titi yana ƙara raunin' yan mata ga cin zarafin jima'i. Cin zarafin 'yan mata a Najeriya yana da alaƙa da [[Aikin yara Mata a Najeriya|aikin yara]].{{Sfn|Ebigbo|2003}} === Masana'antar jarirai === Rashin amincewa da addini da na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da maye gurbin haihuwa da tallafi ya haifar da hauhawar masana'antun jarirai a Najeriya.<ref name="lekan" /> Yawancin mata da aka azabtar a cikin masana'antun jarirai matasa ne.<ref name="lekan">{{Cite journal |last=Makinde |first=Olusesan |last2=Olaleye |first2=Olalekan |date=2015 |title=Baby Factories in Nigeria Starting the Discussion Toward a National Prevention Policy |journal=Trauma Violence Abuse |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=98–105 |doi=10.1177/1524838015591588 |pmid=26209095 |s2cid=9985947}}</ref> Masu gudanar da masana'antun jarirai galibi suna cinye 'yan mata masu juna biyu waɗanda suka fito daga gidaje masu karami, marasa aure kuma suna tsoron cin zarafin jama'a da ke da alaƙa da juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=Missing teenager found with pregnancy in baby factory disguised as Church in Imo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/missing-teenager-found-with-pregnancy-in-baby-factory-disguised-as-church-in-imo/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin 'yan mata da suka shiga masana'antar suna da ciki, an sace wasu' yan mata a masana'antun ko kuma an musanya su ga masu aiki. Wadannan 'yan mata ana yi musu fyade ne kawai don manufar haihuwa.<ref name="lekan" /> === Miyagun Iyaye === Talauci da rashin samun kuɗi ga iyaye don kula da yaransu an nuna su don ba da gudummawa ga cin zarafin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=Department of Health & Human |title=Sexual abuse - helping your child |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au:443/health/healthyliving/sexual-abuse-helping-your-child |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya|Aure na yara a Najeriya]] * Shekaru na yarda a Afirka * Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya * [[Laifuka a Najeriya|Laifi a Najeriya]] * [[Ayyukan yara a Najeriya]] * [[Aikin yara Mata a Najeriya|Ayyukan yara mata a Najeriya]] * [[Garancin mata a Najeriya|Yankewar mata a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * {{Cite journal |last=Ebigbo |first=P |date=2003 |title=Child Abuse in Africa: Nigeria as focus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-early-childhood_2003_35_1-2/page/95 |journal=International Journal of Early Childhood |volume=35 |issue=1–2 |pages=95–113 |doi=10.1007/BF03174436 |s2cid=140359838}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * (da ake buƙatar biyan kuɗi) {{Cite web |last=Ojoma Akor |date=22 June 2012 |title=Nigeria: How to Prevent Your Children From Sexual Abuse |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201206220825.html |publisher=Allafrica.com}} * [https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR293/FR293.pdf ''Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya na Najeriya, 2013''], Abuja, Najeriya, da Rockville, MD, Amurka: NPC da ICF International, Yuni 2014. anuq1n5af421a7oac8nmta1jq7t9mhy 966540 966537 2026-10-11T17:08:15Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Masana'antar jarirai */ 966540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cin zarafin yara a Najeriya''' laifi ne a sassa da yawa na babi na 21 na dokar aikata laifuka ta kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2014 |title=Rising cases of rapes |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/rising-cases-rape/ |website=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref> shekarun yarda ita ce 18.<ref>Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/185851-fact-check-nigerias-sexual-offences-bill-stipulates-18-years-not-11-years-as-age-of-consent.html "Fact check: Nigeria's Sexual Offences Bill stipulates 18 years, not 11 years, as age of consent"], ''Premium Times'', 30 June 2015.</ref> [[UNICEF]] ta ruwaito a shekarar 2015 cewa daya daga cikin 'yan mata hudu da daya daga cikin' yan maza goma a Najeriya sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jima'i kafin su kai shekara 18.<ref name="UNICEF10Sept2015">[http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_9588.html "Release of the findings of the Nigeria Violence Against Children Survey"], UNICEF Nigeria, 10 September 2015.</ref> Dangane da binciken da ''Positive Action for Treatment Access'' ta yi, sama da kashi 31.4 cikin dari na 'yan mata a can sun ce haduwarsu ta farko ta jima'i ta kasance fyade ko tilasta jima'i na wani nau'i.<ref name="Kawu23May2013">Is’haq Modibbo Kawu (23 May 2013). [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/nigerias-troubling-epidemic-of-rapes/ "Nigeria’s troubling epidemic of rapes"], ''Vanguard''.</ref> Cibiyar Muhalli, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban ta ba da rahoton cewa an yi wa' yan mata 1,200 fyade a shekarar 2012 a Rivers, wata jiha da ke bakin teku a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref name="Kawu23May2013">Is’haq Modibbo Kawu (23 May 2013). [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/nigerias-troubling-epidemic-of-rapes/ "Nigeria’s troubling epidemic of rapes"], ''Vanguard''.</ref><ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/hoodlums-rape-1200-girls-in-rivers/ "Hoodlums rape 1,200 girls in Rivers"], ''Vanguard'', 27 February 2013.</ref> A cewar UNICEF, shida daga cikin yara goma a Najeriya suna fuskantar cin zarafin motsin rai, na jiki, ko na jima'i kafin su kai shekara 18, tare da rabin suna fuskantar tashin hankali na jiki.<ref name="UNICEF10Sept2015">[http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_9588.html "Release of the findings of the Nigeria Violence Against Children Survey"], UNICEF Nigeria, 10 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Stein |date=10 September 2015 |title=UN: Child Abuse Prevalent in Nigeria |url=http://m.voanews.com/a/unicef-report-child-abuse-nigeria/2955314.html |website=Voice of Nigeria}}</ref> Har ila yau, cin zarafi ya faru ne a cikin addinai irin su a cikin addinan Furotesta da kuma tsakanin Musulmai da ke yin auren mata da yawa.<ref name="Akuche Nyiam 2015 g900">{{Cite web |last=Akuche |first=Andre Ben Moses |last2=Nyiam |first2=Ogbiji |date=2015-08-01 |title=RELIGION AS A PRETEXT FOR THE ABUSE OF THE NIGERIAN CHILD |url=https://www.academia.edu/14550707 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Academia.edu}}</ref> == 'Yan mata matasa == Yanayin da ke kara haɗarin cin zarafin jima'i ga 'yan mata a Najeriya ana iya samun su a makarantu da masana'antun jarirai. Ayyukan aiki na yara kuma suna ƙarfafa irin wannan hari. Binciken da aka gudanar a Najeriya ya gano cewa 'yan mata ne wadanda ke fama da cutar a mafi yawan wadanda aka ruwaito a asibitoci. Binciken shekaru hudu na shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i a [[Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas|LASUTH]] wanda ya fara a Shekaran 2008 kuma ya ƙare a watan Disamba na 2012, ya nuna cewa daga cikin jimlar 287 da aka ruwaito na cin zarafin lalata, kashi 83% na wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasa da shekaru 19. <ref>Akinlusi FM, Rabiu KA, Olawepo TA, Adewunmi AA, Ottun TA, Akinola OI. Sexual assault in Lagos, Nigeria: a five year retrospective review. http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-14-115.</ref> Binciken shekara guda da aka gudanar a asibitin koyar da Jami'ar Jihar Enugu tsakanin Shekaran 2012 da 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 70% na wadanda aka yi wa fyade sun kasa da shekaru 18. A cikin binciken Enugu, yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa sun san masu aikata su da kansu, kuma irin wannan yawancin hare-haren sun faru a cikin gine-ginen da ba a kammala su ba, ko kuma gidan wanda aka azabtar ko mai aikata.<ref>Ohayi, Robsam S. et al. Prevalence and pattern of rape among girls and women attending Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, southeast Nigeria International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Volume 130 , Issue 1 , 10 - 13</ref> === Ayyukan yara === Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gargajiya na zamantakewa yara shine ta hanyar kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Ebigbo|2003}} Koyaya, gabatar da 'yan mata a cikin kasuwancin titi yana ƙara raunin' yan mata ga cin zarafin jima'i. Cin zarafin 'yan mata a Najeriya yana da alaƙa da [[Aikin yara Mata a Najeriya|aikin yara]].{{Sfn|Ebigbo|2003}} === Masana'antar jarirai === Rashin amincewa da addini da na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da maye gurbin haihuwa da tallafi ya haifar da hauhawar masana'antun jarirai a Najeriya.<ref name="lekan" /> Yawancin mata da aka azabtar a cikin masana'antun jarirai matasa ne.<ref name="lekan">{{Cite journal |last=Makinde |first=Olusesan |last2=Olaleye |first2=Olalekan |date=2015 |title=Baby Factories in Nigeria Starting the Discussion Toward a National Prevention Policy |journal=Trauma Violence Abuse |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=98–105 |doi=10.1177/1524838015591588 |pmid=26209095 |s2cid=9985947}}</ref> Masu gudanar da masana'antun jarirai galibi suna cinye 'yan mata masu juna biyu waɗanda suka fito daga gidaje masu karami, marasa aure kuma suna tsoron cin zarafin jama'a da ke da alaƙa da juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=Missing teenager found with pregnancy in baby factory disguised as Church in Imo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/missing-teenager-found-with-pregnancy-in-baby-factory-disguised-as-church-in-imo/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin 'yan mata da suka shiga masana'antar suna da ciki, an sace wasu' yan mata a masana'antun ko kuma an musanya su ga masu aiki. Wadannan 'yan mata ana yi musu fyade ne kawai don manufar haihuwa.<ref name="lekan" /> === Miyagun Iyaye === Talauci da rashin samun kuɗi ga iyaye don kula da yaransu an nuna su don ba da gudummawa ga cin zarafin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=Department of Health & Human |title=Sexual abuse - helping your child |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au:443/health/healthyliving/sexual-abuse-helping-your-child |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya|Aure na yara a Najeriya]] * Shekaru na yarda a Afirka * Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya * [[Laifuka a Najeriya|Laifi a Najeriya]] * [[Ayyukan yara a Najeriya]] * [[Aikin yara Mata a Najeriya|Ayyukan yara mata a Najeriya]] * [[Garancin mata a Najeriya|Yankewar mata a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * {{Cite journal |last=Ebigbo |first=P |date=2003 |title=Child Abuse in Africa: Nigeria as focus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-early-childhood_2003_35_1-2/page/95 |journal=International Journal of Early Childhood |volume=35 |issue=1–2 |pages=95–113 |doi=10.1007/BF03174436 |s2cid=140359838}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * (da ake buƙatar biyan kuɗi) {{Cite web |last=Ojoma Akor |date=22 June 2012 |title=Nigeria: How to Prevent Your Children From Sexual Abuse |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201206220825.html |publisher=Allafrica.com}} * [https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR293/FR293.pdf ''Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya na Najeriya, 2013''], Abuja, Najeriya, da Rockville, MD, Amurka: NPC da ICF International, Yuni 2014. kkc50i18rt8hx0eg5moxwoj7cz4j0oa Darb El Arba'in 0 82633 966204 591303 2026-10-11T16:07:13Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348771002|Darb El Arba'īn]]" 966204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bir_Natrun_1925_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Bir Natrun, tsayawa a kan hanyar kasuwanci wanda aka sani da tushen gishiri mai mahimmanci (1925) <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=W. B. K. |author-link=Bill Kennedy Shaw |year=1929 |title=Darb El Arba'in. The Forty Days' Road |url=https://ur.booksc.me/book/51463083/09c5c1 |journal=[[Sudan Notes and Records]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |jstor=41719405}}</ref>]] '''ToDarb El Arba'īn''' (Arabic) (wanda ake kira '''Hanyar Kwanaki arba'in''', saboda yawan kwanakin da aka ce tafiyar ta ɗauka a zamanin d ̄ a) ita ce mafi gabashin manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na arewa maso kudu na Trans-Sahara. An yi amfani da hanyar Darb El Arba'īn don motsa kayan kasuwanci, dabbobi (ramuka, jaki, shanu, dawakai) da [[TARIHIN BAUTAR BAYI|bayi]] ta hanyar sarkar oasis daga cikin [[Afirka]] don ɗaukar kaya a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] kuma daga can zuwa sauran duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url-status=16–27}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Solieman |first=Nashwa M.S. |last2=Hafez |first2=Marwa Farouk |last3=Khattab |first3=Ahmed Mohamed |date=June 2019 |title=Reconstructing the Ancient Caravan Route of Darb Al-Arbain in Greco-Roman Egypt: Heritage Value and Tourism Potential |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_196205_d634d3f27feb66fc7d54cb21d05c40b2.pdf |journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=202–224 |doi=10.21608/jaauth.2019.196205 |s2cid=243509928}}</ref> Tafiyar daga abin da ke yanzu Arewacin Darfur, [[Sudan]] zuwa abin da ke cikin yanzu Gwamnatin Asyut, [[Misra|Misira]] kusan kilomita {{Cvt|1800|km|mi}} ne (1,100 kuma yawanci yana ɗaukar kusan kwanaki 60 saboda buƙatar hutawa da ruwa ga garken.<ref name=":1" /> Tafiya ta hanyar hamada ta fi kai tsaye, ba ta da tsada kuma ta fi aminci fiye da hanyar Nilu.<ref name=":1" /> Yankin hamada tsakanin [[Wadi Howar|Kogin]] Nilu mai launin rawaya a arewacin Sudan da tsaunin dutse na Masar ta Tsakiya yana karɓar matsakaicin [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] na shekara-shekara na kasa da 5 mm a kowace shekara "da kuma mitar shekaru 30 zuwa 40 tsakanin manyan abubuwan ruwan sama, [ma'ana] mai yiwuwa ne mafi bushe yankin a duniya. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haynes |first=C. Vance |last2=Stafford |first2=T. W. |last3=Maxwell |first3=Ted A. |date=1998 |title=Gravel Spreads and Spaced Pebbles of the Darb El Arba'in Desert and a Means of Dune Stabilization |url=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/6373 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the Geological Survey of Egypt Centennial Conference |language=en-US |pages=391–398 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927220300/https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6373 |archive-date=2022-09-27}}</ref>&nbsp;An tsara hanyar don ruwa koyaushe yana samuwa a cikin [[Day's journey|Tafiyar rana]] biyu ko uku kuma "babu wani mataki na ruwa na hanyar da ya wuce 280 km".<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Solieman |first=Nashwa M.S. |last2=Hafez |first2=Marwa Farouk |last3=Khattab |first3=Ahmed Mohamed |date=June 2019 |title=Reconstructing the Ancient Caravan Route of Darb Al-Arbain in Greco-Roman Egypt: Heritage Value and Tourism Potential |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_196205_d634d3f27feb66fc7d54cb21d05c40b2.pdf |journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=202–224 |doi=10.21608/jaauth.2019.196205 |s2cid=243509928}}</ref>Darb Al Arba'īn ita ce babbar hanyar kasuwanci ta ''arewa maso kudu'' a wannan ɓangaren Afirka; wasu hanyoyin sufuri a gabashin [[Sahara]] sun tafi gabas zuwa yamma, suna haɗa ƙauyukan Nilu zuwa manyan oases na Yammacin Yamma.<ref name=":22" /> Hanyar har yanzu tana nan, yanzu ana amfani da ita don fitar da garken raƙuma zuwa kasuwannin nama na raƙuma a Misira; ana amfani da motoci da manyan motoci a kan hanyoyin asphalt ban da raƙuma da jaki da ke tafiya a kan yashi da dutse.<ref name=":0" /> == Tarihi == Masana binciken tarihi na zamani da ke nazarin hanyar sun sami tashoshin ban ruwa, Cawarns (wanda ake kira da alaƙa a cikin [[Larabci]] kuma ana amfani da shi azaman alamun gano hanya), raguwa, petroglyphs da suka fara zuwa Sabon Masarauta da zamanin Roman, da ƙasusuwan raƙuma da jaki.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Nubian_Tribute_Presented_to_King_Tutankhamun,_Tomb_of_Huy_MET_DT221112.jpg|thumb|Mataimakin Sarkin Kush Amenhotep ya kira Huy yana karɓar haraji daga ofishin jakadancin Nubian. {{Circa|1332 – 1323 BC}} 1332 - 1323 BC, TT40, Qurnet Murai, [[Luxor]], [[Misra|Misira]]]] Wataƙila hanyar ta kasance a lokacin [[Tsohuwar Masar|Fir'auna]], lokacin da za a yi amfani da [[jaki]] don sufuri. An kara Dromedaries a matsayin dabbobi a Arewacin Afirka wani lokaci tsakanin 500 BC da shekara ta farko ta Kalandar Gregorian. [[File:Sudan-Darfur2008-_piramidi-_contesto-_COSV_(3).jpg|thumb|Raƙuma a Darfur, Sudan (2008) ]] Herodotus ya ambaci hanyar a cikin rubuce-rubucensa, kuma Romawa sun kafa sarkar tsaro don kare hanyar, irin wannan "Darb El Arba'īn ita ce hanya mafi kyau ga masu tsere masu tsawo daga karni na 2 BC zuwa karni na 4 AD".<ref name=":2" />Matafiyi na zamani Ibn Hawqal ya rubuta game da Hanyar Kwanaki arba'in a karni na 10. A shekara ta 1793, William George Browne shine ɗan Ingila na farko da ya hau tare da motar raƙumi kuma ya rubuta abubuwan da ya lura. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> Faransanci {{Interlanguage link|Jacques-Charles Poncet|fr}} ya yi tafiya a cikin hanyar a cikin shekara ta 1698.<ref name=":1" /> g9jumyp1a0bxz11xm1uqzz48rcxj8is Hell bourg 0 82791 966206 512089 2026-10-11T16:08:03Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; k5rwy8q42rvnj7wg6qqdgtdjmmkdgdt 966209 966206 2026-10-11T16:08:27Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. 8myg1ukrcjfjblq425y72qkb7vy7rhy 966212 966209 2026-10-11T16:08:53Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. fbf0byo6tpkat6gu6yplkqxq4u36y89 966214 966212 2026-10-11T16:09:18Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966214 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> bc14udwt741xjicaaqo4m4r88l9qso2 966218 966214 2026-10-11T16:10:04Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> o5q7okhkenw6e3tj5khzytdv4j8f67y 966219 966218 2026-10-11T16:10:26Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == jndlk0r6187az2k3sfzb7su9ysn21o5 966220 966219 2026-10-11T16:10:45Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> Ƙauyen, tare da ƙananan otal-otal da matsakaitan, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin masaukin matasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2007 |title=Hell-Bourg - Salazie (from the official Réunion youth hostel website) |url=http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224205413/http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> tushe ne don yin yawo a cikin Cirque, musamman zuwa ƙaramin tudu a tsakiyar caldera, [[Piton d'Anchaing]] (sa'o'i 4-6) ko har zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin, Piton des Neiges (kwanaki 2 dawowa). Har ila yau, gida ne ga ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya, gine-ginen Creole da yawa na ƙarni na sha tara, da kuma sanannen makabartar gida mai launi. An kuma san yankin da girma chou chou. == Bayanan da aka ambata == bp049s8bliveota958ffixrr1dvl8uj 966222 966220 2026-10-11T16:11:02Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. Ba da daɗewa ba wanka masu zafi sun shahara har ma bayan Réunion - tare da wasu spas a Cilaos, a kudancin tsibirin, da Antsirabe a Madagascar, sun zama burin matafiya daga Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya ko Mozambique, da kuma wurin hutu ga masu mallakar gonar vanilla masu arziki daga gabashin tsibirin. Shahararren ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda ana tallata spas a ko'ina a matsayin magani ga yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da cututtukan da suka shafi Turawa a cikin mulkin mallaka. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> Ƙauyen, tare da ƙananan otal-otal da matsakaitan, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin masaukin matasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2007 |title=Hell-Bourg - Salazie (from the official Réunion youth hostel website) |url=http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224205413/http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> tushe ne don yin yawo a cikin Cirque, musamman zuwa ƙaramin tudu a tsakiyar caldera, [[Piton d'Anchaing]] (sa'o'i 4-6) ko har zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin, Piton des Neiges (kwanaki 2 dawowa). Har ila yau, gida ne ga ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya, gine-ginen Creole da yawa na ƙarni na sha tara, da kuma sanannen makabartar gida mai launi. An kuma san yankin da girma chou chou. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 3da3r28v3a3qrz5ry19sjyfjq3hr3v2 966233 966222 2026-10-11T16:12:39Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. Ba da daɗewa ba wanka masu zafi sun shahara har ma bayan Réunion - tare da wasu spas a Cilaos, a kudancin tsibirin, da Antsirabe a Madagascar, sun zama burin matafiya daga Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya ko Mozambique, da kuma wurin hutu ga masu mallakar gonar vanilla masu arziki daga gabashin tsibirin. Shahararren ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda ana tallata spas a ko'ina a matsayin magani ga yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da cututtukan da suka shafi Turawa a cikin mulkin mallaka. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> Ƙauyen, tare da ƙananan otal-otal da matsakaitan, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin masaukin matasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2007 |title=Hell-Bourg - Salazie (from the official Réunion youth hostel website) |url=http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224205413/http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> tushe ne don yin yawo a cikin Cirque, musamman zuwa ƙaramin tudu a tsakiyar caldera, [[Piton d'Anchaing]] (sa'o'i 4-6) ko har zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin, Piton des Neiges (kwanaki 2 dawowa). Har ila yau, gida ne ga ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya, gine-ginen Creole da yawa na ƙarni na sha tara, da kuma sanannen makabartar gida mai launi. An kuma san yankin da girma chou chou. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} szf4t7dcdc6ny72xh3e9b9odsqi01ov 966237 966233 2026-10-11T16:13:22Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966237 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. Ba da daɗewa ba wanka masu zafi sun shahara har ma bayan Réunion - tare da wasu spas a Cilaos, a kudancin tsibirin, da Antsirabe a Madagascar, sun zama burin matafiya daga Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya ko Mozambique, da kuma wurin hutu ga masu mallakar gonar vanilla masu arziki daga gabashin tsibirin. Shahararren ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda ana tallata spas a ko'ina a matsayin magani ga yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da cututtukan da suka shafi Turawa a cikin mulkin mallaka. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> Ƙauyen, tare da ƙananan otal-otal da matsakaitan, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin masaukin matasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2007 |title=Hell-Bourg - Salazie (from the official Réunion youth hostel website) |url=http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224205413/http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> tushe ne don yin yawo a cikin Cirque, musamman zuwa ƙaramin tudu a tsakiyar caldera, [[Piton d'Anchaing]] (sa'o'i 4-6) ko har zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin, Piton des Neiges (kwanaki 2 dawowa). Har ila yau, gida ne ga ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya, gine-ginen Creole da yawa na ƙarni na sha tara, da kuma sanannen makabartar gida mai launi. An kuma san yankin da girma chou chou. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * La Réunion lontan > Hell-Bourg An adana 2007-09-27 a (hotuna da yawa na B & W na tarihin Hell-Bour, shafin yanar gizon yawon shakatawa na Réunion, a [[Faransanci]]) k6573w9admociqnn6u70lfjgynxrgpx 966242 966237 2026-10-11T16:13:42Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. Ba da daɗewa ba wanka masu zafi sun shahara har ma bayan Réunion - tare da wasu spas a Cilaos, a kudancin tsibirin, da Antsirabe a Madagascar, sun zama burin matafiya daga Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya ko Mozambique, da kuma wurin hutu ga masu mallakar gonar vanilla masu arziki daga gabashin tsibirin. Shahararren ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda ana tallata spas a ko'ina a matsayin magani ga yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da cututtukan da suka shafi Turawa a cikin mulkin mallaka. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. A ƙarshen Satumba 1942, hukumomin Vichy a Réunion sun koma daga Saint-Denis zuwa Hell-Bourg, suna tsoron yiwuwar mamayewar Allied. A ƙarshe an toshe maɓuɓɓugar ta hanyar rushewar da ke da alaƙa da guguwa a cikin 1948 (kamar yadda, na ɗan lokaci, hanyoyin da ke kaiwa Hell-Bourg) kuma ƙauyen da sauri ya rasa muhimmancin da ya sa ya bunƙasa a cikin yankin tsaunuka mai wahala. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> Ƙauyen, tare da ƙananan otal-otal da matsakaitan, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin masaukin matasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2007 |title=Hell-Bourg - Salazie (from the official Réunion youth hostel website) |url=http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224205413/http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> tushe ne don yin yawo a cikin Cirque, musamman zuwa ƙaramin tudu a tsakiyar caldera, [[Piton d'Anchaing]] (sa'o'i 4-6) ko har zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin, Piton des Neiges (kwanaki 2 dawowa). Har ila yau, gida ne ga ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya, gine-ginen Creole da yawa na ƙarni na sha tara, da kuma sanannen makabartar gida mai launi. An kuma san yankin da girma chou chou. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * La Réunion lontan > Hell-Bourg An adana 2007-09-27 a (hotuna da yawa na B & W na tarihin Hell-Bour, shafin yanar gizon yawon shakatawa na Réunion, a [[Faransanci]]) 6qot4b0arommtbt3k0o1y6o7qe9giaa 966251 966242 2026-10-11T16:15:21Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364810949|Hell-Bourg]]" 966251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hell_bourg_aerienne.jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Hell-Bourg.]] [[File:Overgrown_Spa_In_Hell-Bourg.jpg|right|thumb|Rushewar tsohuwar wurin shakatawa.]] Hell-Bourg wani karamin ƙauye ne a cikin Taron Salazi (sashen gudanarwa) na sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Ita ce babbar al'umma a cikin tsibirin Cirque de Salazie, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tsohon admiral kuma gwamnan tsibirin Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell . A baya an kira ƙauyen ''Bémaho'' . Tana da 1344 m (4412 ft) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp; Asalin Bémaho / Hell-Bourg an kafa shi ne a matsayin karamin gari amma mai wadata, kuma ya bunƙasa kamar haka na mafi yawan ƙarni bayan binciken [[Turai]] na 1830 na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi kusa da ƙauyen nan gaba. Sabanin asusun da yawa na lokacin, wannan bazara a bayyane yake sananne ne ga bayi da sauran mazauna yankin na ɗan lokaci, kuma wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka ya ce zai zama da wahala a canza yankin zuwa wurin shakatawa na hukuma idan bayi da ke fama da kuturta da cututtuka suna amfani da shi. Koyaya, ba za a dakatar da canjin ba, musamman bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba da umarnin gina otal a 1839, kuma Asibitin soja da ke da alaƙa da bazara ya ƙare a 1857. Hanyar karusa ta kai ƙauyen a cikin 1890. Ba da daɗewa ba wanka masu zafi sun shahara har ma bayan Réunion - tare da wasu spas a Cilaos, a kudancin tsibirin, da Antsirabe a Madagascar, sun zama burin matafiya daga Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya ko Mozambique, da kuma wurin hutu ga masu mallakar gonar vanilla masu arziki daga gabashin tsibirin. Shahararren ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda ana tallata spas a ko'ina a matsayin magani ga yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da cututtukan da suka shafi Turawa a cikin mulkin mallaka. === Raguwa === Daga baya, karamar hukumar Salazie ta sayi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda hakan ya ba da su ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, a cikin 1920 zafin jiki na ruwa ya sauka kuma ana buƙatar tafasa don dumama shi zuwa yanayin da aka saba da shi wanda hakan ya lalata wasu abubuwan sunadarai. Gidan shakatawa ya fara rasa jan hankalinsa. Wani yunkuri na share maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da dinamite ya gaza sosai kuma ya haifar da rushewar wurin shakatawa da lalata gidan caca. A ƙarshen Satumba 1942, hukumomin Vichy a Réunion sun koma daga Saint-Denis zuwa Hell-Bourg, suna tsoron yiwuwar mamayewar Allied. A ƙarshe an toshe maɓuɓɓugar ta hanyar rushewar da ke da alaƙa da guguwa a cikin 1948 (kamar yadda, na ɗan lokaci, hanyoyin da ke kaiwa Hell-Bourg) kuma ƙauyen da sauri ya rasa muhimmancin da ya sa ya bunƙasa a cikin yankin tsaunuka mai wahala. Bayan wasu shekarun da suka gabata an manta da su kuma sun fi zama da talakawa manoma, yawon bude ido ya ba ƙauyen kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da wani ɓangare na gudummawa ga farashin daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], an dawo da wasu biranen gargajiya na Creole 26. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ita ce kawai ƙauyen da ke tsibirin don zama memba na Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('Mafi kyawun ƙauyuka a Faransa'), kyautar da aka ba kusan 150 daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomi a Faransa. Dangane da bukatun kyautar, akwai abubuwa kaɗan ko babu abubuwan zamani masu ganuwa kamar tarho ko sandunan wutar lantarki a ƙauyen.<ref name="EURO" /> Ƙauyen, tare da ƙananan otal-otal da matsakaitan, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin masaukin matasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2007 |title=Hell-Bourg - Salazie (from the official Réunion youth hostel website) |url=http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224205413/http://www.auberge-jeunesse-reunion.com/english.html |archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> tushe ne don yin yawo a cikin Cirque, musamman zuwa ƙaramin tudu a tsakiyar caldera, [[Piton d'Anchaing]] (sa'o'i 4-6) ko har zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin, Piton des Neiges (kwanaki 2 dawowa). Har ila yau, gida ne ga ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya, gine-ginen Creole da yawa na ƙarni na sha tara, da kuma sanannen makabartar gida mai launi. An kuma san yankin da girma chou chou. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * La Réunion lontan > Hell-Bourg An adana 2007-09-27 a (hotuna da yawa na B & W na tarihin Hell-Bour, shafin yanar gizon yawon shakatawa na Réunion, a [[Faransanci]]) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|-21.065829|55.519457|region:FR-TF_type:city}}{{Les Plus Beaux Villages de France}} r97k26x1zmo42kc4n0or8103uopas0u Abdul Lateef A. Hussein 0 84797 966529 535318 2026-10-11T17:05:28Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 966529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Lateef Akanni Hussain,''' (1946 - 31 Yuli 2022) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwa na ilimi.Shi ne shugaban [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] na 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lateef Akanni Hussain: Executive Profile & Biography – Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=25009991&privcapId=22994894&previousCapId=22994894&previousTitle=Lagos%20State%20University|website=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=8 April 2018}}</ref> Hussaini ya rasu a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2022, yana da shekaru 75.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abisoye |first=Olusegun |date= |title=JUST IN: Ex-LASU VC, Hussein, Dies At 75 |url=https://independent.ng/just-in-ex-lasu-vc-hussein-dies-at-75/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=Independent.ng}}</ref> == Aiki == Hussaini shi ne shugaban Jami'ar jihar Legas daga shekaran 2005 zuwa 2011. A baya shi ne shugaban tsangayar kimiyya a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], shugaban sashen nazarin kimiyyar lissafi na jami'ar Ibadan kuma shugaban musulmai ta jami'ar Ibadan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/09/22/fashola-appoints-new-vc-for-lasu/ |title=Lagos University Gets New Vice Chancellor |website=PM News |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[category:haifaffun 1946]] [[category:mutuwan 2022]] [[category:Maluman Najeriya]] i4ihphfhke0wamstoib36ovws2w0qdg Henry J. Nowak 0 88342 966587 578102 2026-10-11T18:51:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Henry James Nowak''' (Fabrairu 21, 1935 - Yuli 21, 2024) lauyan Ba'amurke ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma ɗan Democrat na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka daga New York tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1993. ==Farkon rayuwa== Nowak an haife shi a Buffalo, New York, a cikin 1935.Ya halarci makarantun firamare na jama'a a Buffalo kuma ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Riverside, Buffalo, a 1953.Ya sami B.A. daga Canisius College, Buffalo a 1957.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress</ref>A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, Nowak ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Golden Griffs. Lokacin da ya kammala karatunsa, shi ne shugaban kwalejin Canisius wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a kowane lokaci.A cikin shekaru uku a matsayin dan wasa, ya ci maki 1,449 kuma ya samu maki 18.6 a wasa. A yau, har yanzu yana matsayi na farko a cikin ƙwallo da kuma na uku a kowane lokaci.<ref>https://gogriffs.com/documents/2017/5/24//HistoryBook_100120.pdf?id=3530</ref>A matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando, Nowak ana yi masa lakabi da "Hammerin' Hank" saboda ƙaƙƙarfan playstyle ɗin sa.<ref>https://gogriffs.com/news/2024/7/22/mens-basketball-canisius-mourns-the-passing-of-henry-nowak-57.aspx</ref>Nowak ya jagoranci Griffs zuwa wasanni uku cikin hudu a gasar kwallon kwando ta NCAA.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220404213750/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/erik-brady-henry-nowak-remembers-when-his-little-school-from-buffalo-was-an-ncaa-tournament/article_cbad5ca4-b415-11ec-a040-23aefcc851c2.html</ref>Louis Hawks daga baya ya zana shi da zaɓi na 28 a cikin daftarin NBA na 1957.<ref>https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1957.html</ref>Daga 1957 zuwa 1958 Nowak ya yi aikin sojan Amurka, sannan ya sami digiri na J.D a makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Buffalo a shekarar 1961. Sannan ya sake yin aikin soja daga 1961 zuwa 1962.<ref>"Henry J. Nowak". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 30, 2013.</ref> ==Sana'ar siyasa== An shigar da shi mashaya na New York a cikin 1963, ya fara aiki a Buffalo, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin lauya na gundumar Erie, New York a 1964.Erie County Comptroller daga 1966 zuwa 1974, shi ma wakili ne zuwa babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat na jihar New York a shekarar 1970, da kuma babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat a 1972 da 1988.<ref>"Henry J. Nowak". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 30, 2013.</ref> '''Majalisa''' An zabi Nowak a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Democrat a 1974 - a cikin gungun 'yan Democrat masu sassaucin ra'ayi da aka zaba a waccan shekarar da aka fi sani da Watergate Babies - don wakiltar gundumar majalisa ta 37 ta New York a cikin Majalissar ta 94th, bayan wa'adin 4 Nowak an sake shi zuwa gunduma ta 33, wacce ya wakilta. na sharuddan 5. Ya yi aiki daga Janairu 3, 1975, zuwa Janairu 3, 1993.<ref>"Henry J. Nowak". Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved July 30, 2013.</ref>Zabar ba don gwadawa da komawa gidan ba bayan an soke gunduma ta 33 yayin sake rarrabawa.A duk tsawon aikinsa na majalisa, ya kasance memba na kwamitin majalisar dokokin Amurka kan ayyukan jama'a da sufuri.An bayyana shi a cikin The Buffalo News a matsayin "mutumin da ya kai dala biliyan Buffalo", dan majalisa mai son kai wanda aka fi sani da samun tallafi don ayyukan more rayuwa a yankin Buffalo, gami da gina Interstate 990.<ref>https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html</ref>A lokacin Majalisa na 103, Nowak ya zaɓi kada ya sake tsayawa takara a 1994.<ref>https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html</ref>Tare da sabbin membobin da ake tsammani a cikin 1995 saboda babban canji, an ba da rahoton cewa Nowak bai so ya ci gaba da zama a Majalisa ba har tsawon lokacin da magajinsa ya fara aikin House tare da babban rashin nasara, kodayake shawarar da ya yanke na yin ritaya ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin shugabannin Democrat a cikin Buffalo da Albany. , babban birnin jihar.<ref>https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa== Wani mazaunin Buffalo, New York, Nowak yana da 'ya, Diane (Nowak) Kent, wanda kuma yana cikin Gidan Wasannin Canisius na Fame, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2002.An zaɓi ɗansa, Henry Joseph Nowak, a matsayin mai shari'a na gundumar shari'a ta 8 ta Kotun Koli ta New York a cikin 2010 kuma ya zama alkali na Kotun Gidajen Buffalo daga 2003 zuwa 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/2010/12/30/nowak-sworn-in-as-state-judge/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625070335/https://buffalonews.com/2010/12/30/nowak-sworn-in-as-state-judge/ |archive-date=2020-06-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nowak ya mutu a Pompano Beach, Florida, a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2024, yana da shekaru 89.<ref>https://voterrecords.com/voter/7824848/henry-nowak</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1935]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] 6slpgfl5skaydpblwaycqsfmc1f646y Hassan Usman Sokodabo 0 90255 966556 723039 2026-10-11T17:13:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hassan Usman Sokodabo''' ɗan siyasan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|kasar Najeriya]] ne. Mamba ne mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya [[Abaji|ta Abaji]]/[[Gwagwalada]]/Kuje/[[Kwali]] a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=359 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=constrack.ng}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/hassan-sokodabo-usman |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hassan Usman Sokodabo a shekarar 1969. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> == Aikin siyasa == A zaɓen fidda gwani na shekarar 2022, ya yi takara a tsakanin sauran abokan hamayyarsa kuma ya lashe tikitin jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-22 |title=2023: Sokodabo wins PDP Reps ticket for Abuja South - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-sokodabo-wins-pdp-reps-ticket-for-abuja-south/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=Sokodabo wins PDP Abuja South House of Representatives Ticket |url=https://dailyasset.ng/sokodabo-wins-pdp-abuja-south-house-of-representatives-ticket/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Daily Asset Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da samun nasara a zaɓen ‘yan majalisar tarayya na shekarar 2023, inda ya yi wa’adi na biyu a majalisar wakilai. Sokodabo ya taɓa zama shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Abaji sannan kuma kwamishina mai wakiltan babban birnin tarayya [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Abuja]] a hukumar ɗa'a ta tarayya (FCC). Tare da wani ɗan majalisa, ya ɗauki nauyin kudirin doka kan kula da harajin Value Added Tax (VAT). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taiwo-Sidiq |first=Temidayo |date=2023-01-20 |title=FCT lawmakers sponsor 12 bills in three years {{!}} NASS Scorecard |url=https://orderpaper.ng/new/?p=2961 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=OrderPaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216072601/https://orderpaper.ng/new/?p=2961 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayin tallafi da karfafawa mazaɓar sa, ya raba injinan ɗinki, injinan gyaran gashi, feshi, sinadarai na agro, janareta da injin nika. Ya kuma bayar da buhunan shinkafa 670 a matsayin magani a Gwagwalada don magance matsalar kulle-kulle a tsakanin mazaɓar sa, a matsayin ɓarkewar cutar Coronavirus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=COVID-19: Abuja lawmaker gives palliatives to constituents - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/covid-19-abuja-lawmaker-gives-palliatives-to-constituents/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] k5x2kdhwolflr3hjli3h1om5npypyvu Ibrahim Abdullahi Dutse 0 90586 966676 571729 2026-10-11T22:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Abdullahi Dutse''' ya kasance ɗan siyasan kasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne. Ya kasance memba mai wakiltar Dutse/Kiyawa Federal Constituency a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]]. An haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 1959, ya fito ne daga [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]]. A shekarar 2015 aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai, sannan kuma aka sake zaɓensa a shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin inuwar [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]] (APC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/ibrahim-dutse-abdullahi |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=142 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.constrack.ng}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Jigawa]] 095jxm6zs3liygjkgzvlu4fgvhqdkeu J. Ann Tickner 0 94593 966705 597917 2026-10-12T02:38:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Judith Ann Tickner''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937) yar Anglo-Amurka ce mai ra'ayin mata ta kasa da kasa (IR) . Tickner fitacciyar malama ce a zaune a Makarantar Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa, Jami'ar Amurka, Washington DC. Bayan shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin Farfesa na Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Kudancin California, Tickner kwanan nan ya zama mashahurin malami a zaune a Makarantar Ayyuka ta Duniya, Jami'ar Amirka, Washington DC, A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1999, Tickner ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Faculty of Social Sciences a Jami'ar Uppsala, [[Sweden]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naylor |first=David |title=Honorary doctorates - Uppsala University, Sweden |url=https://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/ |access-date=Apr 5, 2021 |website=www.uu.se}}</ref> Littattafanta sun haɗa da Siyasar Duniya ta Gendering: Batutuwa da Hanyoyi a cikin Bayan Yaƙin Cold War (Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2001), Jinsi a Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya: Ra'ayin Mata kan Samun Tsaron Duniya (Jami'ar Columbia, 1992), da Dogaro da Kai Versus Power Politics: American and Indian Experiences in Buildings University NCobia18. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun labaran mujallolin Tickner shi ne yanki na "Ba ku Fahimce Ku kawai" ( Nazarin Duniya na Kwata-kwata (1997) 41, 611-632), wanda ya caccaki manyan masanan dangantakar kasa da kasa don tsallake jinsi daga ka'idarsu da aiki. [1] Duk da yake manyan malamai sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata masu ra'ayin mata su haɓaka kimiyya, ra'ayoyin ƙarya, Tickner ya yi jayayya da wannan ikirari, yana mai da'awar cewa bai fahimci ɗaya daga cikin wuraren IR na mata ba. Yawancin ka'idar IR na mata suna ɗaukar tsarin ƙaddamarwa mai ƙarfi ga ilimi, suna jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin suna nuna matsayi na zamantakewar jinsi na marubutan su; don haka suka tambayi hanyoyin positivist ("kimiyya") hanyoyin da za su ruɗe siyasar jinsi na ginin ilimi. Ta fi son tsarin zamantakewa, "ƙasa-sama" na bincike wanda ke sa rawar mata a cikin IR a bayyane, sabanin hanyoyin kimiyya da aka saba waɗanda suke "sama-sama" kuma suna mai da hankali kan batutuwa na al'ada na maza, gami da maza, kuɗi, da yaƙi . Hanyoyi na mata game da dangantakar kasa da kasa wani lamari ne na lokacin yakin cacar baki . Binciken ƙwararrun mata ya fara ne a cikin 1980s a cikin fannonin ilimi daban-daban, daga adabi zuwa ilimin halin ɗan adam zuwa tarihi . Tickner ya auri Hayward Alker har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Hayward Alker > News > USC Dornsife |url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/390/in-memoriam-hayward-alker/ |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=dornsife.usc.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == * ''Feminism da Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya: Tattaunawa game da Tsohon, Yanzu da Gaba'', ed. tare da Laura Sjoberg (Routledge, 2011). * ''Siyasar Duniya ta Gendering: Matsaloli da Hanyoyi a Zamanin Yakin Yakin Bayan Yakin Yakin Yaki'' (Jami'ar Columbia, 2001). * ''Jinsi a Alakar Ƙasashen Duniya: Ra'ayin Mata akan Samun Tsaro na Duniya'' (Jami'ar Columbia, 1992). * ''Dogaro da Kai Da Siyasar Ƙarfi: Ƙwararrun Amurkawa da Indiyawa a Gina Jihohin Ƙasa'' (Jami'ar Columbia, 1987). == Duba kuma ==   * Carol Cohn * Ka'idar dangantakar kasa da kasa mai mahimmanci * Claire Duncanson * Cynthia Enloe * Sara Ruddick == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416093748/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=559 ''J. Ann Tickner''], ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwa akan Cibiyar Watson don Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya * [http://mershoncenter.osu.edu/events/november/tickner.htm ''J. Ann Tickner''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008040452/http://mershoncenter.osu.edu/events/november/tickner.htm |date=2008-10-08 }} Archived , taƙaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Mershon Center for International Security Studies == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.american.edu/sis/faculty/tickner.cfm Faculty Profile a Jami'ar Amurka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130616003958/http://www.theory-talks.org/2013/04/theory-talk-54.html ''Tattaunawar Ka'idar'' Magana] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] pw9igo9rx12qd5xxmi83xkbnggqwjh1 Muhammad Abu Ibrahim 0 95535 966344 596432 2026-10-11T16:26:40Z Bin annour 49930 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 966344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Abu Ibrahim''' An haifi Muhammad Abu Ibrahim a Katsina a Najeriya, amma ya yi shekarunsa na haihuwa a Kaduna.<ref>Blueprint. (2023). Mohammed Abu Ibrahim: A Technocrat at NADF.</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya (FGC) da ke Kaduna, kafin ya wuce Jami’ar Jos.<ref>University of Jos. (n.d.). About Us.</ref> == Aiki == Abu Ibrahim gogaggen dan kasuwa ne wanda ya kwashe sama da shekaru 16 yana gogewa wajen farawa da raya sana’o’i a wurare masu kalubale.<ref>Africa Leadership Initiative-West Africa. (n.d.). Fellows.</ref> Ya rike mukaman shugabanci daban-daban da suka hada da: •Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Muhalli da Ci gaban Systems Limited<ref>Environmental Management and Development Systems Limited. (n.d.). About Us. (</ref> •Abokin kafa kuma Shugaba na Cryogenic Industries Limited (2007-2009)<ref>Cryogenic Industries Limited. (n.d.). About Us.</ref> •Wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Tri-Dynamic Services Limited, wani kamfani mai sarrafa shara na birni<ref>Tri-Dynamic Services Limited. (n.d.). About Us.</ref> •Babban Darakta na North-South Petroleum Limited, wani kamfani mai zurfin toshe mai a cikin teku<ref>Petroleum Limited. (n.d.). About Us</ref> A halin yanzu Abu Ibrahim yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Inspire Academy, Makarantar Firamare ta Manhajar Biritaniya tare da mai da hankali kan bukatu na musamman a [[Abuja]], Najeriya.<ref>Inspire Academy. (n.d.). About Us.</ref> Ya kuma rike mukaman darakta a kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Socket Works Limited, Maigari Farms, da Sponge Analytics Limited.<ref>Socket Works Limited. (n.d.). About Us. (</ref> == Lambar yabo da girmamawa == Abu Ibrahim jagora ne na shirin jagoranci na Afirka ta Yamma na biyar, kuma mamba ne na Aspen Global Network.<ref>Aspen Global Network. (n.d.). Members. </ref> == Nadi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar NADF == A watan Oktobar 2023, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nada Abu Ibrahim a matsayin Babban Sakatare kuma Babban Jami’in Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gona ta Kasa (NADF).<ref>Vanguard. (2023). President Tinubu appoints new NADF Chief Executive Officer.</ref> Shugaban na sa ran sabbin shugabanni a Asusun za su yi nasarar kawar da shingayen samun ingantacciyar hanyar samun kudade na wucin gadi a fannin ga tabbatattun masu ruwa da tsaki a fadin kasa.<ref>The Punch. (2023). President Tinubu appoints new NADF Chief Executive Officer.</ref> == Rayuwar gida == Abu Ibrahim yana da aure da mata daya<ref>Leadership. (2023). Mohammed Abu Ibrahim: A Technocrat at NADF.</ref>. Mahaifinsa Sanata Abu Ibrahim, mahaifiyarsa kuwa Hajiya Halima Abu Ibrahim.<ref>Daily Trust. (2023). Mohammed Abu Ibrahim: A Technocrat at NADF. </ref> Shi ne ɗan fari ga mahaifinsa. == Manazarta == bahr87zkpkjbjugty6jcn0x9oskwa5u Kasashen common wealth 0 102890 966166 738388 2026-10-11T15:32:49Z Sumy IB 32481 966166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙasashe masu tasowa''' ko '''Commonwealth of Nations''' sau da yawa ana kiranta da Commonwealth Commonwealth ko kuma kawai Commonwealth,<ref>Srinivasan, Krishnan (2008). The rise, decline, and future of the British Commonwealth (Paperback ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-230-20367-9.</ref> ] [[Sarakuna]]<ref>Profile: The Commonwealth". BBC News. February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2015</ref> ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ƙasashe membobi 56, mafi yawansu tsoffin yankuna ne na Daular [[Birtaniya]] waɗanda daga ciki suka haɓaka.<ref>About Us". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2024.</ref> An haɗa su ta hanyar amfani da harshen [[Ingilishi]] da alaƙar al'adu da [[tarihi]]. Manyan cibiyoyi na kungiyar su ne Sakatariyar Commonwealth, wacce ke mai da hankali kan dangantakar [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatoci]], da Gidauniyar Commonwealth, wacce ke mai da hankali kan alakar da ba ta gwamnati ba tsakanin kasashe mambobinta[,<ref>"Commonwealth Family". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2007</ref> Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna da alaƙa da aiki a cikin Commonwealth. <ref>Profile: The Commonwealth". BBC News. February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2015.</ref> "<ref>The Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</ref> Ƙasar Commonwealth ta samo asali ne tun farkon rabin karni na 20 tare da kawar da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyar karuwar ikon mallakar yankunanta. An ƙirƙira shi azaman Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Biritaniya ta hanyar sanarwar Balfour a taron 1926 na Imperial, <ref>Imperial Conference 1926 Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report, Proceedings and Memoranda" (PDF). November 1926. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2018.</ref> kuma Burtaniya ta tsara ta ta Dokar Westminster a cikin 1931. A cikin 1949, sanarwar [[London]] ta ba da izinin [[Indiya]] ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin Commonwealth a <ref> About Us". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2024.</ref> bsbmatsagshshvsyin jamhuriya, wanda ke nuna gagarumin juyin halittar ƙungiyar.[<ref> Our history". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref>] ,<ref>"The London Declaration". Commonwealth of Nations. 26 April 1949. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2013</ref> <ref>"Commonwealth Charter". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.</ref> <ref>Srinivasan, Krishnan (2008). The rise, decline, and future of the British Commonwealth (Paperback ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave</ref> <ref>Our history". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> Shugaban Commonwealth shine [[Charles III]]. Shi sarki ne na kasashe membobi 15, wadanda aka fi sani da Commonwealth realms, yayin da wasu membobi 36 da ke jamhuriya, wasu biyar kuma suna da sarakuna daban-daban. Ko da yake ya zama shugaban kasa bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa, [[Elizabeth II]], matsayin ba gado ne na [[fasaha]] ba.<ref>"The Commonwealth". The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</ref> ==Tarihi== Asalin tunani Manyan labarai: Daular Burtaniya da Tarihi na [[Daular Biritaniya]] Daftarin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish ta 1921, tare da "Daular Biritaniya" ta ketare kuma "[[Ƙasashen Duniya]] na Birtaniyya" an ƙara da hannu.<ref>History – Though the modern Commonwealth is just 60 years old, the idea took root in the 19th century". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 29 July</ref> ,<ref>Pakenham, Frank (1972). Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921. Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-97908-8.</ref> <ref>"The Commonwealth". The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</ref> <ref>Commonwealth Charter". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.</ref> Firayim Minista na membobi biyar a taron Firayim [[Ministan Albarkatun kasa|Minista]] na Commonwealth na 1944: (L-R) Mackenzie King (Kanada), Jan Smuts (Afirka ta Kudu), Winston Churchill (Birtaniya), Peter Fraser (New Zealand) da John Curtin (Australia) [[Elizabeth II|S Elizabeth]] ta biyu, a cikin jawabinta ga [[Kanada]] a Ranar Mulki a 1959, ta yi nuni da cewa Tarayyar Kanada a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1867 ita ce haihuwar "ƙasa ta farko mai cin gashin kanta a cikin daular Burtaniya". Ta bayyana cewa: "Don haka, wannan kuma alama ce ta farkon wannan ƙungiyar '[[yanci]] ta ƙasashe masu zaman kansu wanda a yanzu ake kira Commonwealth of Nations."<ref> Elizabeth II (1 July 1959). Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Dominion Day Message. Government House (Rideau Hall), Ottawa: CBC. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.</ref>Commonwealth of Nations". Taro na Firayim Minista na Biritaniya da na mulkin mallaka sun faru lokaci-lokaci daga na farko a cikin 1887, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Taro na Imperial a 1911<ref>"Seminars for statesmen': the evolution of the Commonwealth summit"</ref> <ref>"The Colonial and Imperial Conferences, 1887-1911: A Study in Imperial Organization"</ref> <ref>January 1884". Journal of Liberal History. Retrieved 18 March 2025.</ref> Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta haɓaka daga tarurrukan daular. Jan Smuts ya gabatar da takamaiman [[shawara]] a cikin 1917 lokacin da ya ƙirƙira kalmar "Ƙasashen Commonwealth na Biritaniya" kuma ya tsara "dangantakar tsarin mulkina gaba da gyare-gyare a ainihin"<ref>McDonald, Simon (12 March 2018). "Commonwealth Heads Of Government Meeting 2018". civilservice.blog.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</ref> a taron zaman [[lafiya]] na [[Faris|Paris]] na 1919, wanda wakilai daga Dominions da kuma [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] suka halarta.[<ref>Crafford, Smuts: A Biography (2005),</ref> ,<ref>Pakenham, Frank (1972). Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921. Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-97908-8.</ref> Kalmar ta farko ta sami amincewar doka ta [[sarauta]] a cikin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish na 1921, lokacin da kalmar [[Burtaniya]] <ref>account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921. Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-97908-8.</ref> ==Tallace-tallace da kuma tsari== A cikin sanarwar Balfour a taron Imperial na 1926, [[Ƙasar Ingila]] da yankunanta sun yarda cewa sun kasance "Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin Daular Biritaniya, daidai da matsayi, ba za su kasance <ref> High Commissioner in United Kingdom (24 November 1952). "Royal Style and Titles". Documents on Canadian External Relations > Royal Style and Titles. 18 (2). DEA/50121-B-40. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011.</ref> karkashin juna ba a kowane bangare na al'amuran cikin gida ko na waje, ko da yagavke sun haɗu da haɗin kai ga Crown, kuma suna da dangantaka da 'yanci a matsayin mambobin kungiyar Commonwealth na Birtaniya." Kalmar <ref> , Josh (28 November 2009). "Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2009.</ref>'Commonwealth' ta kasance a hukumance don bayyana al'umma.<ref>Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</ref> <ref>British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</ref> <ref> "The London Declaration". Commonwealth of Nations. 26 April 1949. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2013.</ref><ref>"Constituent Assembly Debates (India)". Delhi: Parliament of India. 16 May 1949. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014.</ref> <ref>Constituent Assembly Debates (India)". Delhi: Parliament of India. 16 May 1949. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014.</ref>. <ref>978-0-19-829334-7</ref> <ref>Smy, William A. (2008). "Royal titles and styles". The Loyalist Gazette. XLVI (1). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2011.</ref> Dokar Westminster ta tsara waɗannan bangarorin dangantakar a cikin 1931, wacce ta shafi Kanada ba tare da buƙatar tabbatarwa ba, amma Australia, New Zealand da Newfoundland dole ne su amince da dokar don ta fara aiki. Newfoundland bai taba yin haka ba saboda matsalar tattalin arziki da kuma bukatar taimakon kudi daga [[Landan]], Newfoundland da son rai ta amince da dakatar da mulkin kai a shekara ta 1934 kuma mulki ya koma ga ikon kai tsaye daga London. Daga baya Newfoundland ta shiga Kanada a matsayin lardinta na goma a cikin 1949.<ref>"Our history". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> Ostiraliya da New Zealand sun amince da dokar a cikin 1942 da 1947 bi da bi.<ref>Webb, Jeff A. (January 2003). "The Commission of Government, 1934–1949". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2011.</ref> <ref>Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</ref> <ref>Turner, Camilla (22 June 2022). "Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> Ko da yake Tarayyar [[Afirka]] ta Kudu ba ta cikin Masarautar da ke buƙatar yin amfani da Dokar Westminster don aiwatar da ita, [[dokoki]] biyu - Matsayin Dokar Tarayyar, 1934, da Dokar Gudanarwa na Sarauta da Dokar Hatimi, 1934 - Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu ta zartar da ita don tabbatar da matsayin Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin kasa mai 'yanci, da kuma shigar da doka ta Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>Dugard, John; Bethlehem, Daniel; Plessis, Max du; Katz, Anton (2005). International law: a South African perspective. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7021-7121-5.</ref> <ref>"Celebrating thecommonwealth@60". Commonwealth Secretariat. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2011.</ref> <ref>Chris Cook and John Paxton, Commonwealth Political Facts (Macmillan, 1978).</ref> Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta ba da sabon manufa ta bayan yakin Commonwealth a cikin watsa shirye-shiryenta na Ranar [[Kirsimeti]] ta 1953, wanda a cikinta ta hango Commonwealth a matsayin "sabon ra'ayi - wanda aka gina akan mafi girman halayen Ruhun Mutum: abota, aminci, da sha'awar 'yanci da zaman lafiya".<ref>Chris Cook and John Paxton, Commonwealth Political Facts (Macmillan, 1978).</ref> Duk da haka, baitul malin Biritaniya ya yi rauni sosai, ta yadda ba za ta iya yin aiki ba tare da Amurka ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, asarar ayyukan tsaro da na kuɗi ya lalata hangen nesa na farkon ƙarni na 20 na Joseph Chamberlain na daular [[duniya]] wanda zai iya haɗa fifikon Imperial, tsaron juna da ci gaban [[zamantakewa]]. Bugu da kari, rawar da Birtaniyya ke takawa a cikin harkokin duniya ya zama mai iyaka, musamman tare da asarar Indiya da Singapore.<ref>Brian Harrison, Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970 (Oxford UP, 2009), p. 102.</ref> bYayin da 'yan siyasar Birtaniya da farko suka yi fatan cewa Commonwealth za ta kiyaye tare da aiwatar da tasirin Birtaniyya, sannu a hankali sun daina sha'awar su, in ji Krishnan Srinivasan. Hankalin farko ya ragu yayin da manufofin Birtaniyya suka shiga wuta a tarurrukan Commonwealth. Ra'ayin jama'a ya shiga cikin damuwa yayin da bakin haure daga kasashe da ba fararen fata suka zama manya ba (duba kuma: kasashen Commonwealth).<ref>Harrison, Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970, p. 103.</ref> <ref>"History of the Creation of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan". Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</ref> Kalmar "Sabuwar Commonwealth" ta sami amfani a cikin Burtaniya (musamman a cikin 1960s da 1970s) don komawa zuwa ƙasashen da aka raba [[Mulkin Mallakar Nijar|mulkin mallaka]] kwanan nan, galibi waɗanda ba fararen fata da ƙasashe masu tasowa ba. An yi amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin muhawara game da ƙaura daga waɗannan ƙasashe<ref>Krishnan Srinivasan, "Nobody's Commonwealth? The Commonwealth in Britain's post-imperial adjustment." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 44.2 (2006): 257–269.</ref> "<ref>de Villiers, Marq (1998). "Review of The Ambiguous Champion: Canada and South Africa in the Trudeau and Mulroney Years by Linda Freeman". International Journal. 53 (4): 783–785 : 783. doi:10.2307/40203728. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40203728.; Miles, Robert (2016). "The Racialization of British Politics". Political Studies. 38 (2): 277–285. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1990.tb01493.x. ISSN 0032-3217. S2CID 145691345.</ref> <ref>Merriman, J.; Winter, J., eds. (2006). "British Empire". Europe since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-684-31366-5. OCLC 68221208.</ref> <ref>, J. H. (2010). "Economic crisis and political cold war, 1949-57". In Hill, J. R. (ed.). A New History of Ireland. Vol. VII: Ireland, 1921–84. Oxford University Press. p. 277 (footnote 20). ISBN 978-0-19-161559-7. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2019. The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948...repealed the external relations act, and provided for the declaration of a republic, which came into force on 18 Apr. 1949, when Ireland left the commonwealth.</ref> <ref>"Staying loyal to George". Indian Express. 19 February 2010. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.</ref> <ref>Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state". BBC News. 16 September 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.</ref> ==jigajigen common wealth== Ana yawan ganin sanarwar London a matsayin alamar farkon Commonwealth na zamani. Bayan tsarin Indiya, wasu al'ummomi sun zama jumhuriya, ko masarautun tsarin mulki tare da nasu sarakuna. Yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke riƙe da sarauta iri ɗaya da Burtaniya, masarautunsu sun sami ci gaba daban-daban kuma nan da nan suka zama (ko kuma sun riga sun zama) da gaske masu zaman kansu daga masarautar Burtaniya. Ana daukar sarki a matsayin wani mutum na shari'a na daban a kowace daula, duk da cewa mutum daya ne sarkin kowace masarauta.[<ref>The Monarchy and the Constitution</ref> <ref> Commissioner in United Kingdom (24 November 1952). "Royal Style and Titles". Documents on Canadian External Relations > Royal Style and Titles. 18 (2). DEA/50121-B-40. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011.</ref> ]<ref>Smy, William A. (2008). "Royal titles and styles". The Loyalist Gazette. XLVI (1). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2011</ref> <ref>Toporoski, Richard. "The Invisible Crown". Monarchy Canada. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</ref> <ref>Toporoski, Richard. "The Invisible Crown". Monarchy Canada. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</ref> <ref>January 1884". Journal of Liberal History. Retrieved 18 March 2025.</ref> Shawarwari don haɗa da Turai A daidai lokacin da Jamus da Faransa tare da Belgium, da Italiya, da Luxembourg, da [[Holand|Netherlands]], suke tsara yadda za su zama Tarayyar Turai, da kuma ƙasashen Afirka da suka sami 'yancin kai, suka shiga cikin ƙungiyar Commonwealth, an yi ta yawo da sabbin ra'ayoyi don hana Birtaniya zama saniyar ware a harkokin tattalin arziki. Cinikin Biritaniya da Commonwealth ya ninka kasuwancinta da Turai sau hudu. A cikin 1956 da 1957, gwamnatin Biritaniya, a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Anthony Eden, ta ɗauki "Shirin G" don ƙirƙirar yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Turai yayin da kuma ke kare matsayin da aka fi so na Commonwealth.<ref> ]James R. V. Ellison, "Perfidious Albion? Britain, Plan G and European Integration, 1955–1956", Contemporary British History (1996) 10#4 pp 1</ref> <ref> R. V. Ellison, "Perfidious Albion? Britain, Plan G and European Integration, 1955–1956", Contemporary British History (1996) 10#4 pp 1–,</ref> <ref>Martin Schaad, "Plan G – A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956", Contemporary European History (1998) 7#1 pp 39–</ref> <ref>Clout, Laura (15 January 2007). "France offered to 'merge' with UK in 1950s". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.</ref> <ref>Thomson, Mike (15 January 2007). "UK – When Britain and France nearly married". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</ref> <ref>Thomson, Mike (15 January 2007). "UK – When Britain and France nearly married". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</ref> <ref>British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–63: Scrutinising the Official Mind</ref> <ref>Rwanda: Joining the Commonwealth". The New Times. AllAfrica. 27 November 2009</ref> <ref>Josh (28 November 2009). "Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2009.</ref> ==Fadadawa== Memba na farko da aka yarda ba tare da wata alaƙa da tsarin mulki ba da Masarautar Biritaniya ita ce Mozambique - tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na [[Portugal]] - a cikin 1995 bayan zaɓen dimokuradiyya na farko. Shigarta ta gabaci sanarwar Edinburgh da ka'idojin zama membobin yanzu.<ref>Rwanda: Joining the Commonwealth". The New Times. AllAfrica. 27 November 2009.</ref> A shekara ta 2009, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ta zama kasa ta biyu da ta shiga cikin kungiyar<ref> , John Paul. "Canada races to revive Commonwealth ties with its U.S. relationship on shaky ground". CBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2025. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> ba wata. da wata alaka da tsarin mulkin kasar ba. Ƙasar amintacciyar ƙas<ar Beljiyam ce wadda ta kasance gundumar Jamus ta Gabashin Afirvzka har zuwa yakin duniya na ɗaya.<ref>Josh (28 November 2009). "Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2009.</ref> <ref>Harris, Rob (11 March 2025). "Rubio says Ukraine may need to do 'difficult things' to get peace deal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 March 2025. British Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer will host what he has called "a coalition of the willing" – a group of mainly European and Commonwealth countries.</ref> A cikin 2022, Togo, tsohon yanki na Faransanci, da Gabon, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sun shiga Commonwealth, duk da cewa ba su taɓa kasancewa ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniyya ba.<ref>Turner, Camilla (22 June 2022). "Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.,</ref> ministan harkokin wajen Togo Robert Dusseyya bayyana cewa, yana sa ran zama mambobin kungiyar Commonwealth za su samar da damammaki ga 'yan kasar Togo don koyon Turanci, tare da fadada damarsu ta samun ilimi da al'adu. Dussey ya kuma bayyana cewa kasar na neman kusanci da duniyar Anglophone<ref>"Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world"</ref>An dakatar da Gabon a wani bangare daga kungiyar Commonwealth a watan Satumba na 2023 bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi, tare da shekaru biyu da kungiyar Ministocin Commonwealth ta ba kasar don gudanar da sabon zabe kafin a yi la’akari da cikakken dakatar da zama membobin Commonwealth.<ref> "Gabon partially suspended from the Commonwealth pending restoration of democracy". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</ref>] A shekarar 2024, ciniki tsakanin Togo da Biritaniya ya karu da kashi 94 cikin dari; kasar kuma ta nemi fadada kasuwanci da Indiya.[l<ref>Gabon partially suspended from Commonwealth after coup". BBC News. 20 September 2023. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</ref> <ref> "Togo's Commonwealth Advantage: A Gateway to Investment and Growth". CWEIC. Retrieved 1 June 2025.</ref> <ref>Wong, Vicky (2 March 2025). "Starmer: Coalition of willing to guarantee Ukraine peace". BBC. Retrieved 2 March 2025.</ref> <ref>"Everything we know about the 'Coalition of the Willing' for Ukraine"</ref> ,,<ref>"Prime Minister confirms he will join world leaders in 'coalition of the willing' phone call"</ref> <ref>Donald Trump suggests US could join British Commonwealth". Newsweek. 21 March 2025. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</ref> <ref>Robertson, Geoffrey (18 April 2025). "Trump has declared war on the world order, so nations like Australia must step up". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 April 2025.</ref> ==Tsarin shugaban== Shugaban Commonwealth Babban labarin: Shugaban Commonwealth Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu, shugabar kungiyar Commonwealth, ta shafe shekaru 70 tana mulki. A ƙarƙashin tsarin sanarwar London, Charles III shine Shugaban Commonwealth.[<ref>About Us". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. avRetrieved 25 March 2024.</ref> <ref> Walker, Peter (20 April 2018). "Prince Charles to be next head of Commonwealth". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2018.</ref> koyarwa, idan sarki ya mutu, wanda zai gaje shi ba zai zama sabon shugaban Commonwealth ba kai tsaye.<ref>"Head of the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2008.</ref> Duk da haka, a taron da suka yi a watan Afrilun 2018, shugabannin Commonwealth sun amince cewa Yarima Charles ya gaji mahaifiyarsa Elizabeth ta biyu a matsayin shugaba bayan rasuwarta.<ref>, Peter (20 April 2018). "Prince Charles to be next head of Commonwealth". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2018.</ref> Matsayin alama ne, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar 'yanci na membobin 'yanci, <ref>Patterson, Percival (24 October 2007). "Report of the Committee on Commonwealth Membership". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2008.</ref> yawancinsu (36) jumhuriya ne, kuma biyar suna da sarakunan gidajen sarauta daban-daban (Brunei, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malaysia da Tonga). <ref>"Report of the Committee on Commonwealth Membership"</ref> ==Taron shugabannin Commonwealth== Babban labarin: Taron shugabannin Commonwealth Babban taron yanke shawara na kungiyar shine taron shugabannin Commonwealth na shekara-shekara (CHOGM), inda shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth, ciki har da (a tsakanin sauran) Firayim Minista da shugabanni, . Haka kuma ana gudanar da tarurrukan ma’aikatun kudi, ma’aikatun shari’a, ma’aikatun lafiya da sauran su. Membobi masu bin bashin, a matsayin membobi na musamman a gabansu, ba a gayyatar su don aika wakilai zuwa ko dai taron ministoci ko CHOGMs<ref>"How we are run". Commonwealth Secretariat. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</ref> Shugaban gwamnati da ke karbar bakuncin CHOGM ana kiransa kujera-in-ofis (CIO) kuma yana rike da mukamin har zuwa CHOGM mai zuwa<ref>How we are run". Commonwealth Secretariat. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</ref> ==Sakatariyar Commonwealth== Babban labarin: Sakatariyar Commonwealth <ref>Manby, Bronwyn (2015). "Naturalisation". Citizenship Law in Africa: 3rd Edition (3rd ed.). African Books Collective. pp. 91–92. ISBN 9781928331124. OCLC 945563529.</ref> Marlborough House, London, hedkwatar Sakatariyar Commonwealth, babbar cibiyar gwamnatocin Commonwealth.<ref>Sue v Hill [1999] HCA 30, (1999) 199 CLR 462</ref> Sakatariyar Commonwealth, wacce aka kafa a cikin 1965, ita ce babbar hukumar kula da gwamnatocin Commonwealth, da ke ba da damar tuntubar juna da hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin kasashe da kasashe.<ref> The Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</ref> yana da alhakin gwamnatocin membobin gaba ɗaya. Sakatariya ce ke wakilta Commonwealth of Nations a babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai sa ido. Sakatariyar ta shirya tarurrukan Commonwealth, tarurrukan ma'aikatu, tarukan shawarwari da tattaunawa ta fasaha; yana taimakawa ci gaban manufofi da bayar da shawarwarin manufofi, da kuma sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin gwamnatocin mambobi. Hakanan yana ba da taimakon fasaha don taimakawa gwamnatoci a cikin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin ƙasashensu da kuma <ref> Hedley, Bull (July 1959). "What is the Commonwealth?". World Politics. 11 (4): 577–87. doi:10.2307/2009593. JSTOR 2009593. S2CID 154764036</ref> mahimman ƙimar siyasa ta Commonwealth.<ref>Cook and Paxton, Commonwealth Political Facts (1978) part 3.</ref> <ref>Clute, Robert E.; Wilson, Robert R. (July 1958). "Commonwealth and Favored-Nation Usage". American Journal of International Law. 52 (3): 455–468. doi:10.2307/2195461. JSTOR 2195461. S2CID 147526549.</ref> Sakatariyar dai na karkashin jagorancin babban sakatare ne, wanda shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth ke zabar wa’adin da bai wuce wa’adi biyu na shekaru hudu ba. Babban sakatare da mataimakan manyan sakatarorin biyu ne ke jagorantar sassan Sakatariyar. <ref>Cook and Paxton, Commonwealth Political Facts (1978) part 3.</ref> nemi fasfo na gaggawa na Biritaniya.<ref>Belton, Kristy A. (2 January 2019). "Muddy waters: citizenship and the right to vote in the Commonwealth Caribbean migratory context". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 57 (1): 93–122. doi:10.1080/14662043.2019.1545526. ISSN 1466-2043.</ref> Ostiraliya tana ba da Takaddun Shaida a cikin yanayi na musamman ga mazaunan Commonwealth waɗanda ba za su iya samun ingantattun takaddun balaguro daga ƙasashensu na asali ba kuma dole ne su yi tafiya cikin gaggawa.<ref>Prove you have right of abode in the UK". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</ref> <ref>Dale, William (July 1982). "Is the Commonwealth an International Organisation?". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 31 (3): 451–73. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/31.3.45</ref> Ƙungiya ta kud da kud a tsakanin ƙasashen Commonwealth tana bayyana a cikin ka'idojin diflomasiyya. Misali, lokacin da ake yin cudanya da juna, gwamnatocin Commonwealth suna musayar manyan kwamishinoni maimakon jakadu.,<ref>Immigration". Directorate General of Immigration & Passports, Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</ref> <ref>Dale, William (July 1982). "Is the Commonwealth an International Organisation?". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 31 (3): 451–73. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/31.3.45</ref> ==Ƙarin abubuwa== Haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Commonwealth sun haɗa da waɗanda ke wanzu ta tsarin shari'a da na soja. <ref>Nolan v Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs [1988] HCA 45</ref> <ref> for British nationals abroad: a guide" (PDF). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2013. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. We may also help Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries where they do not have any diplomatic or consular representation, but will normally ask their nearest embassy to provide any ongoing assistance required.</ref> <ref>The new UK Emergency Passport" (PDF). United Kingdom: Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</ref> <ref> for British nationals abroad: a guide" (PDF). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2013. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. We may also help Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries where they do not have any diplomatic or consular representation, but will normally ask their nearest embassy to provide any ongoing assistance required.</ref> <ref>Travel related documents". Australia: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</ref> ==Shari'a== Kwamitin shari'a na majalisar masu zaman kansu ita ce babbar kotun daukaka kara ga kasashen Commonwealth da dama. Kwamitin [[shari'a]] na majalisar masu zaman kansu shine babban kotun koli na kasashe 14 na Commonwealth, ciki har da tsibirin Cook da Niue waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Mulkin New Zealand (ko da yake ita kanta New Zealand ba ta yin ƙarar zuwa majalisar masu zaman kansu).<ref>High Court promulgation 2007" Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Fiji government press release, 17 July 2007</ref> ,<ref>Practice direction 1". The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</ref> 'Yan ƙasa na Commonwealth sun cancanci nadawa zuwa Babban Kotun Fiji, tare da kotun ta dogara da alkalai daga sauran ƙasashen Commonwealth.<ref> "High Court promulgation 2007"</ref> <ref>Nationality and Commonwealth". British Army. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</ref> ==Soja== Sojoji na Sojojin Indiya 5th Gurkha Rifles a [[Japan]] bayan yakin Japan a matsayin wani bangare na Rundunar Ma'aikata ta Burtaniya, 1946 Jama'ar Commonwealth sun cancanci yin aiki a cikin Sojojin Burtaniya. A cewar rundunar sojojin Burtaniya, "Sojoji na gama gari su ne, kuma koyaushe za su kasance, wani muhimmin bangare mai kima da kima na tsarin sojojin Burtaniya."<ref> Allison, George (27 May 2024). "Applications to armed forces from Commonwealth citizens surge". UK Defence Journal. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</ref> <ref>"Nationality and Commonwealth"</ref> <ref> On the Establishment of the Five Power Defence Arrangements", The Five Power Defence Arrangements at Forty, ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, pp. 24–35, 21 October 2015, retrieved 22 March 2025</ref> ==Memba== Membobin Commonwealth suna inuwa gwargwadon matsayinsu na siyasa. Ana nuna masarautun Commonwealth da shuɗi, yayin da jumhuriyar launin ruwan hoda, kuma membobin da ke da nasu masarautu ana nuna su cikin kore. Ma'auni<ref>"Gurkhas: Terms and Conditions of Service"</ref> <ref>"The future of the modern Commonwealth: Widening vs. deepening?"</ref> ,<ref>Commonwealth membership in focus at London meeting". Commonwealth Secretariat. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2007.</ref> Babban labarin: Ma'auni na membobin Commonwealth na Ƙasashen<ref>, Felix (24 November 2007). "Rwanda membership delayed". New Vision. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2009.</ref> Sharuɗɗan zama memba na Commonwealth of Nations sun haɓaka cikin lokaci daga jerin takaardu daban-daban. Dokar Westminster 1931, a matsayin ainihin takaddar kafa ƙungiyar, ta shimfida cewa zama memba yana buƙatar iko. <ref> Smith, S.A. (July 1949). "The London Declaration of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers, 28 April 1949". The Modern Law Review. 12 (3): 351–354. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x. JSTOR 1090506.</ref> bayan guguwar mulkin mallaka a cikin 1960s, waɗannan ka'idodin tsarin mulki sun haɓaka ta hanyar siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. An tsara na farko a cikin 1961, lokacin da aka yanke shawarar cewa mutunta daidaiton launin fata zai zama abin da ake bukata don zama memba, wanda kai tsaye ya kai ga janye aikace-aikacen Afirka ta Kudu (wanda aka bukaci su yia karkashin tsarin sanarwar London kan zama jamhuriya). Baki 14 na .<ref>Lusaka Declaration on Racism and Racial Prejudice". Commonwealth Secretariat. 7 August 1979. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2008.</ref> Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun kasance ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba tsawon shekaru ashirin, <ref> 10.1080/00358530500174960</ref> har zuwa 1991, an fitar da sanarwar Harare, tare da sadaukar da shugabanni don yin amfani da ka'idodin Singapore don kammala mulkin mallaka, ƙarshen yakin cacar baki, da ƙarshen wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref> Harare Commonwealth Declaration". Commonwealth Secretariat. 20 October 1991. Archived from the original on 7 February 2004. Retrieved 29 July 2007.</ref> hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da waɗannan ka'idodin an ƙirƙira su ne, kuma hanyar da aka bayyana, ta hanyar 1995 Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, wanda ya haifar da Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Ministoci (CMAG), <ref> Commonwealth Secretariat</ref> <ref>"The future of the modern Commonwealth: Widening vs. deepening?"</ref> ==Membobi== Babban labarin: Membobin Commonwealth of Nations <ref>Turner, Camilla (22 June 2022). "Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week". The Telegraph. Archived from the original. on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> ,<ref>World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. 18 April 2017. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.,</ref> Tutocin kasashen Commonwealth a dandalin majalisar dokokin birnin Landan a ranar Commonwealth <ref>"Rwanda: Joining the Commonwealth". The New Times. AllAfrica. 27 November 2009</ref> Tutar Commonwealth na shawagi a majalisar dokokin Canada a Ottawa<ref>r</rewanda's application for membership, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</ref> Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta ƙunshi ƙasashe 56, a duk nahiyoyin da ke zaune.<ref> , Camilla (22 June 2022). Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> Membobi 33 ƙananan jihohi ne, ciki har da 25 ƙananan jihohi masu tasowa. A cikin 2023, Commonwealth tana da yawan jbma'a biliyan 2.5.<ref>Three Commonwealth countries also have long-standing claims to sovereignty in Antarctica, although these claims are not widely recognised. The claims, which each include permanent research stations and together cover most of the continent, are the Australian Antarctic Territory, the British Antarctic Territory and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand</ref> Commonwealth ita ce babbar ƙungiyar 'Duniya ta uku' ko 'Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kudu'.<ref>"Fast Facts: The Commonwealth" (PDF). Commonwealth Secretariat. January 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2024.</ref> Tare da yawan jama'a biliyan 1.4 a cikin 2023, Indiya ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan al'umma ta Commonwealth. Tuvalu ita ce mafi ƙarancin mamba, tana da kusan mutane 12,000 a lokacin.,<ref>Brandis, George (20 October 2024). "The King loves Australia but his next stop's the big one (and China will be watching)". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 October 2024.</ref> Ana amfani da matsayin "memba a arrears" don nuna waɗanda ke bin bashin biyan kuɗin shiga. Asalin matsayin an san shi da “mamba na musamman”, amma an sake masa suna a cikin shawarar kwamitin membobin Commonwealth.<ref> McIntyre, W. David (April 2008). "The Expansion of the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership". Round Table. 97 (395): 273–85. doi:10.1080/00358530801962089. S2CID 219623317.</ref> A halin yanzu babu membobi da ake bin bashin. Memba na ƙarshe da ake bin bashi, Nauru, ya koma cikakken memba a watan Yuni 2011.<ref> "Nauru back as full Commonwealth member". Radio New Zealand International. 26 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2011.</ref> baya Nauru ya canza tsakanin na musamman da cikakken memba tun lokacin da ya shiga Commonwealth, ya danganta da yanayin kuɗin sa.<ref>Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. 12 April 1999. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2009.</ref> ==Masu nema== Duba kuma: Membobin Commonwealth of Nations § Membobi masu zuwa,<ref>Ingram, Derek (October 1999). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 88 (352): 547–567. doi:10.1080/003585399107758.</ref> A cikin 1997 shugabannin Commonwealth sun yarda cewa, don zama memba na Commonwealth, mai neman ƙasar ya kamata, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta sami ƙungiyar tsarin mulki tare da memba na Commonwealth; cewa yakamata ta bi dabi'u, ka'idoji da fifiko kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin sanarwar Harare; da kuma cewa ta yarda da ka'idoji da ka'idoji na Commonwealth<ref>New CriteriCommonwealth Membership". thecommonwealth.org. 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.</ref> <ref>"A Place to Stand: the Problems and Potential of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group"</ref> ,<ref>Baldacchino, Godfrey; Milne, David (September 2006). "Exploring sub-national island jurisdictions: An editorial introduction". The Round Table. 95 (386): 487–502. doi:10.1080/00358530600929735. S2CID 154689097</ref> <ref>Ingram, Derek (October 2007). "Twenty Commonwealth steps from Singapore to Kampala". The Round Table. 96 (392): 555–563. doi:10.1080/00358530701625877. S2CID 154737836.</ref> 'Yan siyasar Sudan ta Kudu sun nuna sha'awar shiga kungiyar Commonwealth.,<ref> South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth". gurtong.net. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2011</ref> wata babbar majiyar Commonwealth ta bayyana a cikin 2006 cewa "mutane da yawa sun ɗauki sha'awar Isra'ila, amma babu wata hanya ta yau da kullun".,<ref> Alderson, Andrew (17 December 2006). "Israelis and Palestinians could join Commonwealth". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2009.</ref> isreal da Falasdinu duka biyu ne masu yuwuwar zama mamba.<ref> Alderson, Andrew (17 December 2006). "Israelis and Palestinians could join Commonwealth". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2009.</ref> <ref> of Parliamentary Counsel – CALC – Constitution & Membership". 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011.</ref> <ref>Written evidence from the States of Guernsey". Policy Council of Guernsey. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013</ref> Shugaba Yahya Jammeh ba tare da wani bangare ba ya janye Gambia daga kungiyar Commonwealth a watan Oktoban 2013.<ref>Statement by Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia". The Commonwealth. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2013.</ref> Sai dai sabon zababben shugaban kasar Adama Barrow ya mayar da kasar ga kungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2018<ref>The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</ref> <ref>Ingram, Derek (January 2000). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 89 (353): 45–57. doi:10.1080/750459452. S2CID 219628879.</ref> ==Dakatarwa== Babban labarin: Dakatarwa daga Commonwealth of Nations<ref>Ingram, Derek</ref> Ana iya dakatar da membobin "daga majalisun Commonwealth" saboda "tsanani ko ci gaba" na sanarwar Harare, musamman wajen kawar da alhakinsu na samun mulkin dimokuradiyya.<ref>States and Territories". 15CCEM. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.</ref> Kungiyar Ayyukan Ministoci ta Commonwealth (CMAG) ce ta amince da dakatarwa, wanda ke yin taro akai-akai don magance yuwuwar keta sanarwar Harare. Membobin da aka dakatar ba su da wakilci a tarurrukan shugabannin Commonwealth da ministoci, duk da cewa sun kasance membobin kungiyar.<ref>Ingram, Derek (October 1999). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 88 (352): 547–567. doi:10.1080/003585399107758.</ref> <ref>Jazeera. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018. </ref>"L<ref>egislative drafting offices in which there are CALC members" (PDF). OPC.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2011.</ref> ,,<ref>Written evidence from States of Jersey". Chief Minister of Jersey. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</ref> An dakatar da Zimbabwe daga cikin Commonwealth a lokacin shugabancin Robert Mugabe (hoton), daga baya kuma ya fice. Kasar ta nemi shiga ne bayan saukar Mugabe daga mulki.<ref>The role and future of the Commonwealth". House of Commons. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</ref> An dakatar da Najeriya tsakanin 11 ga Nuwamba 1995 zuwa 29 ga Mayu 1999, <ref> Ingram, Derek (October 2007). "Twenty Commonwealth steps from Singapore to Kampala". The Round Table. 96 (392): 555–563. doi:10.1080/00358530701625877. S2CID 154737836.</ref> bayan kisan da aka yi wa Ken Saro-Wiwa a jajibirin 1995 CHOGM.,<ref> ]Ingram, Derek (October 1999). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 88 (352): 547–567. doi:10.1080/003585399107758.</ref>I Pakistan ita ce kasa ta biyu da aka dakatar, a ranar 18 ga Oktoban 1999, bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi wa Pervez Musharraf.[<ref> Ingram, Derek (January 2000). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 89 (353): 45–57. doi:10.1080/750459452. S2CID 219628879.</ref> <ref> Suspended from the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.</ref> an dakatar da Zimbabwe a shekara ta 2002 saboda damuwa game da manufofin zabe da gyara filaye na gwamnatin Robert Mugabe ta ZANU-PF,[<ref>Ingram, Derek (July 2004). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 93 (375): 311–42. doi:10.1080/0035853042000249933. S2CID 219627311.</ref> hkafin ta fice dagabh. kungiyar a shekara ta 2003.<ref> AZimbabwe applies to rejoin Commonwealth". Al Jazeera. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2018, Zimbabwe ta nemi shiga Commonwealth.[<ref>Zimbabwe applies to rejoin Commonwealth". Al Jazeera. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> <ref>"Isle of Man welcomes report on Commonwealth future". Isle o Man Government. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref> <ref>Ingram, Derek (April 2002). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 91 (364): 131–59. doi:10.1080/00358530220144148.</ref> <ref>"Fiji suspended from Commonwealth". BBC News. 8 December 2006. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2009.</ref> <ref>Suspended from the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.</ref> ==Janyewa da ƙarewa== Duba kuma: Membobin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya § Tsofaffin mambobi, da Membobin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya § Membobin da aka rushe<ref>Fiji Rejoins the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. 30 September 1997. Archived from the original on 1 November 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2009.</ref> <ref>"Foreign & Commonwealth Office Minister welcomes Commonwealth statement on Fiji – GOV.UK"</ref> <ref>Miliband (11 March 2013). "Britain must stand up for human rights in Sri Lanka". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</ref> Kamar yadda kasancewa memba na son rai ne kawai, gwamnatocin membobin zasu iya zaɓar kowane lokaci don barin Commonwealth. Jiha ta farko da ta fara yin hakan ita ce Ireland a 1949 bayan yanke shawarar ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya, ko da yake ba ta shiga cikin Commonwealth tun 1932. A lokacin, duk membobin sun yarda da sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa a matsayin sharadi na zama memba.<ref> Blanchfield (14 January 2013). "Harper rebukes Sri Lanka over jurist's dismissal as talk of summit boycott heats up". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</ref> <ref>"Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe "terminated" its membership with effect from 7 December 2003"</ref> <ref> rejoins Commonwealth as a full member". The Commonwealth. 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</ref> <ref>Nasik Swami (28 September 2014). "We're back". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</ref> Pakistan ta fita ne a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1972 don nuna rashin amincewa da amincewar Commonwealth ta ballewar Bangladesh, amma ta koma a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1989. An dakatar da zama mamba a Zimbabwe a 2002 saboda zargin take hakkin dan Adam da rashin gwamnati da gangan, kuma gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta dakatar da zama mamba a 2003.<ref>."Fiji Suspended from the,Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.</ref> Gambiya ta bar Commonwealth a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2013, <ref>"Statement by Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia"</ref> kuma ta shiga ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2018.<ref> Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</ref> <ref> of Parliamentary Counsel – CALC – Constitution & Membership". 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011</ref> <ref>Legislative drafting offices in which there are CALC members" (PDF). OPC.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2011.</ref> ,<ref>Sirisena sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president". Rappler. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021</ref> Maldives sun fice daga Commonwealth a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2016, <ref>The Commonwealth Secretariat". 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> <ref> Commonwealth Secretariat". 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> ambaton "ayyukan azabtarwa ga Maldives tun daga 2012" bayan zargin tilastawa shugaban Maldives Mohamed Nasheed murabus daga cikin dalilan janyewa.<ref> "The Maldives decides to leave the Commonwealth; commits to continue with its international engagement"</ref> bayan zaben Ibrahim Mohamed Solih a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Nuwamba 2018, Maldives ta bayyana aniyar ta ta sake neman shiga kungiyar Commonwealth.<ref> "The Maldives decides to leave the Commonwealth; commits to continue with its international engagement". Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> ya koma ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2020.<ref>"South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth". South African History Online. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref> <ref>Commonwealth Observer Group (1999). The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa, 2 June 1999. Commonwealth Secretariat. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-85092-626-2. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</ref> <ref>Commonwealth Observer Group (1999). The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa, 2 June 1999. Commonwealth Secretariat. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-85092-626-2. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</ref> <ref>Maldives to rejoin Commonwealth of former British colonies". The National. 20 November 2018. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</ref> <ref>Srinivasan, Meera (February 2020). "Maldives rejoins Commonwealth after over three years". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</ref> ==Siyasa== Manufa da ayyuka An fara zayyana manufofin Commonwealth a cikin sanarwar Singapore ta 1971, wacce ta sadaukar da Commonwealth ga kafa zaman lafiya a duniya; inganta dimokuradiyya mai wakilci da 'yancin kai; neman daidaito da adawa da wariyar launin fata; yaki da talauci da jahilci da cututtuka; da ciniki na kyauta<ref> ] Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971" (PDF). thecommonwealth.org. Commonwealth Secretariat. 22 January 1971. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.</ref> Ga waɗannan an ƙara adawa da wariya kan jinsi ta sanarwar Lusaka na 1979, <ref> "Lusaka Declaration on Racism and Racial Prejudice"</ref> da dorewar muhalli ta sanarwar Langkawi na 1989.<ref>"Langkawi Declaration on the Environment". USM Regional Center of Expertise in Education for Sustainable Development. 21 October 1989. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.</ref>An ƙarfafa waɗannan manufofin da sanarwar Harare a 1991.<ref>Patel, Hasu (2000), "Southern Africa and democracy, in the light of the Harare declaration." The Round Table 89.357: 585–592.,</ref> Babhban fifiko na Commonwealth ya shafi haɓaka dimokuradiyya da ci gaba, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin 2003 Aso Rock Declaration, <ref> Work". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2008.</ref> wanda ya gina kan waɗanda ke cikin Singapore da Harare kuma suka fayyace sharuɗɗan su, yana mai cewa, "Mun himmatu ga dimokuradiyya, kyakkyawan shugabanci, 'yancin ɗan adam, daidaiton jinsi, da kuma daidaita daidaiton raba fa'idodin haɗin gwiwar duniya.<ref>the original</ref> ==iyawa== A watan Oktobar 2010, an buga wata sanarwa da babban Sakatare ya bayar na ba wa ma’aikata umarnin cewa kada su yi magana kan ‘yancin ɗan adam, wanda ya kai ga zargin cewa Commonwealth ba ta yin magana sosai a kan ainihin kimarta.<ref>Borger, Julian (8 October 2010). "Commonwealth has abandoned human rights commitment – leaked memo". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</ref> <ref>"Queen to sign new charter backing equal rights for gay people across Commonwealth"</ref> <ref>, Bruce (29 October 2011). "Commonwealth leaders still haggling over human rights reforms". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2011.</ref> Taron shugabannin Commonwealth na 2011 ya yi la'akari da wani rahoto da wani kwamiti na Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group (EPG) ya bayar wanda ya tabbatar da cewa kungiyar ta rasa mahimmancinta kuma tana rugujewa saboda rashin hanyar da za a yi la'akari da kasashe mambobi lokacin da suka keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ko ka'idodin dimokiradiyya.<ref>"Commonwealth leaders agree to develop charter of values and little else"</ref> <ref>"Commonwealth leaders under fire for refusing to publish human rights report"</ref> <ref>, Nicholas (29 October 2011). "Commonwealth leaders under fire for refusing to publish human rights report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 29 October</ref> <ref>Cheadle, Bruce (30 October 2011). "Commonwealth leaders agree to develop charter of values and little else". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref> ==Bayan yakin== A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, daular Burtaniya ta taka rawar gani wajen tallafawa kudaden Burtaniya. An tattara asusun ajiyar kuɗin waje a London, don amfani da shi don yaƙin. A zahiri Burtaniya ta sayi fam biliyan 2.3, wanda fam biliyan 1.3 daga Indiya ta Burtaniya ta fito. An gudanar da bashin ne a cikin tsarin tsaro na gwamnatin Biritaniya kuma an san shi da "ma'auni". A shekara ta 1950, Indiya, Pakistan da Ceylon sun kashe mafi yawan kuɗin su, yayin da wasu ƙasashe suka tara. Yankin mafi girma ya ƙunshi duk Commonwealth ban da Kanada, tare da wasu ƙananan ƙasashe musamman a cikin Tekun Farisa. Sun gudanar da musaya na kasashen waje a Sterling, suna kare wannan kudin daga gudanar da kasuwanci da kuma sauƙaƙe kasuwanci da saka hannun jari a cikin Commonwealth. dangantaka ce ta yau da kullun tare da ƙayyadaddun farashin musaya, tarurruka na lokaci-lokaci a taron kolin Commonwealth don daidaita manufofin kasuwanci, da manufofin tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Ƙasar Ingila ta sami rarar kuɗin kasuwanci, kuma sauran ƙasashe galibi masu samar da albarkatun ƙasa ne da ake siyar da su ga Burtaniya. Dalilin kasuwanci a hankali ya kasance mai ban sha'awa ga Commonwealth; duk da haka, samun damar shiga kasuwar babban birnin Landan ya kasance muhimmiyar fa'ida ga sabbin al'ummomin da suka sami 'yancin kai. Yayin da Burtaniya ta kara matsawa kusa da Turai, duk da haka, dangantakar dogon lokaci ta fara zama cikin shakka<ref>Catherine R. Schenk, "Britain in the world economy." in Paul Addison and Harriet Jones, eds., A Companion to Contemporary Britain: 1939–2000 (2005): 436–481, esp. 469-71</ref> <ref>Sinha, Kounteya (11 March 2013). "Commonwealth charter to focus on gay rights". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</ref> ==Birtaniya ta shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai== A shekara ta 1961, tare da durkushewar tattalin arziki, Burtaniya ta yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai, amma Charles de Gaulle ya yi watsi da hakan.<ref> Catherine R. Schenk, "Britain in the world economy." in Paul Addison and Harriet Jones, eds., A Companion to Contemporary Britain: 1939–2000 (2005): 436–481, esp. 469-71.</ref> daga karshe dai an samu shiga a shekarar 1973. Sarauniya Elizabeth ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun alakar dake tsakanin Burtaniya da Commonwealth. Masanin tarihi Ben Pimlott ya bayar da hujjar cewa shiga Turai "ya kasance mataki mafi yanke hukunci duk da haka a ci gaba da yanke alakar iyali tsakanin Burtaniya da tsohuwar daularta... Ya rage ragowar alakar da ke tattare da jin dadi da al'adu, da kyawawan dabi'un shari'a."<ref>Alan S. Milward, The rise and fall of a national strategy, 1945–1963 (2002</ref> <ref>Andrea Benvenuti, "'Layin' Low and Sayin' Nuffin': Australia's Policy towards Britain's Second Bid to Join the European Economic Community (1966–67)" Australian Economic History Review 46#2 (2006): 155–175.</ref> <ref>, Bruce (1977). New Zealand in World Affairs: 1972–1990. Victoria UP. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-86473-372-6. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</ref> Sababbin 'yan cin gashin kai na kasashen Afirka da Asiya sun mayar da hankali ne kan ci gaban harkokinsu na cikin gida da na siyasa da tattalin arziki, wani lokacin kuma suna taka rawa a yakin cacar baka. Amurka, hukumomin kasa da kasa, da Tarayyar Soviet sun zama 'yan wasa masu mahimmanci, kuma rawar Birtaniyya ta ja da baya. Yayin da ake adawa da shigar Birtaniyya cikin EEC daga ƙasashe da yawa, irin su Ostiraliya, wasu sun fi son fa'idar tattalin arziƙin da Birtaniyya ta kawo zuwa Kasuwar gama gari.<ref> Pimlott (1998). The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II. Wiley. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-471-28330-0.</ref> Dangantaka mai cike da tarihi tsakanin kasashen da suka yi mulki da Burtaniya na cikin sauri. Tattalin Arzikin Kanada ya ƙara mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci da Amurka, ba kan kasuwanci da Burtaniya ko wasu ba." <ref>] AGregory A. Johnson, "The Last Gasp of Empire: The 1964 Flag Debate Revisited", in Phillip Buckner, ed., Canada and the End of Empire (University of British Columbia Press, 2005), p. 6.</ref> <ref>Russell Ward, A Nation for a Continent: the history of Australia, 1901–1975 (1977) p 343</ref> ==Ciniki== Ƙarin bayani: Kasuwancin kyauta na Commonwealth<ref>"Commonwealth Foundation – About Us". 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 5 January 2006.</ref> Duk da cewa Commonwealth ba ta da yarjejeniyar ciniki tsakanin bangarori daban-daban, binciken da kungiyar Royal Commonwealth Society ta gudanar ya nuna cewa ciniki da wani memba na Commonwealth ya kai kashi 50% fiye da wanda ba memba a matsakaici, tare da kananan kasashe masu arziki da masu karfin tattalin arziki da ke da karfin kasuwanci a cikin Commonwealth.<ref> "Trading Places: The "Commonwealth effect" revisited, p. 9"</ref> a taron koli na 2005 a Malta, shugabannin gwamnatocin sun amince da gudanar da kasuwanci cikin 'yanci a tsakanin mambobin Commonwealth bisa ga bangarorin biyu.<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat – Valletta Statement on Multilateral Trade". Thecommonwealth.org. 26 November 2005. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.</ref> ,<ref>Commonwealth Family". Commonwealth Sencretariat. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2007.</ref> Bayan kuri'ar da aka kada a watan Yuni 2016 don ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, <ref>The role and future of the Commonwealth" (PDF). British Parliament. 15 November 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2013.</ref> wasu a Burtaniya sun ba da shawarar Commonwealth a matsayin madadin zama memba a cikin EU;<ref> Milne, Ian (2011). Time to say no: alternatives to EU membership. London: Civitas. ISBN 978-1-906837-32-7. OCLC 760992166.</ref> duk da haka, ya kasance a bayyane cewa wannan zai ba da isasshen fa'idar tattalin arziki don maye gurbin tasirin ficewa daga EU ko kuma zama karbuwa ga sauran kasashe mambobi.<ref> To the Commonwealth, "Global Britain" sounds like nostalgia for something else". New Statesman 28th February 2017. 25 February 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</ref> A cikin 2021, bayan ficewar Burtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai, Ostiraliya da Burtaniya sun rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kyauta ta Ostiraliya-United Kingdom, wanda akan amincewa da kawar da jadawalin kuɗin fito da ƙarin damar motsi tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[<ref> "Australia signs UK free trade deal, scrapping import tariffs and opening British jobs market"</ref> <ref>"Australia signs UK free trade deal, scrapping import tariffs and opening British jobs market"</ref> Kanada ta keɓe mafi yawan kayayyaki daga ƙasashen Commonwealth Caribbean, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasashen Commonwealth da Birtaniyya na ketare a yankin, daga ayyukan shigo da kaya.<ref>"Canada's unilateral tariff preference programs for imports from developing countries"</ref> <ref>Directory of accredited organisations". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> <ref>Commonwealth Foundation – About Us". 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 5 January 2006.</ref> <ref>McKinnon, Don (February 2008). "A Commonwealth of Values: a Commonwealth of incomparable value". The Round Table. 97 (394): 19–28. doi:10.1080/00358530801890561. S2CID 153395786.</ref> ==Wasannin Commonwealth== Babban labarin: Wasannin Commonwealth Wasannin Commonwealth su ne na uku mafi girma na wasanni da yawa a duniya, wanda ya haɗu da shahararrun wasanni na duniya da kuma wasanni na musamman na "Commonwealth", irin su rugby bakwai, wanda aka nuna a nan a 2006 Games a Melbourne.<ref>, Annie (15 October 2000). "Ten Key Things About War Graves". The Observer. p. 29.</ref> Wasannin Commonwealth, taron wasanni da yawa, ana gudanar da shi ne duk bayan shekaru hudu; An gudanar da wasannin Commonwealth na 2018 a Gold Coast, Australia, 2022 Commonwealth Games a Birmingham da 2026 Commonwealth Games a Glasgow. Kazalika da wasannin motsa jiki da aka saba yi, kamar a wasannin Olympics na lokacin rani, wasannin sun hada da wasanni musamman shahararru a cikin kasashen Commonwealth, kamar kwano, kwallon raga, da rugby bakwai. An fara shi a cikin 1930 a matsayin Wasannin Daular, an kafa wasannin ne bisa tsarin wasannin motsa jiki na Olympics, amma da gangan aka tsara su don zama "Wasanni na Abokai", <ref> McKinnon, Don (February 2008). "A Commonwealth of Values: a Commonwealth of incomparable value". The Round Table. 97 (394): 19–28. doi:10.1080/00358530801890561. S2CID 153395786.</ref> da manufar haɓaka dangantaka tsakanin ƙasashen Commonwealth da kuma bikin al'adun wasanni da al'adu.<ref>Commonwealth Games and Art Festival". The Round Table. 91 (365): 293–296. July 2002. doi:10.1080/0035853022000010308. S2CID 219624041</ref> <ref>Binyon, Michael (22 January 1999). "Millions trace war dead on Internet". The Times. p. 3.</ref> <ref>Binyon, Michael (22 January 1999). "Millions trace war dead on Internet". The Times. p. 3.</ref> Wasan sune ayyukan da ake gani na Commonwealth,<ref> McKinnon, Don (February 2008). "A Commonwealth of Values: a Commonwealth of incomparable value". The Round Table. 97 (394): 19–28. doi:10.1080/00358530801890561. S2CID 153395786.</ref> kuma sha'awar gudanar da ayyukan Commonwealth na karuwa sosai idan ana gudanar da wasannin.<ref> McKinnon, Don (February 2008). "A Commonwealth of Values: a Commonwealth of incomparable value". The Round Table. 97 (394): 19–28. doi:10.1080/00358530801890561. S2CID 153395786.</ref> Akwai cece-kuce kan ko wasannin-da wasanni gabaɗaya—ya kamata su shiga cikin manyan matsalolin siyasa na Commonwealth.,<ref> The Round Table</ref> <ref>"The significance of the Commonwealth G ames in Malaysia's foreign policy"</ref> <ref>Binyon, Michael (22 January 1999). "Millions trace war dead on Internet". The Times. p</ref> ==Adabi== Duba kuma: Commonwealth English, Postcolonial Literature, Migrant Literature, da Journal of Commonwealth Literature Tarihin haɗin gwiwar kasancewar Birtaniyya ya samar da ɗimbin rubutun rubuce-rubuce a cikin yaruka da yawa, waɗanda aka sani da adabin Commonwealth.,<ref>Hill, Douglas (1 October 1988). "A report on stories from the outposts of Commonwealth literature". The Globe and Mail. p. 21.,</ref> ]<ref> McCrum, Robert (13 October 2003). "English Is a World Language – and That's to Be Prized". Los Angeles Times. p. B15.</ref> Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Adabi da Nazarin Harshe ta Commonwealth (ACLALS) tana da rassa 11 a dukan duniya kuma tana gudanar da taron kasa da kasa a kowace shekara uku.<ref>Tunca, Daria (27 September 2018). "ACLALS: Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies". ACLALS. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</ref> <ref>Dare, Annie (15 October 2000). "Ten Key Things About War Graves". The Observer. p</ref> Mawallafin marubuci 'yar Uganda-British Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi ta lashe kyautar Gajerun Labari na Commonwealth a cikin 2014. A cikin 1987, Gidauniyar Commonwealth ta kafa lambar yabo ta Marubuta ta Commonwealth na shekara-shekara "don ƙarfafawa da ba da lada ga haɓaka sabbin almara na Commonwealth da tabbatar da cewa ayyukan cancanta sun isa ga masu sauraro da yawa a wajen ƙasarsu ta asali". Ana ba da kyaututtuka don mafi kyawun littafi da mafi kyawun littafin farko a cikin Commonwealth; Hakanan akwai kyaututtukan yanki don mafi kyawun littafi da mafi kyawun littafin farko a kowane yanki huɗu. Kodayake ba shi da alaƙa a hukumance tare da Commonwealth, babbar lambar yabo ta Man Booker, ɗayan vmafi girman girmamawa a cikin adabi, <ref> Iyer, Pico (12 February 1993). "The Empire Writes Back". The Straits Times. p. 1.</ref> ana ba da ita kawai ga marubutan ƙasashen Commonwealth ko tsoffin membobin kamar Ireland da Zimbabwe. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, duk da haka, marubutan kowane ɗan ƙasa sun cancanci samun lambar yabo ta samar da cewa sun rubuta asali cikin Ingilishi kuma ƙwararrun mawallafa a Burtaniya ne suka buga littattafansu.<ref> ]"Meet the Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges". The Man Booker Prizes. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2017.[permanent dead link]</ref> A yau, Gidauniyar Commonwealth ta ba da lambar yabo ga Gajerun Labari na Commonwealth na shekara-shekara.<ref>Commonwealth Short Story Prize". Commonwealth Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024</ref> <ref>Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> <ref> Nobel Prize in Literature 2007". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2017.</ref> ==Commonwealth na ilimi== Babban labarin: Commonwealth of Learning Commonwealth of Learning (COL) ƙungiya ce ta tsakanin gwamnatoci da shugabannin gwamnatoci suka ƙirƙira don ƙarfafa haɓakawa da musayar ilimin ilmantarwa / nesa da ilimi, albarkatu da fasaha. COL yana taimaka wa kasashe masu tasowa su inganta samun ingantaccen ilimi da horo.<ref>About the Commonwealth of Learning". Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.</ref> ==Taron Karamar Hukumar Commonwealth== Babban labarin: Taron Kananan Hukumomin Commonwealth Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Hukumomin Commonwealth (CLGF) ƙungiyar ƙananan hukumomi ce ta duniya, tana haɗa ƙananan hukumomi, ƙungiyoyin su na ƙasa da ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ƙananan hukumomi a cikin ƙasashe mambobi na Commonwealth. CLGF tana aiki tare da gwamnatocin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi don tallafawa haɓaka dabi'un dimokuradiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci na gari kuma ƙungiya ce mai alaƙa da shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth suka amince da ita a matsayƙungiyar wakilai ta ƙananan hukumomi a cikinCommonwealth.<ref>"Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) | The Commonwealth". thecommonwealth.org. 31 July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</ref> <ref>UK Representation in the Commonwealth". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</ref> CLGF ya kebanta wajen hada sassan tsakiya, lardi da na kananan hukumomi masu hannu a manufofin kananan hukumomi da yanke shawara. Membobin CLGF sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi, daidaikun ƙananan hukumomi, ma'aikatun da ke da alaƙa da ƙananan hukumomi, da ƙungiyoyin bincike da kwararru waɗanda ke aiki da ƙananan hukumomi. Mai aiki zuwa tallafin mai aiki yana cikin ainihin <ref>Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments". globaltaskforce. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</ref> <ref>"The Commonwealth". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</ref> ==Siyasa da shari'a== House House, New Delhi, India. Yarjejeniya ta Commonwealth ta bayyana sadaukarwar Commonwealth ga dimokuradiyya, kuma yawancin ƙasashen Commonwealth suna amfani da tsarin Westminster. <ref>"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001". Literature. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2016</ref> Haskaka fitilar jubili ga Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta Platinum Jubilee a cikin 2022 a Wellington, New Zealand<ref>Wayback Machine</ref> Ƙasashen Commonwealth suna da tsarin shari'a iri ɗaya da na gwamnati, yayin da Yarjejeniya ta Commonwealth ta ƙunshi alkawurra ga dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam da bin doka. Yawancin ƙasashe na Commonwealth suna da tsarin Westminster na dimokuradiyya na majalisa, tare da zaɓaɓɓun majalisu, zaɓen jam'iyyu da yawa, gwamnati mai alhakin da sau da yawa ɗakuna biyu<ref> Commonwealth of Nations". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</ref> kungiyar majalissar dokokin Commonwealth tana sauƙaƙe haɗin kai tsakanin majalisu a fadin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ƘwararrunƘwararrun Ƙwararru kuma na inganta kyakkyawan shugabanci a tsakanin jami'an kananan hukumomi.<ref>The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2017. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-349-68398-7. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2018.</ref> Duk da haka, an soki jagorancin Commonwealth da amincewa da Gabon a matsayin mamba a taron Commonwealth na 2022 a Kigali, Rwanda - kasar da ba ta da hakkin dan adam - duk da cewa Gabon ta shafe shekaru 56 a karkashin jagorancin dangin Bongo na kleptocratic, har sai da aka hambarar da su a juyin mulki a 2023.<ref>.Gruenbaum, Oren (8 September 2023). "Why was a country as corrupt as Ali Bongo's Gabon ever admitted to the Commonwealth?". The Round Table. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</ref> Yawancin ƙasashen Commonwealth suna amfani da doka ta gama gari, wanda aka ƙirƙira akan dokar Ingilishi.<ref> "Legal". Commonwealth of Nations. Retrieved 3 March 2025.</ref> Ka'idodin Gidan Latimer da aka karɓa a cikin 2003 suna nuna rabuwar iko.<ref> Commonwealth Latimer House Principles on the Three Branches of Government" (PDF). Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. September 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2025.</ref> ana nada alkalai ta kwamitoci masu zaman kansu a yawancin ƙasashen Commonwealth, canjin da ya faru a cikin Commonwealth a ƙarshen 20th da farkon ƙarni na 21st kuma yana nunawa a cikin ƙa'idodin Cape Town.<ref>Corder, Hugh (11 March 2016). "How Commonwealth countries have forged a new way to appoint judges". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</ref > ==Alamomi== Commonwealth ta karɓi alamomi da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyar membobinta. An gane harshen Ingilishi a matsayin alamar gadon membobin; kamar yadda kuma ana ɗaukarta alama ce ta Commonwealth, amincewa da ita a matsayin "hanyar sadarwar Commonwealth" wani abu ne da ake buƙata don zama membobin Commonwealth. Tutar Commonwealth ta ƙunshi alamar sakatariyar Commonwealth, duniyar zinare kewaye da haskoki masu fitowa, akan filin shuɗi mai duhu; An tsara shi don CHOGM na biyu a cikin 1973, kuma an karbe shi a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Maris 1976. 1976 kuma ta ga ƙungiyar ta amince da ranar gama gari wacce za ta yi bikin ranar Commonwealth, Litinin ta biyu a cikin Maris, ta ci gaba daban a ranaku daban-daban daga bukukuwan ranar Empire.[225] Hakanan don bikin cika shekaru 60 (Diamond Jubilee) na Commonwealth a 2009, Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta umurci Paul Carroll ya shirya "The Commonwealth Anthem". An ɗauko waƙoƙin waƙar daga cikin shelar yancin ɗan adam ta duniya ta 1948.[226] Kungiyar Orchestra ta Matasa ta Commonwealth ta buga fassarar waƙar tare da kuma ba tare da labarin gabatarwa ba.[227][228 ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} aukmdmoaim3qqhdnna6x8fhkg0to34m Cin nasarar Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan (1820-1824) 0 103785 966403 651334 2026-10-11T16:38:02Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373139446|Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)]]" 966403 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Cin nasarar Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan''' babbar nasara ce ta soja da fasaha. Kasa da mutane 10,000 ne suka tashi daga [[Misra|Misira]], amma, tare da wasu taimakon gida, sun sami damar shiga kilomita 1,500 zuwa [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] zuwa kan iyakar [[Itofiya|Habasha]], suna ba Masar daular da ta fi girma kamar Yammacin Turai. {{Sfn|Collins|2008}}{{Sfn|Holt|Daly|2011}}{{Sfn|Powell|2003}}&nbsp; Cin nasarar ta kasance karo na farko da mamayewa daga arewa ya shiga cikin Sudan sosai. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya buƙaci ƙetare hamada guda biyu masu wahala da ba a taɓa gani ba da kuma amfani da fashewa don share hanyar da ke gefen Kogin Nilu. Sojojin da suka mamaye, wadanda Muhammad Ali Pasha ya aiko, sun kunshi kimanin sojoji 4,000 a cikin 1820, da yawa daga cikinsu sojojin Albania ne wadanda suka zama ainihin sojojinsa na farko da jami'an Ottoman, bindigogi, da mataimakan Bedouin suka goyi bayan. Duk da karamin girmansa, rundunar ta mallaki horo na zamani, bindigogi, da bindigogi، wanda ya ba ta damar kayar da manyan sojojin gida.{{Sfn|Holt|Daly|2011}}Tare da kamfen da tafiye-tafiye da suka biyo baya, nasarar ta kafa iyakokin Sudan bayan samun 'yancin kai.{{Sfn|Khalid|2002}}Sojojin da suka mamaye sun kuma kafa hedkwatar su a [[Khartoum]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1821, daga wannan lokacin ne nan da nan ya zama babban birnin Sudan.{{Sfn|Stapleton|2013}} == Tarihi == [[File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg|thumb|Hoton 1841 na Muhammad Ali na Auguste Couder]] [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali]], Khedive na Masar, yana son wadataccen wadataccen bayi don horar da su cikin rundunar soja ta zamani don turawa a wasu sassan daularsa don ci gaba da babban burinsa na yankin. Sojojin bayi na Sudan za su ba shi damar raba sojojin Albanian da Turkiyya masu tayar da kayar baya waɗanda aka tilasta masa dogaro da su har zuwa lokacin.{{Sfn|Collins|2008}}{{Sfn|Holt|Daly|2011}}Bayan nasarar, Muhammad Ali ya ci gaba da roƙon kwamandojinsa a Sudan da su tattara da aika da bayi da yawa kamar yadda za su iya zuwa sansanonin horo a [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]]. Wadanda suka tabbatar da rashin cancanta ga aikin soja za a sanya su aiki a cikin ayyukan noma da masana'antu da yawa.{{Sfn|Mowafi|1985}} Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da Muhammad Ali ya hallaka Mamluk a Misira a 1811, ragowarsu sun gudu zuwa kudu zuwa Sudan kuma sun kafa kansu a [[Dongola]].{{Sfn|Moore-Harell|2001}}Kodayake ba su haifar da barazana ba, ba sabon abu ba ne ga ƙungiyar da aka ci nasara a cikin gwagwarmayar ikon Masar don tserewa, suna jiran damar sake sauka a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] lokacin da yanayi ya canza a cikin ni'imarsu. A cikin 1812 Muhammad Ali ya aika da ofishin jakadanci zuwa [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj]] [[Masarautar Sennar|Sultanate na Sennar]] yana neman su share Mamluks daga Dongola, amma babu sarakunan Funj ko Hamaj Regency da ke da albarkatun soja don yin hakan.{{Sfn|Holt|Daly|2011}} Muhammad Ali ya kuma yi imanin cewa Sudan tana dauke da wadataccen zinariya, kodayake bai taba samun wani abu da zai iya kasuwanci ba.{{Sfn|Shillington|2004}} == mamayewar Nubia == [[File:The_earth_and_its_inhabitants_(1886)_(20503583744).jpg|thumb|Ruwan ruwa na biyu na Kogin Nilu, wanda aka kwatanta a 1886, bayan sojojin Ismail sun sanya shi mai tafiya]] Sojojin mamayewa kusan 4,000 sun bar Alkahira a watan Yulin 1820.{{Sfn|Beška|2019}}Ya ƙunshi Turks, Albanians da sauran sojojin da ke magana da harshen Turkiyya, da kuma yawancin sojojin kabilun Bedouin waɗanda daga baya suka zauna Sudan.{{Sfn|Collins|2008}}{{Sfn|Stapleton|2013}}Har yanzu ba a fara aikin soja na manoma na Masar ba, don haka sojojin Masar na yau da kullun ba su taka rawar gani ba. Kwamandan sojojin shine ɗan Muhammad Ali na uku, mai shekaru 25 Ismail Kamil Pasha, wanda ya shiga rundunarsa a [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]] a ranar 20 ga Yuli.{{Sfn|Holt|Daly|2011}}Na biyu a cikin umurni shi ne amintaccen jami'in Albania, Abidin Bey.{{Sfn|McGregor|2006}} 84i5vhtklzpxyhddsiqdwubyqbsrej5 Jerin gwamnonin Sudan kafin samun 'yancin kai 0 106392 966183 664801 2026-10-11T15:55:22Z Faisaldabai 49842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319631482|List of governors of pre-independence Sudan]]" 966183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Anglo-Masar Sudan (''orange'') a cikin 1912.]] '''gwamnonin [[Sudan]] kafin samun yancin kai''' sune masu mulkin mallaka da ke da alhakin yankin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar da Sudan na Anglo, yankin da ya yi daidai da Sudan ta zamani da [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. == Jeri == (Ranar da ke cikin italics suna nuna ci gaba da aiki) {| class="wikitable" |- align="left" !Matsayi ! width="60px" |Hoton !Mai mulki !Bayani |- valign="top" | colspan="4" |'''Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar''' |- valign="top" |Nuwamba 1820 zuwa 1821 | |'''Isma'il Kamil Pasha''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Afrilu 1821 zuwa Satumba 1824 | |'''Muhammad Bey Defterdar''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Satumba 1824 zuwa Mayu 1825 | |'''[[Osman Bey Jarkas]]''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Mayu 1825 zuwa Maris 1826 | |'''Mahu Bey Urfali''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Maris 1826 zuwa ''1835'' | rowspan="2" | |'''[[Ali Khurshid Agha]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |''1835'' zuwa Yuni 1838 |'''[[Ali Khurshid Pasha]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Yuni 1838 zuwa 6 Oktoba 1843 | |'''[[Ahmad Pasha abu Widan]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1843 zuwa 1845 | |'''[[Ahmad Pasha Manikli]]''' (Manliki), Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1845 zuwa 1850 | |'''[[Khalid Khusraw Pasha]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1850 zuwa Janairu 1851 | |'''<nowiki/>'Abd al-Latif Pasha''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Janairu 1851 zuwa Mayu 1852 | |'''[[Rustum Pasha Jarkas]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Mayu 1852 zuwa 1853 | |'''[[Isma'il Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1853 zuwa 1854 | |'''[[Salim Pasha Sa'ib al-Jaza'irli]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Yuli 1854 zuwa Nuwamba 1854 | |'''[[Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arna'ut]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1854 zuwa 1855 | |'''[[Ali Pasha Jarkas]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1856 zuwa 1858 | |'''[[Arakil Bey al-Armani]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1859 zuwa 1861 | |'''[[Hasan Bey Salama Jarkas]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1861 zuwa 1862 | |'''[[Muhammad Rasikh Bey]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1862 zuwa 1865 | |'''Mūsā Pasha Ḥamdī''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1865 zuwa Nuwamba 1865 | |'''[['Umar Bey Fakhri]]''', mai suna Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Nuwamba 1865 zuwa 1866 | |'''[[Ja'afar Pasha Sadiq]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1866 zuwa 5 Fabrairu 1871 | |'''[[Ja'afar Pasha Mazhar]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |5 Fabrairu 1871 zuwa Oktoba 1872 | |'''[[Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Oktoba 1872 zuwa 1872 | |Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi, mai suna Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1873 zuwa 1876 |[[File:Ismail_Eyub_Pasha.png|65x65px]] |'''Isma'il Ayyub Pasha''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Mayu 1877 zuwa Disamba 1879 |[[File:Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg|82x82px]] |'''Charles George Gordon''' ("Gordon Pasha"), Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna-Janar, karo na farko |- valign="top" |Disamba 1879 zuwa Fabrairu 1882 |[[File:MuhammedRaufPashaPotrait.jpg|96x96px]] |'''Muhammad Rauf Pasha''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |4 Maris 1882 zuwa 11 Mayu 1882 |[[File:CarlChristianGiegler.jpg|86x86px]] |'''Carl Christian Giegler''' ("Giegler Pasha"), yana aiki da Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Mayu 1882 zuwa Maris 1883 | |'''[['Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hilmi]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Maris 1883 zuwa 5 Nuwamba 1883 | |'''[['Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Fabrairu 1884 zuwa 18 Fabrairu 1864 | |'''[[Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon|Henry Watts Russell na Coetlogon]]''', wanda ke aiki da Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |18 Fabrairu 1884 zuwa 26 Janairu 1885 |[[File:Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg|82x82px]] |'''Charles George Gordon''' ("Gordon Pasha"), Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna-Janar, karo na biyu; An kashe shi a ƙarshen [[Siege of khartum|Siege na Khartoum]] |- valign="top" |26 Janairu 1885 zuwa 2 Oktoba 1898 | colspan="3" |''Yankin Sudan na Turkiyya a ƙarƙashin cikakken iko na '''Mahdiyah''' (Jihar Mahdist) '' |- valign="top" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" | colspan="4" |'''Jihar Mahdist''' |- valign="top" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" |29 Yuni 1881 zuwa 22 Yuni 1885 |[[File:Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg|77x77px]] |'''[[Muhammad Ahmad]]''', Mahdi<br /> |[[Mahdi]]_claimants" id="mwAVw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of Mahdi claimants">Ya bayyana kansa Mahdi, [[Messiah|Almasihu na Musulunci]] |- valign="top" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" |22 Yuni 1885 zuwa 2 Satumba 1898 |[[File:Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad,_1846-1899.jpg|75x75px]] |'''Abdallahi ibn Muhammad''', Khalifa<br /> |Da kansa K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]], magajin Muhammad Ahmad; An ci shi a Yaƙin Omdurman, kuma daga baya aka kashe shi a [[Yaƙin Umm Diwaykarat]] |- valign="top" | colspan="4" |'''Gudanar da Sojojin Burtaniya''' |- valign="top" |2 Satumba 1898 zuwa ''19 Janairu 1899'' |[[File:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_(cropped).jpg|79x79px]] |'''Baron Kitchener na farko na Khartoum''', Gwamnan Soja<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar . An san shi da Sir Herbert Kitchener har zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1898 |- valign="top" | colspan="4" |Anglo-Masar Sudan '' (condominium) '' |- valign="top" |''19 Janairu 1899'' zuwa 22 Disamba 1899 |[[File:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_(cropped).jpg|79x79px]] |'''Baron Kitchener na farko na Khartoum''', Gwamna-Janar<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar . Daga baya aka kirkiro Earl Kitchener na farko, a watan Yulin shekara ta 1914 |- valign="top" |22 Disamba 1899 zuwa 31 Disamba 1916 |[[File:ReginaldWingate.jpg|78x78px]] |'''Sir Reginald Wingate''', Gwamna Janar<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar |- valign="top" |1 ga Janairu 1917 zuwa 20 ga Nuwamba 1924 |[[File:Major_General_Sir_Lee_Stack_1924.jpg|84x84px]] |'''Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack''', Gwamna Janar<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar; An kashe shi a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2014 |title=The Assassination of Sir Lee Stack |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/61163024 |access-date=10 October 2020 |publisher=The Townsville Daily Bulletin}}</ref> |- valign="top" |21 Nuwamba 1924 zuwa 5 Janairu 1925 | |'''Wasey Sterry''', mukaddashin Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |5 Janairu 1925 zuwa 6 Yuli 1926 |[[File:Sir_Geoffrey_Archer_LCCN2014709676.jpg|84x84px]] |'''Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer''', Gwamna Janar<br /> |Gwamna Janar na Farar hula na farko |- valign="top" |31 ga Oktoba 1926 zuwa 10 ga Janairu 1934 |[[File:John_Loader_Maffey,_1st_Baron_Rugby_by_Philip_Alexius_de_László.jpg|88x88px]] |'''Sir John Loader Maffey''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |10 Janairu 1934 zuwa 19 Oktoba 1940 |[[File:Sir_George_Stewart_Symes.png|77x77px]] |'''Sir George Stewart Symes''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |19 ga Oktoba 1940 zuwa 8 ga Afrilu 1947 | |'''Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |8 ga Afrilu 1947 zuwa 29 ga Maris 1954 |[[File:Robert_George_Howe_in_1947.jpg|79x79px]] |'''Sir Robert George Howe''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |29 Maris 1954 zuwa 12 Disamba 1955 |[[File:Knox_Helm.jpg|69x69px]] |'''Sir Alexander Knox Helm''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |12 Disamba 1955 zuwa 1 Janairu 1956 |[[File:Tayeb_Salih_and_Muhammad_Ahmad_Abu_Rannat_(cropped).jpg|60x60px]] |'''Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat''', mukaddashin Gwamna Janar<br /> |Babban Alkalin Sudan |- valign="top" |1 ga Janairu 1956 | colspan="3" |''<nowiki/>'Yancin kai a matsayin '''Jamhuriyar Sudan''''' |} == Manazarta == o96m05qjdiehyqerpu7qzd60y2s5jm0 966186 966183 2026-10-11T15:56:41Z Faisaldabai 49842 966186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Anglo-Masar Sudan (''orange'') a cikin 1912.]] '''gwamnonin [[Sudan]] kafin samun yancin kai''' sune masu mulkin mallaka da ke da alhakin yankin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar da Sudan na Anglo, yankin da ya yi daidai da Sudan ta zamani da [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. == Jeri == (Ranar da ke cikin italics suna nuna ci gaba da aiki) {| class="wikitable" |- align="left" !Matsayi ! width="60px" |Hoton !Mai mulki !Bayani |- valign="top" | colspan="4" |'''Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar''' |- valign="top" |Nuwamba 1820 zuwa 1821 | |'''Isma'il Kamil Pasha''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Afrilu 1821 zuwa Satumba 1824 | |'''Muhammad Bey Defterdar''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Satumba 1824 zuwa Mayu 1825 | |'''[[Osman Bey Jarkas]]''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Mayu 1825 zuwa Maris 1826 | |'''Mahu Bey Urfali''', Kwamandan<br /> | |- valign="top" |Maris 1826 zuwa ''1835'' | rowspan="2" | |'''[[Ali Khurshid Agha]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |''1835'' zuwa Yuni 1838 |'''[[Ali Khurshid Pasha]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Yuni 1838 zuwa 6 Oktoba 1843 | |'''[[Ahmad Pasha abu Widan]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1843 zuwa 1845 | |'''[[Ahmad Pasha Manikli]]''' (Manliki), Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1845 zuwa 1850 | |'''[[Khalid Khusraw Pasha]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1850 zuwa Janairu 1851 | |'''<nowiki/>'Abd al-Latif Pasha''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Janairu 1851 zuwa Mayu 1852 | |'''[[Rustum Pasha Jarkas]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Mayu 1852 zuwa 1853 | |'''[[Isma'il Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1853 zuwa 1854 | |'''[[Salim Pasha Sa'ib al-Jaza'irli]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Yuli 1854 zuwa Nuwamba 1854 | |'''[[Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arna'ut]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1854 zuwa 1855 | |'''[[Ali Pasha Jarkas]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1856 zuwa 1858 | |'''[[Arakil Bey al-Armani]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1859 zuwa 1861 | |'''[[Hasan Bey Salama Jarkas]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1861 zuwa 1862 | |'''[[Muhammad Rasikh Bey]]''', Gwamna<br /> | |- valign="top" |1862 zuwa 1865 | |'''Mūsā Pasha Ḥamdī''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1865 zuwa Nuwamba 1865 | |'''[['Umar Bey Fakhri]]''', mai suna Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Nuwamba 1865 zuwa 1866 | |'''[[Ja'afar Pasha Sadiq]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1866 zuwa 5 Fabrairu 1871 | |'''[[Ja'afar Pasha Mazhar]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |5 Fabrairu 1871 zuwa Oktoba 1872 | |'''[[Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Oktoba 1872 zuwa 1872 | |Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi, mai suna Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |1873 zuwa 1876 |[[File:Ismail_Eyub_Pasha.png|65x65px]] |'''Isma'il Ayyub Pasha''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Mayu 1877 zuwa Disamba 1879 |[[File:Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg|82x82px]] |'''Charles George Gordon''' ("Gordon Pasha"), Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna-Janar, karo na farko |- valign="top" |Disamba 1879 zuwa Fabrairu 1882 |[[File:MuhammedRaufPashaPotrait.jpg|96x96px]] |'''Muhammad Rauf Pasha''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |4 Maris 1882 zuwa 11 Mayu 1882 |[[File:CarlChristianGiegler.jpg|86x86px]] |'''Carl Christian Giegler''' ("Giegler Pasha"), yana aiki da Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Mayu 1882 zuwa Maris 1883 | |'''[['Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hilmi]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Maris 1883 zuwa 5 Nuwamba 1883 | |'''[['Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq]]''', Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |Fabrairu 1884 zuwa 18 Fabrairu 1864 | |'''[[Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon|Henry Watts Russell na Coetlogon]]''', wanda ke aiki da Hakimdar<br /> |mukaddashin Gwamna Janar |- valign="top" |18 Fabrairu 1884 zuwa 26 Janairu 1885 |[[File:Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg|82x82px]] |'''Charles George Gordon''' ("Gordon Pasha"), Hakimdar<br /> |Gwamna-Janar, karo na biyu; An kashe shi a ƙarshen [[Siege of khartum|Siege na Khartoum]] |- valign="top" |26 Janairu 1885 zuwa 2 Oktoba 1898 | colspan="3" |''Yankin Sudan na Turkiyya a ƙarƙashin cikakken iko na '''Mahdiyah''' (Jihar Mahdist) '' |- valign="top" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" | colspan="4" |'''Jihar Mahdist''' |- valign="top" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" |29 Yuni 1881 zuwa 22 Yuni 1885 |[[File:Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg|77x77px]] |'''[[Muhammad Ahmad]]''', Mahdi<br /> |[[Mahdi]]_claimants" id="mwAVw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of Mahdi claimants">Ya bayyana kansa Mahdi, [[Messiah|Almasihu na Musulunci]] |- valign="top" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" |22 Yuni 1885 zuwa 2 Satumba 1898 |[[File:Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad,_1846-1899.jpg|75x75px]] |'''Abdallahi ibn Muhammad''', Khalifa<br /> |Da kansa K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]], magajin Muhammad Ahmad; An ci shi a Yaƙin Omdurman, kuma daga baya aka kashe shi a [[Yaƙin Umm Diwaykarat]] |- valign="top" | colspan="4" |'''Gudanar da Sojojin Burtaniya''' |- valign="top" |2 Satumba 1898 zuwa ''19 Janairu 1899'' |[[File:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_(cropped).jpg|79x79px]] |'''Baron Kitchener na farko na Khartoum''', Gwamnan Soja<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar . An san shi da Sir Herbert Kitchener har zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1898 |- valign="top" | colspan="4" |Anglo-Masar Sudan '' (condominium) '' |- valign="top" |''19 Janairu 1899'' zuwa 22 Disamba 1899 |[[File:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_(cropped).jpg|79x79px]] |'''Baron Kitchener na farko na Khartoum''', Gwamna-Janar<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar . Daga baya aka kirkiro Earl Kitchener na farko, a watan Yulin shekara ta 1914 |- valign="top" |22 Disamba 1899 zuwa 31 Disamba 1916 |[[File:ReginaldWingate.jpg|78x78px]] |'''Sir Reginald Wingate''', Gwamna Janar<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar |- valign="top" |1 ga Janairu 1917 zuwa 20 ga Nuwamba 1924 |[[File:Major_General_Sir_Lee_Stack_1924.jpg|84x84px]] |'''Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack''', Gwamna Janar<br /> |A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sirdar; An kashe shi a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2014 |title=The Assassination of Sir Lee Stack |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/61163024 |access-date=10 October 2020 |publisher=The Townsville Daily Bulletin}}</ref> |- valign="top" |21 Nuwamba 1924 zuwa 5 Janairu 1925 | |'''Wasey Sterry''', mukaddashin Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |5 Janairu 1925 zuwa 6 Yuli 1926 |[[File:Sir_Geoffrey_Archer_LCCN2014709676.jpg|84x84px]] |'''Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer''', Gwamna Janar<br /> |Gwamna Janar na Farar hula na farko |- valign="top" |31 ga Oktoba 1926 zuwa 10 ga Janairu 1934 |[[File:John_Loader_Maffey,_1st_Baron_Rugby_by_Philip_Alexius_de_László.jpg|88x88px]] |'''Sir John Loader Maffey''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |10 Janairu 1934 zuwa 19 Oktoba 1940 |[[File:Sir_George_Stewart_Symes.png|77x77px]] |'''Sir George Stewart Symes''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |19 ga Oktoba 1940 zuwa 8 ga Afrilu 1947 | |'''Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |8 ga Afrilu 1947 zuwa 29 ga Maris 1954 |[[File:Robert_George_Howe_in_1947.jpg|79x79px]] |'''Sir Robert George Howe''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |29 Maris 1954 zuwa 12 Disamba 1955 |[[File:Knox_Helm.jpg|69x69px]] |'''Sir Alexander Knox Helm''', Gwamna Janar<br /> | |- valign="top" |12 Disamba 1955 zuwa 1 Janairu 1956 |[[File:Tayeb_Salih_and_Muhammad_Ahmad_Abu_Rannat_(cropped).jpg|60x60px]] |'''Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat''', mukaddashin Gwamna Janar<br /> |Babban Alkalin Sudan |- valign="top" |1 ga Janairu 1956 | colspan="3" |''<nowiki/>'Yancin kai a matsayin '''Jamhuriyar Sudan''''' |} == Manazarta == 59k7khfohexz6icsi89o08w87qp61gk Hossein Sadri 0 107557 966600 876714 2026-10-11T20:00:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966600 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Hossein Sadri''' masanin asalin Azerbaijan ne kuma mai fafutuka. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin darektan MArch a Jami'ar Coventry . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hossein Sadri |url=https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hossein-sadri |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=Coventry University |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206074629/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hossein-sadri |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tsakanin 2010 da 2021, Sadri ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin gine-gine da ƙirar birane a Jami'ar Girne ta Amurka inda ya rike mukamin dean na fannin gine'gine, zane & zane-zane tsakanin 2012-2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Message of the Dean |url=http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/en/985/about-the-faculty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064620/http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/en/985/about-the-faculty |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |website=Faculty of Architecture, Design & Fine Arts |publisher=[[Girne American University]]}}</ref> Ya kuma rike mukaman koyarwa da bincike a Jami'ar Azad ta Musulunci ta Tabriz a IRAN (2003-2005), Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Azerbaijan (2006), Jami'ar Amurka a Canterbury - Burtaniya (2011), da Jami'ar Birnin New York a Amurka (2018). Ya yi karatun digiri na farko da digiri a cikin sassan Gine-gine, Falsafa, da Kimiyya da Manufofin Muhalli a Jami'ar Azad ta Musulunci a IRAN (1997-2005), Jami'ar Gazi (2006-2010), Jami'ar Hacettepe (2007), da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Yildiz (2007) a TURKEY, da Jami'an Turai ta Tsakiya a HUNGARY (2007 & 2008). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team |url=http://www.formacivitatis.com/index.php/journal/about/editorialTeamBio/62 |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.formacivitatis.com}}</ref> Rubutun Ph.D. nasa mai taken Architecture and Human Rights wani bincike ne na fannoni daban-daban kan ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkish News - Latest News from Turkey |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa [[AUMME]] (Architecture and Urbanism in the Mediterranean and the Middle East), cibiyar sadarwar ilimi da ƙwararru ta yanki a fagen gine-gine da kuma shugaban taron ta na 2 a cikin 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.aumme.org/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031020656/http://www.aumme.org/about-us.html |archive-date=2015-10-31 |access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Caumme Ii |url=http://www.aumme.org/caumme---.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180148/http://www.aumme.org/caumme---.html |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref> A matsayinsa na shugaban karo na biyu na CAUMME-Contemporary Architecture and Urbanism a cikin Bahar Rum da Taron Kasa da Kasa na Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya buɗe tattaunawa game da ƙarshen zamanin ƙwarewa a cikin gine-gine ta hanyar gabatar da kalmar "Post-Professionalism".<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAUMME II Scope |url=http://caumme.gau.edu.tr/en/2192/caumme-ii-scope |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109043439/http://caumme.gau.edu.tr/en/2192/caumme-ii-scope |archive-date=2014-01-09 |access-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> Ya hada da Cities without Capitalism, prefoord by Peter Marcuse kuma Routledge ya buga shi a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities Without Capitalism |url=https://www.routledge.com/Cities-Without-Capitalism/Sadri-Zeybekoglu/p/book/9780367370602}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, memba ne na [[Amnesty International]] kuma tun daga shekara ta 2006 ya yi aiki bi da bi a matsayin mai kula da Ankara, mai kula da aikin gaggawa na kasa a Turkiyya, mai kulawar yaki da ta'addanci tare da kamfen na adalci, mai kulawa na Istanbul, mai kula wa Tarayyar Turai na Amnesty International Turkey, memba na Ƙungiyar Hulɗa ta Duniya da kuma mai kula da Ilimi na 'Yancin Dan Adam a Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hossein Sadri {{!}} The City College of New York - Academia.edu |url=https://ccny1-cuny.academia.edu/HosseinSadri/CurriculumVitae |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219195805/http://ccny1-cuny.academia.edu/HosseinSadri/CurriculumVitae |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=ccny1-cuny.academia.edu}}</ref> Shi mai tsere ne na jimiri kuma yana gudanar da marathons don tara kudade don dalilai na haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hossein Sadri &#124; runbritain rankings |url=https://www.runbritainrankings.com/runners/profile.aspx?athleteid=1227049 |access-date=2025-07-25 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123211711/https://www.runbritainrankings.com/runners/profile.aspx?athleteid=1227049 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Littattafai == * [https://www.routledge.com/Cities-Without-Capitalism/Sadri-Zeybekoglu/p/book/9780367370602 Birane ba tare da jari-hujja ba], tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Senem Zeybekoğlu]], Routledge, 2021 * [https://books.google.com/books?id=Td9YDwAAQBAJ&q=hossein+sadri Neo-Liberalism da Gine-gine na Post Professional Era], Springer, 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-319-76266-1}} == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * Birni a matsayin Taxidermy: 'Man'hattanization na Mannahatta <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadri |first=Hossein |year=2021 |title=Urbanization as taxidermy: "Man"hattanization of Mannahatta |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ARCH-01-2020-0006/full/html?skipTracking=true |journal=Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=434–446 |doi=10.1108/ARCH-01-2020-0006 |s2cid=226336563}}</ref> * Ƙananan a matsayin hanyar wakilci a cikin ɗakin zane: nazarin shari'a, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeybekoglu |first=Senem |last2=Sadri |first2=Hossein |year=2019 |title=Miniature as a way of representation in design studio: A case study |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ARCH-02-2019-0037/full/html |journal=Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=408–424 |doi=10.1108/ARCH-02-2019-0037 |s2cid=197455594 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Rashin birni da haƙƙin birni, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadri |first=Hossein |last2=Zeybekoglu |first2=Senem |year=2018 |title=Deurbanization and the right to the deurbanizaed city |url=https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/anduli/article/view/7258 |journal=Anduli |issue=17 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.12795/anduli.2018.i17.10 |doi-access=free}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Birane: Shuka dazuzzuka a cikin Pots <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urbanization: Planting Forests in Pots &#124; Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs |url=http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/64 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143106/http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/64 |archive-date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2018-03-22}}</ref> * Cages na birane da mutane na gida <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hariry |first=Zhino |date=2017-01-01 |title=The Influence of Globalization on Distracting Traditional Aesthetic Values in Old Town of Erbil |url=http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/8 |journal=International Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=56–66 |doi=10.25034/1761.1(1)56-66 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2475-6156 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kwarewa da Da'a <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Donia |date=2017-07-01 |title=Courtyard Housing in China: Chinese Quest for Harmony |url=http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/15 |journal=International Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=38–56 |doi=10.25034/ijcua.2017.3647 |issn=2475-6156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * "Özgürle fixeci Mimarlık Eğitimi" (Yantar da Ilimi na Gine-gine), Jaridar Kwarewar Kwarewa, 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eleştirel Pedagoji |url=http://elestirelpedagoji.com/?pnum=45&pt=28.%20say%C4%B1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811153529/http://elestirelpedagoji.com/?pnum=45&pt=28.%20say%C4%B1 |archive-date=2014-08-11 |access-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> * "Etik Bir Sorun Olarak Mimarlar İş-Galindeki Mimarlik" (Architecture Under the Occupation of Architects as a Ethical Problem), Serbest Mimar Journal, 2013[8] * "Kwarewar Kwarewa a cikin Gine-gine da Hakki na Gine-gine ga Dan Adam", Jaridar Kasuwancin Turkiyya, 2012 * "Mimarlık ve İnsan Hakları" (Architecture and Human Rights), Mimarlik Journal of Architecture, 2012[10] * "Şark Şehrinin Uyanışı: Nakş-I Cihan Meydanının İnşası ve Şehircilikte İfahan Okulu" (Fitar da Birnin Gabas: Gina Naqsh-e Jahan Square da Makarantar Urbanism ta Isfahan), Mimarlik Journal of Architecture, 2011[11] * "Mekan ve İnsan Hakları" (Space da Human Rights) 2011 [12]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossein Sadri |date=June 2011 |title=Mekan ve insan hakları |url=http://www.mimarlarodasiankara.org/dosya/dosya25.pdf |journal=Dosya 25 |language=tr}}</ref> * "Kadınların Kent Hakkı" (Hakkin Mata zuwa Birnin), 2011 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossein Sadri |date=March 2011 |title=Kadınların Kent Hakkı |url=http://www.mimarlarodasiankara.org/dosya/bulten-87.pdf |journal=Bülten 87}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] kk65ptttzgnmzro4owlej3yprvkbrrl Jerome Foster na II 0 107704 966796 886854 2026-10-12T11:48:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966796 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Jerome Foster II (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2002) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare muhalli ne na Amurka. Shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta mai ba da shawara a Fadar White House a tarihin Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-13 |title='I'm hopeful': Jerome Foster, the 18-year-old helping to craft US climate policy |url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/apr/13/jerome-foster-us-biden-climate-crisis |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="spyscape.com">{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster II: The Teen White House Advisor Who Speaks Truth to Power |url=https://spyscape.com/article/jerome-foster-ii-the-19-year-old-white-house-advisor-with-big-plans-to-save-the-earth |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=spyscape.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073214/https://spyscape.com/article/jerome-foster-ii-the-19-year-old-white-house-advisor-with-big-plans-to-save-the-earth |archive-date=2024-09-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a ta Muhalli a cikin Gwamnatin Biden.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Jerome Foster II: Climate activists you should know |url=https://www.mic.com/impact/who-is-jerome-foster-climate-activist |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Foster babbar murya ce ga al'ummomin da aka ware da masu aiki a wurare da ke turawa ga adalci na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsela {{!}} Climate and social activist: An interview with Jerome Foster II |url=https://newsela.com/read/interview-youth-activist-jerome-foster |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=newsela.com |language=en}}</ref> Foster na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya Jumma'a don Makomar; gudanar da yajin aikin yanayi na mako-mako a ƙofofin gaba na Fadar White House sama da makonni 57.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaney |first=Kathy |date=2022-01-24 |title=Meet Teen Climate Hero: Jerome Foster II |url=https://yr.media/news/teen-climate-hero-jerome-foster-ii-jeremiah-griffith-true-star/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=YR Media |language=en}}</ref> Ya taba aiki a matsayin mai horar da majalisa ga wakilin Amurka John Lewis yana da shekaru 16 kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Washington DC yana da shekaru 14. Foster ya taimaka wajen shirya wasu manyan tafiye-tafiye na yanayi a Washington, DC, kuma ya yi magana a Babban Kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Afrilun 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster II |url=https://www.globalcitizenyear.org/speaker/jerome-foster-ii/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Global Citizen Year |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424004411/https://www.globalcitizenyear.org/speaker/jerome-foster-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma Taron Matasan Majalisar Dinkinobho na Yanayi a watan Satumbar 2019. Foster ya sami karbuwa a duniya bayan ya shirya Yajin aikin yanayi a waje da Fadar White House kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Al Gore ya yi masa tambayoyi a [[Atlanta]] Climate Reality Leadership Training a watan Maris na shekara ta 2019. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Jerome Foster II a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2002, ta mahaifiyarsa René Foster, da mahaifinsa, Jerome Foster Sr. <ref name="age">{{Cite tweet|user=JeromeFosterII|title=I am so excited be 18 years old tomorrow. That means I will be vote in this November Presidential Election!}}</ref><ref name="Earth Day inside movement2">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-18 |title=Planning protests, not prom: Inside today's youth climate strike movement |url=https://www.earthday.org/inside-youth-climate-strike-movement/ |access-date=2020-02-03 |publisher=Earth Day |language=en}}</ref> Foster ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Washington Leadership Academy, ta kammala karatu a watan Yunin 2020.<ref name="spyscape.com"/> A cikin 2019, Ofishin DC na Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Jiha ne ya zaba shi don halartar [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a lokacin bazara na goma sha ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster II |url=https://earthoptimism.si.edu/2020-summit/speakers/jerome-foster-ii/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919102504/https://earthoptimism.si.edu/2020-summit/speakers/jerome-foster-ii/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=2020-03-24 |website=earthoptimism.si.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Jerome Foster II, The American Greta Thunberg |url=http://www.thegreenmarketoracle.com/2020/01/fifty-shades-of-greta.html |access-date=2020-03-24 |publisher=The Green Market Oracle}}</ref> Foster ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a watan Yunin 2020 kuma tana karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Pace. <ref name="spyscape.com" /><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=JeromeFosterII|title=I GRADUATED HIGH SCHOOL!!<br> I am incredibly excited to have graduated AND even prouder to be a part of the Class 2020, forever marked as a class of resiliency. We didn't get a proper prom or graduation but we still graduated together as peers. #ClassOf2020}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == === TAU VR === Lokacin da Foster ke da shekaru 14, ya kafa wata kungiya ta fasaha mai zurfi, TAU VR, wacce ta gina yanayin gaskiya game da Tarihin Amurka, Canjin Yanayi, da Shige da Fice na Latin Amurka zuwa Amurka, da sauransu. A watan Satumbar 2017, an nuna TAU VR a kan XQ Super School Live, wanda aka watsa a kan ABC, CBS, NBC, da FOX wanda ya nuna labarinsa na sanya 3rd a World Series of Entrepreneurship . === Mai ba da rahoto game da yanayi === Foster, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, ya kafa The Climate Reporter, wata hanyar labarai ta duniya da ke mai da hankali kan yanayi da ke ba da rahoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=Global Climate Strike: 5 Youth Activists Who Are Leading the Charge on Climate Action |url=https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/articles/global-climate-strike-5-youth-activists-who-are-leading-the-charge-on-climate-action |access-date=2020-03-06 |publisher=Rainforest Alliance |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Terri |date=2019-09-20 |title=Four Climate Scientists on How to Take on Climate Change Today |url=https://www.nationofchange.org/2019/09/20/four-climate-scientists-on-how-to-take-on-climate-change-today/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=NationofChange |language=en-US}}</ref> === Yunkurin Yanayi na Fadar White House === A matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Greta Thunberg]]'s School Strike for Climate protest, Foster ya gudanar da yajin aikin yanayi na mako-mako a gaban [[White House|Fadar White House]] a Lafayette Square . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez/ABC7 |first=Ashlie |date=2020-03-06 |title=DC HS student has held climate change rally in front of White House for 57 weeks in a row |url=https://wjla.com/news/local/dc-hs-student-climate-change-rally-white-house |access-date=2020-03-23 |publisher=WJLA}}</ref><ref name="Yes taking to Capitol2">{{Cite web |last=First-Arai |first=Leanna |date=May 24, 2019 |title=This 16-Year-Old Is Taking the School Climate Strike to the U.S. Capitol |url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/environment/2019/05/24/climate-strike-american-capitol-student |access-date=2020-02-03 |website=Yes! Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2019, Thunberg a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafiyarta ta Amurka zuwa [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019|COP 25]] a Santiago, [[Chile]] ta shiga yajin aikin yanayi na Foster na White House wanda ya jawo dubban mutane zuwa shafin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelsey Juliana v. U.S.: Meet the Young Woman Suing the Federal Government over the Climate Crisis |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2019/9/20/youth_climate_lawsuit_juliana_v_united |access-date=2020-03-23 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-13 |title="Our future is a right". Youth climate activists strike outside White House |url=https://www.earthday.org/our-future-is-a-right-youth-climate-activists-strike-outside-white-house/ |access-date=2020-03-24 |publisher=Earth Day |language=en |archive-date=2020-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418072946/https://www.earthday.org/our-future-is-a-right-youth-climate-activists-strike-outside-white-house/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta hanyar shirya wadannan yajin aikin yanayi, Foster ta sadu da Jane Fonda kuma ta ci gaba da yin aiki tare da Fonda a ranar Jumma'a ta Fire Drill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=50 Years of Fighting: Jane Fonda talks activism with rising star Jerome Foster II |url=https://grist.org/fix/50-years-of-fighting-jane-fonda-talks-activism-with-rising-star-jerome-foster-ii/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fix |language=en-us}}</ref> === OneMillionOfUs === Foster ya kafa OneMillionOfUs a farkon 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OneMillionOfUs |url=https://www.c-span.org/organization/?135483/OneMillionOfUs |access-date=2020-02-03 |publisher=C-SPAN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-14 |title=19 youth climate activists you should be following on social media |url=https://www.earthday.org/19-youth-climate-activists-you-should-follow-on-social-media/ |access-date=2020-02-03 |publisher=Earth Day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster |url=https://www.c-span.org/person/?123171 |access-date=2020-02-03 |publisher=C-SPAN}}</ref> Wannan kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da kuma bayar da shawarwari. Manufarta ita ce " ilimantarwa, karfafawa da kuma tattara motsi na matasa don yin aiki a cikin jama'a da shiga cikin gida da na duniya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar matasa da suka mayar da hankali", OneMillionOfUs ya gina babban hadin gwiwa wanda zai samar da matasa da kayan aikin da suke bukata don haifar da canjin tsarin a cikin al'ummominsu, gine-ginen makarantu da ofisoshin siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=How Youth Climate Activist Jerome Foster II Became the Voice for One Million Young People |url=https://xqsuperschool.org/rethinktogether/youth-climate-activist-jerome-foster-ii/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Rethink Together |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606225009/https://xqsuperschool.org/rethinktogether/youth-climate-activist-jerome-foster-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan kungiyar ta kuma kirkiro "Uniting Youth Coalition" wanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar matasa 5: tashin hankali na bindiga, [[Canjin yanayi]], sake fasalin shige da fice, [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]], da daidaiton launin fata don samun sarari a cikin gida da na duniya don daidaita abubuwan da suka faru da kamfen tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. === COP27 Bincike kan 'Yancin LGBTQ+ === A watan Yulin 2022, Foster da abokin aikinsa, Elijah McKenzie-Jackson, sun rubuta wasika don yin kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta matsa taron kolin yanayi na COP27 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Atmos |date=2022-08-03 |title=The Dangers of a COP27 in Egypt |url=https://atmos.earth/cop27-egypt-human-rights-climate-justice/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Atmos |language=en}}</ref> saboda "LGBTQ + azabtarwa, yankan mata, da kuma hana haƙƙin jama'a" ya ce <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=UN urged to move Cop27 from Egypt over 'LGBTQ+ torture' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/15/un-cop27-egypt-lgbtq-climate-crisis |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> bayan sun fara bincika tsarin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Sharm El-Sheikh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=The Dangers of a COP27 in Egypt |url=https://atmos.earth/cop27-egypt-human-rights-climate-justice/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Atmos |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda Foster ya kasance mai nuna bambanci da bambanci a bayyane, shi da abokin aikinsa "za a iya yin niyya" a cewar Guardian News.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=Finding Love in the Apocalypse |url=https://atmos.earth/climate-activists-dating-couples-valentines-day/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Atmos |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Wasikar, wacce aka yi wa Babban Sakataren UNFCCC, Patricia Espinosa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nexus |first=Climate |date=2022-08-11 |title=COP27 in Egypt Subjects LGBTQIA+ Climate Activists to Human Rights Abuses |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/cop27-egypt-human-rights.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=EcoWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> fitattun masu fafutuka kamar Nadya Tolokonnikova, Ahmed Alaa, da [[Eric Njuguna]] ne suka sanya hannu. Ma'auratan suna kiran UNFCCC ba tare da aiki ba cin amanar al'umma da kuma " nuna bambanci na asali". Foster ya jaddada cewa, "akwai mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓuka na ƙasashe a Afirka waɗanda har yanzu za su haɗa da muryoyin Afirka. Mutane kada su zama abincin canon don motsi na yanayi. Cop27 zai kasa idan yana cikin Masar saboda za a bar muryoyin masu mahimmanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=COP27 in Egypt Subjects LGBTQIA+ Climate Activists to Human Rights Abuses |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/cop27-egypt-human-rights.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=EcoWatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=Why Cop27 Has Already Let Us Down |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/cop27-viewpoint-jerome-foster-elijah-mckenzie-jackson |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Siyasa == === Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Columbia === A shekara 15, Foster ya zama wakilin dalibai guda daya da ke aiki a Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Jihar Columbia, yana aiki don inganta bukatun kammala karatun sakandare tun daga aji na 2030 a fadin Gundumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rethinking the District's High School Graduation Requirements {{!}} sboe |url=https://sboe.dc.gov/gradreqs |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=sboe.dc.gov}}</ref> === Ayyukan horar da majalisa === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Foster ya nemi zama mai horar da wakilin Amurka John Lewis, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wata hira a ƙarshen 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Meredith |first=Karenna |date=2020-08-20 |title=Activist Jerome Foster II Shares the Valuable Lessons Congressman John Lewis Taught Him |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/47705929 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=POPSUGAR News |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar Jumma'a a lokacin karatunsa, ya gudanar da taron yanayi na mako-mako a ƙofofin gaba na [[White House|Fadar White House]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Greta Thunberg]]'s Jumma'ana For Future movement don ba da shawara don aiwatar da Dokar Ilimi ta Canjin Yanayi wanda zai kara ilimin muhalli a matsayin babban batun a duk makarantun Amurka da kuma samar da kudade ga kwalejoji don ci gaba da bincike kan [[Matsalar Yanayi|Rikicin yanayi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dingell |first=Debbie |date=2019-04-23 |title=H.R.2349 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Climate Change Education Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2349 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> === Gwamnatin Biden === A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, [[White House|Fadar White House]] ta ba da sanarwar cewa Foster zai yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Shari'ar Muhalli ta Fadar White, yana ba da shawarwari game da [[Adalcin Muhalli|Rashin adalci na muhalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=White House Announces Environmental Justice Advisory Council Members |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ceq/news-updates/2021/03/29/white-house-announces-environmental-justice-advisory-council-members/ |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=The White House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=White House Announces Environmental Justice Advisory Council Members |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ceq/news-updates/2021/03/29/white-house-announces-environmental-justice-advisory-council-members/ |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Foster tana cikin dangantaka da mai fafutukar yanayin yanayi na Burtaniya Elijah McKenzie-Jackson tun daga 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Exclusive – Jerome Foster and Elijah McKenzie-Jackson talk intersectional activism |url=https://thred.com/exclusives/exclusive-jerome-foster-and-elijah-mckenzie-jackson-talk-intersectional-activism/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Thred Website |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sun sanar da alkawarinsu a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster II on LinkedIn: 🤍💍 Elijah McKenzie-Jackson, I love you to the stars and back!! |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/jfosterii_elijah-mckenzie-jackson-i-love-you-activity-7073773802374975488-Ckfo |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Jerin Kasuwanci na Duniya - 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni |url=http://worldseriesofe.com/alumni/ |access-date=2020-03-20 |website=World Series of Entrepreneurship {{!}} Changing the Trajectory of Lives |language=en-US}}</ref> * DC Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Jagora da Kyautar sadaukarwa - 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster Rethinking the District's High School Graduation Requirements |url=https://sboe.dc.gov/gradreqs |access-date=2020-03-20 |publisher=D.C. State Board of Education}}</ref> * Union of Concerned Scientists' Defender of Science Award 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 UCS Science Defenders |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/2019-ucs-science-defenders |access-date=2020-03-20 |publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists |language=en}}</ref> * Audubon Naturalist Society 2020 Kyautar Gwarzon Muhalli na Matasa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster II {{!}} 2020 Youth Environmental Champion |url=https://anshome.org/2020/02/jerome-foster-ii-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320043435/https://anshome.org/2020/02/jerome-foster-ii-2/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Grist 50! Nasarar da aka samu a cikin muhalli - 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Foster II Grist 50: 2020: Celebrating 5 Years of Fixers |url=https://grist.org/grist-50/2020/#jerome-foster-ii |access-date=2020-03-20 |website=Grist |language=en}}</ref> * Nasarar Matasan Futurist na Tushen - 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Young Futurists 2020: America Needs Leaders Now More Than Ever. Here Are 25 Who Are Already About That Life |url=https://www.theroot.com/young-futurists-2020-america-needs-leaders-now-more-th-1842641788 |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=The Root |language=en-us}}</ref> * Gidauniyar Kyaftin Planet Young Superhero for Earth Award - 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuba |first=Kirsten |date=2022-01-10 |title=Jane Fonda, Bill Nye to Be Honored at Captain Planet Foundation Gala |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/jane-fonda-bill-nye-captain-planet-foundation-1235070913/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kasuwanci na ciki Yanayi Aiki 30 Nasarar - 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Action 30: Top global leaders working toward climate solutions |url=https://businessinsider.com/climate-action-30-top-global-leaders-working-toward-climate-solutions-2022 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=businessinsider.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim / Nuna Title !Matsayi !Fim / Nuna Nau'in |- |2017 |XQ Super School Live | rowspan="4" |Kamar yadda kansa |Rayuwa Abin da ya faru |- |2020 |Ni ne Greta |Hotuna |- |2021 |Ranar Duniya! Musical |Talabijin na musamman |- |2021 |Hulu's Your Attention Don Allah: Innitiative 29 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Attention Please |url=https://www.hulu.com/series/your-attention-please-c071cab4-090a-44e0-8173-af39a1a955e0 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Hulu |language=en-US}}</ref> |Jerin Rarraba |} == Bayanan littattafai == * "Me zan iya yi?: Hanyar da nake da ita daga Yanayi zuwa Aiki" na Jane Fonda; Biography, 2020 * "Soup na dutse don Duniya mai dorewa: Labaran Rayuwa na Matasa Jarumai" na Marianne Larned; Tarihi, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2021 |title=Voting rights advocate Jerome Foster is raising youth climate awareness {{!}} Greenbiz |url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/voting-rights-advocate-jerome-foster-raising-youth-climate-awareness |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.greenbiz.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stone Soup for a Sustainable World |url=https://soup4youngworld.com/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Stone Soup for a Sustainable World |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Amara da Bats" na Emma Reynolds; Littafin Hotunan Yara, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amara and the Bats |url=http://www.bookbairn.com/2021/11/amara-and-bats.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=BookBairn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musselman |first=Sean |date=2021-09-30 |title=Amara and the Bats |url=https://teachersbooksreaders.com/2021/09/30/amara-and-the-bats/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Teachers {{!}} Books {{!}} Readers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amara and the Bats |url=https://www.plt.org/recommended-reading/amara-and-the-bats/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Project Learning Tree |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Barnes & |title=Amara and the Bats{{!}}Hardcover |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/amara-and-the-bats-emma-reynolds/1137937535 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Barnes & Noble |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66jtbgll09k7mofs9jsyxw6st19taod Igbo Landing 0 109348 966686 897034 2026-10-11T23:25:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:A_proud_trio.png|right|thumb|Matan [[Inyamurai|Igbo]], an dauki hotonsu a Najeriya, farkon karni na 20]] '''Ibo Landing''' (kuma ana kiranta '''Ibo Landing''', '''Ebo Landing''', ko '''Ebos Landing''') wuri ne mai tarihi a Dunbar Creek a tsibirin St. Simons, gundumar Glynn, Georgia. A shekara ta 1803 ne wasu ‘yan kabilar Igbo da suka yi garkuwa da su suka kashe kansu a cikin jirgin ruwan bautar da suke ciki, kuma suka ki mika wuya ga bauta a Amurka . Ƙimar ɗabi'a na taron a matsayin labarin juriya ga bauta yana da mahimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tatsuniyar Afirka ta Amirka a matsayin tatsuniyar 'yan Afirka masu tashi, da kuma cikin tarihin adabi. == Tarihi == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1803 wani jirgin ruwa mai dauke da 'yan Afirka ta Yamma, bayan sun tsira daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya, masu kamawa da Amurka da aka biya su sun sauka a Savannah ta [[Jiragen bayi|Jirgin bawa]], don a siyar da su a daya daga cikin kasuwannin bayi na gida. Fasinjojin da aka bautar jirgin sun hada da wasu mutanen Igbo daga abin da ke yanzu [[Najeriya]]. Masu shuka da bayi na Kudancin Amurka sun san Igbo saboda kasancewa masu cin [[Bauta|gashin kansa]] da tsayayya da bautar kaya.<ref>Filan, Kenaz (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4IIB0Yu_sL4C&dq=The+Haitian+Vodou+Handbook%3A+Protocols+for+Riding+with+the+Law&pg=PA30 The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa]''. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 167. {{ISBN|9781594779954}}.</ref><ref name="georgiaencyclopedia">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Timothy B. |date=15 June 2004 |title=Ebos Landing |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ebos-landing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826143900/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ebos-landing |archive-date=2021-08-26 |access-date=27 April 2013 |website=New Georgia Encyclopedia}}</ref> Wakilan John Couper da Thomas Spalding ne suka sayi ƙungiyar bayi 75 na Igbo don tilasta aiki a gonakin su a tsibirin St. Simons don $ 100 kowannensu.<ref name="Berlin-2003">{{Cite web |last=Berlin |first=Jacqueline |date=18 August 2003 |title=Researcher has new version of legend |url=http://www.ssiheritagecoalition.org/articles-about-ssaahc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213637/http://www.ssiheritagecoalition.org/articles-about-ssaahc.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=21 October 2014 |website=St. Simons African American Heritage Coalition |publisher=The Brunswick News}}</ref> Mutanen da aka daure da sarka sun cika makil a karkashin wani karamin jirgin ruwa mai suna ''The Schooner York'' <ref name="Reflections-2002">{{Cite web |title=Preserving African American Heritage on St. Simons Island |url=http://georgiashpo.org/sites/uploads/hpd/pdf/Reflections/Reflections_Sept_2002.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809074804/http://georgiashpo.org/sites/uploads/hpd/pdf/Reflections/Reflections_Sept_2002.pdf |archive-date=August 9, 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014 |website=Reflections: A Program of the Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources VolII Number 4 September 2002 |publisher=Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network}}</ref> da za a yi jigilar su zuwa tsibirin (wasu majiyoyin sun ce tafiyar ta gudana ne a cikin ''Morovia'' ). A yayin wannan tafiya bayin kabilar Ibo sun tashi da tawaye inda suka kwace jirgin tare da nutsar da wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su, lamarin da ya yi sanadin kakkabo jirgin ''Morovia'' a Dunbar Creek a wurin da a yanzu ake kira Igbo Landing. <ref name="Ciucevich-2009">{{Cite web |last=Ciucevich |first=Robert |date=July 2009 |title=Glynn County Historic Resources Survey Report |url=http://www.glynncounty.org/documents/8/188/2009_Glynn_Co%20_HRS_Report2.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042643/http://www.glynncounty.org/documents/8/188/2009_Glynn_Co%20_HRS_Report2.PDF |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=21 October 2014 |website=Glynncounty Georgia |publisher=The Glynn County Board of Commissioners}}</ref> Ba a fayyace jerin abubuwan da ke biyo baya ba, saboda akwai nau'o'in ci gaban tawayen, wasu daga cikinsu ana ɗaukarsu tatsuniya. Da alama ’yan Afirka sun tafi tudu, daga baya kuma, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani babban sarkin Igbo a cikin su, suka shiga cikin rafi tare da rera waƙa a cikin harshen Igbo "Ruhun Ruwa ya kawo mu, Ruhun Ruwa zai kai mu gida". Ta haka suka yarda da kariyar allahnsu [[Chukwu]] da mutuwa akan madadin bauta. <ref name="Ciucevich-2009"/> Roswell King, wani farar fata mai kula da gonar Pierce Butler da ke kusa ( Butler Island Plantation ), ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin ƴan labaran da suka faru a wannan zamani na lamarin, wanda ya bayyana cewa da zarar Igbo sun sauka a tsibirin St. Simons sai suka shiga cikin fadama, inda suka kashe kansu ta hanyar shiga Dunbar Creek. <ref name="georgiaencyclopedia"/> Wani labari na ƙarni na 19 na taron ya bayyana kyaftin ɗin da sunan mai suna Patterson kuma ya sanya sunan Roswell King a matsayin wanda ya kwato gawarwakin mutanen da aka nutse. <ref name="Snyder">{{Cite journal |last=Snyder |first=T. L. |date=1 June 2010 |title=Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2010-06_97_1/page/39 |journal=Journal of American History |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.2307/jahist/97.1.39}}</ref> Wasikar da ke bayyana lamarin da dillalin bayin Savannah William Mein ya rubuta ya bayyana cewa Igbo sun shiga cikin tekun, inda 10 zuwa 12 suka nutse, yayin da wasu ‘yan farauta suka “ceto” da suka samu $10 kan kai daga Spalding and Couper. <ref name="Berlin-2003"/> A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an kai wadanda suka tsira daga tawayen Igbo zuwa Cannon's Point a tsibirin St. Simons da tsibirin Sapelo . <ref name="Ciucevich-2009" /> == Mahallin tarihi == Ibo Landing shine wuri na ƙarshe na al'amura wanda a cikin 1803 ya zama "babban aikin juriya" na 'yan Afirka. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance suna da mahimmancin ma'ana mai ɗorewa a cikin tatsuniyoyi da tarihin adabi na Ba-Amurka . <ref name="Linda">Watts, Linda S. (2006). ''[[iarchive:encyclopediaofam00lind|Encyclopedia of American Folklore]]''. Infobase Publishing. p. 211. {{ISBN|9781438129792}}.</ref> Tashin hankalin da 'yan kabilar Igbo suka yi ana kiransa da "takin 'yanci" na farko a tarihin Amurka. <ref name="Berlin-2003"/> Ko da yake fiye da ƙarni biyu mafi yawan hukumomi suna ɗaukar asusun a matsayin tatsuniyar Afro-Amurka, bincike tun 1980 ya tabbatar da ainihin tushen almara da abubuwan da ke cikin tarihi. An haɗa wurin a matsayin albarkatun tarihi a cikin binciken gundumomi na 2009. <ref name="Ciucevich-2009"/> Shafin ba shi da alamar tarihi a hukumance. An gina wata shukar zubar da ruwa <ref name="Wil">{{Cite journal |last=Wilentz |first=Gay |year=1989 |title=If You Surrender to the Air: Folk Legends of Flight and Resistance in African American Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_melus_spring-1989-spring-1990_16_1/page/21 |journal=MELUS |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.2307/467579 |jstor=467579}}</ref> kusa da wurin tarihi a cikin 1940s duk da adawar gida daga Baƙin Amurkawa. Masana tarihi da masu yawon bude ido suna ziyartar wurin har yanzu. An shigar da taron kwanan nan a cikin tsarin karatun tarihi na makarantun Georgia na gabar teku. <ref name="SMN" /> == Tarihin Baka == Labarin bayi Ibo da suka fi son mutuwa fiye da zama cikin bautar dawwama yana da maimaituwa sosai a cikin tarihin baka na bakaken fata da na Gullah a Amurka. Kamar yadda yake da tarihin baka, gaskiyar abin ta canza lokaci zuwa lokaci. === Almara na 'yan Afirka masu tafiya a ruwa === Floyd White, wani dattijo bakar fata da aka yi masa tambayoyi ta hanyar Federal Writers' Project<ref name=GWP>{{cite book|last=Project|first=Georgia Writers'|title=Drums and shadows : survival studies among the Georgia coastal Negroes|year=2010|publisher=Indo-European Publishing|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1604443240}}</ref> a shekarun 1930, ya ce: {{blockquote|Kun taba jin labarin Ibo’s Landing? Wurin ne da suka kawo 'yan Ibo da jirgin bayi, da suka iso nan, ba su so zama ba, sai suka fara waka tare suka sauka zuwa kogin, suna kokarin komawa Afirka, amma ba su iya ba. Sai suka nutse.<ref name="Snyder" />}} Wani irin labarin Gullah da Linda S. Watts ta rubuta ya bayyana abubuwan da suka zama jigo a yawancin almarar da ke da nasaba da Igbo Landing: {{blockquote|'Yan Afirka ta Yamma, bayan sun fahimci halin da suke ciki, sun yanke shawarar hadarin rayukansu ta hanyar tafiya kan ruwa don komawa gida maimakon amincewa da bautar da ke jiransu a Amurka. A cewar labarin, mutanen suka sauka daga jirgin, suka juya gaba daya, suka fara tafiya a kan ruwa suna tafiya akasin hanyar da suka iso. Yayin tafiyar, sun rera waka tare. An ce wakar ta yi nuni da cewa ruhohin ruwa za su kai su gida. Ko da yake nau'in labarin yana da bambanci kadan, duka suna tabbatar da jaruntaka da tawaye da bayi Ibo suka nuna.<ref name="Linda" />}} === Almara na 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama === Wata mashahuriyar almara da ke da nasaba da Igbo Landing ita ce almara ta 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama. An rubuta ta daga bakunan mutane daban-daban a shekarun 1930 ta hannun mambobin Federal Writers' Project.<ref name=GWP/><ref name=McDaniel>{{cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=Lorna|title=The flying Africans: extent and strength of the myth in the Americas|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|date=1 January 1990|volume=64|issue=1–2|pages=28–40|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002024|doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan labaran, an ce 'yan Afirka sun fara girma musu fikafikai, ko kuma sun zama gungun agwagwa,<ref>Royer, Bob (20 May 2012). [http://www.thecascadiacourier.com/2012/05/barrier-islands-of-georgia.html "Barrier Islands of Georgia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521032819/http://www.thecascadiacourier.com/2012/05/barrier-islands-of-georgia.html |date=2025-05-21 }}. The Cascadia Courier.</ref> kafin su tashi zuwa 'yanci a Afirka. Wallace Quarterman, bakar fata da aka haifa a 1844,<ref name=Snyder/> da aka yi masa tambaya a 1930, idan ya san labarin Igbo Landing, ya ce: {{blockquote|Ba ka taba jin labarinsu ba? To, a wancan lokaci Mr. Blue shi ne mai sa ido kuma... Mr. Blue ya je da safe da bulala mai tsawo don ya yi musu bulala sosai... Daga karshe, ya bugi su sosai, suka taru suka tsuguna da farsa a gonar, sai suka... tashi sama cikin sararin sama suka canza kansu zuwa agwagwa suka tashi kai tsaye zuwa Afirka... Kowa ya san labarinsu.<ref name=georgiaencyclopedia/>}} Kamar yadda Farfesa Terri L. Snyder ta bayyana: {{blockquote|Almarar 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga wani hadin gwiwar kisan kai da bayi suka aikata a 1803. Wani rukuni na bayi Igbo (da ake kira Ebo ko Ibo) da suka tsira daga tafiyar tsakiya an sayar da su kusa da Savannah, Georgia, aka sake ɗora su a wani ƙaramin jirgi zuwa St. Simon's Island. Kusa da gabar tekun tsibirin, bayi da aka ɗora, waɗanda suka “sha wahala saboda rashin kulawa,” suka “tashi” daga cikin jirgin suka yi tawaye, suka tilasta matukan jirgin zuwa ruwa inda suka nutse. Bayan jirgin ya yi hatsari, Igbo suka “yi gaba zuwa cikin kwazazzabo” suka nutse da kansu—wannan aiki mafi yawancin masana sun fahimta a matsayin kisan kai na hadin gwiwa. Wurin da suka nutse aka sa masa suna Ebos Landing. Wannan abin da ya faru a 1803 ya haifar da wani labari na yankin da kuma suna.<ref name=Snyder/>}} Amma wannan ra’ayi na da sabani da wanda Farfesa Jeroen Dewulf ya bayar, wanda ke ganin cewa ana ambaton Igbo da kuma labarin bayi masu tashi sama sau da yawa a cikin tambayoyin Federal Writers’ Project, amma hujjojin da ke haɗa su duka ba su da ƙarfi. Dewulf, maimakon haka, ya danganta asalin wannan almara zuwa Masarautar Loango da Masarautar Kongo a Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Dewulf, Jeroen">{{cite journal|last=Dewulf|first=Jeroen|title=Flying Back to Africa or Flying to Heaven? Competing Visions of Afterlife in the Lowcountry and Caribbean Slave Societies|journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation|volume=31|issue=2|pages=222–261|url-access=subscription|via=|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/religion-and-american-culture/article/flying-back-to-africa-or-flying-to-heaven-competing-visions-of-afterlife-in-the-lowcountry-and-caribbean-slave-societies/AF2CB1BE232D2BDC7DF8A1D4228DD45D#article|date=December 2021|doi=10.1017/rac.2021.12|s2cid=237392638}}</ref> === Zargin hatsaniya === Mutanen gari na kusa da wurin Igbo Landing da kogin Dunbar sun yi imani cewa wuraren anan na dauke da hatsaniyar ruhohin bayi Igbo da aka bautar da su kuma suka mutu a can.<ref name="dailyindependentnig" /><ref name="glynncounty" /><ref>Buxton, Geordie (2007). ''[http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/9780738525013/Haunted-Plantations--Ghosts-of-Slavery-and-Legends-of-the-Cotton-Kingdoms ''Haunted Plantations: Ghosts of Slavery and Legends of the Cotton Kingdoms''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080753/https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/9780738525013/Haunted-Plantations--Ghosts-of-Slavery-and-Legends-of-the-Cotton-Kingdoms |date=2016-03-06 }}, Arcadia Publishing, p. 63. {{ISBN|9781439614129}}.</ref> ==Gado== A watan Satumba na shekarar 2002, Kungiyar Kula da Gado da Tarihin Baƙar fata na St. Simons ta shirya wani taron tunawa na kwana biyu dangane da tarihin Igbo da kuma tafiya zuwa wurin. Mutane 75 daga jihohi daban-daban, da kuma daga Najeriya, Belize da Haiti—inda irin wannan tawaye ya faru—sun halarta. Sun taru domin karrama wannan wuri a matsayin wuri mai tsarki kuma su huta da ruhohin da suka mutu.<ref name=ssi2day>[http://www.ssiheritagecoalition.org/articles-about-ssaahc.html The Associated Press, "Slave legend draws people for two-day remembrance in coastal Georgia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213637/http://www.ssiheritagecoalition.org/articles-about-ssaahc.html |date=2016-03-03 }}, 2 September 2002, posted at St. Simon Island Heritage Coalition website, accessed 27 April 2016</ref> Yanzu haka, labarin Igbo yana cikin tsarin karatun makarantu na yankin gabar teku a jihar Georgia.<ref name=ssi2day/> === Alamar tarihi === [[File:Ibo or Igbo Landing historical marker, St. Simons, GA, US.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar tarihi da aka bayyana a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2022]] A shekarar 2021, wasu ɗalibai daga Kungiyar Nazarin Kabilanci ta Glynn Academy suka gabatar da bukatar kafa alamar tarihi don girmama Igbo Landing ga Hukumar Tarihi ta Georgia. Wannan ya haɗa da rubuta cikakken bincike bisa takardun tushe a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gasa da tantancewa na Shirin Alamar Tarihi. Kungiyar ɗaliban ta tuntuɓi Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia da kuma Kungiyar Baƙar fata ta St. Simons don samun jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HOBBS |first=LARRY |title=Public invited to Igbo Landing marker ceremony |url=https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/local_news/public-invited-to-igbo-landing-marker-ceremony/article_90e12611-3ecb-514e-80e3-31bf69761cd5.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=The Brunswick News |date=21 May 2022 |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan amincewa da bukatar, kungiyar ɗaliban ta tara kusan $2,500 don alamar. Sauran $2,500 kuma daga Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=Benjamin |title=New historical marker in coastal Georgia commemorates Igbo Landing rebellion of enslaved Africans |url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/05/27/new-historical-marker-in-coastal-georgia-commemorates-igbo-landing-rebellion-of |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Georgia Public Broadcasting |date=27 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Wurin Igbo Landing yana kan filin mallakar masu zaman kansu, kuma an kafa alamar tarihi a wani fili mai kore da St. Simons Land Trust ke mallaka kusa da wurin. An yi bikin kaddamar da wannan alama a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2022 kuma kusan mutane 100 ne suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HOBBS |first=LARRY |title=Ibo Landing historic marker takes place in local history |url=https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/local_news/ibo-landing-historic-marker-takes-place-in-local-history/article_77065e7e-f7d3-5865-b14e-3b6453d2d032.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=The Brunswick News |date=25 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> An kafa alamar a Old Stables Corner, a tsibirin St. Simons, Georgia, a gefen arewa maso yammacin titunan Frederica Road da Sea Island Road. Alamar ta ce: {{Blockquote|text='''''Ibo Landing: Gadon Kaurace wa Bautar Dole''''' A shekarar 1803, bayi Igbo (wanda ake kira Ibo ko Ebo) daga Afirka ta Yamma sun yi tawaye yayin da suke cikin wani jirgin bayi a Dunbar Creek. Ana ganin cewa aƙalla bayi Igbo goma sun nutse, sun zaɓi mutuwa fiye da bautar. Gullah Geechee, zuriyar bayi daga Afirka da aka bautar a yankin gabar kudu maso gabas na Amurka, sun wuce wannan labari ta hanyar tarihin baka. Wannan tarihi, wanda karin magana ta Igbo ke bayyana da cewa “Ruwa ne ya kawo mu nan, ruwa kuma zai mayar da mu gida,” yana nuna yadda ruwa ya zama hanya ta tserewa bautar. Ayyuka da dama na marubuta da masu fasaha bakaken fata sun bayyana irin wannan labari na ruwa ko tashi sama a matsayin alamar tawaye. Wani ɓangare na Dunbar Creek, a yammacin wannan wuri, har yanzu ana kiransa Igbo ko Ibo Landing. ''Wanda Hukumar Tarihi ta Georgia, Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia, Kungiyar Nazarin Kabilanci ta Glynn Academy, da Kungiyar Baƙar fata ta St. Simons suka kafa''|title=|source=|multiline=true}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Marker Dedication: Ibo Landing |url=https://georgiahistory.com/events/historical-marker-dedication-ibo-landing/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Georgia Historical Society |date=18 February 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130120706/https://georgiahistory.com/events/historical-marker-dedication-ibo-landing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wakilta a sauran kafofi === Abubuwan tarihi da suka shafi fitar bayi Igbo a Dunbar Creek, da kuma almarar da ke da nasaba da shi, sun zama tushen wahayi ga masu fasaha daga diasporan Afirka. Misalai sun haɗa da Toni Morrison, wanda ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ta yi amfani da almarar 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama a cikin littafinta, ''Song of Solomon'',<ref name="georgiaencyclopedia" /> da Alex Haley, wanda ya sake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa ''Roots''.<ref name=Wil /> Littafin ''Praisesong for the Widow'' na Paule Marshall ma ya samo wahayi daga wannan lamari. Sana'ar sassaka ta Beverly Buchanan mai suna ''Marsh Ruins'' (1981), da ke wurin Marshes of Glynn Overlook Park kusa da Dunbar Creek, ta kasance wani bangare na girmamawa ga Igbo Landing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitter |first=Siddhartha |date=2023-07-29 |title=A Vanishing Masterpiece in the Georgia Marshes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/29/arts/design/beverly-buchanan-land-art-georgia.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An sake bayar da labarin daga hangen zuriyar Gullah a fim ɗin ''Daughters of the Dust'' (1991), wanda Julie Dash ta shirya.<ref name="Linda" /> Fim ɗin Ngozi Onwurah na shekarar 1994 mai suna ''Welcome II the Terrordome'' ya ƙunshi wani kashi da ke nuna Igbo Landing, a matsayin jigon fim ɗin da yanayin rayuwarsa na baƙin ciki. Sauran masu fasaha na zamani da suka ambaci ko suka haɗa cikakken labarin 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama a ayyukansu sun haɗa da Joseph Zobel, Maryse Condé, Toni Cade Bambara, da Jamaica Kincaid.<ref name="McDaniel" /> Hoton fim daga ɓangaren "Love Drought" na kundin fim na Beyoncé mai suna ''Lemonade'' ana ganin ya samo wahayi daga ''Daughters of the Dust''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Stephanie |title=Beyoncé vs Daughters of the Dust: How an American indie classic inspired Lemonade |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/beyonce-lemonade-julie-dash-daughters-dust |website=British Film Institute |date=2 June 2017 |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref>da kuma labarin Igbo Landing.<ref>Owunna, Mikael, [http://owning-my-truth.com/post/143569446582/beyonces-lovedrought-video-slavery-igbolanding "Beyoncé's Love Drought Video, Slavery and the Story of Igbo Landing"]</ref> A cikin fim ɗin ''Black Panther'' na shekarar 2018 daga Marvel, jarumin Michael B. Jordan a matsayin Killmonger ya ambaci Igbo Landing yayin mutuwarsa: "Ka binne ni a cikin teku tare da kakanni na da suka fado daga jiragen ruwa, domin sun san mutuwa ya fi bautar." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@vasta/bury-me-in-the-ocean-with-my-ancestors-that-jumped-from-the-ships-because-they-knew-death-was-1200405fa322|title=Bury me in the ocean, with my ancestors that jumped from the ships, because they knew death was…|last=Vasta|first=Sameer|date=2018-03-08|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/commentary/michaelcoard/coard-anniversary-of-historic-courageous-igbo-landing/article_193775d2-797d-5abc-8ffb-869e4683019f.html|title = Coard: Anniversary of historic, courageous 'Igbo Landing'| date=4 May 2020 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Ƙarin Karatu == *[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0932863256 Gado na Ibo Landing: Asalin Gullah a Al'adun Baƙin Fata na Amurka], Marquetta L. Goodwine, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (9 Oktoba, 2002) {{ISBN|978-0932863256}} *[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0802132421/ Tatsuniyoyin Baƙar Fata], Julius Lester, Grove Press; bugu na farko na Evergreen (10 Janairu, 1994) {{ISBN|978-0802132420}}. *[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0679843361 Mutanen da Za Su Iya Tashi: Tatsuniyoyin Baƙar Fata na Amurka], Virginia Hamilton (Mawallafi), Leo Dillon (Mai Zane), Diane Dillon Ph.D. (Mai Zane), Knopf Books for Young Readers; bugu na sake maimaitawa (4 Janairu, 1993), {{ISBN|978-0679843368}}. *[https://www.leeandlow.com/books/in-the-time-of-the-drums A Lokacin Ganguna], Kim Siegelson (mawallafi), Brian Pinkney (Mai Zane); Lee and Lowe Books {{ISBN|978-1620143094}} == Hanyoyin Waje == *[http://www.ssiheritagecoalition.org/articles-about-ssaahc.html Kungiyar Kula da Tarihin Baƙar Fata ta St. Simons: Labarai akan Igbo Landing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213637/http://www.ssiheritagecoalition.org/articles-about-ssaahc.html |date=2016-03-03 }}. *[http://themoonlitroad.com/ibo-landing/ "Ibo Landing"]. The Moonlit Road. 39vex818g3j58z92f3adrrywplj2bql Harkokin siyasa tare da hukumomin kimiyya ta gwamnatin Trump ta farko 0 109443 966177 683422 2026-10-11T15:52:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a matsayin shugaban Amurka (2017-2021), [[Donald Trump]] da gwamnatinsa sun sauya siyasa kimiyya ta hanyar matsawa ko mamaye hukumomin kiwon lafiya da kimiyya don canza rahotonsu da shawarwarinsu don su dace da manufofinsa da maganganun jama'a. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman game da annobar COVID-19, amma kuma ya haɗa da hana bincike kan canjin yanayi da raunanawa ko kawar da ka'idojin muhalli. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Diamond |first=Dan |date=September 11, 2020 |title=Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028175509/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |website=[[Politico]] |publisher=[[Capitol News Company]] |language=en}}</ref> Trump da wadanda aka nada shi sun matsa wa hukumomin kiwon lafiya da kimiyya na tarayya lamba da su dauki wasu ayyuka da Trump ya fi so da kuma tallafawa furucin sa.Wani lokaci ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai “ƙasa mai zurfi” a tsakanin masana kimiyyar tarayya, waɗanda membobinsu suka jinkirta amincewa da alluran rigakafin COVID-19 da jiyya saboda suna son cutar da shi a siyasance ko hana sake zaɓensa. == Tarihi == Trump, wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2017, bai ambaci mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Shugaban ba har zuwa Yuli 2018, lokacin da ya nada masanin yanayin yanayi Kelvin Droegemeier a matsayin.<ref name=":03" /> Kwamitocin ba da shawara na kimiyya a hukumomi da yawa ciki har da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi da Yanayi ta Kasa, da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna an rushe su. Yawancin zaɓin majalisa na farko na Trump mutane ne da ke da tarihin adawa da hukumar da aka nada su a matsayin jagora, gami da Rick Perry a matsayin Sakataren Makamashi da Betsy DeVos a matsayin Sakataren Ilimi. A fannin kimiyya shugaban Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA), Scott Pruitt, ya kai karar EPA sau da yawa lokacin da yake babban lauyan Oklahoma, kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "babban mai ba da shawara game da ajandar masu fafutuka na EPA".<ref name="conflict" /> == Bincike == A cikin binciken da aka yi wa masana kimiyya a hukumomin tarayya 16 da aka gudanar a cikin 2018, kashi 50% na masu amsa sun amince da cewa "matakin la'akari da bukatun siyasa ya hana ikon hukumomin su yanke shawara na kimiyya"; kashi 69% na masana kimiyya a Hukumar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka, kashi 76% na masu amsawa a Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa, da kashi 81% na masana kimiyya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli sun amince.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2018 |title=Science under President Trump: Voices of Scientists across 16 Federal Agencies |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2018/08/science-under-trump-report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215173802/https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2018/08/science-under-trump-report.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |website=Center for Science & Democracy |page=5}} </ref> == Hukumomin kiwon lafiya == === Cirewa da canza sadarwa daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya === A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2020, a farkon kwanakin Cutar COVID-19 a Amurka, wani babban jami'in Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ya ce a bainar jama'a cewa yaduwar kwayar cutar a Amurka ba za a iya gujewa ba. Wannan ya saba wa tsinkayen Trump masu kyakkyawan fata, kuma an dakatar da CDC sosai daga ba da bayani game da coronavirus na watanni shida masu zuwa. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020 Fadar White House ta nada Michael Caputo a matsayin mataimakin sakataren harkokin jama'a na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam (HHS), a cikin kula da dabarun sadarwa na sashen.<ref name="MajorPostHHS">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Robert J. |date=April 16, 2020 |title=Michael Caputo, Trump loyalist, gains major post in Health and Human Services |url=https://buffalonews.com/2020/04/16/caputo-trump-loyalist-gains-major-post-in-hhs/ |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614113822/https://buffalonews.com/2020/04/16/caputo-trump-loyalist-gains-major-post-in-hhs/ |archive-date=June 14, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Diamond & Lippman">{{Cite web |last=Diamond |first=Dan |last2=Lippman |first2=Daniel |date=April 15, 2020 |title=White House snubs Azar, installs Trump loyalist Michael Caputo as HHS spokesperson |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/michael-caputo-azar-hhs-189046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215173848/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/michael-caputo-azar-hhs-189046 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Caputo ya nada Paul Alexander, mai binciken kiwon lafiya na Ph.D., a matsayin babban mai ba shi shawara. Su da sauran jami'an HHS sun yi ƙoƙari su sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin bayanan da ke fitowa daga CDC a duk lokacin da aka ɗauka ya saba wa ko ya lalata abin da Trump ke fada a bainar jama'a.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="Diamond" /> A watan Mayu 2020, bisa ga takardun da aka fitar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022 ta Kwamitin Kula da Zaɓin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rikicin Coronavirus, gwamnatin Trump ta yi watsi da jagororin da CDC ta gabatar don kungiyoyin addini. CDC ta yi gargadin cewa gidajen ibada wurare ne masu zafi ga yaduwar coronavirus, amma Fadar White House ta cire daga jagororin duk shawarwarin da majami'u ke la'akari da su a kan layi ko ayyukan motsa jiki. Trump da kansa ya bukaci jihohi da su ba da damar duk gidajen ibada su sake buɗewa nan da nan kuma ya yi barazanar "kawar" duk wani gwamnan da bai yi hakan ba. A watan Yunin 2020, Fadar White House ta shigar da ma'aikatan siyasa guda biyu ba tare da bayanan lafiyar jama'a ba a hedikwatar CDC ta Atlanta. Ayyukansu, a cewar CDC da jami'an gudanarwa, sun kasance don saka idanu kan masana kimiyya na CDC da Darakta Robert Redfield, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin da ake ci gaba da sarrafa saƙon jama'a na kungiyar. Da farko rawar da suka taka a CDC ba a bayyana ba; daga baya aka kira daya a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban ma'aikatan Redfield ɗayan kuma a matsayin mataimakinta. Kodayake a hukumance suna ba da rahoto ga Redfield, suna sadarwa a kai a kai tare da Caputo da Alexander a HHS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dearen |first=Jason |last2=Stobbe |first2=Mike |last3=Lardner |first3=Richard |date=October 16, 2020 |title=White House puts 'politicals' at CDC to try to control info |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-virus-outbreak-pandemics-public-health-new-york-e321f4c9098b4db4dd6b1eda76a5179e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215173851/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-virus-outbreak-pandemics-public-health-new-york-e321f4c9098b4db4dd6b1eda76a5179e |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |access-date=October 16, 2020 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Caputo a watan Yuni yana ƙoƙarin samun iko da Rahoton Mortality da Mortality Weekly (''''MMWR''''), wani littafi na mako-mako da CDC ta bayar; shine babban abin hawa na CDC don ba da bayanai na yanzu da shawarwari game da lafiyar jama'a ga likitoci, masu bincike, da jama'a gaba ɗaya. A watan Satumbar 2020, an ruwaito cewa wadanda aka nada na siyasa a HHS sun yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don canzawa, jinkirta, ko cire rahotanni game da COVID-19 daga ''''MMWR'''' idan sun lalata ikirarin Trump cewa barkewar cutar tana karkashin iko.<ref name="Diamond" /> Caputo ya tabbatar da rahoton Satumba, yana mai cewa yunkurinsa na rinjayar abubuwan da ke cikin ''MMWR'' ya ci gaba na tsawon watanni 3 + 1.5. Ya ce saboda rahoton MMWR ya ƙunshi "abubuwan siyasa" da kuma bayanan kimiyya, ya kara da cewa canje-canjen da ofishinsa ya ba da shawarar "ba sau da yawa" CDC ta yarda da su ba. Wani rahoto na MMWR wanda ke rage fa'idar hydroxychloroquine a matsayin maganin COVID-19 an jinkirta shi kusan wata daya yayin da Alexander ya yi tambaya game da ra'ayoyin siyasa na marubuta. An kuma gudanar da wani rahoto game da kamuwa da kwayar cutar ga yara a makaranta.<ref name="Sun" /> Alexander ya bukaci, ba tare da nasara ba, cewa a ba shi izinin sake dubawa da gyara duk batutuwan MMWR kafin a buga su.<ref name="Sun" /> A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, Alexander ya rubuta wa Redfield yana cewa "CDC a gare ni ya bayyana yana rubuce-rubuce game da gwamnati". Ya nemi Redfield ya canza wasu rahotanni da aka riga aka buga.<ref name="Diamond" /> Alexander daga baya ya ce CDC ta rubuta "ra'ayoyin pseudo-scientific" kuma yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayi don "yi hukunci ko wannan yaudara ce". CDC ta yi tsayayya da yawancin canje-canjen, amma ta kara ba da damar ma'aikatan HHS su sake duba labaran kuma su ba da shawarar canje-canje kafin bugawa.<ref name="Sun" /> == Manazarta == jk9mw6g9cu8nyxhjnni44txk8tckjwi Yanayin Habasha 0 110065 966252 712430 2026-10-11T16:15:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374182209|Geography of Ethiopia]]" 966252 wikitext text/x-wiki   Habasha tana cikin Horn of Africa . Yana da iyaka da [[Eritrea]] a arewa, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Somaliya]] a gabas, [[Sudan]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] a yamma, da [[Kenya]] a kudu. [[Itofiya|Habasha]] tana da babban tsaunin tsakiya, Abyssinian Highlands (ko Habasha Highlands) wanda ya bambanta daga 1,290 zuwa 3,000 sama da matakin teku, tare da wasu duwatsu 25 waɗanda tsaunuka suka tashi sama da mita 4,000 (13,200 ft), mafi girma shine [[Ras Dashen]] a mita 4,543 (14,538 ft). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=Overview About Ethiopia |url=https://ethiopianembassy.org/overview-about-ethiopia/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Embassy of Ethiopia in the UK |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Hawan yana da girma gabaɗaya kafin ma'anar saukowa zuwa Babban Rift Valley, wanda ke raba filin a cikin layi. Koguna da yawa sun ratsa filin; musamman [[Blue Nile]] da ke fitowa daga [[Tafkin Tana]]. Filin ya gangara a hankali zuwa ƙasashen Sudan a yamma da filayen Somaliya a gabas. Yankin yammacin Habasha shine Kogin Pibor a gaban ƙauyen Sudan na Denjok . Garin da ya fi gabashinsa yana kan iyakar gabashin yankin Dollo da ke gaban jihohin Puntland da Galmudug. == Yanayin jiki == === Yanayin ƙasa === [[File:Ethiopia_Topography.png|thumb|215x215px|Yanayin Habasha]] Tsakanin kwarin Upper Nile da iyakar Habasha da [[Sudan]] da Sudan ta Kudu yanki ne mai tsawo wanda daga ciki ya tashi da tsaunuka da duwatsu daban-daban waɗanda suka zama tsaunukan Habasha. A kusan kowane bangare, ganuwar tsaunuka sun tashi kwatsam daga filayen, suna samar da sarkar tsaunuka na waje. Saboda haka tsaunuka suna da alamar yanki. A [[Eritrea]], bangon gabashin wannan tudu yana tafiya daidai da [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] daga Ras Kasar (18 ° N) zuwa Annesley Bay (wanda aka fi sani da Bay of Zula) (15 ° N). Daga nan sai ya juya zuwa kudu zuwa Habasha kuma ya bi layin 40 ° E na kimanin kilomita {{Convert|600|km|mi|0}} (373 . {{Sfn|Cana|1911}} Kimanin 9 ° N akwai raguwa a cikin bango, ta hanyar da [[Kogin Awash]] ke gudana zuwa gabas. Babban kewayon a wannan lokacin yana kudu maso yamma, yayin da kudancin kwarin Awash, wanda yake da kimanin {{Convert|1000|m|ft|0}} a ƙasa da matakin duwatsu, wani dutse ya tashi a cikin layin kai tsaye a kudu. Wannan kewayon na biyu yana aika sarkar (Dutse na Ahmar) zuwa gabas zuwa [[Tekun Aden]] . {{Sfn|Cana|1911}} Manyan gabashin gabashin biyu suna kula da layi daya kudu da yamma, tare da kwarin da ke tsakanin - wanda kwarin yana da jerin tabkuna - zuwa kusan 3 ° N, waje (gabas) na tsaunuka na tsaunin har yanzu suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da layin 40 ° E. Kudancin tsaunin tsaunin yana da matukar daidaituwa, amma yana da babban shugabanci arewa maso yamma da kudu maso gabas daga 6 ° N zuwa 3 ° N. Yana kallon baƙin ciki wanda shine [[Tafkin Turkana]] da - yankin Kudancin mutanen Omobub, Yankin Kudancin Yankin Ƙasashen Kudu.{{Sfn|Cana|1911}} === Ilimin ruwa === Yawancin tsaunuka na Habasha suna da ƙuduri zuwa arewa maso yamma, don haka kusan dukkanin manyan koguna suna gudana a wannan gefen zuwa [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 85% na ruwansa. Irin waɗannan su ne [[Kogin Tekezé]] a arewa, [[Blue Nile|Abay]] a tsakiya, da [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] a kudu, kuma kusan kashi huɗu cikin biyar na dukkan magudanar ruwa ana fitar da su ta hanyar waɗannan jijiyoyi uku. Wani babban kogi shine [[Kogin Omo|Omo]] mai gudana a kudu, tare da kashi 14% na dukkan magudanar ruwa mafi girma a waje da manyan jijiyoyi uku da aka ambata a sama da ke fitowa zuwa yamma, kuma ya fi dacewa da babban mai ciyar da Basin Turkana tare da [[Tafkin Turkana]]. Sauran suna dauke da [[Kogin Awash|Awash]], wanda ke gudana a cikin gundumar saline lacustrine tare da iyaka da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]; ta [[Kogin Shebelle]] da [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]], wanda ke kwarara kudu maso gabas ta [[Somaliya]], kodayake Shebelle galibi ya kasa isa Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Cana|1911}} == Ilimin ƙasa == Yankin Gabashin Afirka ya ci gaba zuwa Habasha. Nazarin farko na ilimin ƙasa na Habasha shine aikin W. T. Blanford a cikin 1870. {{Sfn|Cana|1911}}Ayyukan kwanan nan sun mayar da hankali kan Afar Depression, saboda muhimmancinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin wurare biyu a Duniya inda za'a iya nazarin tsakiyar teku a ƙasa (sauran shine [[Ayislan|Iceland]]). 9r34wfufsnv28y182mdq503j4x87j6n 966256 966252 2026-10-11T16:15:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 966256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Habasha tana cikin Horn of Africa . Yana da iyaka da [[Eritrea]] a arewa, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Somaliya]] a gabas, [[Sudan]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] a yamma, da [[Kenya]] a kudu. [[Itofiya|Habasha]] tana da babban tsaunin tsakiya, Abyssinian Highlands (ko Habasha Highlands) wanda ya bambanta daga 1,290 zuwa 3,000 sama da matakin teku, tare da wasu duwatsu 25 waɗanda tsaunuka suka tashi sama da mita 4,000 (13,200 ft), mafi girma shine [[Ras Dashen]] a mita 4,543 (14,538 ft). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=Overview About Ethiopia |url=https://ethiopianembassy.org/overview-about-ethiopia/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Embassy of Ethiopia in the UK |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Hawan yana da girma gabaɗaya kafin ma'anar saukowa zuwa Babban Rift Valley, wanda ke raba filin a cikin layi. Koguna da yawa sun ratsa filin; musamman [[Blue Nile]] da ke fitowa daga [[Tafkin Tana]]. Filin ya gangara a hankali zuwa ƙasashen Sudan a yamma da filayen Somaliya a gabas. Yankin yammacin Habasha shine Kogin Pibor a gaban ƙauyen Sudan na Denjok . Garin da ya fi gabashinsa yana kan iyakar gabashin yankin Dollo da ke gaban jihohin Puntland da Galmudug. == Yanayin jiki == === Yanayin ƙasa === [[File:Ethiopia_Topography.png|thumb|215x215px|Yanayin Habasha]] Tsakanin kwarin Upper Nile da iyakar Habasha da [[Sudan]] da Sudan ta Kudu yanki ne mai tsawo wanda daga ciki ya tashi da tsaunuka da duwatsu daban-daban waɗanda suka zama tsaunukan Habasha. A kusan kowane bangare, ganuwar tsaunuka sun tashi kwatsam daga filayen, suna samar da sarkar tsaunuka na waje. Saboda haka tsaunuka suna da alamar yanki. A [[Eritrea]], bangon gabashin wannan tudu yana tafiya daidai da [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] daga Ras Kasar (18 ° N) zuwa Annesley Bay (wanda aka fi sani da Bay of Zula) (15 ° N). Daga nan sai ya juya zuwa kudu zuwa Habasha kuma ya bi layin 40 ° E na kimanin kilomita {{Convert|600|km|mi|0}} (373 . {{Sfn|Cana|1911}} Kimanin 9 ° N akwai raguwa a cikin bango, ta hanyar da [[Kogin Awash]] ke gudana zuwa gabas. Babban kewayon a wannan lokacin yana kudu maso yamma, yayin da kudancin kwarin Awash, wanda yake da kimanin {{Convert|1000|m|ft|0}} a ƙasa da matakin duwatsu, wani dutse ya tashi a cikin layin kai tsaye a kudu. Wannan kewayon na biyu yana aika sarkar (Dutse na Ahmar) zuwa gabas zuwa [[Tekun Aden]] . {{Sfn|Cana|1911}} Manyan gabashin gabashin biyu suna kula da layi daya kudu da yamma, tare da kwarin da ke tsakanin - wanda kwarin yana da jerin tabkuna - zuwa kusan 3 ° N, waje (gabas) na tsaunuka na tsaunin har yanzu suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da layin 40 ° E. Kudancin tsaunin tsaunin yana da matukar daidaituwa, amma yana da babban shugabanci arewa maso yamma da kudu maso gabas daga 6 ° N zuwa 3 ° N. Yana kallon baƙin ciki wanda shine [[Tafkin Turkana]] da - yankin Kudancin mutanen Omobub, Yankin Kudancin Yankin Ƙasashen Kudu.{{Sfn|Cana|1911}} === Ilimin ruwa === Yawancin tsaunuka na Habasha suna da ƙuduri zuwa arewa maso yamma, don haka kusan dukkanin manyan koguna suna gudana a wannan gefen zuwa [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 85% na ruwansa. Irin waɗannan su ne [[Kogin Tekezé]] a arewa, [[Blue Nile|Abay]] a tsakiya, da [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] a kudu, kuma kusan kashi huɗu cikin biyar na dukkan magudanar ruwa ana fitar da su ta hanyar waɗannan jijiyoyi uku. Wani babban kogi shine [[Kogin Omo|Omo]] mai gudana a kudu, tare da kashi 14% na dukkan magudanar ruwa mafi girma a waje da manyan jijiyoyi uku da aka ambata a sama da ke fitowa zuwa yamma, kuma ya fi dacewa da babban mai ciyar da Basin Turkana tare da [[Tafkin Turkana]]. Sauran suna dauke da [[Kogin Awash|Awash]], wanda ke gudana a cikin gundumar saline lacustrine tare da iyaka da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]; ta [[Kogin Shebelle]] da [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]], wanda ke kwarara kudu maso gabas ta [[Somaliya]], kodayake Shebelle galibi ya kasa isa Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Cana|1911}} == Ilimin ƙasa == Yankin Gabashin Afirka ya ci gaba zuwa Habasha. Nazarin farko na ilimin ƙasa na Habasha shine aikin W. T. Blanford a cikin 1870. {{Sfn|Cana|1911}}Ayyukan kwanan nan sun mayar da hankali kan Afar Depression, saboda muhimmancinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin wurare biyu a Duniya inda za'a iya nazarin tsakiyar teku a ƙasa (sauran shine [[Ayislan|Iceland]]). n1slguxwm3vjzw01siu0cn50v5bwbxc 966259 966256 2026-10-11T16:16:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 966259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Habasha tana cikin Horn of Africa . Yana da iyaka da [[Eritrea]] a arewa, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Somaliya]] a gabas, [[Sudan]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] a yamma, da [[Kenya]] a kudu. [[Itofiya|Habasha]] tana da babban tsaunin tsakiya, Abyssinian Highlands (ko Habasha Highlands) wanda ya bambanta daga 1,290 zuwa 3,000 sama da matakin teku, tare da wasu duwatsu 25 waɗanda tsaunuka suka tashi sama da mita 4,000 (13,200 ft), mafi girma shine [[Ras Dashen]] a mita 4,543 (14,538 ft). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=Overview About Ethiopia |url=https://ethiopianembassy.org/overview-about-ethiopia/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Embassy of Ethiopia in the UK |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Hawan yana da girma gabaɗaya kafin ma'anar saukowa zuwa Babban Rift Valley, wanda ke raba filin a cikin layi. Koguna da yawa sun ratsa filin; musamman [[Blue Nile]] da ke fitowa daga [[Tafkin Tana]]. Filin ya gangara a hankali zuwa ƙasashen Sudan a yamma da filayen Somaliya a gabas. Yankin yammacin Habasha shine Kogin Pibor a gaban ƙauyen Sudan na Denjok . Garin da ya fi gabashinsa yana kan iyakar gabashin yankin Dollo da ke gaban jihohin Puntland da Galmudug. == Yanayin jiki == === Yanayin ƙasa === [[File:Ethiopia_Topography.png|thumb|215x215px|Yanayin Habasha]] Tsakanin kwarin Upper Nile da iyakar Habasha da [[Sudan]] da Sudan ta Kudu yanki ne mai tsawo wanda daga ciki ya tashi da tsaunuka da duwatsu daban-daban waɗanda suka zama tsaunukan Habasha. A kusan kowane bangare, ganuwar tsaunuka sun tashi kwatsam daga filayen, suna samar da sarkar tsaunuka na waje. Saboda haka tsaunuka suna da alamar yanki. A [[Eritrea]], bangon gabashin wannan tudu yana tafiya daidai da [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] daga Ras Kasar (18 ° N) zuwa Annesley Bay (wanda aka fi sani da Bay of Zula) (15 ° N). Daga nan sai ya juya zuwa kudu zuwa Habasha kuma ya bi layin 40 ° E na kimanin kilomita {{Convert|600|km|mi|0}} (373 . {{Sfn|Cana|1911}} Kimanin 9 ° N akwai raguwa a cikin bango, ta hanyar da [[Kogin Awash]] ke gudana zuwa gabas. Babban kewayon a wannan lokacin yana kudu maso yamma, yayin da kudancin kwarin Awash, wanda yake da kimanin {{Convert|1000|m|ft|0}} a ƙasa da matakin duwatsu, wani dutse ya tashi a cikin layin kai tsaye a kudu. Wannan kewayon na biyu yana aika sarkar (Dutse na Ahmar) zuwa gabas zuwa [[Tekun Aden]] . {{Sfn|Cana|1911}} Manyan gabashin gabashin biyu suna kula da layi daya kudu da yamma, tare da kwarin da ke tsakanin - wanda kwarin yana da jerin tabkuna - zuwa kusan 3 ° N, waje (gabas) na tsaunuka na tsaunin har yanzu suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da layin 40 ° E. Kudancin tsaunin tsaunin yana da matukar daidaituwa, amma yana da babban shugabanci arewa maso yamma da kudu maso gabas daga 6 ° N zuwa 3 ° N. Yana kallon baƙin ciki wanda shine [[Tafkin Turkana]] da - yankin Kudancin mutanen Omobub, Yankin Kudancin Yankin Ƙasashen Kudu.{{Sfn|Cana|1911}} === Ilimin ruwa === Yawancin tsaunuka na Habasha suna da ƙuduri zuwa arewa maso yamma, don haka kusan dukkanin manyan koguna suna gudana a wannan gefen zuwa [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 85% na ruwansa. Irin waɗannan su ne [[Kogin Tekezé]] a arewa, [[Blue Nile|Abay]] a tsakiya, da [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] a kudu, kuma kusan kashi huɗu cikin biyar na dukkan magudanar ruwa ana fitar da su ta hanyar waɗannan jijiyoyi uku. Wani babban kogi shine [[Kogin Omo|Omo]] mai gudana a kudu, tare da kashi 14% na dukkan magudanar ruwa mafi girma a waje da manyan jijiyoyi uku da aka ambata a sama da ke fitowa zuwa yamma, kuma ya fi dacewa da babban mai ciyar da Basin Turkana tare da [[Tafkin Turkana]]. Sauran suna dauke da [[Kogin Awash|Awash]], wanda ke gudana a cikin gundumar saline lacustrine tare da iyaka da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]; ta [[Kogin Shebelle]] da [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]], wanda ke kwarara kudu maso gabas ta [[Somaliya]], kodayake Shebelle galibi ya kasa isa Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Cana|1911}} == Ilimin ƙasa == Yankin Gabashin Afirka ya ci gaba zuwa Habasha. Nazarin farko na ilimin ƙasa na Habasha shine aikin W. T. Blanford a cikin 1870. {{Sfn|Cana|1911}}Ayyukan kwanan nan sun mayar da hankali kan Afar Depression, saboda muhimmancinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin wurare biyu a Duniya inda za'a iya nazarin tsakiyar teku a ƙasa (sauran shine [[Ayislan|Iceland]]). == Manazarta == 196u7s6y9meh45ixzm9som6cxd7397m Hakkin LGBTQ a Turkmenistan 0 110544 966142 747621 2026-10-11T13:50:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender''' da queer ('''LGBTQ''') mutane a '''Turkmenistan''' suna fuskantar nuna bambanci da kuma nuna bambanci idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] mazauna. Turkmenistan na ɗaya daga cikin jihohi biyu kawai bayan Soviet inda aikin ɗan luwaɗi na maza ya kasance mai laifi, tare da Uzbekistan .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mole |first=Richard C. M. |date=2018 |title=Introduction to "Soviet and Post-Soviet Sexualities" |journal=Slavic Review |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1017/slr.2018.7 |issn=0037-6779 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dokar == Jima'i na maza a bayyane ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma sodomy - wanda aka bayyana a matsayin jima'i tsakanin maza - ana iya hukunta shi har zuwa shekaru 2 a kurkuku, tare da ƙarin sharuɗɗa na shekaru 2 zuwa 5 a sansanin aiki mai yiwuwa, a ƙarƙashin ''Dokar Laifuka ta Turkmenistan'', Babi na 3; Sashe na 135, sashe na (1). Bugu da kari, tanadin Mataki na 19 na lambar ya ba da damar ƙara hukunci don maimaita hukunci, wanda ya shafi duk wani laifi a ƙarƙashin lambar. Kafin gyare-gyare na 2019, iyakar lokacin lambar 1997 shine shekaru 2. Dokar 1927 ta Turkmen SSR ba ta da cikakkun bayanai fiye da lambar 1997 da aka karɓa bayan 'yancin kai. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Latypov |first=Alisher |last2=Rhodes |first2=Tim |last3=Reynolds |first3=Lucy |date=2013-03-19 |title=Prohibition, stigma and violence against men who have sex with men: effects on HIV in Central Asia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2013.768059 |journal=Central Asian Survey |language=en |volume=32 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1080/02634937.2013.768059 |issn=0263-4937 |s2cid=143149043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An aiwatar da dokar da wuya kafin hauhawar Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow zuwa shugabancin a shekara ta 2006.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="2020 ecom" /> Bincike kan laifuka a karkashin Mataki na 135 yana da matukar wulakanci kuma yana iya haɗawa da azabtarwa daga jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba. Ana ganin luwadi a matsayin wani nau'i na rikicewar hankali. Sauye-sauye na iya haifar da shigar da tilas a asibitocin kwakwalwa inda za a iya ba da izini ga masu shiga cikin maganin juyawa ba tare da son rai ba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="2020 ecom" /> Babu wani tsari na hukunci ga mata masu luwadi waɗanda, tare da mutanen da ke canza Jima'i, ba a yarda da su ba a cikin dokar Turkmen.<ref name="2020 ecom" /><ref name="ecom 2019" /> === Zuwa ga dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci === Turkmenistan ta ci gaba da kin amincewa da rokon da za a yi na aiwatar da dokokin nuna bambanci, duk da buƙatun da kasashe da yawa suka yi ta hanyar sake dubawa na duniya guda uku. A cikin tattaunawa tare da fuka-fuki daban-daban na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Turkmenistan ta tabbatar da tsarin nuna bambanci ta hanyar jayayya da duk wani karkatarwa don zama barazana ga masana'antar al'adun Turkmen da al'umma.<ref name="2020 ecom" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liczek |first=Irina |date=2005 |title=Cultural Parameters of Gender Policymaking in Contemporary Turkmenistan |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/193156 |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=567–583 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-25-3-567 |issn=1548-226X |s2cid=144764115 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, Gwamnatin Turkmen ta lura da [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]] game da niyyar "sake la'akari da tunanin labarin da ke aikata laifuka ga dangantakar jinsi guda" da kuma "bincike da zaɓi na gabatar da dokokin nuna bambanci".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 2021 |title=Decriminalisation: Turkmenistan has announced plans to decriminalise same-sex relations |url=https://ilga-europe.org/resources/rainbow-digest/february-2021#Decriminalisation |url-status=dead |journal=Rainbow Digest |publisher=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]] |volume=305 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513124620/https://ilga-europe.org/resources/rainbow-digest/february-2021#Decriminalisation |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> == Al'umma da al'adu == Babu wata ƙungiya ta farar hula a Turkmenistan, kafofin watsa labarai gaba ɗaya mallakar jihar ne, kuma gudanar da binciken filin yana da wahala sosai.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Latypov |first=Alisher |last2=Rhodes |first2=Tim |last3=Reynolds |first3=Lucy |date=2013-03-19 |title=Prohibition, stigma and violence against men who have sex with men: effects on HIV in Central Asia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2013.768059 |journal=Central Asian Survey |language=en |volume=32 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1080/02634937.2013.768059 |issn=0263-4937 |s2cid=143149043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wadannan yanayi sun sa ba da wadatar duk wani bayanan sa ido kan haƙƙin LGBT da batutuwan da suka shafi ba.<ref name="ecom 20192" /><ref name=":32" /> Koyaya, rahotanni game da sakamakon da ba na shari'a ba na kasancewa ɗan luwaɗi sun haɗa da: tashin hankali da gwamnati ke tallafawa, gami da azabtarwa yayin tsarin bincike na aikata laifuka; da hare-haren masu sa ido, musamman a kurkuku.<ref name="ecom 20192" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, wani likitan gay ya azabtar da shi ta hanyar na'urar jihar na dogon lokaci, kafin ya ɓace na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="2020 ecom2" /> A watan Mayu 2020, an kama sanannun mutane da yawa daga masana'antar kerawa kan zargin luwadi.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="2020 ecom2" /> An baiwa [[Maɗigo|'Yan mata]] Turkmen mafaka a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name="columbia2">{{Cite web |title=Turkmen Lesbian Granted Asylum |url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/turkmen-lesbian-granted-asylum |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=www.law.columbia.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gold kohn2">{{Cite web |title=Goldberg Kohn Attorneys Secure Asylum for Lesbian Couple from Turkmenistan |url=https://www.goldbergkohn.com/newsroom-news-1357.html |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=www.goldbergkohn.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An rubuta ga masu luwadi da suka nemi mafaka a [[Tarayyar Turai]] <ref name="2020 ecom" /> == Bayani na tebur == {| class="wikitable" |Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi guda doka |  |- |Daidaitawar shekarun yarda |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci a cikin aiki kawai |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci a cikin samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci a duk sauran yankuna (ciki har da nuna bambancin kai tsaye, maganganun ƙiyayya) |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Aure na jinsi ɗaya |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Sanar da ma'aurata na jinsi ɗaya |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Ma'aurata masu jinsi guda |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Samun tallafi ta ma'aurata masu jinsi guda |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |An ba wa mutanen LGBTQ damar yin aiki a bayyane a cikin soja |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Hakkin canza jinsi na doka |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Samun damar IVF ga 'yan mata |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |An haramta maganin juyawa |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Kasuwanci na maye gurbin maza da maza |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |MSM ta ba da izinin ba da gudummawar jini |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |An bayyana luwadi a matsayin rashin lafiya na hankali |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |} == Dubi kuma == * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Turkmenistan]] * Hakkin LGBTQ a [[Asiya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kg7csqfktbbosjy32r7an3v8naujj8b Ilimi na tilas 0 111797 966692 902331 2026-10-12T00:13:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Duration_of_compulsory_education,_OWID.svg|thumb|500x500px|Shekaru na tilastawa ilimi ko tilastawa makaranta a duniya a cikin 2024]] '''ilimi na tilas''' yana nufin lokacin ilimi wanda ake buƙata ga dukan mutane kuma [[gwamnati]] ta tilasta shi. Wannan ilimin na iya faruwa a makaranta da aka yi rajista ko a gida ko wasu wurare. Kasancewa a '''makaranta''' na tilas ko zuwa makaranta na tilasta yana nufin cewa iyaye suna tilastawa su aika da yaransu zuwa makarantar da aka amince da ita.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1875 |title=Compulsory Education |journal=New England Journal of Education |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=52 |jstor=44763565}}</ref> Dukkanin kasashe ban da [[Bhutan]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], Solomon Islands, da Vatican City (wanda ba shi da yara ko yara mazauna) suna da dokokin ilimi na tilas. <sub> (Wataƙila tsohon yayi ne ko kuma ba daidai ba ne) </sub> == Manufar == A farkon karni na 20, manufar ilimi na tilas shine don sarrafa ƙwarewar jiki wanda ya zama dole kuma ana iya ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. Har ila yau, ya ba da dabi'u na ɗabi'a da ƙwarewar sadarwa ta zamantakewa a cikin matasa, kuma zai ba da damar baƙi su dace da al'ummar da ba a sani ba na sabuwar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Niece |first=Richard |date=1983 |title=Compulsory Education: Milestone or Millstone? |journal=The High School Journal |volume=67 |issue=1 |at=p. 33 |jstor=40365328}}</ref> Ana amfani dashi galibi don inganta ilimin dukkan 'Yan ƙasa, rage yawan ɗaliban da suka daina zuwa makaranta saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki na iyali, da daidaita bambancin ilimi tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}} Haɗin kai tsakanin matakin samun ilimi a cikin ƙasa da ƙwarewar yawan ɗalibanta ba su da ƙarfi. Wannan rashin alaƙa tsakanin samun ilimi da ingancin ilimi na iya zama sakamakon rashin ƙarfi don aiwatar da manufofin ilimi ko rashin bayanai daga masu tsara manufofi game da yadda za a inganta ilmantarwa na ɗalibai. A wasu yanayi, ana iya motsa gwamnatoci da gangan don samar da ilimi saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da inganta ilimin da ƙwarewar 'yan ƙasa.<ref name="Paglayan 179–198">{{Cite journal |last=Paglayan |first=Agustina S. |date=February 2021 |title=The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=179–198 |doi=10.1017/S0003055420000647 |issn=0003-0554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, dokokin tilastawa na ilimi yawanci sune sabuwar hanyar shiga tsakani ta ilimi da jihohi suka kafa. Gabaɗaya, gwamnatoci a [[Turai]] da Latin Amurka sun fara shiga tsakani a ilimin firamare a matsakaita na shekaru 107 kafin dimokuradiyya kamar yadda aka auna ta Polity. Dokokin ilimi na tilas, duk da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin matakan ƙarshe da gwamnatocin tsakiya suka gabatar da ke neman tsara ilimin firamare, duk da haka an aiwatar da matsakaicin shekaru 52 kafin dimokuradiyya kamar yadda aka auna ta Polity da shekaru 36 Zaɓin maza na duniya..<ref name="Paglayan 179–198"/> A tarihi, akwai yanayin da ake gabatar da ilimin jama'a bayan yakin basasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Paglayan |first=Agustina S. |date=2022 |title=Education or Indoctrination? The Violent Origins of Public School Systems in an Era of State-Building |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=1242–1257 |doi=10.1017/S0003055422000247 |issn=0003-0554 |s2cid=247848976 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da binciken 2022, wadanda ba su da dimokuradiyya akai-akai sun gabatar da ilimin jama'a don koyar da biyayya da girmamawa ga iko.<ref name=":0" /> == Tarihi == === Tsohon zamani zuwa zamanin da === Ilimi na tilas ba a taɓa jin shi ba a zamanin d ̄ a. Koyaya, lokuta galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin sarauta, na addini ko na soja - sun bambanta da ra'ayoyin zamani na ilimi na tilas. Jamhuriyyar Plato (c. 424 – c. 348 KZ) an lasafta shi da yada manufar ilimi na tilas a tunanin tunanin Yammacin Turai. Dalilin Plato ya kasance kai tsaye. Mafi kyawun birni zai buƙaci daidaitattun mutane, kuma daidaikun mutane masu kyau zasu buƙaci ingantaccen ilimi. Yaɗawar ra'ayoyin Plato ya fara ne da faɗuwar Renaissance da fassarar ayyukan Plato ta Marsilio Ficino (1434-1499), wanda ya ƙare a cikin Haskakawa. Masanin falsafar Haskakawa Jean-Jacques Rousseau, wanda aka sani da aikinsa akan ilimi (ciki har da Emile, ko Akan Ilimi), ya ce, 'Don samun kyakkyawar fahimtar ilimin jama'a, karanta Jamhuriyar Plato. Ba maganar siyasa ba ce, kamar yadda waɗanda kawai suke yin la’akari da littattafai da takensu suke tunani, amma ita ce mafi kyawun aiki, mafi kyawun aiki kan ilimi da aka taɓa rubutawa.’[1] A Sparta yara maza tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 7 sun bar gidajensu kuma an tura su makarantar soja. Darussan makaranta sun kasance masu tsanani kuma an bayyana su a matsayin "lokacin horo mai tsanani". Tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 20, maza na Spartan dole ne su wuce gwajin da ya kunshi lafiya, ikon soja, da ƙwarewar jagoranci. Rashin nasarar dalibi yana nufin kwace 'yancin zama ({{Transl|grc|perioidos}}) da' yancin siyasa. Shigarwa wata al'ada ce ta wucewa zuwa namiji da zama ɗan ƙasa, inda zai ci gaba da aiki a cikin soja kuma ya horar da shi a matsayin soja har zuwa shekaru 60 lokacin da soja zai iya yin ritaya don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa. Kowane iyaye a [[Rafin Judah|Yahudiya]] tun zamanin d ̄ a ana buƙatarsa su koya wa 'ya'yansu aƙalla ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin ƙarni, yayin da birane, garuruwa da ƙauyuka suka ci gaba, ɗaliban malamai da ake kira Rabbis sun samo asali. A cewar Talmud (ba da labari Bava Bathra 21a), wanda ke yabon mai hikima Joshua ben Gamla tare da kafa ilimin Yahudawa na yau da kullun a ƙarni na 1 AD, Ben Gamla ya kafa makarantu a kowane gari kuma ya sanya ilimi na yau da kullum ya zama tilas daga shekaru 6 zuwa 8. Aztec Triple Alliance, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1428 zuwa 1521 a cikin abin da ke yanzu tsakiyar [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], an dauke shi a matsayin jiha ta farko da ta aiwatar da tsarin ilimin tilas na duniya, kodayake jihohin Nahua na baya na iya samun shi. [dubious - tattauna] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="referred to other Wikipedia page which was unsourced and removed, added in edit war, please substantiate the details from the cited book if you can (September 2024)">dubious</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; discuss''&#x5D;</sup> === Farkon Zamanin zamani === [[Protestant Reformation|Juyin Juya Halin Furotesta]] ya haifar da kafa ilimi na tilas ga yara maza da mata, da farko a yankunan da yanzu suna cikin [[Jamus]], sannan daga baya a [[Turai]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Rubutun Martin Luther An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes (Ga masu ba da shawara na dukan garuruwa a cikin ƙasashen Jamus, 1524) ya yi kira ga kafa makarantar tilas don duk masu Ikklisiya su iya karanta Littafi Mai-Tsarki da kansu. Furotesta ta Kudu maso Yammacin [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]] ba da daɗewa ba ta bi hakan. A shekara ta 1559, Duchy Württemberg na Jamus ya kafa tsarin ilimi na tilas ga yara maza. A cikin shekara ta 1592, Duchy Palatine Zweibrücken na Jamus ya zama yankin farko a duniya tare da ilimi na tilas ga 'yan mata da yara maza, sannan a cikin shekara ta 1598 ta [[Strasbourg]], sannan birni ne mai zaman kansa na Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki kuma yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Faransa]]. A [[Scotland]], Dokar Kafa Makaranta ta shekarar 1616 ta umarci kowane Ikklisiya ya kafa makaranta ga duk wanda masu Ikklisiya suka biya. Majalisar dokokin Scotland ta tabbatar da wannan tare da Dokar Ilimi ta shekarar 1633 kuma ta kirkiro harajin ƙasa na gida don samar da kudaden da ake buƙata. Duk da haka, goyon bayan mafi rinjaye da ake buƙata ga masu Ikklisiya, ya ba da damar kauce wa haraji wanda ya sanar da Dokar Ilimi ta shekarar 1646. Rikicin shekarun ya nuna cewa a cikin shekara ta 1661 an sami juyawa na wucin gadi zuwa matsayin da ba a tilasta ba na shekara ta 1633. Koyaya, sabuwar Dokar Ilimi ta shekarar 1696 ta sake kafa tanadin tilas na makaranta a kowane Ikklisiya tare da tsarin tarar, tsare-tsare, da aiwatar da gwamnati kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar tilasta aiki inda ake buƙata, yana mai da Scotland ƙasa ta farko tare da ilimin tilas na ƙasa. A Amurka, bayan Luther da sauran masu gyarawa, 'yan majalisa Masu rabuwa waɗanda suka kafa mulkin mallaka na Plymouth a cikin shekara ta 1620, sun tilasta wa iyaye su koya wa'yansu yadda za su karanta da rubutu. Dokokin Makarantar Massachusetts, dokokin majalisa guda uku da aka kafa a Massachusetts Bay Colony a cikin shekara ta 1642, 1647, da shekarar 1648, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matakai na farko zuwa ga ilimi na tilas a Amurka. Dokar shekara ta 1647, musamman, ta buƙaci kowane gari da ke da iyalai sama da 50 su hayar malami, kuma kowane gari na iyalai sama na 100 don kafa makaranta. An nuna himma na Puritan don ilmantarwa a farkon da saurin tashi na cibiyoyin ilimi; misali, an kafa [[Jami'ar Harvard|Kwalejin Harvard]] tun farkon shekara ta 1636. Prussia ta aiwatar da tsarin ilimi na tilas na zamani a cikin shekara ta 1763. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neufeld |first=John |date=October 1963 |title=Compulsory Education in Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-library-assoc-ala-bulletin_1963-10_57_9/page/n8 |journal=ALA Bulletin |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=805 |jstor=25696774}}</ref> An gabatar da shi ta hanyar Janarallandschulreglement (General School Regulation), dokar Frederick the Great a cikin shekara ta 1763-5. The Generallandschulreglement, wanda Johann Julius Hecker ya rubuta, ya nemi dukkan matasa 'yan ƙasa, 'yan mata da yara maza, su sami ilimi daga shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru 13-14 kuma a ba su hangen nesa na asali game da addinin (Kirista), raira waƙa, karatu da rubutu bisa ga tsarin tsarin mulki, tsarin karatun littattafan rubutu na jihar. Malaman, galibi tsoffin sojoji, an nemi su shuka tsutsotsi na siliki don samun rayuwa ban da gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasa da kuma kananan hukumomi. A Austria, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] da Lands of the Bohemian Crown (ƙasar Czech), Empress Maria Theresa ta gabatar da ilimin firamare na tilas a cikin shekara ta 1774. === Ƙarshen Zamanin zamani === Haɗin makaranta na tilas bisa ga tsarin Prussian a hankali ya bazu zuwa wasu ƙasashe. Gwamnatoci a Denmark-Norway da [[Sweden]] sun karbe shi da sauri, da kuma [[Finland]], [[Istoniya|Estonia]] da [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] a cikin Daular Rasha, sannan daga baya Ingila da Wales da [[Faransa]].<ref name="says">{{Cite journal |last=Soysal |first=Yasemin Nuhoglu |last2=Strang |first2=David |year=1989 |title=Construction of the First Mass Education Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sociology-of-education_1989-10_62_4/page/277 |journal=Sociology of Education |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=277–288 |doi=10.2307/2112831 |jstor=2112831}}</ref> Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da yaduwar ilimi na tilas, [[UNESCO]] ta lissafa a cikin shekara ta 2006 cewa a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, mutane da yawa za su sami ilimi na yau da kullun fiye da duk tarihin ɗan adam da ya gabata. ==== Faransa ==== Faransa ta yi jinkirin gabatar da ilimi na tilas, a wannan lokacin saboda rikice-rikice tsakanin jihar da cocin Katolika, kuma a sakamakon haka tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa masu adawa da malamai da Katolika. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Yuli, jami'an gwamnati sun ba da shawarar tanadin ilimin firamare na jama'a, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Dokar Guizot ta 28 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1833. Dokar Guizot ta ba da umarnin cewa duk yankuna suna ba da ilimi ga yara maza kuma suna buƙatar makarantu su aiwatar da tsarin karatun da aka mayar da hankali kan koyarwar addini da ɗabi'a. Saitin farko na Dokokin Jules Ferry, wanda aka zartar a shekara ta 1881, ya kara rawar da gwamnatin tsakiya ke takawa a ilimi fiye da tanadin Dokar Guizot, kuma ya sanya ilimin firamare kyauta ga 'yan mata da yara maza. A cikin Shekara ta 1882, saiti na biyu na Dokokin Jules Ferry ya sanya ilimi ya zama tilas ga 'yan mata da maza har zuwa shekaru 13. A shekara ta 1936, an ɗaga iyakar shekaru zuwa 14. A shekara ta 1959, an kara fadada shi zuwa 16. ==== Amurka ==== A shekara ta 1852, [[Massachusetts]] ita ce jihar Amurka ta farko da ta zartar da dokar tilas ta ilimi ta duniya. Musamman, Babban Kotun Massachusetts ta buƙaci kowane gari ya kirkiro da gudanar da makarantar sakandare. An ɗora wa iyayen da ba su aika da yaransu zuwa makaranta ba, kuma gwamnati ta ɗauki ikon karɓar yara daga iyayensu kuma ta koya musu wasu idan jami'an gwamnati sun yanke shawarar cewa iyaye "ba su cancanci samun yara da kyau ba". A cikin 1918, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]] ta zama jiha ta ƙarshe da ta kafa dokar tilastawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Michael S. |title=A History of Compulsory Education Laws |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED119389.pdf |access-date=19 December 2014 |website=ERIC – Institute of Education Sciences |publisher=ERIC}}</ref> A shekara ta 1922 masu jefa kuri'a na Oregon sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa Dokar Ilimi ta Oregon, wanda zai buƙaci duk yara tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 16 su halarci makarantun gwamnati, kawai suna barin banbanci ga yara marasa lafiya na hankali ko na jiki, sun wuce wani nesa na rayuwa daga makarantar jiha, ko kuma sun sami rubuce-rubuce daga mai kula da gundumar don karɓar umarni mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jorgenson |first=Lloyd P. |year=1968 |title=The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_catholic-historical-review_1968-10_54_3/page/455 |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=455–466 |jstor=25018244}}</ref> An zartar da dokar ta hanyar kuri'un jama'a amma daga baya Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba a Pierce v. Society of Sisters, ta ƙayyade cewa "yaro ba halitta ce kawai ta jihar ba. " Wannan shari'ar ta warware jayayya game da ko makarantun masu zaman kansu suna da damar yin kasuwanci da ilimi a cikin Amurka. ==== Rasha / USSR ==== A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an aiwatar da dokar samar da ilimi ta tilas a cikin 1930. Ilimi da aka bayar a wannan zamanin ya fi mayar da hankali kan kawar da jahilci. Dangane da manufofi na Shirye-shiryen Shekaru biyar na mulkin, dalilin da ya sa aka samar da ilimi da koyar da karatu da rubutu shine "koyar da sabon ƙarni na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan ƙasa da ƙwararrun kimiyya. " Ci gaban masana'antu yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙwararrun ma'aikata na kowane nau'i. Babu wata hanyar da za a iya barin ta hanyar baiwa ba, kuma hanya daya tilo ta biyan waɗannan bukatun ita ce ta hanyar saurin ci gaban tsarin tsarin ilimi na jama'a. Makarantun Soviet "sun amsa bukatun tattalin arziki na al'umma" ta hanyar jaddada "tsarin asali a lissafi, da ilimin polytechnic da ke da alaƙa da samar da tattalin arziki. " Yaduwar da aka yi da gangan na mulkin Soviet na mafi girman ilimi shine abin da ya fi burge ayyukan ilimi na Amurka zuwa USSR a cikin shekarun 1950.<ref name="Paglayan 179–1982">{{Cite journal |last=Paglayan |first=Agustina S. |date=February 2021 |title=The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=179–198 |doi=10.1017/S0003055420000647 |issn=0003-0554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== China ==== An kafa ilimin tilas na shekaru tara na kasar Sin a shekarar 1986 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sabunta tattalin arziki. An tsara shi ne don inganta "duniversalization", rufe gibin ilimi ta hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ta hanyar samar da makarantu masu aminci da inganci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Yanqing |year=2012 |title=The Problems with Access to Compulsory Education in China and the Effects of the Policy of Direct Subsidies to Students |journal=Chinese Education & Society |publisher=Chinese Education & Society vol.45, no.1 |volume=45 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.2753/CED1061-1932450102 |s2cid=142831787}}</ref> Shirin da farko ya fuskanci karancin saboda yawan jama'a da kuma tushen tattalin arziki mara ƙarfi, amma a shekarar 1999 makarantun firamare da ƙananan makarantun tsakiya bi da bi sun yi aiki da kashi 90% da 85% na yawan jama'ar ƙasa.<ref name="xiaohuan" /> == Lokaci na gabatarwa == [[Fayil:Compulsory_education_history.svg|center|thumb|700x700px|Ranar gabatar da ilimin tilas ta ƙasa ko yanki]] === Shekarun 1600 === * '''1642''': Koloni goma sha uku (Massachusetts Bay Colony ya gabatar da ilimi na tilas kafin kafa , gabatarwa ta farko a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka; don Allah duba Ilimi a Amurka don jerin lokuta na jihohi) {{Flag|Thirteen Colonies}}{{Flag|United States}} === Shekarun 1700 === * '''1739''': " id="mwATg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark-Norway (Norway ) {{Flag|Denmark-Norway|Kingdom}}{{Flag|Norway}} * '''1763''': (tsohuwar masarautar da ke cikin abin da ke yanzu ) <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Prussia}}{{Flag|Germany}} * '''1774''': Austria, , , (tsoffin jihohin Daular Austriya) {{Flag|Austria|empire}}{{Flag|Hungary}}{{Flag|Czech Republic}}{{Flag|Slovakia}} === Shekarun 1800 === * '''1805''': {{Flag|Liechtenstein}} * '''1812''': <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Spain: Close-up of Its History in the 20th Century |url=https://idus.us.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11441/64984/Education_in_Spain_Close-up_of_Its_History_in_the_20th_Century.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212025109/https://idus.us.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11441/64984/Education_in_Spain_Close-up_of_Its_History_in_the_20th_Century.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2019-12-12 |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> (De Facto tilas ne da ake buƙata ta 1830, "Art. 25. 6 An dakatar da yin amfani da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa - . Kuma, daga kuma bayan shekara ta 1830, ta hanyar rashin iya karatu da rubutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanish Constitution of 1812 - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref>{{Flag|Spain}} * '''1814''': {{Flag|Denmark}} * '''1817''': (tsohuwar masarautar da ke cikin abin da ke yanzu ) {{Flag|Travancore}}{{Flag|India}} * '''1824''': (Turkey ) <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}}{{Flag|Turkey}} * '''1834''': <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Greece}} * '''1841''': (tsohuwar Masarautar Hawaii da ke cikin abin da ke yanzu Jihar Hawaii) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ph.D |first=Keanu Sai |title=The Impact of the U.S. Occupation on the Hawaiian People {{!}} NEA |url=https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/impact-us-occupation-hawaiian-people |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.nea.org |language=en}}</ref>{{Flag|Hawaii}} * '''1842''': <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Sweden}} * '''1844''': <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Portugal}} * '''1864''': {{Flag|Romania}} * '''1868''': {{Flag|Montenegro}} * '''1869''': , {{Flag|Italy}}{{Flag|Costa Rica}} * '''1870''': {{Flag|Colombia}} * '''1871''': Gabatarwa ta farko a da ; don Allah duba Ilimi a Kanada da Ilimi a Ostiraliya don jerin lokuta na jihohi.{{Flag|Canada}}{{Flag|Australia}} * '''1872''': , gabatarwa ta farko a ; don Allah duba Ilimi a Ƙasar Ƙasar don jerin lokuta na jihohi.{{Flag|Japan}}{{Flag|United Kingdom}} * '''1874''': <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Switzerland}} * '''1876''': , {{Flag|Guyana}}{{Flag|Suriname}} * '''1877''': , <ref name="lat" />{{Flag|New Zealand}}{{Flag|Uruguay}} * '''1878''': {{Flag|Bulgaria}} * '''1880''': {{Flag|Venezuela}} * '''1882''': , <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|France}}{{Flag|Serbia}} * '''1884''': <ref name="lat" />{{Flag|Argentina}} * '''1886''': (an soke shi) <ref name="lat" />{{Flag|Colombia}} * '''1890''': {{Flag|Barbados}} * '''1892''': (Kafin rabuwa a matsayin yankin ) <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Ireland}}{{Flag|United Kingdom}} * '''1897''': <ref name="lat" />{{Flag|Ecuador}} === Shekarun 1900 === * '''1900''': {{Flag|Netherlands}} * '''1901:''' (De Facto tilas ne a karkashin Gwamnatin Sojojin Amurka, Philippines daga baya ta ba da 'yancin kai) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-01 |title=Act No. 74: Established the Department of Public Instruction |url=https://kahimyang.com/articles/2984/january-21-1901-the-department-of-public-instruction-in-the-philippines-was-established-through-act-no-74 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Kahimyang Project |language=en}}</ref>{{Flag|Philippines}} * '''1905''': {{Flag|Peru}} * '''1906''': (kawai ga fararen yara da kasa da kilomita 4 zuwa makarantar da ta fi kusa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Namibia |url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/55399/Noble_Education%20In%20Namibia...pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |page=45}}</ref>{{Flag|Namibia}}&nbsp; * '''1907''': <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iceland: Education |url=https://www.iceland.is/the-big-picture/people-society/education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211104924/https://www.iceland.is/the-big-picture/people-society/education |archive-date=2021-02-11 |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>{{Flag|Iceland}} * '''1909''': {{Flag|Paraguay}} * '''1910''': Taiwan{{Flagicon|JPN}} * '''1912''': <ref name="EUR" />{{Flag|Luxembourg}} * '''1913''': {{Flag|Albania}} * '''1917''': {{Flag|Mexico}} * '''1919''': <ref name="EUR" />, , [1] (Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Weimar), (kawai ga yara da ke ƙasa da kilomita 3 zuwa makarantar da ta fi kusa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=documentArchiv.de - Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs ["Weimarer Reichsverfassung"] (11.08.1919) |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html#VIERTER_ABSCHNITT02 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=www.documentarchiv.de}}</ref>{{Flag|Belgium}}{{Flag|Latvia}}{{Flag|Germany}}{{Flag|Poland}}&nbsp; * '''1920''': , , (yara fari kawai) <ref name="lat" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Policies: Estonia (2014) |url=https://www.perfar.eu/policy/education/estonia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805132538/https://www.perfar.eu/policy/education/estonia |archive-date=2019-08-05 |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>{{Flag|Chile}}{{Flag|Estonia}}{{Flag|Eswatini}} * '''1921''': , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland: Evolution of Educational Provision |url=https://www.oph.fi/english/education_system/historical_overview/educational_provision |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517084425/https://www.oph.fi/english/education_system/historical_overview/educational_provision |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Development of Primary Education in Thailand and Its Present Challenges |url=http://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Download/Report/2005/pdf/2005_04_15_07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211104949/http://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Download/Report/2005/pdf/2005_04_15_07.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-11 |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>{{Flag|Finland}}{{Flag|Thailand}} * '''1922''': {{Flag|Lithuania}} * '''1923''': {{Flag|Nauru}} * '''1924''': <ref name="EUR" /> (Ukraine [1]) <ref name="ussr">{{Cite web |title=Всеобщее обучение |url=http://www.otrok.ru/teach/enc/txt/3/page82.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211105001/http://www.otrok.ru/teach/enc/txt/3/page82.html |archive-date=11 February 2021 |access-date=1 May 2019 |website=otrok.ru |language=ru}}</ref>{{Flag|Ukrainian SSR}}{{Flag|Ukraine}} * '''1925''': {{Flag|Mongolia}} * '''1926''': Byelorussian SSR <ref name="EUR" /> ( [1]) <ref name="ussr" />{{Flag|Byelorussian SSR|1919}}{{Flag|Belarus}} * '''1927''': (sake gabatar da shi) <ref name="lat" />{{Flag|Colombia}} * '''1929''': (Wataƙila duk tsoffin jihohin da ke cikin kundin tsarin mulki sun riƙe ilimi na tilas) {{Flag|Yugoslavia}} * '''<sup>1</sup>''': , [<sup>1</sup>] ( <ref name="EUR" />) <ref name="ussr" />{{Flag|India}}{{Flag|USSR}}{{Flag|Russia}} (<sup>1</sup> Wataƙila duk tsoffin jihohin da ke cikin kasashe biyu sun riƙe ilimi na tilas) * '''1935''': <ref name="afg">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2003 |title=History of educational system in Afghanistan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/history-educational-system-afghanistan |access-date=1 May 2019 |publisher=Help the Afghan Children}}</ref>{{Flag|Afghanistan|1930}} * '''1943''': {{Flag|Iran}} * '''1945''': <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ranepura |first=P. |date=2021-12-30 |title=Education Policy Reforms and Implementation of Sri Lanka |journal=Sri Lanka Journal of Development Administration |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.4038/sljda.v6i1.7138 |issn=1391-8214 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} * '''1946''': <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the University |url=http://www.um.edu.mt/about/uom/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630011016/http://www.um.edu.mt/about/uom/history |archive-date=30 June 2011 |access-date=2 February 2011 |publisher=[[University of Malta]]}}</ref>{{Flag|Malta}} * '''1949''': {{Flag|Israel}} * '''1951''': {{Flag|Libya}} * '''1952''': {{Flag|Jordan}} * '''1953''': , {{Flag|Egypt}}{{Flag|South Korea}} * '''1956''': (duk yara) {{Flag|Poland}} * '''1960''': {{Flag|Chad}} * '''1961''': <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Act, 1961 |url=http://laws.ghanalegal.com/acts/id/23/section/2/Compulsory_Education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215195734/http://laws.ghanalegal.com/acts/id/23/section/2/Compulsory_Education |archive-date=2020-02-15 |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>{{Flag|Ghana}} * '''1962''': , {{Flag|Cyprus}}{{Flag|Mali}} * '''1963''': , Morocco {{Flag|Algeria}}{{Flag|Morocco}} * '''1964''': (yara da ke ƙasa da mil uku zuwa makarantar da ta fi kusa) {{Flag|Mozambique}} * '''1965''': <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwait Education |url=http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/19-Education.htm}}</ref>{{Flag|Kuwait}} * '''1968''': <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of China Ministry of Education |url=https://history.moe.gov.tw/policy.asp?id=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182538/https://history.moe.gov.tw/policy.asp?id=2 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2021-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Central Library Admonition of Nine Years: Compulsory Education |url=http://dava.ncl.edu.tw/metadatainfo.aspx?FunType=0&ID=574943 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182414/http://dava.ncl.edu.tw/metadatainfo.aspx?FunType=0&ID=574943 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2021-07-28}}</ref>{{Flag|Taiwan}} * '''1971''': {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} * '''1973''': {{Flag|Indonesia}} * '''1975''': {{Flag|Somalia}} * '''1976''': {{Flag|Iraq}} * '''1981''': , {{Flag|Seychelles}}{{Flag|Syria}} * '''1986''': {{Flag|People's Republic of China}} * '''1988''': , {{Flag|Brazil}}{{Flag|Philippines}} * '''1990''': , , (duk yara) {{Flag|Bangladesh}}{{Flag|Yemen}}{{Flag|Namibia}} * '''1991''': {{Flag|Tunisia}} * '''1994''': {{Flag|Samoa}} * '''1996''': <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Data on Education: Laos |url=http://dmz-ibe2-vm.unesco.org/sites/default/files/Lao_PDR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211105222/http://dmz-ibe2-vm.unesco.org/sites/default/files/Lao_PDR.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-11 |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>, <ref name="afg" /> (an soke shi ga mata) {{Flag|Laos}}{{Flag|Afghanistan|1996}} * '''1998''': , <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Data on Education: Sudan |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Sudan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202092411/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Sudan.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-02 |access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>{{Flag|Lebanon}}{{Flag|Sudan}} === Shekarun 2000 === * '''2000''': {{Flag|Singapore}} * '''2001''': , (sake gabatar da ita ga mata) <ref name="afg"/>{{Flag|Mauritania}}{{Flag|Afghanistan|1992}} * '''2003''': , ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone: Newsline |url=http://www.ungei.org/gapproject/sierraleone_337.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202092438/http://www.ungei.org/gapproject/sierraleone_337.html |archive-date=2020-12-02 |access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>{{Flag|Liberia}}{{Flag|Malaysia}}{{Flag|Sierra Leone}} * '''2005''': {{Flag|Bahrain}} * '''2007''': {{Flag|Brunei}} * '''2008''': , [mai bugawa]{{Flag|Uganda}}{{Flag|Oman}}  * '''2010''': {{Flag|Lesotho}} * '''2021''': (an soke makarantar sakandare ga mata) {{Flag|Afghanistan}} === Kasashen da ba a tilasta musu ilimi ba === * {{Flag|Bhutan}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Botswana}} * {{Flag|Burundi}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Cambodia}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Fiji}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Mozambique}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Niger}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}<ref name="owd" /> * {{Flag|Vanuatu}}<ref name="owd" /> * Vatican City - bayanin kula: Tun lokacin da Emanuela Orlandi ya ɓace, an karfafa bukatun zama ɗan ƙasa ga mazauna Vatican City marasa addini, kuma an sanya mafi ƙarancin shekaru 25.{{Flag|Vatican City}} == Ta hanyar ƙasa == Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna shekarun da ilimi ya tilas ya fara kuma ya ƙare a kasashe daban-daban. Shekarar da aka fi sani da fara karatun tilas shine 6, amma hakan ya bambanta tsakanin 3 da 8.<ref name="webgate.ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/images/2/24/Compulsory_Education_in_Europe_2016_2017.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009145616/https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/images/2/24/Compulsory_Education_in_Europe_2016_2017.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-09 |access-date=2017-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d08/tables/dt08_165.asp}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country/Region !Lower <br /><br /> age range !Upper <br /><br /> age range !Notes |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |4 |18 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Ley simple |url=http://www.derechofacil.gob.ar/leysimple/ley-nacional-de-educacion/}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Australia}} |5 |15/17 |Upper age limit varies among states. Waived if pursuing full-time employment or full-time education. |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |6 |15 |Compulsory education requires nine years spent in school. After completing all mandatory schooldays, it is obligatory to attend a secondary school or do an apprenticeship until the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AusBildung bis 18 |url=https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/themen/jugendliche/ausbildung_bis_18.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603034546/https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/themen/jugendliche/ausbildung_bis_18.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |5 |18 |In Belgium, only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory. |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |6 |15 | |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |4 |16 |Since 2020, compulsory education includes three years of preschool education before children start primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Home |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/81d18411-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/81d18411-en |access-date=8 August 2025 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106043659/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/81d18411-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/81d18411-en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulgaria &#124; NON-STATE ACTORS IN EDUCATION &#124; Education Profiles |url=https://education-profiles.org/europe-and-northern-america/bulgaria/~non-state-actors-in-education}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} |4 |17 |Last changed in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emenda Constitucional nº 59 |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/emc59.htm}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Canada}} |5–7 |16/18 |Children who turn five by 31 December are required to begin schooling in British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Yukon. In Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec, a child is required to attend school at the age of six. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are the only provinces where the minimum compulsory attendance age is seven. Attendance in school is compulsory until the student reaches the age of 16 in all provinces except Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick, where attendance is compulsory until the student is 18 years old. |- |{{Flag|China}} |6 |15 | |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} |4 |17 | |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} |6 |15 | |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |5 |15 |Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus Higher Education |url=http://www.highereducation.ac.cy/en/educational-system.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814103119/http://www.highereducation.ac.cy/en/educational-system.html |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |5 |15 |Compulsory education requires one year spent in pre-school and nine years spent in school. Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year. |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |6 |16 | |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} |6 |14 | |- |{{Flag|England}} and {{Flag|Wales}} |5<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Act 1996 s8 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/56/section/8 |access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education leaving age |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/education-leaving-age |access-date=15 May 2013 |publisher=Politics.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622045654/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/education-leaving-age |archive-date=22 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |Requirement is for a full-time education, but attendance at a school is not compulsory (section 7 of The Education Act 1996). |- |{{Flag|Estonia}} |6/7 |15/16 |6 year olds can enter if they turn 7 by 1 October in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Põhikooli- ja gümnaasiumiseadus |trans-title=Primary and Secondary School Act |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/13332410 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Riigi Teataja |language=et}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |7 |18 |Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year. The law changed at the end of 2020 from the age of 15 to now 18. |- |{{Flag|France}} |3 |16 |Compulsory education only |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |6 |16 |Varies slightly between states. |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |5 |15 |Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education. |- |{{Flag|Haiti}} |6 |11 |The Haitian Constitution mandates that education be free of charge. However, even public schools charge substantial fees. 80% of children go to private schools. |- |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} |6 |15 |Hong Kong laws state that education is mandatory for 12 years (primary and secondary) and free for 15 years (kindergarten, primary and secondary) except for private schools or subsidized schools. |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} |3 |16 |Since 2015, kindergarten is compulsory from age 3, although exceptions are made for developmental reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kállai |first=Gabriella |title=Education for All (Hungary) |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002299/229933E.pdf |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|India}} |3 |18 |[[Hakkin Yara ga Dokar Ilimi ta kyauta da tilas, 2009|The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act]] in August 2009 made education free and compulsory for children aged between 6 and 14. This was further updated by National Education Policy 2020 which made education free and compulsory for children aged between 3 and 18. |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |6 |18 | |- |{{Flag|Iran}} |6 |12 | |- |{{Flag|Ireland}} |5 |16 | Students must go to schools from ages 5 to 16 or until they have completed three years of second-level of education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Book |first=Irish Statute |title=Irish Statute Book |url=http://193.178.1.79/2000/en/act/pub/0022/sec0017.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612232154/http://193.178.1.79/2000/en/act/pub/0022/sec0017.html |archive-date=2011-06-12 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=193.178.1.79 |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |3 |16 |Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 10th grade. |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |6 |16 | |- |{{Flag|Jamaica}} |5 |16 |Parents could face charges of child neglect if they prevent their children from going to school without valid reasons. Not enforced. |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |6 |15 | |- |- |{{Flag|Latvia}} |5 |16<ref name="webgate.ec.europa.eu"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Education system – Study in Latvia – studyinlatvia.eu |url=http://www.studyinlatvia.eu/en/studies/education-system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831090437/http://www.studyinlatvia.eu/en/studies/education-system |archive-date=31 August 2019 |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |4 |16<ref name="webgate.ec.europa.eu" /> | |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |6 |12<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelaksanaan pendidikan wajib di peringkat rendah 2003 |url=http://www.moe.gov.my/upload/galeri_awam/pekeliling/2008_BTMK_126_2861_7019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014192342/http://www.moe.gov.my/upload/galeri_awam/pekeliling/2008_BTMK_126_2861_7019.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Maldives}} |6 |15 | |- |{{Flag|Mexico}} |6 |18 |Schooling is required through upper secondary school (Preparatoria).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laura Casillas |title=Calderón firma decreto de preparatoria obligatoria |url=http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/mexico/95381/calderon-firma-decreto-de-preparatoria-obligatoria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214144527/http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/mexico/95381/calderon-firma-decreto-de-preparatoria-obligatoria |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=8 February 2012 |publisher=Azteca Noticias}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Morocco}} |6 |15 | |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |5 |18 |Students are allowed to leave early after obtaining their 'start qualification' (MBO level 2, HAVO or VWO degree). |- |{{Flag|New Zealand}} |6 |16 |Children typically commence school at five years. There is no direct cost until the age of 19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=Education in New Zealand |url=https://www.education.govt.nz/ministry-of-education/our-role-and-our-people/education-in-nz/ |access-date=19 November 2018 |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |6 |15 |A total of ten years (of study, and not schooling, as suggested here), where Primary school is year 1–7 (without grades), and Lower Secondary school (with grades) is year 8–10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Education in Norway |url=http://www.udir.no/Upload/Brosjyrer/5/Education_in_Norway.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327163436/http://www.udir.no/Upload/Brosjyrer/5/Education_in_Norway.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=udir.no |publisher=Foreign Ministry of Norway}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} |5 |18 |This was modified from 6–16 in 2011 and 2012 due to the introduction of compulsory kindergarten and senior high school. |- |{{Flag|Poland}} |6 |18 |Compulsory education starts with one year of pre-school (kindergarten) education, after which children start primary education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2019 |title=Educational system in Poland – Welcome Point |url=https://welcome.uw.edu.pl/before-you-arrive/educational-system-in-poland/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |archive-date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730014042/https://welcome.uw.edu.pl/before-you-arrive/educational-system-in-poland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school (obowiązek szkolny) and compulsory education (obowiązek nauki). |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |6 |18 |It is the law that children living in Portugal (if they're 6 years old or more) must go to school. Home schooling is available with registration at a school and quarterly examinations in the Portuguese curriculum only. |- |{{Flag|Qatar}} |5 |18 |Education shall be compulsory and free for all children from the beginning of the primary stage until the end of the preparatory stage or the age of eighteen, whichever is earlier. |- |{{Flag|Romania}} |5–6 |18–19 |Since 2020, the last year of kindergarten, as well as the last two years of high school were added to compulsory education, bringing compulsory education to a total of 14 years. (see Education in Romania) |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |6 |17 |Student may leave after age 15 with the approval of parents and the local authority. |- |{{Flag|Scotland}} |5 |16 |A person is of school age if he has attained the age of five years and has not attained the age of sixteen years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education (Scotland) Act 1980 – 31 School age |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/44/section/31}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |6 |15 | |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} |7 |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMPULSORY EDUCATION ACT (CHAPTER 51) |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%2245ae5cd5-4eb4-41fd-a649-69cb72d46f55%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025185247/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p%3Bpage%3D0%3Bquery%3DDocId%3A%2245ae5cd5-4eb4-41fd-a649-69cb72d46f55%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0%3Brec%3D0 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=2015-01-18 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}</ref> |Compulsory Education Act 2000. Children who are homeschooled may be exempted from the Act. From 2019, children with moderate-to-severe special education needs are no longer exempt from the Act (children with mild special education needs were already covered by the Act).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compulsory Education |url=https://www.moe.gov.sg/education/education-system/compulsory-education |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=moe.gov.sg}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Spain}} |6 |16 | |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |5 |16 |11 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 11. 1997 — Compulsory Education RegulationsIssued under the Education Ordinance (No. 31 of 1939) by Gazette Notification No. 947/8, making it mandatory for all children aged 5 to 14 to attend school. The government extended the compulsory education age up to 16 years under Gazette Extraordinary No. 2009/42 (October 21, 2016), effective from 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education compulsory for children between 5 and 16 years {{!}} The Sunday Times Sri Lanka |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/160501/news/education-compulsory-for-children-between-5-and-16-years-191731.html |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |6 |16<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans Högman |title=Den svenska skolans historia |url=http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/skolhistoria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524193041/http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/skolhistoria.htm |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Hasses hemsida |language=sv}}</ref> |All children registered in Sweden have to follow the law of 'skolplikt' (compulsory school attendance). Head teachers can only grant leave of absence if they determine that there are exceptional and very compelling reason for the child to take leave of absence from the school. To go on vacation with the family is usually not an exceptional reason to be granted leave of absence. A fine can be issued for those who do not follow the rules. |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |4–6 |15 |Varies by canton.<ref name="webgate.ec.europa.eu" /> |- |{{Flag|Syria}} |6 |15 |Typical ages for 9 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 9. |- |{{Flag|Taiwan}} |7 |15 |Typical ages for 9 years (6–15) of compulsory education (starting from 1968) and optional extension (a.k.a. volunteer basic education) to age 18 (non-compulsory starting from 2014). |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} |4 |15 |Only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory in Thailand. |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |6 |18 |From the 1st to the 12th grade, education is compulsory. Starting in the educational year of 2012–2013, an education reform took effect to bring the compulsory education up to the end of high school. The system is commonly referred to as 4+4+4. |- |{{Flag|United States}} |5–8 |16–19 |Ages vary between states. Beginning age varies from 5 to 8, ending age varies from 16 to 19. In ''Wisconsin v. Yoder'', the [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Supreme Court]] determined in 1972 that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education laws past the 8th grade. |- |{{Flag|Uruguay}} |6 |14 | |- |{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} |6 |16 |Typical ages for 11 years of compulsory education. |} == Rashin amincewa == {{Reflist}} Duk da yake ana ganin ilimin tilas ne a matsayin mai mahimmanci kuma mai amfani, wasu suna ganin karatun tilas a matsayin tsohon yayi kuma ba shi da amfani a duniyar yau kuma ya kasance batun zargi mai tsanani.<ref name="criticism2">{{Cite web |last=Strickland |first=Jim |date=7 October 2012 |title=Op-ed: Let's get rid of compulsory school days |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/op-ed-letrsquos-get-rid-of-compulsory-school-days/ |website=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref> Masu sukar tilastawa suna jayayya cewa irin wannan ilimi ya keta [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|'yancin yara]]; hanya ce ta kula da siyasa; ba ta da tasiri wajen koya wa yara yadda za su magance "duniya ta ainihi" a waje da makaranta; kuma tana iya samun mummunar tasiri ga yara, wanda ke haifar da mafi girman [[Apathy|rashin kulawa]], [[School bullying|zalunci]], [[Stress (biology)|damuwa]], da [[Depression (mood)|baƙin ciki]]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Samun Ilimi|Samun dama ga ilimi na duniya]] * [[Aikin yara|Ayyukan yara]] * Ilimi na dimokuradiyya * Tarihin ilimi * Girman shekarun barin makaranta * Makarantar Jiha * [[Rashin makaranta]] == Manazarta ==   == Ƙarin karantawa == * Coleman, J. S., da sauransu (1966). ''Daidaitawar Ilimi.'' Washington: Ofishin Buga na Gwamnatin Amurka. *   * [Hasiya] "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/nondemocratic-roots-of-mass-education-evidence-from-200-years/8C8C594AA07996A00ED4BEFC66B133B7 Tushen da ba na dimokuradiyya ba na Ilimi na Jama'a: Shaida daga Shekaru 200.]" American Political Science Review.''Binciken Kimiyya na Siyasa na Amurka.'' * Paglayan, Agustina S. (2022), "Tattalin Arziki na Siyasa na Ilimi", The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy, shafi na 837-856. Jami'ar Oxford Press, * [Hasiya] Absolutism da Asalin Karni na Sha takwas na Makarantar tilas a Prussia da Austria Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * White, John (1876). "Dokar kan Ilimi na tilas," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXV, shafi na 897-918.&nbsp; {{Education}}{{Schools}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061230015432/http://www.right-to-education.org/content/age/age_new.pdf Tattaunawar tilastawa ilimi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam (Hakkin Ilimi)] {{Human rights}}{{Authority control}}{{Human rights}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ceol7y1oltnjt64zsc8h2ctdxckvtx Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar ƙwarewa 0 115676 966795 814071 2026-10-12T11:41:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar duniya na ƙasashe da aka rufe bisa ga yawan karatu da rubutu ga duk mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 da sama]] '''Wannan jerin ƙasashe ne ta hanyar yawan''' [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]]. Adadin mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 da sama da haka a duniya shine 86.3%. Adadin ilimin duniya ga dukkan maza shine 90.0%, kuma adadin ga dukkan mata shine 82.7%. Adadin ya bambanta a duk faɗin duniya, tare da [[Developed country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] suna da kashi 99.2% (2013), [[South Asia|Kudancin]] da [[Yammacin Asiya]] suna da kashi 70.2% (2015), da kuma yankin Sahara na Afirka a 64.0% (2015). <ref name="UNESCO2">{{Cite web |title=Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male) |url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en# |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|UIS]] Data Centre |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 75% na manya marasa karatu miliyan 781 a duniya suna samuwa a [[South Asia|Kudancin Asiya]], [[Yammacin Asiya]], da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, kuma mata suna wakiltar kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan manya marasa karatu a duniya.<ref name="CIA2">{{Cite web |title=Country Comparison to the World of Literacy Rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#136 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#136 |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=1 November 2015 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> == Jerin kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hanyar shekaru da bambancin jinsi == Bayanan da UNESCO ta buga ta amfani da ma'anoni masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=UIS Tellmaps |url=https://tellmaps.com/uis/literacy/#!/topic/LIT |access-date=2018-11-02 |website=tellmaps.com |language=en}}</ref> <big><big>''"*"''</big></big> ''yana nuna "Literance a cikin ƙasa ko yanki" ko "Ilimi a cikin ƙasa to yanki" hanyoyin haɗi.'' {| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:right;" |- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan="2" |Country ! colspan="2" |Youth<br /><br />(15 to 24) ! colspan="2" |Adult<br /><br />(25+) ! colspan="2" |Elderly<br /><br />(65+) ! colspan="2" |Youth Gender<br /><br />Parity Index |- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;" !Rate !Year !Rate !Year !Rate !Year !Rate !Year |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Afghanistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |65.0 |2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-05 |title=Interview: "Literacy rate in Afghanistan increased to 43 per cent" {{!}} UIL |url=https://uil.unesco.org/interview-literacy-rate-afghanistan-increased-43-cent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205135342/https://uil.unesco.org/interview-literacy-rate-afghanistan-increased-43-cent |archive-date=2021-12-05 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> |31.7 |2011 |20.3 |2011 |0.5 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Albania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2012 |97.2 |2012 |86.9 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Algeria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.8 |2008 |75.1 |2008 |19.5 |2008 |1.0 |2008 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|American Samoa|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.7 |1980 |97.3 |1980 |92.7 |1980 |1.0 |1980 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Andorra|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Angola|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |77.4 |2014 |66.0 |2014 |27.0 |2014 |0.8 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Anguilla|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1 |1984 |95.4 |1984 |88.0 |1984 |1.0 |1984 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Antigua and Barbuda|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | |98.9 |2015 | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Argentina|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.5 |2016 |99.1 |2016 |97.9 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Armenia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2011 |99.7 |2011 |98.9 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Aruba|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1 |2010 |96.8 |2010 |88.9 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Australia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.6 | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Austria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Azerbaijan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2016 |99.8 |2016 |98.4 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bahamas|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bahrain|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.0 |2001 |86.5 |2001 |42.3 |2001 |1.0 |2001 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bangladesh|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |94.9 |2019 |74.7 |2019 |39.4 |2019 |1.03 |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Barbados|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2014 |99.6 |2014 |98.5 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belarus|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2009 |99.6 |2009 |98.6 |2009 |1.0 |2009 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belgium|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belize|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |77.6 |1991 |70.3 |1991 |44.8 |1991 |1.0 |1991 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Benin|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |52.5 |2012 |32.9 |2012 |7.0 |2012 |0.6 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bermuda|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bhutan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |87.3 |2012 |57.0 |2012 |14.9 |2012 |0.9 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bolivia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.4 |2015 |92.5 |2015 |67.5 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bonaire|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bosnia and Herzegovina|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7 |2013 |97.0 |2013 |86.0 |2013 |1.0 |2013 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Botswana|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.7 |2014 |87.7 |2014 |40.7 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Brazil|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7 |2020 |92.0 |2015 |74.3 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|British Virgin Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Brunei Darussalam|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.4 |2011 |96.1 |2011 |61.6 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bulgaria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.9 |2011 |98.4 |2011 |97.5 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Burkina Faso|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |50.1 |2014 |34.6 |2014 |8.4 |2014 |0.8 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Burundi|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |79.6 |2014 |61.6 |2014 |24.9 |2014 |0.9 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cabo Verde|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.1 |2015 |86.8 |2015 |36.8 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cambodia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |92.2 |2015 |80.5 |2015 |53.1 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cameroon|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |80.6 |2010 |71.3 |2010 |26.1 |2010 |0.9 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Canada|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cayman Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |98.9 |2007 |98.9 |2007 |94.7 |2007 |1.0 |2007 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Central African Republic|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |36.4 |2010 |36.8 |2010 |35.7 |2010 |0.6 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Chad|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |30.8 |2016 |22.3 |2016 |7.0 |2016 |0.6 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Chile|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.4 |2015 |96.9 |2015 |89.9 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|China|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24) - China {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS?locations=CN |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> |2018 |96.8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - China |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=CN |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> |2018 |73.9 |2010 |1.0<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth (ages 15-24), gender parity index (GPI) - China {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FM.ZS?locations=CN |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Hong Kong|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Macao|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2016 |96.5 |2016 |81.2 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Colombia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.7 |2016 |94.7 |2016 |81.4 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Comoros|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |71.6 |2012 |49.2 |2012 |12.8 |2012 |0.9 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Congo, Rep.|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |80.9 |2011 |79.3 |2011 |73.1 |2011 |0.9 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Congo, Dem. Rep.|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |85.0 |2016 |77.0 |2016 |48.0 |2016 |0.9 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cook Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Costa Rica|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1 |2011 |97.4 |2011 |90.4 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Côte d'Ivoire|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |53.0 |2014 |43.9 |2014 |18.0 |2014 |0.8 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Croatia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7 |2011 |99.1 |2011 |97.1 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cuba|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2012 |99.8 |2012 |99.2 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Curaçao|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cyprus|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2011 |98.7 |2011 |93.8 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Czech Republic|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Denmark|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Djibouti|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Dominica|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Dominican Republic|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |98.8 |2016 |93.8 |2016 |79.8 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ecuador|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1 |2016 |94.4 |2016 |77.7 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Egypt|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.9 |2017 |71.2 |2017 |43.2 |2013 |1.0 |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|El Salvador|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.0 |2016 |88.5 |2017 |65.7 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Equatorial Guinea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.2 |2014 |95.0 |2014 |67.2 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Eritrea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |87.0 |2008 |64.7 |2008 |20.9 |2008 |0.9 |2008 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Estonia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2011 |99.9 |2011 |99.7 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Eswatini|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.5 |2010 |83.1 |2010 |45.2 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ethiopia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |55.0 |2007 |39.0 |2007 |13.6 |2007 |0.7 |2007 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Faeroe Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Falkland Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Fiji|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Finland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|France|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|French Guiana|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |91.3 |1982 |82.9 |1982 |69.7 |1982 | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|French Polynesia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Gabon|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |88.5 |2012 |82.3 |2012 |60.6 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Gambia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |60.8 |2013 |42.0 |2013 |10.4 |2013 |0.9 |2013 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Georgia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7 |2014 |99.6 |2014 |99.1 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Germany|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ghana|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |85.7 |2010 |71.5 |2010 |34.9 |2010 |0.9 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Gibraltar|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Greece|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.8 |2011 |97.4 |2011 |92.5 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Greenland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=World Factbook |title=Greenland |orig-date=Last updated 16 May 2023 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greenland/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513214534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greenland/ |archive-date=13 May 2023 |language=en |chapter=People and Culture: Literacy}}</ref> |100.0 |2015 | | | | |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Grenada|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2014 |98.6 |2014 |96.2 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guadeloupe|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2014 |96.0 |2014 |82.9 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guam|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |1990 |99.4 |1990 |95.9 |1990 |1.0 |1990 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guatemala|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |94.4 |2014 |81.3 |2014 |50.7 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guinea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |46.3 |2014 |32.0 |2014 |13.1 |2014 |0.7 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guinea-Bissau|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |60.4 |2014 |45.6 |2014 |19.5 |2014 |0.7 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guyana|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.7 |2014 |85.6 |2014 |49.9 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Haiti|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |72.3 |2006 |48.7 |2006 |8.5 |2006 |0.9 |2006 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Holy See|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Honduras|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.1 |2016 |89.0 |2016 |66.3 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Hungary|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.8 |2014 |99.1 |2014 |99.1 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iceland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|India|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.7 |2018 |75.4 |2018 |45.4 |2018 |0.97 |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Indonesia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7 |2016 |95.4 |2016 |70.1 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iran|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.1 |2016 |85.5 |2016 |36.8 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iraq|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.5 |2017 |85.6 |2017 |20.4 |2013 |0.9 |2013 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ireland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Isle of Man|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Israel|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.6 |1983 |91.8 |1983 |79.8 |1983 |1.0 |1983 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Italy|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2011 |98.8 |2011 |96.7 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Jamaica|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.3 |2014 |88.1 |2014 |66.6 |2014 |1.1 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Japan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Jordan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1 |2012 |97.9 |2012 |87.7 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kazakhstan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2010 |99.8 |2010 |99.5 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kenya|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |86.5 |2014 |78.7 |2014 |54.0 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kiribati|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Korea, North|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0 |2008 |100.0 |2008 |100.0 |2008 |1.0 |2008 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Korea, South|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kuwait|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2017 |96.1 |2018 |69.5 |2015 |1.0 |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kyrgyzstan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2009 |99.2 |2009 |92.5 |2009 |1.0 |2009 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Laos|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |92.5 |2015 |84.7 |2015 |58.6 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Latvia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2011 |99.9 |2011 |99.9 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lebanon|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2009 |91.2 |2009 |60.2 |2009 |1.0 |2009 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lesotho|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |86.6 |2014 |76.6 |2014 |51.4 |2014 |1.2 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Liberia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |49.1 |2007 |42.9 |2007 |32.8 |2007 |0.6 |2007 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Libya|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.6 |2004 |86.1 |2004 |24.2 |2004 |1.0 |2004 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Liechtenstein|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lithuania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2011 |99.8 |2011 |99.8 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Luxembourg|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Madagascar|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |76.8 |2012 |71.6 |2012 |49.4 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malawi|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |72.9 |2015 |62.1 |2015 |35.1 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malaysia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.2 |2001 |89.5 |2001 |47.1 |2001 |1.0 |2001 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Maldives|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99.3 |2014 |98.6 |2014 |92.8 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mali|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |49.4 |2015 |33.1 |2015 |13.6 |2015 |0.6 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malta|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.9 |2011 |93.3 |2011 |85.8 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Marshall Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |98.5 |2011 |98.3 |2011 |89.4 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Martinique|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2014 |96.9 |2014 |88.1 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mauritania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |56.1 |2007 |45.5 |2007 |26.6 |2007 |0.7 |2007 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mauritius|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.1 |2011 |93.2 |2016 |64.6 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mayotte|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mexico|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1 |2016 |94.9 |2016 |78.9 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Micronesia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Monaco|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mongolia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.5 |2010 |98.3 |2010 |94.6 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Montenegro|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2011 |98.4 |2011 |93.9 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Montserrat|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Morocco|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.7<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-27 |title=Morocco |url=http://uis.unesco.org/country/MA |access-date=2021-01-19 |website=uis.unesco.org}}</ref> |2018 |73.8<ref name=":0" /> |2018 |34.1<ref name=":0" /> |2018 |0.99<ref>{{Cite web |title=UIS Statistics |url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/# |access-date=2021-01-19 |website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mozambique|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |70.5 |2015 |56.0 |2015 |26.0 |2015 |0.8 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Myanmar|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |84.8 |2016 |75.6 |2016 |58.2 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Namibia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |94.4 |2011 |88.3 |2011 |56.7 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nauru|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nepal|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |84.8 |2011 |68 |2018 |20.8 |2011 |0.9 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Netherlands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|New Caledonia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2014 |97.8 |2014 |90.6 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|New Zealand|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nicaragua|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |87.0 |2005 |78.0 |2005 |49.2 |2005 |1.0 |2005 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Niger|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |39.8 |2012 |30.6 |2012 |13.7 |2012 |0.7 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nigeria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |66.4 |2008 |51.1 |2008 |21.6 |2008 |0.8 |2008 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Niue|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|North Macedonia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.7 |2002 |96.1 |2002 |82.5 |2002 |1.0 |2002 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Northern Mariana Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Norway|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Oman|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.7 |2017 |96.1 |2017 |41.9 |2016 |1.0 |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Pakistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |74.5 |2017 |59.1 |2017 |27.1 |2017 |0.83 |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Palau|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.7 |2015 |96.6 |2015 |84.7 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Palestine|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99<ref name="West Bank and Gaza">{{Cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24) - West Bank and Gaza Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=PS |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=data.worldbank.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |2020 |97<ref name="West Bank and Gaza" /> |2019 |63.9 |2016 |1.13<ref name="West Bank and Gaza" /> |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Panama|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.6 |2010 |94.1 |2010 |80.9 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Papua New Guinea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |67.9 |2010 |61.6 |2010 |33.0 |2010 |1.1 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Paraguay|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.5 |2016 |94.7 |2016 |77.8 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Peru|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.9 |2016 |94.1 |2017 |77.7 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Philippines|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |98.1 |2013 |96.4 |2013 |90.1 |2013 |1.0 |2013 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Pitcairn|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Poland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2008 |98.7 |2008 |93.0 |2008 |1.0 |2008 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Portugal|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.4 |2011 |94.5 |2011 |80.5 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Puerto Rico|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.8 |2010 |92.4 |2017 |84.5 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Qatar|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.9 |2004 |89.0 |2004 |41.0 |2004 |1.0 |2004 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Republic of Moldova|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.5 |2012 |99.1 |2012 |95.8 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Romania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0 |2011 |98.6 |2011 |96.8 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Russian Federation|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7 |2010 |99.7 |2010 |99.2 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Rwanda|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |85.1 |2014 |70.8 |2014 |24.3 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Réunion|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.7 |1982 |78.6 |1982 |42.0 |1982 |1.0 |1982 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Helena|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | |96.0 |1998 | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Kitts and Nevis|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Lucia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.5 |1982 |99.3 |1982 |98.5 |1982 |1.0 |1982 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint-Martin|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Samoa|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2011 |99.0 |2011 |96.3 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|San Marino|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sao Tome and Principe|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.7 |2012 |90.1 |2012 |49.6 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saudi Arabia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2 |2013 |94.4 |2013 |51.4 |2013 |1.0 |2013 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Senegal|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |69.5 |2017 |51.9 |2017 |21.5 |2013 |0.8 |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Serbia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7 |2016 |98.8 |2016 |96.6 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Seychelles|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99.0 |2010 |94.0 |2010 |71.5 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sierra Leone|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |57.0 |2013 |32.4 |2013 |3.7 |2013 |0.8 |2013 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Singapore|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2016 |97.0 |2016 |84.0 |2015 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sint Maarten|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Slovakia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Slovenia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2014 |99.7 |2014 |99.3 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Solomon Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | |76.6 |1999 | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Somalia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|South Africa|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0 |2015 |94.4 |2015 |72.1 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|South Sudan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |36.7 |2008 |26.8 |2008 |11.0 |2008 |0.7 |2008 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Spain|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.6 |2016 |98.3 |2016 |94.7 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sri Lanka|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.9 |2017 |91.9 |2017 |81.0 |2016 |1.0 |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.0 |1970 |95.6 |1970 |91.0 |1970 |1.0 |1970 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sudan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |65.8 |2008 |53.5 |2008 |24.3 |2008 |0.9 |2008 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Suriname|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.7 |2012 |92.9 |2012 |76.0 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Svalbard and Jan Mayen|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sweden|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Switzerland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Syrian Arab Republic|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |92.5 |2004 |80.8 |2004 |39.0 |2004 |1.0 |2004 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tajikistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9 |2014 |99.8 |2014 |98.1 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tanzania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |85.8 |2015 |77.9 |2015 |43.5 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Thailand|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.1 |2015 |92.9 |2015 |78.7 |2015 |1.0 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Timor-Leste|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |79.5 |2010 |58.3 |2010 |11.2 |2010 |1.0 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Togo|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |84.3 |2015 |63.7 |2015 |20.4 |2015 |0.9 |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tokelau|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tonga|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.4 |2011 |99.4 |2011 |98.9 |2011 |1.0 |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Trinidad and Tobago|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.3 |1990 |96.9 |1990 |82.8 |1990 |1.0 |1990 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tunisia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.2 |2014 |79.0 |2014 |39.8 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Turkey|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.6 |2016 |96.2 |2016 |88.1 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Turkmenistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8 |2014 |99.7 |2014 |97.6 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Turks and Caicos Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tuvalu|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uganda|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |83.7 |2012 |70.2 |2012 |36.1 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ukraine|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0 |2012 |100.0 |2012 |100.0 |2012 |1.0 |2012 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United Arab Emirates|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |95.0 |2005 |90.0 |2005 |42.1 |2005 |1.0 |2005 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United Kingdom|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United States|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United States Virgin Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uruguay|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.9 |2017 |98.6 |2017 |97.1 |2016 |1.0 |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uzbekistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0 |2016 |100.0 |2016 |99.8 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Vanuatu|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.3 |2014 |84.7 |2014 |44.2 |2014 |1.0 |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Venezuela|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.8 |2016 |97.1 |2016 |88.1 |2016 |1.0 |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Viet Nam|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.1 |2009 |95.8 |2019 |76.9 |2009 |1.0 |2009 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Wallis and Futuna|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Western Sahara|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} | | | | | | | | |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Yemen|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |77.0 |2004 |54.1 |2004 |13.7 |2004 |0.7 |2004 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Zambia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |88.7 |2010 |83.0 |2010 |52.3 |2010 |0.9 |2010 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Zimbabwe|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |90.4 |2014 |88.7 |2014 |81.1 |2014 |1.1 |2014 |} <big><big>''"*"''</big></big> ''yana nuna "Literance a cikin ƙasa ko yanki" ko "Ilimi a cikin ƙasa to yanki" hanyoyin haɗi.'' {| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" |- class="static-row-header" ! rowspan="2" width="200px" |Country ! colspan="5" |Literacy rate<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=List of Countries By Literacy Rate |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Literacy - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.cia.gov |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401014237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [text–source integrity?] |- class="static-row-header" ! width="75px" |Total ! width="75px" |Male ! width="75px" |Female ! width="75px" |Gender gap ! width="75px" |Year |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Afghanistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |37.3% |52.1% |22.6% |29.5% |2021 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Albania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.1% |98.5% |97.8% |0.7% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Algeria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |81.4% |87.4% |75.3% |12.1% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Andorra|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |100.0% |100.0% |0.0% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Angola|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |71.1% |82.0% |60.7% |21.3% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Antigua and Barbuda|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |98.4% |99.4% |1.0% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Argentina|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |98.9% |99.1% |0.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Armenia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.8% |99.7% |0.1% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Australia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Austria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Azerbaijan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.9% |99.7% |0.2% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bahamas|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bahrain|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.5% |99.9% |94.9% |5.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bangladesh|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |74.66% |76.56% |72.82% |3.72% |2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Star Digital |date=2022-07-27 |title=Bangladesh's literacy rate now 74.66% |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/youth/education/news/bangladeshs-literacy-rate-now-7466-3080701 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Barbados|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.6% |99.6% |99.6% |0.0% |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belarus|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9% |99.9% |99.9% |0.0% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belgium|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belize|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |83.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Benin|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |42.4% |54.0% |31.1% |22.9% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bhutan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |66.6% |75.0% |57.1% |17.9% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bolivia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |92.5% |96.5% |88.6% |7.9% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bosnia and Herzegovina|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.5% |99.5% |97.5% |2.0% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Botswana|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |88.5% |88.0% |88.9% |0.9% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Brazil|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.2% |93.0% |93.4% |0.4% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Brunei|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.2% |98.1% |93.4% |4.7% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bulgaria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.4% |98.7% |98.1% |0.6% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Burkina Faso|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |39.3% |49.2% |31.0% |18.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Burundi|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |68.4% |76.3% |61.2% |15.1% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cabo Verde|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |86.8% |91.7% |82.0% |9.7% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cambodia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |80.5% |86.5% |75.0% |11.5% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cameroon|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |77.1% |82.6% |71.6% |11.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Canada|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Central African Republic|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |37.4% |49.5% |25.8% |23.7% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Chad|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |22.3% |31.3% |14.0% |17.3% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Chile|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.3% |96.3% |96.3% |0.0% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|China|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.8% |98.5% |95.2% |3.3% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Colombia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.6% |95.4% |95.9% |0.5% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Comoros|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |58.8% |64.6% |53.0% |11.6% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Congo, Republic of the|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |80.3% |86.1% |74.6% |11.5% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Congo, Democratic Republic of the|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |77.0% |88.5% |66.5% |22.0% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Costa Rica|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.9% |97.8% |97.9% |0.1% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ivory Coast|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |89.9% |93.1% |86.7% |6.4% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Croatia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.3% |99.7% |98.9% |0.8% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cuba|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.9% |99.8% |0.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cyprus|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1% |99.5% |98.7% |0.8% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Czech Republic|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99.0% |99.0% |99.0% |0.0% |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Denmark|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Djibouti|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Dominica|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |92.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Dominican Republic|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |93.8% |93.8% |93.8% |0.0% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ecuador|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.6% |94.8% |92.5% |2.3% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Egypt|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |71.2% |76.5% |65.5% |11.0% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|El Salvador|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |89.1% |91.3% |87.3% |4.0% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Equatorial Guinea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.3% |97.4% |93.0% |4.4% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Eritrea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |76.6% |84.4% |68.9% |15.5% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Estonia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.8% |99.8% |0.0% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ethiopia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |51.8% |57.2% |44.4% |12.8% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Fiji|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1% |99.1% |99.1% |0.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Finland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|France|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Gabon|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |84.7% |85.9% |83.4% |2.5% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Gambia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |50.8% |61.8% |41.6% |20.2% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Georgia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.6% |99.7% |99.5% |0.2% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Germany|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ghana|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |79.0% |83.5% |74.5% |9.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Greece|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.9% |98.5% |97.4% |1.1% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Grenada|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.6% |98.6% |98.6% |0.0% |2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guatemala|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |80.8% |85.3% |76.7% |8.6% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guinea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |39.6% |54.4% |27.7% |26.7% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guinea-Bissau|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |59.9% |71.8% |48.3% |23.5% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guyana|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |88.5% |87.2% |89.8% |2.6% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Haiti|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |61.7% |65.3% |58.3% |7.0% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Honduras|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |88.5% |88.2% |88.7% |0.5% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Hungary|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1% |99.1% |99.0% |0.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iceland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|India|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |74.4% |82.4% |65.8% |16.6% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Indonesia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.0% |97.4% |94.6% |2.8% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iran|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |85.5% |90.4% |80.8% |9.6% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iraq|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |85.6% |91.2% |79.9% |11.3% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ireland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Israel|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.8% |98.7% |96.8% |1.9% |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Italy|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2% |99.4% |99.0% |0.4% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Jamaica|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |88.7% |84.0% |93.1% |9.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Japan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Jordan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.2% |98.6% |97.8% |0.8% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kazakhstan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.8% |99.7% |0.1% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kenya|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |81.5% |85.0% |78.2% |6.8% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kiribati|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Korea, Democratic People's Republic of|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |100.0% |100.0% |0.0% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Korea, Republic of|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kuwait|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.5% |97.1% |95.4% |1.7% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kyrgyzstan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.6% |99.7% |99.5% |0.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Laos|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |84.7% |90.0% |79.4% |10.6% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Latvia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9% |99.9% |99.9% |0.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lebanon|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.1% |96.9% |93.3% |3.6% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lesotho|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |79.4% |70.1% |88.3% |18.2% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Liberia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |48.3% |62.7% |34.1% |28.6% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Libya|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |91.0% |96.7% |85.6% |11.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Liechtenstein|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lithuania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.8% |99.8% |0.0% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Luxembourg|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Madagascar|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |76.7% |78.4% |75.1% |3.3% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malawi|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |62.1% |69.8% |55.2% |14.6% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malaysia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.0% |96.2% |93.6% |2.6% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Maldives|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |97.7% |97.3% |98.1% |0.8% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mali|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |35.5% |46.2% |25.7% |20.5% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malta|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |94.5% |93.0% |96.0% |3.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Marshall Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |98.3% |98.3% |98.2% |0.1% |2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mauritania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |53.5% |63.7% |43.4% |20.3% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mauritius|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |91.3% |93.4% |89.4% |4.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mexico|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.2% |96.1% |94.5% |1.6% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Micronesia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Moldova|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.4% |99.7% |99.1% |0.6% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Monaco|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mongolia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.2% |99.1% |99.2% |0.1% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Montenegro|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.8% |99.5% |98.3% |1.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Morocco|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |73.8% |83.3% |64.6% |18.7% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mozambique|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |60.7% |72.6% |50.3% |22.3% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Myanmar|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |89.1% |92.4% |86.3% |6.1% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Namibia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |91.5% |91.6% |91.4% |0.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nauru|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nepal|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |67.9% |78.6% |59.7% |18.9% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Netherlands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|New Zealand|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nicaragua|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |82.6% |82.4% |82.8% |0.4% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Niger|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |35.1% |43.6% |26.7% |16.9% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nigeria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |62.0% |71.3% |52.7% |18.6% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|North Macedonia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.4% |99.1% |97.6% |1.5% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Norway|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Oman|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.7% |97.0% |92.7% |4.3% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Pakistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |58.0% |69.3% |46.5% |22.8% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Palau|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.6% |96.8% |96.3% |0.5% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Panama|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.7% |98.8% |95.4% |3.4% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Papua New Guinea|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |64.2% |65.6% |62.8% |2.8% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Paraguay|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |94.5% |94.9% |94.2% |0.7% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Peru|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |94.5% |97.0% |92.0% |5.0% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Philippines|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |96.3% |95.7% |96.9% |1.2% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Poland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.9% |99.7% |0.2% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Portugal|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.1% |97.4% |95.1% |2.3% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Palestine|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |97%<ref name="West Bank and Gaza"/> |99% |96% |3% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Qatar|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.5% |92.4% |94.7% |2.3% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Romania|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.8% |99.1% |98.6% |0.5% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Russia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7% |99.7% |99.7% |0.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Rwanda|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |73.2% |77.6% |69.4% |8.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Kitts and Nevis|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Lucia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |90.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Samoa|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.1% |99.0% |99.2% |0.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|San Marino|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.9% |99.9% |99.9% |0.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|São Tomé and Príncipe|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |92.8% |96.2% |89.5% |6.7% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saudi Arabia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.6% |98.6% |96.0% |2.6% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Senegal|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |51.9% |64.8% |39.8% |25.0% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Serbia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.5% |99.9% |99.1% |0.8% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Seychelles|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |95.9% |95.4% |96.4% |1.0% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sierra Leone|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |43.2% |51.6% |39.8% |11.8% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Singapore|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.5% |98.9% |96.1% |2.8% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Slovakia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Slovenia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7% |99.7% |99.7% |0.0% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Solomon Islands|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |77.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Somalia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |39.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|South Africa|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.0% |95.5% |94.5% |1.0% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|South Sudan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |34.5% |40.3% |28.9% |11.4% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Spain|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.6% |99.0% |98.2% |0.8% |2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sri Lanka|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |92.3% |93.0% |91.6% |1.4% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sudan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |60.7% |65.4% |56.1% |9.3% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Suriname|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |94.4% |96.1% |92.7% |3.4% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Eswatini|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |88.4% |88.3% |88.5% |0.2% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sweden|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Switzerland|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Syria|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |86.4% |91.7% |81.0% |10.7% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Taiwan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.70% |99.73% |97.69% |2.05% |2017 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tajikistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.8% |99.7% |0.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tanzania, United Republic of|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |77.9% |83.2% |73.1% |10.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Thailand|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |93.8% |95.2% |92.4% |2.8% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Timor-Leste|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |68.1% |71.9% |64.2% |7.7% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Togo|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |66.5% |80.0% |55.1% |24.9% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tonga|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.4% |99.4% |99.5% |0.1% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Trinidad and Tobago|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |99.2% |98.7% |0.5% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tunisia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |81.8% |89.6% |74.2% |15.4% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Turkey|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |96.7% |99.1% |94.4% |4.7% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Turkmenistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.7% |99.8% |99.6% |0.2% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tuvalu|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uganda|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |76.5% |82.7% |70.8% |11.9% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ukraine|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |99.8% |99.8% |99.7% |0.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United Arab Emirates|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |97.6% |98.0% |96.9% |1.1% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United Kingdom|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |99.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United States of America|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in|the=y}} |86.0% |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uruguay|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |98.8% |98.5% |99.0% |0.5% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uzbekistan|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |100.0% |100.0% |100.0% |0.0% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Vanuatu|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |87.5% |88.3% |86.7% |1.6% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Venezuela|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |97.1% |97.0% |97.2% |0.2% |2016 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Vietnam|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |95.8% |97.0% |94.6% |2.4% |2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Yemen|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |70.1% |85.1% |55.0% |30.1% |2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Zambia|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |86.7% |90.6% |83.1% |7.5% |2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Zimbabwe|pref=Literacy in|pref2=Education in}} |86.5% |88.5% |84.6% |3.9% |2015 |- |'''World''' |'''86.7%''' |'''90.1%''' |'''83.3%''' |'''6.8%''' | |} == Jerin sauran jihohi da yankuna == {| class="sortable wikitable" !Yankin !Yawan masu karatu (duk) !Karatun maza !Ilimin mata !Bambancin jinsi{{Efn|A positive value indicates that the ''male'' literacy rate is higher. A negative value indicates that the ''female'' literacy rate is higher.}} !Shekara !Bayani |- |{{Flag|Aruba}} |97.5% |97.5% |97.5% |0.0% |2015<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |title=Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male) |url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en# |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|UIS]] Data Centre |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> |Kasar da ke cikin Masarautar Netherlands. |- |{{Flag|Cayman Islands}} |98.9% |98.7% |99.0% |−0.3% |2007<ref name="UNESCO" /> |Yankin kasashen waje na [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]]. |- |{{Flag|Guadeloupe}} |96.5% |96.4% |96.6% |−0.2% |2015<ref name="UNESCO" /> |Yankin kasashen waje / sashen [[Faransa]]. |- |{{Flag|Guam}} |99.8% |99.8% |99.8% |0.0% |2015<ref name="UNESCO" /> |Yankin da ba a haɗa shi ba kuma an tsara shi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. |- |{{Flag|Kosovo}} |91.9% |96.6% |87.5% |9.1% |2003<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |title=Country Comparison to the World of Literacy Rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#136 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#136 |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=1 November 2015 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> |memba na hukumomin musamman guda biyu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya). [[Serbiya|Serbia]] ce ke da'awar hakan. |- |{{Flag|Macau}} |96.2% |98.0% |94.6% |3.4% |2015<ref name="UNESCO" /> |[[China]]" id="mwD40" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Special administrative regions of China">Yankin gudanarwa na musamman na kasar Sin. |- |{{Flag|Martinique}} |97.0% |97.6% |96.4% |1.2% |2015<ref name="UNESCO" /> |Yankin kasashen waje / sashen [[Faransa]]. |- |{{Flag|New Caledonia}} |96.9% |97.3% |96.5% |0.8% |2015<ref name="UNESCO" /> |Yankin kasashen waje / sashen [[Faransa]]. |- |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}} |93.3% |92.8% |93.8% |−1.0% |2015<ref name="UNESCO" /> |Yankin da ba a kafa shi ba na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. |- |{{Flag|Réunion}} |93.9% |93.2% |94.5% |−1.3% |2015<ref name="UNESCO" /> |Yankin kasashen waje / sashen [[Faransa]]. |} == Dubi kuma == * Ranar Koyarwa ta Duniya * [[Ilimi na tilas]] * Jerin jihohin Indiya da yankunan hadin gwiwa ta hanyar yawan karatu da rubutu * Jerin jihohin Brazil ta hanyar yawan karatu da rubutu * Shirin Nazarin Dalibai na Duniya, wanda ke mai da hankali kan kasashe masu tasowa * Shirin Binciken Kasa da Kasa na Kwarewar Matasa * Ci gaba a Nazarin Karatu na Duniya == Manazarta == <references /> 0zfi7xhehfd9a1v70a83usl90pcdb5o Jami'ar Skyline 0 115938 966722 712302 2026-10-12T06:14:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966722 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Skyline''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skyline University Nigeria {{!}} Ranking & Review |url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/uni/skyline-university-nigeria/ |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=www.unirank.org}}</ref> An kafa Jami'ar Skyline Najeriya a cikin shekara ta 2018, gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya ta ba da izini don fara ma'aikatar mallakar masu zaman kansu a watan Mayu, 2018 a [[Kano]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-09 |title=Nigerian government approves establishment of Skyline University |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/267837-nigerian-government-approves-establishment-of-skyline-university.html |access-date=2021-12-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Jami'ar Skyline [[Najeriya]] ita ce Jami'ar farko mai zaman kanta a [[Kano]], [[Najeriya]] kuma ita ce Jamiʼar ta biyu mai zaman kanta da ke yankin Arewa maso Yammacin [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-03 |title=Kano gets first private university |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/274825-kano-gets-first-private-university.html |access-date=2021-12-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sashe na Ilimi == Tun daga kafa sabuwar ma'aikatar a cikin 2018, Jami'ar Skyline [[Najeriya]] ta girma zuwa fannoni 3 daban-daban tare da sassan da ke haɗe da fannoni. Akwai: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skyline University Nigeria |url=https://www.sun.edu.ng/ |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Skyline University Nigeria |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221012420/https://www.sun.edu.ng/ |archive-date=2022-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasahar Bayanai === * Kimiyya ta lissafi * Kimiyya ta sinadarai * Ilimin ƙasa * Kimiyya ta Halitta * Kimiyya ta Kimiyya * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Injiniyan Software === Makarantar Fasaha, Gudanarwa da Kimiyya ta Jama'a === * Sadarwa da Jama'a * Gudanarwa * Tattalin Arziki * Kimiyya ta Siyasa * Yawon shakatawa da Gudanar da Baƙi === Makarantar Kimiyya ta Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya === * Dokta na Physiotherapy * B.NSc Kimiyya ta jinya == Mataimakin Shugabannin == Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Skyline, Najeriya shine Farfesa Sudhakar Kota, ya yi rajistar daliban majagaba na ma'aikatar, jimlar dalibai 82 a cikin 2019, karatun ya shaida wasu shahararrun mutane a Najeriya ciki har da Sarkin Kano.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-27 |title=Emir Sanusi at SUN matriculation: Kano will soon have quality doctors, engineers, others |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/emir-sanusi-at-sun-matriculation-kano-will-soon-have-quality-doctors-engineers-others/ |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Just In: Skyline University Partners Kano Varsity On Library, Research |url=https://independent.ng/just-in-skyline-university-partners-kano-varsity-on-library-research/ |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-06 |title=Skyline varsity matriculates 82 pioneer students |url=https://punchng.com/skyline-varsity-matriculates-82-pioneer-students/ |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Jami'ar Skyline Najeriya ta sanar da isowar sabon mataimakin shugaban kasa bayan wa'adin Farfesa Sudhakar Kota ya ƙare, sabon mataimakan shugaban kasa da aka sanar shi ne Ajith Kumar Vadakki Veetil, likita na waje daga Kwalejin Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Skyline|skyline]], Ya koma ofis a ranar Laraba 27 ga Janairu 2021 don maye gurbin tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Farfesa Sudhiakar Kota. <ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Skyline |title=Skyline University Nigeria Welcomes New Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.sun.edu.ng/news/skyline-university-nigeria-welcomes-new-vice-chancellor |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=www.sun.edu.ng |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218131111/https://www.sun.edu.ng/news/skyline-university-nigeria-welcomes-new-vice-chancellor |archive-date=2021-12-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == d6a0yxakhlyxy2hmys7vy2bod3gwhbo Rigakafin kashe kansa 0 116026 966161 900505 2026-10-11T15:04:53Z Comrade Aliyu Salisu 49923 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379410115|Suicide prevention]]" 966161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rigakafin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]''' tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.<ref name="CDC2019">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=Suicide {{!}} Violence Prevention {{!}} Injury Center |url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520080623/https://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/index.html |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin [[al'umma]].<ref name="CDC2019" /> Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta [[lafiyar jama'a]] wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-04 |title=Prevention Strategies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/prevention/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211058/https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/prevention/index.html |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin [[Ilimin magunguna|magani]], lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko lafiyar hankali ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan.: 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13  === Abubuwan haɗari === [[File:US_Navy_091027-N-0000X-001_A_photo_illustration_produced_by_the_Defense_Media_Agency_on_suicide_prevention.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsaro ta samar game da rigakafin kashe kansa]] Dukkanin mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu. Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga wani yana jin ya kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na iya haɗawa da: == Manazarta == aooiiqp95vf4gxeto9ebs9cxd17h0fv 966162 966161 2026-10-11T15:05:56Z Comrade Aliyu Salisu 49923 966162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rigakafin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]''' tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.<ref name="CDC2019">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=Suicide {{!}} Violence Prevention {{!}} Injury Center |url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520080623/https://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/index.html |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin [[al'umma]].<ref name="CDC2019" /> Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta [[lafiyar jama'a]] wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-04 |title=Prevention Strategies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/prevention/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211058/https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/prevention/index.html |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin [[Ilimin magunguna|magani]], lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko lafiyar hankali ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan.: 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13  === Abubuwan haɗari === [[File:US_Navy_091027-N-0000X-001_A_photo_illustration_produced_by_the_Defense_Media_Agency_on_suicide_prevention.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsaro ta samar game da rigakafin kashe kansa]] Dukkanin mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu. Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga wani yana jin ya kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na iya haɗawa da: == Manazarta == tw7zz56pnrythfpmu5fitny3uomc2vm 966163 966162 2026-10-11T15:07:50Z Comrade Aliyu Salisu 49923 966163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rigakafin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]''' tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.<ref name="CDC2019">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=Suicide {{!}} Violence Prevention {{!}} Injury Center |url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520080623/https://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/index.html |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin [[al'umma]].<ref name="CDC2019" /> Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta [[lafiyar jama'a]] wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin [[zamantakewa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-04 |title=Prevention Strategies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/prevention/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211058/https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/prevention/index.html |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin [[Ilimin magunguna|magani]], lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko lafiyar hankali ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan.: 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000|p=13}} : 13  === Abubuwan haɗari === [[File:US_Navy_091027-N-0000X-001_A_photo_illustration_produced_by_the_Defense_Media_Agency_on_suicide_prevention.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsaro ta samar game da rigakafin kashe kansa]] Dukkanin mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu. Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga wani yana jin ya kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na iya haɗawa da: == Manazarta == t2caty6s882z5d940ckdz2cn14gexn8 Jami'ar Ilimi ta Ignatius Ajuru 0 119779 966716 730562 2026-10-12T04:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966716 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Ilimi ta Ignatius Ajuru''', (IAUE) jami'a ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], a baya ana kiranta da '''Kwalejin Ilimi [[Jihar Rivers|ta Jihar Ribas]]''' daga watan Yuni 1971 zuwa Oktoba 2009. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Admin_Block,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg|thumb|472x472px|Ginin Gudanarwa]] Jami'ar Ilimi ta Ignatius Ajuru, (IAUE) a baya an san ta da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Rivers daga Yuni 1971- Oktoba 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTC :: Home |url=https://www.iauoe.edu.ng/ICTUnit/Index#:~:text=The%20Information%20and%20Communications%20Technology,Ignatius%20Ajuru%20University%20of%20Education. |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.iauoe.edu.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAUE {{!}}About |url=https://www.iauoe.edu.ng/About/About |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=www.iauoe.edu.ng}}</ref> An kirkiro Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas a matsayin hukuma mai cin gashin kanta Tare da kwalejin ta kai ga cikar balagagge, yayin da ta zama kyakkyawan matsayi don taka rawar gani ga al'umma. Manufar kafa kwalejin da Majalisar Gudanarwa wacce ke da alhakin daukar ma'aikata da kuma kula da harkokin gudanarwa da kudi na cibiyar. Bayan wannan sauyi, [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/rivers-state-mourns-passage-of-attorney-general-emmanuel-aguma/ Mista E. Aguma], wanda aka nada shi shugaban makarantar a watan Janairun 1975, ya zama shugaban kwalejin na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IAUE {{!}}About_Page2 |url=https://www.iauoe.edu.ng/About/About_Page2#:~:text=Rivers%20State%20College%20of%20Education%20was%20born,greatly%20inhibited%20the%20progress%20of%20the%20college. |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.iauoe.edu.ng}}</ref> ET Green ya gaji Mista Alagoa a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar a watan Yuni 1975. Bayan an ƙirƙira interregnum ta hanyar canjin gwamnati a ƙasar a cikin Yuli 1975, sabon Majalisar Gudanarwa tare da Dokta FA Eke, a matsayin Shugaba, da Sabon Provost, Mista RIC Koko, an nada shi a cikin Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IAUE {{!}}About_Page2 |url=https://www.iauoe.edu.ng/About/About_Page2 |access-date=2021-09-17 |website=www.iauoe.edu.ng}}</ref> Shugaban farko na kwalejin a lokacin shine Mista E. Aguma a 1975 bayan an ba da kwalejin a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa bayan sauye-sauye a kwalejin a wancan lokacin. Kwalejin ta koma wurin zama na dindindin a Rumuolumeni a watan Janairun 1977 kodayake har yanzu akwai wasu muhimman wurare a harabar. Wannan mataki mai ƙarfin zuciya ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a rayuwar ma'aikatar, saboda kasancewar jiki a wurin ya sanya shi a cikin mafi kyawun matsayi don yin ƙarin shirye-shirye don ci gaba da haɓaka da inganta wuraren da ke akwai. Wani abu na musamman a tarihin Kwalejin [[Occurrence of thorium|ya faru]] ne a ranar 11 ga watan Maris 1978 a lokacin budewa da bikin kammala karatun farko na dalibai 462, wadanda suka karbi difloma a kan nasarar kammala shirin Takardar shaidar Najeriya a Ilimi (NCE), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Certificate In Education (NCE) – Corona College of Education |url=https://coronacollegeofeducation.edu.ng/nigeria-certificate-in-education/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212801/https://coronacollegeofeducation.edu.ng/nigeria-certificate-in-education/ |archive-date=2022-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda ya kunshi saiti hudu wadanda suka wuce jarrabawar difloma tsakanin 1974 da 1977. A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1982, Kwalejin ta yi farin ciki da karatun daliban majagaba na shirin digiri. A ƙarshen zaman ilimi na 1983/1984, jimlar dalibai 3,169 sun sami nasarar wucewa ta hanyar shirye-shirye daban-daban na Kwalejin. Daga cikin jimlar adadi, dalibai 2,504 sun shiga cikin Shirin NCE, dalibai 531 sun shiga cikin shirin ACE da dalibai 134 a cikin B. Ed. Shirin. Ya cancanci a lura cewa, daga cikin dukkan Kwalejin Ilimi da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], Kwalejin Rivers State Education ita ce kawai ke ba da shirin digiri na farko na Ilimi. [[Fayil:Main_Gate,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg|thumb|460x460px|Babban Ƙofar]] A shekarar 1980, gwamnati ta bayyana aniyarta ta fara shirye-shiryen digiri a fannin ilimi ta hanyar kwalejojin ilimi kuma gwamnatin jihar Rivers ta yanke shawarar daukar nauyin shirin domin kara yawan malamai a jihar. Farfesa GOM Tasie an nada shi Provost na Kwalejin kuma an biya shi haraji tare da aikin inganta kwalejin zuwa makarantar digiri. Shekarar karatu ta 1981/82 ta shaida ainihin shigar da masu neman digiri a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas bayan nada shi. A lura cewa, a cikin dukkan kwalejojin ilimi da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas ita ce kaɗai ke ba da shirin digiri [[Bachelor of Education|na farko]] . [[Government of Rivers State|Gwamnatin Jihar Ribas]] ta yanke shawarar maida Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas zuwa Jami’a a shekarar 2009 domin kara samar da damammaki na ilimi mai inganci ga [[Ɗan Nijeriya|‘yan Nijeriya]] musamman ‘yan asalin Jihar. Ganin cewa kwalejin ta dade tana ba da digiri na alaka da jami’ar Ibadan, ya kamata a yi wa jami’ar sauwake daga kwalejin ilimi zuwa jami’a. Bugu da kari, da yawa daga cikin daliban da suka kammala karatu a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, sun yi burin ganin sun inganta iliminsu ta hanyar samun digirin jami’a, wanda ya fi dacewa a cikin muhallin da aka saba da su. Jami’ar ilimi ta Ignatius Ajuru ta kafa Jami’ar ilimi ta doka mai lamba 8 na shekarar 2009 na gwamnatin jihar Ribas da majalisar dokokin jihar ta zartar a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba 2009 kuma mai girma [[Rotimi Amaechi]], [[Gwamna|gwamnan]] jihar Ribas na lokacin ya amince da shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2009. IAUE ta zama jiha ta biyu. Mataimakin shugaban IAUE na yanzu shine Farfesa Okey Onuchukwu <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=Wike appoints VC for Ignatius Ajuru varsity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/wike-appoints-vc-for-ignatius-ajuru-varsity/ |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == Jami'ar Ilimi ta Ignatius Ajuru tana ba da shirye-shirye masu zuwa: * Nazarin asali * Makarantar Sakandare * Kwalejin Ci gaba da Ilimi == Makarantu == [[Fayil:Faculty_of_Education,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg|thumb|442x442px|Ma'aikatar Ilimi]] A halin yanzu akwai fannoni shida na karatu a Jami'ar. * Kwalejin HumanitiesIlimin ɗan adam * Kwalejin [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|Kimiyya ta Jama'a]] * Ma'aikatar Ilimi * Faculty of Business Studies (Management Sciences) * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Halitta da Aikace-aikace * Kwalejin Ilimi na Kwarewa da FasahaIlimi na Fasaha. == Sassa == '''Hanyar Nazarin BUSINES (MANAGEMENT SCIENCES) ''' '''Ma'aikatar Lissafi (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Lissafin kuɗi * Kudin Jama'a * [[Haraji]] '''Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Nazarin Kasuwanci * [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam]] * Dangantakar Masana'antu * Halin Ƙungiya * Gudanar da samarwa '''Ma'aikatar Talla (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Tallace-tallace]] '''Ma'aikatar Ofishin da Gudanar da Bayanai (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Ofishin da Gudanar da Bayanai '''Halin Ilimi''' '''Ma'aikatar Nazarin Darussan da Fasahar Koyarwa (MEd, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Ilimi na manya * Nazarin Darussan * Fasahar Ilimi * Ilimin Harshe * [https://www.iauoe.edu.ng/pg/PGSchoolAdverts.html) Laburaren da Kimiyya na Bayanai (BLS, PGDL, MLS MPHIL / PhD da PhD)] * Ilimin Kimiyya '''Ma'aikatar Tushen Ilimi (MEd, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Tarihi da Manufofin Ilimi * Falsafar Ilimi * Ilimin zamantakewa na ilimi '''Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Ilimi (MEd, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Gudanar da Ilimi Mafi Girma * Tattalin Arziki na Ilimi * Gudanar da Ilimi * Jagoranci da Manufofin Ilimi * Shirye-shiryen Ilimi '''Ma'aikatar Nazarin Ilimi na Firamare (MEd, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Ilimi na Yara * Ilimi na Firamare '''Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ilimi, Jagora da Shawara (MEd, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Ilimin Ilimi * Jagora da Shawara * Ma'auni da Bincike * [[Ilimi Na Musamman|Ilimi na Musamman]][[Fayil:Patience_Goodluck_Jonathan_Library,_IAUOE.jpg|thumb|364x364px|Dame Patience Goodluck Jonathan Automated Library]] '''Ma'aikatar Laburaren da Kimiyya ta Bayanai (PGDL, MLS, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Laburaren karatu da Kimiyya ta Bayanai '''Halin Dan Adam''' '''Ma'aikatar Turanci da Fasahar Sadarwa (PGD, MA, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Sadarwa * Harshe * Littattafai '''Ma'aikatar Fine da Applied Arts (PGD, MA, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Ilimin Fasaha * Tarihin Fasaha * [[Kayan Tangaran|Yumbu]] da zane-zane * Zane-zane da Ilimin Fasaha * Tsarin ƙarfe * Zane-zane * Hoton da aka yi '''Ma'aikatar Nazarin Faransanci da na Duniya (PGD, MA, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * [[Adabin Afirka|Littattafan Afirka]] * Harshen Faransanci / Harshe * Littattafan Faransanci * Nazarin Fassara '''Ma'aikatar Nazarin Addini da Al'adu (PGD, MA, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|Addinin gargajiya na Afirka]] * Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki * Tarihin Coci * Addini na Kwatanta * Ilimin zamantakewa na addini '''Ma'aikatar Tarihi da Nazarin diflomasiyya (PGD, MA, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * [[Tarihin Afirka]] * diflomasiyya da alakar kasa da kasa * Tarihi da Dangantaka ta Duniya * Tarihin Siyasa da Jama'a '''Ma'aikatar Kiɗa (PGD, MA, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Waƙoƙin Afirka * Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Kiɗa * Ayyukan Kiɗa * Ka'ida da Halitta '''Ma'aikatar ilmin halitta (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Kwayoyin cuta da Gudanar da Kwayoyin cutawa * Ilimin Halitta na Muhalli * Ilimin muhalliIlimin kwayar cuta * Abinci da Masana'antu Microbiology[[Ilimin halittu]] * Hydrobiology da Kifi * Ilimin Muhalli na Shuke-shuke * Ilimin Jiki na Shuka '''Ma'aikatar ilmin sunadarai (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Kimiyyar Kimiyya * Sashin Muhalli '''Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * [[Fasahar bayanai|Fasahar Bayanai]] '''Ma'aikatar Kinetics na Dan Adam, Lafiya da Nazarin Tsaro (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Lafiyar Al'umma * Jiki na Jiki * Lafiya da Tsaro na Aiki * Magungunan farfadowa * Lafiyar haihuwa * Gudanar da Wasanni da Tallace-tallace * Gudanar da Wasanni * Magungunan Wasanni * Ilimin zamantakewa na wasanni '''Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Haɗin Kai (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Kimiyyar Muhalli da Muhalli[[Kimiyyar muhalli|Kimiyya ta muhalli]] * Fassara ta asali '''Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Kididdiga (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Lissafi * Kididdiga '''Ma'aikatar Physics (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Aikace-aikacen Geophysics * Ilimin muhalli da Radiation * Kyakkyawan Yanayi / Kayan lantarki * Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi '''Hanyar Kimiyyar Jama'a''' '''Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Tattalin Arziki / Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaban * Tattalin Arziki na Muhalli * Tattalin Arziki na Duniya * Tattalin Arziki '''Ma'aikatar Geography da Nazarin Muhalli (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Gudanar da Muhalli * [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|Geomorphology]] * Shirye-shiryen Ci gaban Yankin * Ci gaban Karkara da Gudanar da albarkatu '''Ma'aikatar Ilimin Jama'a (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Nazarin Laifuka da Tsaro * Dangantakar Masana'antu da [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam]] * Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Rikicin * Ilimin zamantakewa na ci gaba * Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanar da Lafiyar Jama'a '''Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Siyasa (PGD, MSc, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Nazarin Ci Gaban * Dangantaka ta Duniya * Gudanar da Karamar Hukumar * Siyasa da Gudanarwa * Ka'idar Siyasa * Gudanar da Jama'a '''Hanyar Ilimi da Ilimi na Fasaha (PGD, MSc, MSc.Ed, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' '''Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona''' * [[Tattalin arzikin noma|Tattalin Arziki]] * Ilimin Aikin Gona * Yaduwar Aikin Gona * [[Ilimin kimiyyar noma|Ilimin noma]] * Samar da dabbobi * Kimiyya ta shuke-shuke * Kifi da Kiwon Ruwa * Kimiyya ta ƙasa '''Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Gudanar da Baƙi (PGD, MSc, MSc.Ed Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Tufafi da yadi * [[Abinci mai gina jiki|Abinci]] da Abinci * Gudanar da Gida * Ci gaban Dan Adam da Iyali '''Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Fasaha ta Masana'antu (PGD, MSc, MSc.Ed, Mphil / PhD da PhD) ''' * Fasahar Motoci * Fasahar Gine-gine * Fasahar lantarki / Lantarki * Fasahar Injiniya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Mbadinuju |title=LIST OF POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES AND DEPARTMENT in IAUE |url=http://www.alluniversitynews.com/2019/07/list-of-postgraduate-programmes-and.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601162606/http://www.alluniversitynews.com/2019/07/list-of-postgraduate-programmes-and.html |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=2019-08-18 |language=en}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Mother_breast-feeding_Child,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg|alt=The statue of a mother breast-feeding a child| Mutum-mutumin uwa mai shayar da yaro Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_9.jpg|alt=Wikipedia Training Session, IAUOE| Zama Horon Wikipedia, IAUOE Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_6.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_4.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_T-shirt,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg|alt=Wikipedia T-shirt for IAUOE| T-shirt Wikipedia don IAUOE Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_3.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_13.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_15.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_8.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_12.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_1.jpg Fayil:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_5.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24zq1k7kiv3pnpzkhqgfeeltbrb7zby Jeff Zeleny 0 119923 966733 785072 2026-10-12T08:20:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Jeff_Zeleny_autograph.jpg|thumb|Sa hannu na Jeff Zeleny]]{{Databox}} '''Jeffrey Dean Zeleny''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni,a shekara ta 1973) ɗan jaridar Amurka ne kuma babban wakilin harkokin ƙasa na [[CNN]] . Ya kasance babban wakilin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] na ABC News. A lokacin aikin jarida, ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer tare da Chicago Tribune . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Jeffrey Dean Zeleny a rana ta 10 ga watan Yuni,a shekara ta 1973, a Exeter, [[Nebraska]], <ref name="Birthdate">{{Cite web |last=[[University of Wisconsin–River Falls]] |date=November 18, 2010 |title=Jeff Zeleny, ''The New York Times'' Political Correspondent |url=http://www.uwrf.edu/JOUR/Events/Working.cfm |access-date=September 3, 2014 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–River Falls]] |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904043933/http://www.uwrf.edu/JOUR/Events/Working.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="ABC Medianet">{{Cite web |last=Staff(s) |title=Jeff Zeleny |url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/bios/display_bios.aspx?bio_type=news_correspondents&bio_id=416 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829145412/http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/bios/display_bios.aspx?bio_type=news_correspondents&bio_id=416 |archive-date=August 29, 2014 |access-date=August 29, 2014 |publisher=ABC Medianet}}</ref> ɗan Diane Naomi (née Yeck) da Robert Dean Zelenay . Yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, James Robert Zeleny da Michael Jon Zeleny, kuma an girma tare da su a gonar iyali. == Ilimi == Zeleny ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Exeter, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2012 |title=Exeter graduate starts firestorm |url=http://www.sewardindependent.com/friend/news/article_cf5080b2-78ec-11e1-b272-001a4bcf6878.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305020021/http://www.sewardindependent.com/friend/news/article_cf5080b2-78ec-11e1-b272-001a4bcf6878.html |archive-date=March 5, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2016 |website=SewardIndependent.com}}</ref> makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a a karamin garin Exeter, [[Nebraska]] . Yayinda yake dalibi, ya ba da gudummawar labarun wasanni ga ''York News-Times'' a makwabciyar York County. Zeleny ya halarci Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln, inda ya yi karatun aikin jarida da kimiyyar siyasa. Ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1996.<ref name="ABC Medianet"/> Yayinda yake a jami'a, shi ne editan The Daily Nebraskan, jaridar makarantar.<ref name="Daily Nebraskan">{{Cite web |last=Crowl |first=Jonathan |date=October 31, 2008 |title=The New York Times reporter, ex-DN editor Zeleny keeps busy on road covering Obama campaign |url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/new-york-times-reporter-ex-dn-editor-zeleny-keeps-busy/article_0242d335-7d44-5513-a270-7e0e2c6400ac.html |access-date=September 3, 2014 |website=[[The Daily Nebraskan]]}}</ref> Ya kuma buga ƙaho a Jami'ar Nebraska Cornhusker Marching Band . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2016 |title=A Campaign Trail Nomad Rooted in Nebraska |url=http://omahamagazine.com/articles/a-campaign-trail-nomad-rooted-in-nebraska/ |access-date=January 24, 2017 |website=Omaha Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan ya yi aiki a jaridu ciki har da The Wall Street Journal, ''Florida Times-Union'' da ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette'' a kwaleji, Zeleny ya fara aiki ga The Des Moines Register a shekarar 1996. <ref name="CoJMC">{{Cite web |title=Jeff Zeleny |url=http://journalism.unl.edu/jeff-zeleny |access-date=January 24, 2017 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031359/http://journalism.unl.edu/jeff-zeleny |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kodayake da farko ya shirya zama mai ba da rahoto game da wasanni, muhimmancin Caucuses na Iowa ya kai shi ga zama ƙwararren siyasa.<ref name="JournalStar">{{Cite web |last=Laukaitis |first=Algis |date=February 25, 2013 |title=Exeter native named correspondent for ABC News |url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/exeter-native-named-correspondent-for-abc-news/article_e9491b58-6dee-5acf-827b-3ed57c570f2d.html |access-date=January 24, 2017 |publisher=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322135332/https://journalstar.com/news/local/exeter-native-named-correspondent-for-abc-news/article_e9491b58-6dee-5acf-827b-3ed57c570f2d.html |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, ya bar ya rubuta wa Chicago Tribune . <ref name="Daily Nebraskan"/> Ya rufe yakin neman zabe na shugaban kasa a cikin shekarar 2000 da 2004 don takarda.<ref name="Daily Nebraskan" /> Yayinda yake a Tribune, ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don Bayyanawa na Jarida saboda aikinsa a kan jerin abubuwan da suka shafi matsalolin Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a duk fadin kasar.<ref name="ReporterInfo">{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Jeff Zeleny |url=https://reportersinfo.com/reporter/jeff-zeleny |access-date=January 24, 2017 |publisher=Reporter's Info |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023125/https://reportersinfo.com/reporter/jeff-zeleny |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, The [[New York (jiha)|New York]] Times ta hayar da shi don rufe siyasa, kuma ya rufe zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 don jaridar, yayin da yake jagorantar mai ba da rahoto.[1][2] A taron manema labarai na kwanaki 100 na Shugaba Barack Obama a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, Zeleny ya sami kulawa daga shafukan yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai don tambayar Shugaba Obama yadda ya kasance "mamaki, damuwa, da farin ciki, da kuma tawali'u" a kwanakin farko a ofis.[3] An hayar Zeleny a watan Fabrairun 2013 ta ABC News don zama babban wakilin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] da kuma fayilolin labarai don shafin yanar gizon.<ref name="ABC Medianet"/> Ya shiga [[CNN]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, kuma a watan Janairun shekara ta 2017 an nada shi Babban Wakilin Fadar White House . <ref name="CNNAnnounces">{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2017 |title=CNN Announces Washington Correspondent Assignments |url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2017/01/18/cnn-announces-washington-correspondent-assignments/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119143624/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2017/01/18/cnn-announces-washington-correspondent-assignments/ |archive-date=January 19, 2017 |access-date=January 24, 2017 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2021, an nada Zeleny a matsayin Babban Wakilin Harkokin Kasa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] clpn0sdtk1srqta3rft5qzgx7set6xy Ƙungiyar Aerotoxic 0 119970 966527 738481 2026-10-11T17:05:04Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 966527 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}  An kafa '''Ƙungiyar Aerotoxic''' Association a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2007, a Gidan Majalisar Dokokin kasar [[Birtaniya]] ta tsohon BAe 146 Training Captain John Hoyte, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam Gretton |date=26 May 2014 |title=Ex-pilot from Norwich claims aircraft fumes ended his career |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/health/ex_pilot_from_norwich_claims_aircraft_fumes_ended_his_career_1_3615901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001113205/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/health/ex_pilot_from_norwich_claims_aircraft_fumes_ended_his_career_1_3615901 |archive-date=1 October 2016 |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=Edp24.co.uk}}</ref> don wayar da kan jama'a game da rashin lafiya da ake zargin ya haifar bayan ya kamu da iska mai guba wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa an gurɓata shi zuwa matakan guba, ta hanyar man injiniya da ke shiga cikin tsarin iska mai zubar jini, wanda ke matsin dukkan jirgin sama, ban da Boeing 787. <ref name="la-2020-12-1742">{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Kiera |date=17 December 2020 |title='We are slowly being poisoned.' How toxic fumes seep into the air you breathe on planes |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/toxic-chemicals-planes-covid-19-travel-woes/ |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Baya ga samar da taimako da tallafi ga ma'aikatan jirgin sama da fasinjoji, Ƙungiyar Aerotoxic tana inganta sanannun hanyoyin fasaha, kamar masu gano iska mai guba, da kamfen don canje-canje a cikin ka'idoji don inganta ingancin iska a kan jiragen sama. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The phrase "[[Ciwon Aerotoxic|aerotoxic syndrome]]" was first coined by Chris Winder and Jean-Christophe Balouet in 2000 to describe the ill health allegedly caused by exposure to air which they claimed had been contaminated by jet engine oil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://aerotoxic.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/icoh_2000_paper5-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052804/http://www.aerotoxic.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/icoh_2000_paper5-1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2013}} this syndrome is not recognized in medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hale MA, Al-Seffar JA |date=September 2009 |title=Preliminary report on aerotoxic syndrome (AS) and the need for diagnostic neurophysiological tests |journal=Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=260–79 |doi=10.1080/1086508X.2009.11079726 |pmid=19891417 |s2cid=25263175}}</ref><ref name="Bagshaw, Michael">{{Cite web |last=Bagshaw, Michael |date=July 2013 |title=Cabin Air Quality: A review of current aviation medical understanding |url=http://www.asma.org/asma/media/asma/Travel-Publications/Cabin-Air-Quality-A-review-of-current-aviation-medical-understanding-Jul13.pdf |access-date=28 September 2014 |publisher=Aerospace Medical Association |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729150752/https://www.asma.org/asma/media/asma/Travel-Publications/Cabin-Air-Quality-A-review-of-current-aviation-medical-understanding-Jul13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dnpzy81dn2a4qo1xi3gxaxyxisr0diz Ibrahim al-Mirghani 0 120422 966684 792982 2026-10-11T23:07:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | office = Minister of State of [[Ministry of Information (Sudan)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = إبراهيم الميرغني | order = | country = Sudan | minister = | minister_from = | year = 2017 | nominator = The Government of National Accord | status = | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1982}} | birth_place = [[Kassala]], Sudan | education = Cairo University | term_start = 11 May 2017 | term_end = 2018 | party = [[Democratic Unionist Party (Sudan)|Democratic Unionist Party]] (until 2024) }} '''Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamed Osman al-Mirghani''' (Arabic: إبراهيم أحمد محمد عثمان الميرغني) ɗan siyasar Sudan ne kuma tsohon Ministan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai. Mamba ne a jam’iyyar Democratic Unionist Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=حسن |first=جمال علي |date= |title=إبراهيم الميرغني.. مسطرة لقياس اللسان |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/783462/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86/ |access-date= |website=صحيفة الراكوبة |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=إبراهيم أحمد محمد عثمان الميرغني {{!}} mtdt |url=https://mtdt.gov.sd/ar/node/52 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=mtdt.gov.sd}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Al-Mirghani a Kassala a 1982, a cikin Iyalin Maraghna . Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar firamare daga makarantar firamaren Hilla Hamad, ya halarci makarantar Gwamnatin Bahri da makarantar sakandare ta Blue Nile. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-12 |title=ابراهيم الميرغني.. اصغر وزير في حكومة الوفاق الوطني السودانية - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/12867028.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.alnilin.com |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abubakr |first=Bakri |date=2012-12-25 |title=السوداني تحاور السيد إبراهيم الميرغني الناطق باسم الحزب الاتحادي الأصل |url=https://sudaneseonline.com/board/410/msg/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%ba%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b5%d9%84-1356426794.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=sudanese online |language=ar}}</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Al-Mirghani memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), wanda kakansa Sayyid Ali al-Mirghane ya kafa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Opisin Zartarwa na DUP, memba na Ofishin Siyasa, mai magana da yawun DUP kafin ya zama Ministan Jiha a Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2017.<ref name=":0"/> Al-Mirghani DUP memba ya daskare a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2022, bayan ganawa da Hemedti, shugaban Rapid Support Forces (RSF). <ref>{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2024-01-02 |title=الاتحادي الأصل يتبرأ من لقاء "حميدتي" وإبراهيم الميرغني |url=https://sudantribune.net/article280882/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=سودان تربيون |language=ar |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629175015/https://sudantribune.net/article280882/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga DUP saboda rikice-rikice na ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=نيوز |first=السودان |date=2025-02-13 |title=تأكيد فصل إبراهيم الميرغني من الاتحادي الديمقراطي الأصل |url=https://www.sudanakhbar.com/1620662 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=اخبار السودان |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2022-11-06 |title=Power struggle between Mirghani's sons threatens DUP's unity |url=https://sudantribune.com/article266394/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya goyi bayan RSF a yakin basasa da ke ci gaba. Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka sanya hannu kan Sudan Founding Alliance, wanda ya kafa Gwamnatin adawa, Gwamnatin Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai, karkashin jagorancin Hemedti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=الحزب الاتحادي الديمقراطي الاصل يرفض حكومة المليشيا واجتماع نيروبي مؤامرة ضد وحدة السودان - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/13368850.htm |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.alnilin.com |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan’s RSF, allied groups to sign charter to form parallel government, two signatories say |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2591234/%7B%7B |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629181050/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2591234/%257B%257B |archive-date=2025-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudanese politician Ibrahim al-Mirghani looks on during a Reuters interview after the Sudan's RSF, allied groups sign charter to form parallel government, in Nairobi {{!}} Reuters Connect |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/sudanese-politician-ibrahim-al-mirghani-looks-on-during-a-reuters-interview-after-the-sudans-rsf-allied-groups-sign-charter-to-form-parallel-government-in-nairobi/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjU6bmV3c21sX1JDMlgwREFFTE1aMg |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.reutersconnect.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 2j0ofqe9odafhqa6onli2cmwzplp7e8 Harshen Larabci na Berber 0 122766 966303 792687 2026-10-11T16:21:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hanoteau_PPK.jpg|right|thumb|286x286px|Waƙoƙin yaren Berber a cikin rubutun Larabci tare da fassararsa a Faransanci]] [[Fayil:Jebel_Nefusa_ms01_cropped.gif|right|thumb|371x371px|Takaddun a cikin harshen Berber na Jebel Nefousa - Libya]] '''Harshen [[Larabci]] na [[Abzinanci|Berber]]''' (Berber) haruffa ne na Larabci wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rubuta [[Abzinanci|Harsunan Berber]] daban-daban a Zamanin Tsakiya. A zamanin yau masu amfani sun koma ko dai haruffa na Tifinagh a Maroko, <ref name="choice">{{Cite journal |last=Larbi |first=Hsen |year=2003 |title=Which Script for Tamazight, Whose Choice is it ? |url=https://www.tamazgha.fr/Which-Script-for-Tamazight-Whose-Choice-is-it,359.html |journal=Amazigh Voice (Taghect Tamazight) |location=New Jersey |publisher=Amazigh Cultural Association in America (ACAA) |volume=12 |issue=2 |access-date=December 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307124953/http://www.tamazgha.fr/Which-Script-for-Tamazight-Whose-Choice-is-it,359.html |archive-date=March 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ko haruffa Latin na Berber a [[Aljeriya]]. == Tarihi == Harshen Larabci ya shiga Maghreb tare da mamayar Musulmi na Maghreb, godiya ga kafa makarantun Kur'ani. An buga rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da tauhidin, shari'a, da kimiyya kuma an fassara su cikin Berber, tare da rubutun daban-daban dangane da marubucin. Yankunan da suka fi amfani da rubutun, wato Kabylia (يگواون), Souss (سوس), da Mzab (الواد نمزاب ko الواد نم́اب), sune yankunan da sukafi amfani da wannan haruffa: na farko (Kabylia) godiya ga cibiyoyin sadarwa na Sufi Zaouias, na ƙarshe saboda al'adun Almoravid, kuma na ƙarshe saboda Rostemids. An yi amfani da rubutun da ya dace a cikin 'yan rubutun Berber da suka wanzu daga ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14 AZ. Wadannan an rubuta su ne a cikin tsohuwar yaren Berber wanda zai iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Tashelhiyt. An rubuta ma'anar 'g' tare da jīm (ج) ko kāf (ک), ẓ tare da ṣād (ص) ko kuma wani lokacin zāy (ز) da ḍ tare da ṭāʼ (ط), to, waɗannan haruffa sun samo asali, an rubuta sautin /g/ bisa ga yankuna a matsayin ک a Maroko, غ a kan tsaunuka da ق a tsakiyar da gabashin Maghreb, sannan waɗannan haruffan sun samo asali ne a cikin Con, ڠ da ːz don rubuta wannan sautin, kamar yadda aka samo asali a matsayin ض. An rubuta sautin a, i, u a matsayin sautin da ke da tsawo ‹ā›, ‹ī›, ‹ū›. Kalmomin karshe wāw yawanci ana tare da alif al-wiqāyah . Alamun sautin fatḥah ko kasrah suna wakiltar sautin shwa /ə/ wanda ya ɓace a cikin yaren post-medieval, misali tuwərmin ‹tūwarmīn› (تووَرمين) 'haɗin kai, magana'. Labialization na iya wakiltar ḍammah, misali tagwərsa ‹tāgursā› (تاكُرسا) 'ploughshare'. Gabatarwa, abubuwan da suka dace da irin su ana rubuta su a matsayin kalmomi daban-daban. Littattafan zamani na tsakiya suna nuna archaisms da yawa a cikin phonology, morphology, da lexicon. == Rubuce-rubuce da Codification == A cikin tarihi, ba a taɓa tsara haruffa na Larabawa-Berber ba, kuma marubuta sun yi amfani da rubutun Larabci ko, don wasu tsoffin takardu, haruffa ta Perso-Arabic. An yi ƙoƙari mai sauƙi a tsawon lokaci don rubuta Berber a Larabci, amma a banza. Wannan yafi saboda jahilci da rashin sha'awar rubuce-rubuce tsakanin kabilun Berber, musamman Zenata (يزناتن). Koyaya, saboda rashin iyawar yawancin jama'a don fahimtar da karanta Larabci, kodayake yawancin su sun halarci makarantun Alkur'ani kuma sun koyi alamun Larabci. Malamai da masu ilimi sun fara rubuta littattafai a cikin Berber (yayinda yawancin littattafai suna cikin Larabci), tare da misalai masu yawa na ƙarin haruffa da ainihin tsari. Ba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ba ne aka tsara haruffa na Larabawa-Berber ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] trcec1l6uqzszghjrhj8643k1yg501b Rubutun Meroitic 0 122914 966285 746046 2026-10-11T16:18:32Z Faisaldabai 49842 An kirkira ta fassara "Form and values" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373940996|Meroitic script]]" 966285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun Meroitic''' ya ƙunshi rubutun alphasyllabic guda biyu waɗanda aka haɓaka don rubuta [[Yaren meroitic|Harshen Meroitic]] a farkon zamanin Meroittic (karni na 3 BC) na Masarautar Kush. Rubutun guda biyu sune Meroitic Cursive, wanda aka samo daga Demotic Egyptian, da Meroittic Hieroglyphs, wanda aka samu daga hieroglyphes na Masar. Meroitic Cursive shine rubutun da aka fi tabbatarwa, wanda ya zama ~90% na duk rubutun, kuma ya riga ya wuce, da ƙarni ɗaya ko fiye, rubutun Meroittic na farko da ya tsira. Masanin tarihin Girka Diodorus Siculus (kimanin 50 BC) ya bayyana rubutun biyu a cikin Bibliotheca historica, Littafin III (Afirka), Babi na 4. Rubutun Meroitic na ƙarshe da aka sani shine rubutun Meroittic Cursive na sarki [[Blemmyes|Blemmye]], Kharamadoye, daga wani shafi a cikin Haikali na Kalabsha (REM 0094), wanda kwanan nan aka sake shi zuwa AD 410 / 450 na karni na 5. Kafin zamanin Meroitic, an yi amfani da rubutun Masar don rubuta sunayen Kushite da abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Kodayake Masarau Kush ta ƙare tare da faduwar babban birnin sarauta na Meroë, amfani da harshe da rubutun Cursive ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci bayan wannan taron. A lokacin karni na 6th Kiristanci na Nubia, an maye gurbin harshen Kushite da rubutun Cursive da Byzantine Greek, Coptic, da {{Angle bracket|w(a)}}. Tsohon rubutun Nubian, wanda aka samo daga rubutun Uncial na Girkanci, ya {{Angle bracket|kh(a)}} haruffa uku na Meroitic Cursive: Ōn, kuma mai yiwuwa Ōnkh, don Tsohon Nubian [ɲ], [w - u], da [ŋ] bi da bi. Wannan ƙarin haruffa na Meroitic Cursive ya nuna cewa ci gaban Tsohon rubutun Nubian ya fara akalla ƙarni biyu kafin cikakken shaidar farko a ƙarshen karni na 8 da / ko kuma an riƙe ilimin harshen Kushite da rubutun har zuwa karni na 8. [[Francis Llewellyn Griffith]], masanin kimiyyar Masar na Burtaniya, ya fassara rubutun a cikin 1909, bisa ga rubutun Meroitic na sunayen Masar. Koyaya, yaren Meroitic da kansa ya kasance ba a fahimta ba. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, an sami cikakkiyar sadaukarwar sarauta ta farko, wanda zai iya taimakawa tabbatarwa ko karyata wasu ra'ayoyin yanzu. Rubutun da ya fi tsayi da aka samu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts, Boston. [[Fayil:Pyramids_of_Meroe_in_Bajrawiya,_Sudan_08.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Taimako a cikin ɗaya daga cikin Pyramids na Meroe a Bajrawiya, Sudan, tare da rubutun hieroglyphic.]] Akwa'''i''' siffofi biyu na zane-zane na Meroitic alphasyllabary: alamomi masu mahimmanci, da kuma cursive.<ref>Claude Rilly (2011). Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan. http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf, p. 13. Where Rilly states, "...For all the other purposes, including royal chronicles and even some royal funerary texts, the cursive script is used, so that 90% of the current corpus is made of cursive inscriptions."</ref> Yawancin matani suna da mahimmanci. Ba kamar rubuce-rubucen Masar ba, akwai rubutu mai sauƙi tsakanin nau'ikan Meroitic guda biyu, sai dai a cikin nau'ikan cursive, ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin ligatures zuwa wasula mai zuwa. ==manazarta == == Form and values == Akwai siffofi biyu na zane-zane na Meroitic alphasyllabary: alamomi masu mahimmanci, da kuma cursive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |date=2009-07-29 |title=N3665: Proposal for encoding the Meroitic Hieroglyphic and the Meroitic Cursive scripts in the SMP of the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09250-n3665-meroitic.pdf |publisher=Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2}}</ref> Yawancin matani suna da mahimmanci. Ba kamar rubuce-rubucen Masar ba, akwa'''i''' rubutu mai sauƙi tsakanin nau'ikan Meroitic guda biyu, sai dai a cikin nau'ikan cursive, ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin ligatures zuwa wasula mai zuwa. Hanyar rubuce-rubuce ta kasance daga dama zuwa hagu, daga sama zuwa kasa, yayin da aka rubuta nau'in abin tunawa daga sama zuwa ƙasa a cikin ginshiƙai da ke tafiya dama zuwa hagu. An tsara haruffa masu mahimmanci don fuskantar farkon rubutun, fasalin da aka gada daga asalin su na hieroglyphic. Da yake da farko alphasyllabic, rubutun Meroitic ya yi aiki daban da rubutun Masar. Wasu malamai, kamar Harald Haarmann, sun yi imanin cewa wasula na Meroitic shaida ce ga tasirin haruffa na Helenanci a ci gabanta. Akwai haruffa 23 a cikin Meroitic alphasyllabary, gami da wasula huɗu. A cikin rubutun da Hintze ya kafa (bisa ga sassan da Griffith ya gabata), sune: * '''a''' ya bayyana ne kawai a farkon kalma * an yi amfani da e musamman a cikin sunayen kasashen waje * An y'''i''' amfani da i da '''o''' a matsayin wasula a cikin haruffa na Latin ko Girkanci. Wadannan consonants an fahimci suna da ƙimar wasali /a/, irin wannan ya kamata a fahimci '''p''' gabaɗaya a matsayin /pa/. An fahimci ƙarin jerin haruffa don wakiltar consonants tare da wasula na asali ban da /a/: Wadannan dabi'u an kafa su ne daga shaidu kamar sunayen Masar da aka aro zuwa Meroitic. Wato, wasikar m wacce ta yi kama da kwai a cikin rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci, ko kuma kamar lamba uku a cikin Meroittic, muna fassara a matsayin m, kuma an yi imanin cewa an furta shi a matsayin [m]. Koyaya, wannan sake ginawa ne na tarihi, kum yayin da m ba shi da shakka sosai, furcin wasu daga cikin sauran haruffa ba su da tabbas. l4wxhvupem3421noh2cl0nq69kmyor2 966298 966285 2026-10-11T16:19:51Z Faisaldabai 49842 966298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun Meroitic''' ya ƙunshi rubutun alphasyllabic guda biyu waɗanda aka haɓaka don rubuta [[Yaren meroitic|Harshen Meroitic]] a farkon zamanin Meroittic (karni na 3 BC) na Masarautar Kush. Rubutun guda biyu sune Meroitic Cursive, wanda aka samo daga Demotic Egyptian, da Meroittic Hieroglyphs, wanda aka samu daga hieroglyphes na Masar. Meroitic Cursive shine rubutun da aka fi tabbatarwa, wanda ya zama ~90% na duk rubutun, kuma ya riga ya wuce, da ƙarni ɗaya ko fiye, rubutun Meroittic na farko da ya tsira. Masanin tarihin Girka Diodorus Siculus (kimanin 50 BC) ya bayyana rubutun biyu a cikin Bibliotheca historica, Littafin III (Afirka), Babi na 4. Rubutun Meroitic na ƙarshe da aka sani shine rubutun Meroittic Cursive na sarki [[Blemmyes|Blemmye]], Kharamadoye, daga wani shafi a cikin Haikali na Kalabsha (REM 0094), wanda kwanan nan aka sake shi zuwa AD 410 / 450 na karni na 5. Kafin zamanin Meroitic, an yi amfani da rubutun Masar don rubuta sunayen Kushite da abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Kodayake Masarau Kush ta ƙare tare da faduwar babban birnin sarauta na Meroë, amfani da harshe da rubutun Cursive ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci bayan wannan taron. A lokacin karni na 6th Kiristanci na Nubia, an maye gurbin harshen Kushite da rubutun Cursive da Byzantine Greek, Coptic, da {{Angle bracket|w(a)}}. Tsohon rubutun Nubian, wanda aka samo daga rubutun Uncial na Girkanci, ya {{Angle bracket|kh(a)}} haruffa uku na Meroitic Cursive: Ōn, kuma mai yiwuwa Ōnkh, don Tsohon Nubian [ɲ], [w - u], da [ŋ] bi da bi. Wannan ƙarin haruffa na Meroitic Cursive ya nuna cewa ci gaban Tsohon rubutun Nubian ya fara akalla ƙarni biyu kafin cikakken shaidar farko a ƙarshen karni na 8 da / ko kuma an riƙe ilimin harshen Kushite da rubutun har zuwa karni na 8. [[Francis Llewellyn Griffith]], masanin kimiyyar Masar na Burtaniya, ya fassara rubutun a cikin 1909, bisa ga rubutun Meroitic na sunayen Masar. Koyaya, yaren Meroitic da kansa ya kasance ba a fahimta ba. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, an sami cikakkiyar sadaukarwar sarauta ta farko, wanda zai iya taimakawa tabbatarwa ko karyata wasu ra'ayoyin yanzu. Rubutun da ya fi tsayi da aka samu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts, Boston. [[Fayil:Pyramids_of_Meroe_in_Bajrawiya,_Sudan_08.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Taimako a cikin ɗaya daga cikin Pyramids na Meroe a Bajrawiya, Sudan, tare da rubutun hieroglyphic.]] Akwa'''i''' siffofi biyu na zane-zane na Meroitic alphasyllabary: alamomi masu mahimmanci, da kuma cursive.<ref>Claude Rilly (2011). Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan. http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf, p. 13. Where Rilly states, "...For all the other purposes, including royal chronicles and even some royal funerary texts, the cursive script is used, so that 90% of the current corpus is made of cursive inscriptions."</ref> Yawancin matani suna da mahimmanci. Ba kamar rubuce-rubucen Masar ba, akwai rubutu mai sauƙi tsakanin nau'ikan Meroitic guda biyu, sai dai a cikin nau'ikan cursive, ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin ligatures zuwa wasula mai zuwa. ==manazarta == == Form and values == Akwai siffofi biyu na zane-zane na Meroitic alphasyllabary: alamomi masu mahimmanci, da kuma cursive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |date=2009-07-29 |title=N3665: Proposal for encoding the Meroitic Hieroglyphic and the Meroitic Cursive scripts in the SMP of the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09250-n3665-meroitic.pdf |publisher=Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2}}</ref> Yawancin matani suna da mahimmanci. Ba kamar rubuce-rubucen Masar ba, akwa'''i''' rubutu mai sauƙi tsakanin nau'ikan Meroitic guda biyu, sai dai a cikin nau'ikan cursive, ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin ligatures zuwa wasula mai zuwa. Hanyar rubuce-rubuce ta kasance daga dama zuwa hagu, daga sama zuwa kasa, yayin da aka rubuta nau'in abin tunawa daga sama zuwa ƙasa a cikin ginshiƙai da ke tafiya dama zuwa hagu. An tsara haruffa masu mahimmanci don fuskantar farkon rubutun, fasalin da aka gada daga asalin su na hieroglyphic. Da yake da farko alphasyllabic, rubutun Meroitic ya yi aiki daban da rubutun Masar. Wasu malamai, kamar Harald Haarmann, sun yi imanin cewa wasula na Meroitic shaida ce ga tasirin haruffa na Helenanci a ci gabanta. Akwai haruffa 23 a cikin Meroitic alphasyllabary, gami da wasula huɗu. A cikin rubutun da Hintze ya kafa (bisa ga sassan da Griffith ya gabata), sune: * '''a''' ya bayyana ne kawai a farkon kalma * an yi amfani da e musamman a cikin sunayen kasashen waje * An y'''i''' amfani da i da '''o''' a matsayin wasula a cikin haruffa na Latin ko Girkanci. Wadannan consonants an fahimci suna da ƙimar wasali /a/, irin wannan ya kamata a fahimci '''p''' gabaɗaya a matsayin /pa/. An fahimci ƙarin jerin haruffa don wakiltar consonants tare da wasula na asali ban da /a/: Wadannan dabi'u an kafa su ne daga shaidu kamar sunayen Masar da aka aro zuwa Meroitic. Wato, wasikar m wacce ta yi kama da kwai a cikin rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci, ko kuma kamar lamba uku a cikin Meroittic, muna fassara a matsayin m, kuma an yi imanin cewa an furta shi a matsayin [m]. Koyaya, wannan sake ginawa ne na tarihi, kum yayin da m ba shi da shakka sosai, furcin wasu daga cikin sauran haruffa ba su da tabbas. ==Manazarta== 3ff1m2lqsdz5mj3sx2aasx2zh1dldyx Bhadreshdas Swami 0 127025 966533 758959 2026-10-11T17:06:08Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 966533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Mahamahopadhyaya'' '''Bhadreshdas Swami''' masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne kuma masanin addini ne na [[Swaminarayan]]_Sanstha" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shastri |first=Parch |title=Manuscripts shed light on Yoga history in the region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Manuscripts-shed-light-on-Yoga-history-in-the-region/articleshow/47750592.cms |access-date=27 December 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007 ya kammala ''Swaminarayan Bhashyam'', wani sharhin Sanskrit na gargajiya guda biyar akan Prasthanatrayi . Wannan sharhi a kan uku daga cikin sanannun matani na Hindu: Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, da Brahma sutras, sun zama tushen fassarar Falsafar Akshar Purushottama darshana, wanda aka fi sani da Swaminarayan darshana. Sharhin ya tattauna tushen "halayen har abada" guda biyar - Jiva, Ishwar, Maya, Brahma da Parabrahman - kamar yadda Swaminarayan ya bayyana. Hakanan ya fadada ra'ayin Aksharbrahma da Parabrahman da kuma cimma 'yanci (moksha) ta hanyar ibada (bhakti) da bauta (upasana).[1] Bisa ga al'adar sharhin Sanskrit na gargajiya na Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, da Madhvacharya, Swaminarayan Bhashyam shine sharhin Sanskrit na biyu na gargajiya akan dukkan Prasthanatrayi wanda kowa ya kammala a cikin ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata.[2] Bayan ya sami Ph.D. a cikin Sanskrit daga Jami'ar Karnakata a shekara ta 2005, an ba shi lambar yabo ta D. Litt . a cikin Shekaran 2010 da kuma Mahamahopadhyaya <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=DIP: Das 2011-2012 (2012) |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105170954/http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=27 December 2015 |website=www.univie.ac.at}}</ref> mai daraja ta Jami'ar Sanskrit ta Kavikulaguru Kalidas a [[Nagpur|Nagpur, Indiya]]. Jami'ar Mysore ta kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta "Profesor G.M. Memorial Award" da kuma "Darshankesari award" a cikin 2013 don aikinsa a kan Swaminarayan Vedanta . <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=International Vedic Conference |url=http://www.internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205637/http://internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |archive-date=23 June 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=www.internationalvedicconference.com}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban maSanin ("Pradhānācārya") na Yagnapurush Sanskrit Pathshala a Sarangpur, [[Gujarat]], inda ya koya wa ɗalibai a [[Falsafa|falsafar]], nyaya darśana, Vedas, harshen Paninian na Sanskrit da kiɗa na gargajiya na Indiya.<ref name=":9" /> == Rayuwa ta farko == Bhadreshdas Swami an fara shi ne a matsayin mai watsi (swami) na BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha ta hanyar guru Pramukh Swami Maharaj a 1981 yana da shekaru 14, Bayan haka, ya halarci seminary na BAPS don swamis a Sarangpur, [[Gujarat]], inda ya koyi Swaminaryan Vedanta da kuma Sanin falsafar tunani (nyaya) da Sanskrit grammar (Vyakaran). <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=April–June 2014 |title=Scripture: Guru's grace empowers philosophical treatise |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5495 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=Hinduism Today Magazine |edition=Magazine Web}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> == Ilimi == Bhadreshdas Swami ya sami digiri biyar na MA a [[Sanskrit]] da Shad Darshanas daga Jami'ar Sampurnanand Sanskrit, a Benaras, Indiya, da Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan a [[Mumbai]], Indiya a 1996. A shekara ta 2005, ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Karnataka, bisa ga rubutun da ya yi a kan Bhagavad Gita . <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=International Vedic Conference |url=http://www.internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205637/http://internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |archive-date=23 June 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=www.internationalvedicconference.com}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === Don nuna godiya ga aikinsa a kan sharhin, Jami'ar Kavikulguru Kalidas Sanskrit a [[Nagpur]], Indiya, ta ba Bhadreshdas Swami lambar yabo ta D. Litt. a cikin 2010, sannan a cikin 2012, taken Mahamahopadhyaya <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=DIP: Das 2011-2012 (2012) |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105170954/http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=27 December 2015 |website=www.univie.ac.at}}</ref> (sanarwa mai daraja da gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar ga manyan malamai), mafi girman girmamawa na ilimi da wannan ma'aikatar ta bayar. Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta "Professor G.M. Memorial Award" daga Jami'ar Mysore da kuma "Darshankesari award" a 2013 don wannan aikin.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=International Vedic Conference |url=http://www.internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205637/http://internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |archive-date=23 June 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=www.internationalvedicconference.com}}</ref> A Taron Sanskrit na Duniya a Bangkok a shekarar 2015, Jami'ar Silpakorn a Thailand ta ba shi lambar yabo ta "Vedant Martand Sanman". == Bayanan littattafai == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 06bua8au7w13uwn3xhvrsy2wx0otf2b 966536 966533 2026-10-11T17:06:53Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Bayanan littattafai */ 966536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Mahamahopadhyaya'' '''Bhadreshdas Swami''' masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne kuma masanin addini ne na [[Swaminarayan]]_Sanstha" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shastri |first=Parch |title=Manuscripts shed light on Yoga history in the region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Manuscripts-shed-light-on-Yoga-history-in-the-region/articleshow/47750592.cms |access-date=27 December 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007 ya kammala ''Swaminarayan Bhashyam'', wani sharhin Sanskrit na gargajiya guda biyar akan Prasthanatrayi . Wannan sharhi a kan uku daga cikin sanannun matani na Hindu: Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, da Brahma sutras, sun zama tushen fassarar Falsafar Akshar Purushottama darshana, wanda aka fi sani da Swaminarayan darshana. Sharhin ya tattauna tushen "halayen har abada" guda biyar - Jiva, Ishwar, Maya, Brahma da Parabrahman - kamar yadda Swaminarayan ya bayyana. Hakanan ya fadada ra'ayin Aksharbrahma da Parabrahman da kuma cimma 'yanci (moksha) ta hanyar ibada (bhakti) da bauta (upasana).[1] Bisa ga al'adar sharhin Sanskrit na gargajiya na Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, da Madhvacharya, Swaminarayan Bhashyam shine sharhin Sanskrit na biyu na gargajiya akan dukkan Prasthanatrayi wanda kowa ya kammala a cikin ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata.[2] Bayan ya sami Ph.D. a cikin Sanskrit daga Jami'ar Karnakata a shekara ta 2005, an ba shi lambar yabo ta D. Litt . a cikin Shekaran 2010 da kuma Mahamahopadhyaya <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=DIP: Das 2011-2012 (2012) |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105170954/http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=27 December 2015 |website=www.univie.ac.at}}</ref> mai daraja ta Jami'ar Sanskrit ta Kavikulaguru Kalidas a [[Nagpur|Nagpur, Indiya]]. Jami'ar Mysore ta kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta "Profesor G.M. Memorial Award" da kuma "Darshankesari award" a cikin 2013 don aikinsa a kan Swaminarayan Vedanta . <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=International Vedic Conference |url=http://www.internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205637/http://internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |archive-date=23 June 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=www.internationalvedicconference.com}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban maSanin ("Pradhānācārya") na Yagnapurush Sanskrit Pathshala a Sarangpur, [[Gujarat]], inda ya koya wa ɗalibai a [[Falsafa|falsafar]], nyaya darśana, Vedas, harshen Paninian na Sanskrit da kiɗa na gargajiya na Indiya.<ref name=":9" /> == Rayuwa ta farko == Bhadreshdas Swami an fara shi ne a matsayin mai watsi (swami) na BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha ta hanyar guru Pramukh Swami Maharaj a Shekaran 1981 yana da shekaru 14, Bayan haka, ya halarci seminary na BAPS don swamis a Sarangpur, [[Gujarat]], inda ya koyi Swaminaryan Vedanta da kuma Sanin falsafar tunani (nyaya) da Sanskrit grammar (Vyakaran). <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=April–June 2014 |title=Scripture: Guru's grace empowers philosophical treatise |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5495 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=Hinduism Today Magazine |edition=Magazine Web}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> == Ilimi == Bhadreshdas Swami ya sami digiri biyar na MA a [[Sanskrit]] da Shad Darshanas daga Jami'ar Sampurnanand Sanskrit, a Benaras, Indiya, da Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan a [[Mumbai]], Indiya a 1996. A shekara ta 2005, ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Karnataka, bisa ga rubutun da ya yi a kan Bhagavad Gita . <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=International Vedic Conference |url=http://www.internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205637/http://internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |archive-date=23 June 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=www.internationalvedicconference.com}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === Don nuna godiya ga aikinsa a kan sharhin, Jami'ar Kavikulguru Kalidas Sanskrit a [[Nagpur]], Indiya, ta ba Bhadreshdas Swami lambar yabo ta D. Litt. a cikin Shekaran 2010, sannan a cikin 2012, taken Mahamahopadhyaya <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=DIP: Das 2011-2012 (2012) |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105170954/http://www.univie.ac.at/indologie/oracle/publication_info.cgi?from=menue&todo=show_info&per_id=300&pub_id=38849&hide_sub_menu=1&active_men_id=560 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=27 December 2015 |website=www.univie.ac.at}}</ref> (sanarwa mai daraja da gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar ga manyan malamai), mafi girman girmamawa na ilimi da wannan ma'aikatar ta bayar. Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta "Professor G.M. Memorial Award" daga Jami'ar Mysore da kuma "Darshankesari award" a 2013 don wannan aikin.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=International Vedic Conference |url=http://www.internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205637/http://internationalvedicconference.com/speakers.php |archive-date=23 June 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=www.internationalvedicconference.com}}</ref> A Taron Sanskrit na Duniya a Bangkok a shekarar 2015, Jami'ar Silpakorn a Thailand ta ba shi lambar yabo ta "Vedant Martand Sanman". == Bayanan littattafai == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qxy6ec0crsc2cy4psbcg35e877xz0ut KCNC-TV 0 132608 966304 772441 2026-10-11T16:21:04Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378485322|KCNC-TV]]" 966304 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox television station/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''KCNC-TV''' (channel 4), mai suna '''CBS Colorado''', Tashar talabijin ce a [[Denver]], Colorado, Amurka. Cibiyar talabijin ta [[CBS]] ce ke mallakarta kuma tana sarrafa ta ta hanyar sashen CBS News da Stations, kuma tana kula da ɗakunan karatu a Lincoln Street (tsakanin Gabas 10th da 11th Avenues) a cikin gari Denver; mai watsawa ya dogara ne akan Lookout Mountain, kusa da Golden. == Tarihi == === Abokin hulɗa na NBC (1953-1995) === Tashar ta fara sanya hannu a cikin iska a karfe 6:30 na yamma a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1953, a matsayin KOA-TV. &nbsp;KOA-TV ta kawo shirye-shiryen NBC zuwa yankin wanda kafin kaddamar da tashar, an dakatar da shi na ɗan lokaci. Tashar ta watsa shirin kaddamarwa wanda ya biyo bayan fasalin Kirsimeti The Lamb and the Manger . Kamfanin Metropolitan TV Company ne ya kafa shi (wanda sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Bob Hope ne ya mallake shi, kuma kada a rikita shi da irin wannan kamfani daga baya aka sani da Metromedia), masu mallakar rediyo na KOA (850 AM da 103.5 FM, yanzu KRFX), tashar 4 nan da nan ta ɗauki haɗin [[NBC]] daga KBTV (channel 9, yanzu KUSA), saboda haɗin KOA na dogon lokaci tare da mallakar NBC Red Network.<ref name="B&C">{{Cite journal |last=Eggerton |first=John |date=August 3, 2003 |title=Hope and Glory |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/medicine-health/diseases-disorders-respiratory/6207248-1.html |journal=Broadcasting & Cable |pages=2}}{{Dead link|date=May 2017}}</ref> A cikin 1965, KOA-TV ta fara ɗaukar mafi yawan shirye-shiryen wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka na NBC yayin da cibiyar sadarwa ta sami haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye na league (tare da ayyukan sanar da wasanni da Curt Gowdy ya yi); duk da haka, wasannin gida na Denver Broncos da cibiyar sadarwar ta watsa dole ne a rufe su saboda rashin iya sayar da tikiti zuwa wasannin (NFL da aka tsara a lokacin da ake buƙata don sayar da duk tikiti na gida don ba da aka tsara su damar yin amfani da su a cikin wasannin farko na wannan kakar wasa ta 1995 don fitar da su a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta farko na yanzu don ba da su a duk wasannin da su a lokacin da su don ba da ita don sayar da su a matsayin masu ba da su damar yin hakan don sayar da ita don ba da duk wasannin KUSA don fitar da ita don su a cikin wannan lokacin da su a ƙarshe don fitar da aka tsarawa a cikin wasannun farko na wannan lokacin da aka tsara don fitar da duk wasannun wasannin farko don fitar da wasannin da aka tsara; A shekara ta 1967, KOA-TV ta gudanar da wani shirin da ya lashe lambar yabo The Acid Test, LSD; wanda editan labarai Bob Palmer ya shirya, fim din ya ɗauki watanni biyar don samar da fiye da ƙafa 5,000 na fim din. Masu daukar hoto sun hada da Bill Baker, Medill Barnes, Allan Bisset, Jerry Curran, Sam Houston da Barry Trader . [[File:Kcnc-logo-1983.gif|right|thumb|115x115px|KOA-TV, wanda ya sauya daga tambarin zuwa tambarin a cikin shekarun 1970s, ya makale da wannan tambarin "zagaye na 4" daga 1981 zuwa 1993, dogon lokaci bayan ya zama KCNC-TV]] A shekara ta 1968, Kamfanin Talabijin na Metropolitan ya sayar da KOA-AM-TV ga Janar Electric don dala miliyan 10. Janar Electric ya sayar da tashoshin rediyo na KOA da KOAQ ga Kamfanin AH Belo a 1983 don dala miliyan 22, a matsayin wani ɓangare na fitowar kamfanin daga watsa shirye-shirye. GE ta riƙe tashar 4, amma ka'idojin FCC sun buƙaci shi a lokacin - wanda ya hana tashoshin talabijin da rediyo a cikin wannan birni, amma tare da masu mallakar daban-daban daga raba haruffa kira iri ɗaya - don canza haruffa kiran tashar zuwa KCNC-TV (wanda ke tsaye don "Colorado's News Channel"), wanda ya karɓa a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 1986, Janar Electric ta sami NBC, wanda ya haifar da dawowar GE zuwa watsa shirye-shirye kuma KCNC ta zama tashar farko mai mallakar da sarrafawa na babbar hanyar sadarwa a jihar Colorado. A shekara ta 1987, an sauya ikon tashar daga GE kanta zuwa NBC, ya zama O&O mai kyau. A shekara ta 1990, KCNC-TV ta ba da kusan dukkanin sa'o'in shirye-shiryenta a waje da shirye-shiryen cibiyar sadarwa don shirye-shirye na labarai da aka samar a cikin gida, tana watsa shirye-shiryon kusan awanni 40 na labarai a kowane mako. Janar manajan Roger Ogden ya ji cewa kuɗin tashar sa ya fi dacewa da kashewa a shirye-shiryen gida, maimakon biyan masu rarraba ƙungiyoyi don samun shirye-shirye na ƙasa. A cikin 1990, KCNC ta biya $ 11,000 ga tashar memba ta PBS ta kasuwa KRMA-TV (channel 6) don ɗaukar ɗaukar ɗaukar nauyin zaben tashar (ta amfani da manema labarai na KCNC), don ba da damar tashar 4 don watsa shirye-shiryen NBC na daren Talata, gami da ''Matlock'' da In the Heat of the Night . A farkon 1995, KCNC-TV tana watsa labarai na awanni 41 a mako, kuma tashar ta shirya shirye-shiryen ko shirye-shirye na gida ko shirye-aikacen labarai a lokuta lokacin da NBC ba ta da shirye-shiryar cibiyar sadarwa, saboda tashar ba ta sayi shirye-shiryenta ba. Wannan ya ƙare kusan da zaran Kungiyar W / CBS ta karɓi mulki bayan sauyawar haɗin kai. k5gclxxvpotebbpah472ldreqdva6ls James Robinson (yana gudu a baya) 0 133629 966714 835205 2026-10-12T04:15:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois State Redbirds kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Jacksonville Jaguars a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a cikin 2020, kuma an sayar da shi zuwa New York Jets a cikin 2022. A cikin 2020, Robinson ya karya rikodin Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL) don mafi yawan yadudduka na kowane rookie da ba a tsara shi ba. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robinson kuma ta girma a Rockford, Illinois . Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Rockford Lutheran, inda ya buga wasan kwando da kwallon kafa. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi tsalle 2,461 yadudduka da 44 touchdowns kuma an kira shi Class 4A All-State.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhardt |first=Randy |date=February 2, 2016 |title=Record-setting rusher Robinson picks ISU |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/sports/college/football/record-setting-rusher-robinson-picks-isu/article_31dcedc3-5200-536f-bb78-9798784621ad.html |access-date=October 4, 2020 |website=[[The Pantagraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407100511/https://pantagraph.com/sports/college/football/record-setting-rusher-robinson-picks-isu/article_31dcedc3-5200-536f-bb78-9798784621ad.html |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Robinson ya kafa tarihin aikin IHSA tare da yadudduka 9,045 da 158 da suka yi sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhardt |first=Randy |date=October 10, 2018 |title=Illinois State turns to 'closer' Robinson for late yards |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/sports/college/football/illinois-state-turns-to-closer-robinson-for-late-yards/article_3d5a9311-c165-5d36-ab85-2b19e46d1476.html |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=[[The Pantagraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926210232/https://www.pantagraph.com/sports/college/football/illinois-state-turns-to-closer-robinson-for-late-yards/article_3d5a9311-c165-5d36-ab85-2b19e46d1476.html |archive-date=September 26, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Robinson ya fara ne a Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a matsayin sabon shiga na gaskiya a shekarar 2016 kuma ya buga wasanni tara, ya rasa uku saboda raunin maraƙi.<ref name="Landi2017">{{Cite web |last=Landi |first=Nick |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Robinson looks to stand out, build own legacy |url=https://www.videtteonline.com/sports/football/robinson-looks-to-stand-out-build-own-legacy/article_0f7f1d6c-66f7-11e7-9c5b-6f41b2b4c2f6.html |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=The Vidette }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin ajiyar ajiya kuma ya gama kakar a matsayin mai tseren Redbirds na uku, tare da yadudduka 322 da touchdowns biyu a kan taɓawa 63.<ref name="Landi2017" /> Robinson ya zama mai farawa na Jihar Illinois a matsayin mai karatun biyu a shekarar 2017 kuma da sauri ya fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a taron kwallon kafa na Missouri Valley (MVFC). Ya yi sauri don yadudduka 933 da 12 touchdowns, yana taimakawa wajen jagorantar Redbirds zuwa gasar MVFC da kuma bayyana a cikin FCS playoffs. Ayyukansa sun ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta All-MVFC A lokacin ƙaramin lokacinsa a cikin 2018, Robinson ya ɗaga matsayinsa na ƙasa. Ya dauki yadudduka 1,290 da 12 touchdowns, da kuma wasanni masu yawa na 100-yadi, ya kafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin magoya bayan FCS mafi yawan amfani.<ref name="Reinhardt2019">{{Cite web |last=Reinhardt |first=Randy |date=August 30, 2019 |title=ISU star RB James Robinson storms into senior season |url=https://pantagraph.com/sports/college/football/isu-star-rb-james-robinson-storms-into-senior-season/article_6e2a8b6e-cb3a-5d38-8f18-5f7a8dcddf45.html |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=The Pantagraph }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="APAllAmerican2018">{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2018 |title=Former Lutheran running back James Robinson named AP All-American |url=https://www.rockrivertimes.com/2018/12/12/former-lutheran-running-back-james-robinson-named-ap-all-american/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821000000/https://www.rockrivertimes.com/2018/12/12/former-lutheran-running-back-james-robinson-named-ap-all-american/ |archive-date=August 21, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=Rock River Times}}</ref> Robinson an ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta All-MVFC a karo na biyu a jere kuma ya sami girmamawa ta Amurka, gami da girmamawa ta farko daga Phil Steele da girmamawa na uku daga Associated Press.<ref name="APAllAmerican2018" /> An kuma zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan karshe na lambar yabo ta Walter Payton . <ref name="Leber2019">{{Cite web |last=Leber |first=Scott |date=August 7, 2019 |title=A national spotlight is being cast on Rockford Lutheran graduate James Robinson at Illinois State |url=https://www.mystateline.com/sports/college-sports/a-national-spotlight-is-being-cast-on-rockford-lutheran-graduate-james-robinson-at-illinois-state/ |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=MyStateline.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayin babban jami'i a shekarar 2019, Robinson yana da daya daga cikin lokutan gaggawa mafi kyau a tarihin makaranta.<ref name="Reinhardt2019"/> Ya jagoranci FCS tare da yadudduka 1,899 masu gudu kuma ya kara 18 touchdowns, ya sami amincewar kungiyar farko ta FCS All-American da kuma na uku a jere na kungiyar farko ta MVFC.<ref name="Reinhardt2019" /><ref name="Fishbain2020">{{Cite web |last=Fishbain |first=Kevin |date=February 27, 2020 |title=James Robinson reps Rockford at NFL combine, and other Chicago connections |url=https://theathletic.com/1644555/2020/02/27/james-robinson-reps-rockford-at-nfl-combine-and-other-chicago-connections/ |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=The Athletic }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Robinson ya kammala aikinsa na kwaleji tare da yadudduka 4,444, na biyu mafi yawa a tarihin Jihar Illinois, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan FCS da ke shiga cikin shirin NFL.<ref name="Fishbain2020" /><ref name="Taft2020Draft">{{Cite web |last=Taft |first=Jay |date=April 22, 2020 |title=Why James Robinson should hear his name called at NFL draft |url=https://www.journalstandard.com/sports/20200422/why-james-robinson-should-hear-his-name-called-at-nfl-draft |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423000000/https://www.journalstandard.com/sports/20200422/why-james-robinson-should-hear-his-name-called-at-nfl-draft |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=The Journal Standard}}</ref> === Kididdigar kwaleji === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="4" |Gudun daji ! colspan="4" |Karɓar |- !Mataki !Yds !Avg !TD !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2016 !Jihar Illinois |9 |63 |322 |5.1 |2 |12 |109 |9.6 |1 |- !2017 !Jihar Illinois |11 |165 |933 |5.7 |12 |9 |75 |8.3 |0 |- !2018 !Jihar Illinois |11 |205 |1290 |6.3 |12 |21 |164 |7.8 |1 |- !2019 !Jihar Illinois |15 |364 |1899 |5.2 |18 |16 |80 |5.0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://goredbirds.com/sports/football/roster/james-robinson/6388 Jimillar] !46 !797 !4,444 !5.6 !44 !58 !428 !7.4 !2 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] qmu356dz8cr6og4n7qw91obl8xgzowd Jerry Green (marubuci) 0 135533 966797 884785 2026-10-12T11:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jerome Frederic Green''' (15 ga Afrilu, 1928 - 23 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne kuma marubuci ɗan Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muskovitz |first=Alan |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The Dean of Super Bowls: Catching Up With Legendary Sportswriter Jerry Green |url=https://thejewishnews.com/2022/03/21/the-dean-of-super-bowls-catching-up-with-legendary-sportswriter-jerry-green/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=thejewishnews.com |publisher=The Jewish News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001211907/https://thejewishnews.com/2022/03/21/the-dean-of-super-bowls-catching-up-with-legendary-sportswriter-jerry-green/ |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kasance marubuci a ma'aikatan Associated Press daga 1956 zuwa 1963 da kuma ''jaridar Detroit News'' daga 1963 zuwa 2004. An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar kwararru a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2005 da kuma ƙungiyar Michigan Sports Hall of Fame a shekarar 2003. Shi ne kawai marubucin wasanni da ya yi sharhi kan kowanne daga cikin manyan gasannin Super Bowl guda 56 na farko, daga 1967 zuwa 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shea |first=Bill |title=Jerry Green: A Super Bowl pressbox institution still going at age 90 |url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/sports/jerry-green-super-bowl-pressbox-institution-still-going-age-90 |access-date=June 29, 2019 |website=crainsdetroit.com |publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Jerry |title=Jerry Green: For 54th Super Bowl, I'm last man standing |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/nfl/lions/2020/01/30/jerry-green-54th-super-bowl-im-last-man-standing/2853742001/ |access-date=March 9, 2020 |website=detroitnews.com |publisher=The Detroit News}}</ref> <ref name="Shea">{{Cite web |last=Shea |first=Bill |date=February 10, 2023 |title=The man who covered every Super Bowl: Jerry Green and the end of an epic run |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4168821/2023/02/10/super-bowl-jerry-green/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 11, 2023 |publisher=The Athletic |language=en}}</ref> == Mai rahoto == Green ya fara aikinsa na bayar da rahoto a New York a shekarar 1952, a ''jaridar New York Journal-American'', kafin ya shiga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka a shekara mai zuwa. Bayan dawowarsa, ya kasance marubucin wasanni na Associated Press daga 1956 zuwa 1963, lokacin da ''jaridar Detroit News'' ta dauke shi aiki. Ya kasance ma'aikacin marubucin wasanni na ''The Detroit News'' na tsawon shekaru 41 daga 1963 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2004. Ya yi aikin wasan baseball, kwallon kafa, kwando, hockey, da sauran wasanni a jaridar. Bayan ya kuma yi aikin jaridar Detroit Lions ta 1957 a matsayin matashin ɗan jarida tare da Associated Press, Green ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne "marubucin wasanni na ƙarshe da ya tsira a Detroit wanda ya yi aikin gasar Tigers, Red Wings, Pistons da Lions". Ko bayan ya yi ritaya daga bayar da rahotanni akai-akai, Green ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da jaridar a matsayin marubuci. An san shi da labaran Super Bowl, a matsayin marubucin wasanni kaɗai da ya rubuta kowace Super Bowl daga Super Bowl I a 1967 zuwa Super Bowl LVI a 2022. Green bai halarci gasar Super Bowl LVII a shekarar 2023 ba, saboda rashin lafiya da ke tattare da cutar rashin lafiya ta zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), da sauran cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muskovitz |first=Alan |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The Dean of Super Bowls: Catching Up With Legendary Sportswriter Jerry Green |url=https://thejewishnews.com/2022/03/21/the-dean-of-super-bowls-catching-up-with-legendary-sportswriter-jerry-green/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=thejewishnews.com |publisher=The Jewish News}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da rubutu har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa a wata mai zuwa. <ref name="Shea2" /> == Marubuci == Green ya buga littattafai da dama, ciki har da tarihin Super Bowl, Detroit Lions, Detroit Pistons, da kuma ƙwallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines, da kuma littattafan kakar wasa ɗaya kan ƙungiyar gasar zakarun duniya ta Detroit Tigers ta 1968 da kuma ƙungiyar gasar zakarun Super Bowl ta Denver Broncos ta 1998. Littattafan Green sun haɗa da: * "Shekarar Damisa: Littafin Tarihin Zakarun Duniya na Detroit," Jerry Green (Coward-McCann, 1969). * "Detroit Lions," Jerry Green (Macmillan, 1973) * "The Detroit Pistons: Kama Zamani Mai Kyau," Jerry Green (Bonus Books, 1991) * "Tarihin Super Bowl: Marubucin Wasanni Ya Yi Tunani Kan Shekaru 30 Na Farko Na Wasan Amurka," Jerry Green (Masters Press, 1995) * "Mafi kyawun lokutan tarihi a Detroit Red Wings," Joe Falls, Jerry Green, Vartan Kupelian (Masters Press, 1997) * "Mile High Miracle: Elway da Broncos, Zakarun Super Bowl a Ƙarshe," Jerry Green (Masters Press, 1999) * "Sun Sami Nasara: Ƙungiyar Detroit Tigers ta Kullum," Detroit News (Sports Publishing LLC, 2001) * "Jami'ar Michigan Football Vault: Tarihin Wolverines," Jerry Green (Whitman Pub Llc, 2008) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] 70bsz63w0cpaiq5p2nnkxglpijms6eb Jacqueline Govaert 0 135557 966711 778084 2026-10-12T03:13:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqueline Govaert''' ({{IPA|nl|ʑɑkəˈliŋ ˈɣoːvaːrt}}{{IPA|nl|ʑɑkəˈliŋ ˈɣoːvaːrt}}{{IPA|nl|ʑɑkəˈliŋ ˈɣoːvaːrt}};{{Efn|In isolation, ''Jacqueline'' is pronounced {{IPA|nl|ʑɑkəˈlin|}}.}} born 20 April 1982) is a Dutch singer, songwriter, and pianist. She is best known as the leader of Dutch band Krezip. After Krezip disbanded in 2009, Govaert started a solo music career. She released her debut album ''Good Life'' in August 2010. == Sana'a == === Krezip === Govaert ta rubuta waƙoƙinta na farko a kan piano tana da shekaru 12. Ta kammala karatunta daga Dutch [[Fontys Rockacademie|Rockacademy]] da ke Tilburg . Kafin haka, ta fara ƙungiyar Krezip a makarantar sakandare. Ƙungiyar ta fitar da EP ɗinta na farko a shekarar 1999; fitowarta ce mai zaman kanta. A shekarar 2000, ƙungiyar Warner Music ta sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar kuma ta buga a Lowlands da Pinkpop . A wannan shekarar ce ƙungiyar LP ta farko ta fito, inda ta sami babban nasara har ta wargaje a shekarar 2009. Govaert ita ce babbar mawaƙin waƙa a ƙungiyar. Ita ce kuma mawaƙin piano na ƙungiyar har sai da aka tilasta wa Annelies Kuijsters ta karɓi wannan matsayin, bayan ta rasa damar buga guitar bayan mummunan rauni. Govaert ta ji daɗin barin matsayinta na mawaƙin piano, tana mai cewa "...yanzu zan iya mai da hankali kan wasana." Govaert ya yi aiki a matsayin fitaccen mawaki a waƙoƙin aikin kiɗan Ayreon, ƙungiyar mawakan Holland Relax (a cikin kundin waƙoƙin ''Odeur de Clochard'' ), Armin van Buuren da Fernando Lameirinhas. A shekarar 2006, Govaert ta ba da gudummawa a wata waƙar jigo ta TMF Awards ta 2006. Don wannan waƙar, ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Dutch The Partysquad, Extince da Caprice. Sun rera waƙar a lokacin buɗe bikin bayar da kyautar. Govaert ya kuma rubuta waƙar tare da mawaƙiya Alain Clark, "Wherever I Go", wadda aka yi amfani da ita a tallan Senseo na ƙasar Holland sannan aka fitar da ita a matsayin waƙa ɗaya. A shekarar 2019, Krezip ya sake haɗuwa ya yi wasa a Pinkpop. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vipspotting.nl/vips/jacqueline_govaert.html |title=Jacqueline Govaert gespot op VipSpotting.nl ( Jacqueline Govaert ) |access-date=2026-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220511/http://www.vipspotting.nl/vips/jacqueline_govaert.html |archive-date=2024-11-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Da farko, Krezip ya sake haɗuwa ne kawai da niyyar yin wasa a Pinkpop da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo na sake haɗuwa. Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin sun ci gaba da yawon shakatawa kuma sun fitar da kundin waƙoƙi guda biyu: ''Sweet High'' (2019) da ''Any Day Now'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Krezip kondigt nieuw album 'Any Day Now' aan |url=https://www.entertainmentbusiness.nl/persberichten/krezip-kondigt-nieuw-album-any-day-now-aan/ |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> === Aiki na kaɗaici === Bayan ta bar Krezip, Govaert ta sanar da cewa za ta ci gaba da neman aikin kiɗan kaɗaici. Ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na farko mai ''suna Good Life'', a watan Agusta na 2010. Ta yi aiki a kan kundin tare da Jan Peter Hoekstra (guitar Krezip ), Joost Zweegers ( Novastar ), Tjeerd Bomhof (bass da mawallafiyar Hooverphonic ). Mawakan ''Good Life'' sune Mario Goossens (drums Hooverphonic, Triggerfinger ), Simon Casier (bass Balthazar ), Jan Peter Hoekstra (guitar tsohon Krezip ) da Remko Kühne (keys Hooverphonic, Alain Clark ). Kundin ya shiga cikin jadawalin kundin waƙoƙin Dutch a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2010 a lamba ta uku. === Sauran ayyuka === A watan Agusta na 2023, an naɗa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin membobin kwamitin zaɓen 'yan wasan the Dutch entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vipspotting.nl/vips/jacqueline_govaert.html |title=Jacqueline Govaert gespot op VipSpotting.nl ( Jacqueline Govaert ) |access-date=2026-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220511/http://www.vipspotting.nl/vips/jacqueline_govaert.html |archive-date=2024-11-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan haka, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mai sharhin Holland a gasar tare da Cornald Maas, inda ta maye gurbin Jan Smit . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vipspotting.nl/vips/jacqueline_govaert.html |title=Jacqueline Govaert gespot op VipSpotting.nl ( Jacqueline Govaert ) |access-date=2026-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220511/http://www.vipspotting.nl/vips/jacqueline_govaert.html |archive-date=2024-11-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Govaert tana zaune a Haarlem tare da abokin aikinta. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2008, Govaert ta sanar da cewa tana da juna biyu, kuma za ta dakatar da harkar kiɗa. Govaert ta haifi ɗa namiji, a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2009. An haifi ɗa na biyu na Govaert, 'ya mace, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2010. Jacqueline babbar 'yar'uwar [[Onno Govaert,|Onno Govaert ce,]] wacce ke buga ganga, wacce galibi take aiki a fannin kiɗan da aka tsara . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] pvlpzdcveq4456srujgo1kdvipki4if Janeshia Adams-Ginyard 0 141778 966728 813934 2026-10-12T07:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Janeshia Adams-Ginyard''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1984) ’yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, mace mai wasan kwaikwayo kuma ƙwararriyar mai kokawa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2018 |title=Black Panther stunt woman Janeshia Adams-Ginyard |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/programs/homestretch/black-panther-stunt-woman-janeshia-adams-ginyard-1.4587059 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Nomble, ɗaya daga cikin Dora Milaje, a cikin fim ɗin [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] ''Black Panther'' da kuma shirin Disney+ ''The Falcon and the Winter Soldier'', da kuma aikinta a matsayin mace mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim ɗin ''Black Panther'' da kuma ''Avengers: Infinity War'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Janeshia Adams-Ginyard (Black Panther & Avengers Infinity War) PSCX 2018 Panel |url=https://tocmovies.com/tocmoviesconcoverage/2019/2/7/janeshia-adams-ginyard-black-panther-amp-avengers-infinity-war-pscx-2018-panel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042835/https://tocmovies.com/tocmoviesconcoverage/2019/2/7/janeshia-adams-ginyard-black-panther-amp-avengers-infinity-war-pscx-2018-panel |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=tocmovies.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Adams-Ginyard a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] . <ref> name="CalBears">{{Cite web |title=Janeshia Adams-Ginyard |url=https://calbears.com/news/2013/4/17/208191256.aspx?path=track |access-date=February 11, 2019 |publisher=The University of California}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa biyu, ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa tagwaye. <ref> name="CalBears" </ref> Asalinta ɗan Jamaica ne. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gahr da ke Cerritos, California, inda ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar wasa. Tana da rikodin wasanni da yawa, ciki har da shingen mita 300, heptathlon, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na tseren mita 4 x 100 da tseren mita 4 x 400. <ref> name="CalBears" </ref> Ta kuma buga wasan ƙwallon raga . <ref> name="CalBears" </ref> A lokacin shekararta ta ƙarshe, ta kasance zakaran tseren mita 300 na California Interscholastic Federation . <ref name="CalBears" /> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta halarci Jami'ar California, Berkeley . <ref> name="CalBears">{{Cite web |title=Janeshia Adams-Ginyard |url=https://calbears.com/news/2013/4/17/208191256.aspx?path=track |access-date=February 11, 2019 |publisher=The University of California}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://calbears.com/news/2013/4/17/208191256.aspx?path=track "Janeshia Adams-Ginyard"]. The University of California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A UC Berkeley, ta yi karatun harsuna da nazarin Afirka-Amurkawa, tare da mai da hankali kan al'adun Caribbean, kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko . <ref> name="Berkeley">{{Cite web |last=Komaragiri |first=Anagha |date=April 26, 2018 |title=UC Berkeley alumna, stunt performer Janeshia Adams-Ginyard talks 'Avengers: Infinity War' |url=https://artsdesign.berkeley.edu/performing-arts/news/uc-berkeley-alumna-stunt-performer-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-avengers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044316/https://artsdesign.berkeley.edu/performing-arts/news/uc-berkeley-alumna-stunt-performer-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-avengers |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=artsdesign.berkeley.edu}}</ref> <ref>name="intalk">{{Cite web |title=Be In The Talk With Black Panther's Janeshia Adams-Ginyard |url=https://blacktalent.tv/2018/03/10/janeshia-adams-ginyard/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=blacktalent.tv }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana da ƙwarewa a [[Harshen Kurame na Amurka|yaren kurame na Amurka]] . <ref> name="intalk" </ref> Ita ce Shugabar Hyphy 4 Christ, Inc., wata ƙungiya mai tushen addini . <ref>{{Cite web |title=C&C Teen Hollywood Film Festival - Janeshia Adams-Ginyard Interview |url=http://www.jeanbooknerd.com/2019/03/c-teen-hollywood-film-festival-janeshia.html |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=jeanbooknerd.com}}</ref> == Wasanni == Tsakanin 2006 da 2007, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Bobsled ta Amurka a matsayin mai taka birki . <ref name="intalk" /> Ita da Jamia Jackson su ne ƙungiyar mata ta farko 'yan Afirka-Amurka. <ref name="intalk" /> Tun daga shekarar 2012, Adams-Ginyard ta karɓi baƙuncin shirin LA Talk Live Radio Show, ''na Lady J's Wild World of Sports'' . <ref name="intalk">{{Cite web |title=Be In The Talk With Black Panther's Janeshia Adams-Ginyard |url=https://blacktalent.tv/2018/03/10/janeshia-adams-ginyard/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=blacktalent.tv |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918163234/https://blacktalent.tv/2018/03/10/janeshia-adams-ginyard/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://blacktalent.tv/2018/03/10/janeshia-adams-ginyard/ "Be In The Talk With Black Panther's Janeshia Adams-Ginyard"]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''blacktalent.tv''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2012, ta fara aikin kokawa na ƙwararru tare da WOW! Women of Wrestling, a ƙarƙashin sunan zoben FROST The Olympian, bisa ga ƙwarewarta ta gaske a matsayin bobsledder. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2018 |title=Stuntwoman Janeshia Adams-Ginyard Talks Process Of Training To Wrestle |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/stuntwoman-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-process-training-wrestle |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=fightful.com}}</ref> == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wasan kwaikwayo == A shirye-shiryenta na yin wasan kwaikwayo, Adams-Ginyard ya yi karatun [[Taekwondo|wasan taekwondo]] da gymnastics . <ref name="Berkeley">{{Cite web |last=Komaragiri |first=Anagha |date=April 26, 2018 |title=UC Berkeley alumna, stunt performer Janeshia Adams-Ginyard talks 'Avengers: Infinity War' |url=https://artsdesign.berkeley.edu/performing-arts/news/uc-berkeley-alumna-stunt-performer-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-avengers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044316/https://artsdesign.berkeley.edu/performing-arts/news/uc-berkeley-alumna-stunt-performer-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-avengers |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=artsdesign.berkeley.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKomaragiri2018">Komaragiri, Anagha (April 26, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044316/https://artsdesign.berkeley.edu/performing-arts/news/uc-berkeley-alumna-stunt-performer-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-avengers "UC Berkeley alumna, stunt performer Janeshia Adams-Ginyard talks 'Avengers: Infinity War'"]. ''artsdesign.berkeley.edu''. Archived from [https://artsdesign.berkeley.edu/performing-arts/news/uc-berkeley-alumna-stunt-performer-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-avengers the original] on March 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ta kuma sami gogewa a shirye-shiryen fina-finai ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin ƙarin . <ref name="Berkeley" /> Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2010, <ref name="nbc">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Jarrett |date=February 16, 2018 |title='Black Panther' actress Janeshia Adams-Ginyard talks living the stuntwoman life |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-panther-actress-janeshia-adams-ginyard-talks-living-stuntwoman-life-n847646 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> kuma ta ci gaba da yin wasannin kwaikwayo a shirye-shiryen talabijin, ciki har da ''The Mindy Project'', ''KC Undercover'', ''[[Jinin Gaskiya|True Blood]]'' da ''American Horror Story'' . <ref name="Berkeley"/> <ref name="intalk"/> Adams-Ginyard ta fito a fim ɗin ''Black Panther'' na shekarar 2018 a matsayin memba na Dora Milaje. <ref name="Berkeley" /> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo a fim ɗin, da kuma wani fim ɗin [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]], ''Avengers: Infinity War'', a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na Danai Gurira . <ref name="Berkeley" /> <ref name="intalk" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo a ''9-1-1'' da ''Godzilla: King of the Monsters'', <ref name="Berkeley" /> da ''Us'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2018 |title='Black Panther' stunt doubles to visit Millikin University |url=https://herald-review.com/news/local/education/black-panther-stunt-doubles-to-visit-millikin-university/article_a7d38324-04ce-51d3-9499-687273cb89c8.html |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=herald-review.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043740/https://herald-review.com/news/local/education/black-panther-stunt-doubles-to-visit-millikin-university/article_a7d38324-04ce-51d3-9499-687273cb89c8.html |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a tallace-tallace na Nike da [[Toyota]], kuma an nuna ta a cikin tallan Lexus a Super Bowl a 2018. <ref name="rollingout">{{Cite web |last=Caslin |first=Yvette |date=February 9, 2018 |title=Stunt actress Janeshia Adams-Ginyard lands awe-inspiring 'Black Panther' role |url=https://rollingout.com/2018/02/09/stunt-actress-janeshia-adams-ginyard-lands-awe-inspiring-black-panther-role/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=rollingout.com}}</ref> <ref name="BGN">{{Cite web |last=Hines |first=Carolyn |date=February 17, 2018 |title=BGN Interview: Stuntwoman And Actress Janeshia Adams-Ginyard of 'Black Panther' |url=https://blackgirlnerds.com/bgn-interview-janeshia-adams-ginyard/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=blackgirlnerds.com}}</ref> Masu wasan kwaikwayo na ''Black Panther'' sun lashe kyautar Excellence Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble a cikin Motion Picture a Screen Actors Guild Awards a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=STUNT PERFORMERS FROM 'BLACK PANTHER' AND 'GLOW' ANNOUNCED AS 25TH ANNUAL SCREEN ACTORS GUILD AWARDS® HONOREES FOR OUTSTANDING ACTION PERFORMANCES BY FILM AND TELEVISION STUNT ENSEMBLES |url=https://www.sagawards.org/media/news/releases/stunt-performers-black-panther-and-glow-announced-25th-annual-screen-actors |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=sagawards.org}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2021, an sanar da cewa an zabi Janeshia don lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy a cikin sabon nau'in Outstanding Stunt Performance saboda aikinta a cikin shirin HBO, Lovecraft Country. Kuma a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2021, ta zama memba na Kwamitin Stunt na Kasa na SAG-AFTRA. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ! Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Bayanan kula |- | 2009 | ''Ina da Rai'' | Saja Monique Munro-Harris | jerin talabijan |- | 2013 | ''Matan Kokawa'' | Sanyi | jerin talabijan |- | 2015 | ''Koyarwa Mara Kyau'' | | jerin talabijan |- | 2018 | ''Baƙin Damisa'' | Nomble | |- | 2018 | ''Tashar 19'' | Kwamandan Dabaru | jerin talabijan |- | 2020 | ''Rayuwar Kamfanoni da Matan Gida'' | Monica | |- | 2021 | ''Falcon da Sojan Hunturu'' | rowspan="2" | Nomble | jerin talabijan |- | 2022 | ''[[Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (fim)|Baƙin Damisa: Wakanda Har Abada]]'' | |- | 2023 | ''South Park: Shiga Panderverse'' | Panderverse Eric Cartman, ƙarin muryoyi (murya) | Fim ɗin Talabijin |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Matsayin wasan ban mamaki ! Shekara ! Lakabi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2011 | ''[[Black Gold (2011 Fim din Najeriya)|Zinare Baƙi]]'' | |- | 2011 | ''Annoba'' | |- | 2013 | ''An tabbatar'' | |- | 2014 | ''[[Jinin Gaskiya]]'' | <ref name="Berkeley"/> |- | 2014 | ''Hawaii Biyar-0'' | |- | 2015 | ''Jagorar 'Yan Wasan Game da Komai Da Yawa'' | |- | 2016 | ''Ba shi da kunya'' | |- | 2016 | ''KC Undercover'' | <ref name="intalk"/> |- | 2016 | ''Babban Birni'' | |- | 2016 | ''Ƙwarƙwarar Matashi'' | |- | 2017 | ''Ku Ji Tsoron Matattu Masu Tafiya'' | |- | 2017 | ''Aikin Mindy'' | <ref name="intalk" /> |- | 2018 | ''Baƙin Damisa'' | |- | 2018 | ''Masu ramuwa: Yaƙin Infinity'' | |- | 2018 | ''Rashin tsaro'' | |- | 2018 | ''Labarin Tsoron Amurka'' | <ref name="Berkeley" /> |- | 2018 | ''NCIS: Los Angeles'' | |- | 2018 | ''Mai Bugawa'' | |- | 2018 | ''9-1-1'' | <ref name="Berkeley" /> |- | 2019 | ''Ni Ne Dare'' | |- | 2019 | ''Mu'' | |- | 2019 | ''Godzilla: Sarkin Dodanni'' | <ref name="Berkeley" /> |- | 2019 | ''Dolemite Shine Sunana'' | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] 448h8dcwtpf7a8l34r76d75w807w5z3 James Fallows 0 141802 966713 799486 2026-10-12T04:02:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Mackenzie Fallows''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fallows, James M. 1949- (James Fallows, James Mackenzie Fallows, Jim Fallows) &#124; Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/fallows-james-m-1949-james-fallows-james-mackenzie-fallows-jim-fallows |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1949) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title='At 5% Neanderthal, You Are an Outlier' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/at-5-neanderthal-you-are-an-outlier/263475/ |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Shi tsohon wakilin kasa ne na The Atlantic . Ayyukansa sun kuma bayyana a cikin ''Slate'', The New York Times Magazine, The Nework Review of Books, The New Yorker da The American Prospect, da sauransu. Shi tsohon editan US News & World Report ne, kuma a matsayin babban marubucin jawabi Shugaba [[Jimmy Carter]] na tsawon shekaru biyu shi ne mutum mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa rike wannan aikin. Fallows ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da yawa a Amurka da [[Sin|China]], kuma ya rike kujera a kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka a Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka a Jami'ar Sydney. Shi ne marubucin littattafai goma sha ɗaya, ciki har da ''Tsaro na Kasa'' (1981), wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Littafin Kasa ta 1983, Looking at the Sun (1994), Breaking the News (1996), Blind into Baghdad (2006), Postcards from Tomorrow Square (2009), China Airborne (2012), da kuma littafin mafi kyawun ƙasar Our Towns (2018), wanda aka rubuta tare da matarsa, Deborah Fallows, kuma ya zama shirin HBO na wannan sunan a 2021. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:James_Fallows_-_NARA_-_178392_(cropped).tif|thumb|Hoton ma'aikatan [[White House|Fadar White House]] na Fallows na 1977]] An haifi Fallows a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ɗan Jean (née Mackenzie) da James Albert Fallows, likita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fallows |first=James |date=8 November 2008 |title=James A. Fallows, 1925–2008 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2008/11/james-a-fallows-1925-2008/9060/ |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ya girma ne a Redlands, California, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Redlands High School . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-18 |title=James Fallows, Redlands' most famous writer, named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.redlandscommunitynews.com/news/james-fallows-redlands-most-famous-writer-named-to-the-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences/article_9c861d5c-61f3-11e9-9575-5fb15f6c6723.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Redlands News |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya yi karatun tarihin Amurka da adabi a Kwalejin Harvard, inda ya kasance shugaban ''Harvard Crimson'' . Daga 1970 zuwa 1972, Fallows ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Sarauniya, Oxford, a matsayin [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Masanin Rhodes]]. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da marubuci ga mujallu na The Washington Monthly da Texas Monthly . <ref>{{Cite web |title=James Fallows to Give 2017 Commencement Address |url=https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/james-fallows-give-2017-commencement-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801172708/https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/james-fallows-give-2017-commencement-address |archive-date=2019-08-01 |access-date=2019-08-01 |publisher=[[The University of Vermont]] |quote=He has also served as the editor of ''U.S. News & World Report'' and on the staffs of ''The Washington Monthly'' and ''Texas Monthly''.}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na gwamnatin Carter shi ne babban marubucin jawabin Carter. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, ya zama mutum mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihi da ya riƙe wannan matsayi. Daga 1979 zuwa 1996, ya kasance Editan Washington na The Atlantic Monthly (yanzu The Atlantic). Shekaru biyu na wannan lokacin ya kasance a Texas, kuma na shekaru hudu a Asiya. Ya rubuta wa mujallar game da shige da fice, manufofin tsaro, siyasa, tattalin arziki, fasahar kwamfuta, da sauran batutuwa. Ya kasance dan wasan karshe na National Magazine Awards sau biyar kuma ya lashe a 2003, don "The Fifty-First State?" (The Atlantic, Nuwamba 2002), wanda aka buga watanni shida kafin mamaye Iraki kuma ya tsara matsalolin mamaye kasar. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta National Book Award for National Defense kuma ya lashe NY Emmy a 2010 don rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin jerin shirye-shirye, Doing Business in China . Labaran Fallows mafi tasiri sun shafi manufofin soja da sayen soja, tsarin shigar kwaleji, fasaha, China da Japan, da kuma [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Yaƙin Amurka a Iraki]]. Da farko a cikin aikinsa, ya rubuta wani labarin da ake kira "Me kuke yi a cikin Class War, Daddy?" (Washington Monthly, Oktoba 1975). Ya bayyana ranar "rubuce na jiki" a Boston Navy Yard a cikin 1970, inda Fallows da abokan karatunsa na Harvard da [[MIT]] suka samar da dalilai na cirewar likita, yayin da aka amince da fararen ma'aikata na Chelsea, Massachusetts don aiki. Ya yi jayayya cewa nuna bambanci na aji na shirin Vietnam, wanda ya sauƙaƙa masa da wasu daga iyalai masu tasiri da wadata don kauce wa hidima, ya tsawaita yakin kuma wannan gaskiya ne da yawa daga cikin [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|Masu adawa da yakin]] sun ga ya dace a yi watsi da su.<ref>Fallows, James (1977). "What Did You Do in the Class War, Daddy?" In Robbins, Mary Susannah, ed. (2007, orig. 1999). ''Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists''. London and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp.&nbsp;159–164. {{ISBN|978-0-7425-5914-1}}.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 325u3j7j1vt4ln5k678tu6qcdu90m1g Harsunan Kartvelian 0 141870 966444 799678 2026-10-11T16:43:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Harsunan Kartvelic'''''' (/kɑːrtˈvɛliən, -ˈviːl-/ kart-VEL-ee-ən, -⁠VEEL-; [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]_language" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Georgian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Georgian: ქართველური__wol____wol____wol__, ), wanda aka fi sani da yarukan '''Kudancin Caucasus''' ko Kartvelic, iyali ne na asali a Kudancin caucasus kuma ana magana da shi da farko a Georgia. Akwai kusan masu magana da [[Yaren Jojiya|Harshen Georgian]] miliyan 5 a duk duniya. Iyalin Kartvelian ba su da wata dangantaka da kowane iyali na harshe, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin iyalan harsuna na farko a duniya. The most widely spoken Kartvelian language is the standard [[Yaren Jojiya|Georgian]]. The earliest written source in any Kartvelian language is an Old Georgian inscription at the once-existing Georgian monastery near Bethlehem, dated to {{Circa|430 AD}}. Georgian scripts are used to write all Kartvelian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=მეგრული და სვანური ენები |url=https://socialjustice.org.ge/ka/products/megruli-da-svanuri-enebi |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Social Justice Center |language=ka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201003424/https://socialjustice.org.ge/ka/products/megruli-da-svanuri-enebi |archive-date=2026-02-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayi == Georgian shine harshen hukuma na Georgia (wanda kashi 90% na yawan jama'a ke magana) kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban harshensa don amfani da wallafe-wallafen da kasuwanci. An rubuta shi da asali da kuma bambancin haruffa, kuma tsohuwar rubutun wallafe-wallafen da ya tsira ya kasance daga karni na 5 AD. Tsohon [[Georgian script|Rubutun Georgian]] da alama ya bambanta da kowane harshe, amma tsarin haruffa ya fi dacewa da haruffa na Girkanci, ban da haruffofi da ke nuna sauti na Georgian na musamman, waɗanda aka haɗa a ƙarshen. An rubuta Mingrelian tare da haruffa na Georgian tun 1864, musamman a lokacin daga 1930 zuwa 1938, lokacin da Mingrelians ke da ɗan cin gashin kansu na al'adu, kuma bayan 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=ვის ეშინია "ვეფხისტყაოსნის" მეგრული თარგმანის?! |url=https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/32332863.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=Georgian}}</ref> An rubuta Harshen Laz galibi tsakanin 1927 da 1937, sannan a [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]] ta amfani da haruffa Latin. Laz yana cikin haɗari yayin da masu magana da shi ke canzawa zuwa Turkiyya. == Rarraba ==   Iyalin yaren Kartvelian ya ƙunshi harsuna huɗu masu alaƙa: * '''Svan''' (ლუშნუ ნინ, ''lušnu nin''), with approximately 35,000–40,000 native speakers in [[Georgia]], mainly in the northwestern mountainous region of Svaneti and the Kodori Gorge in [[Abkhazia]] * '''Georgian-Zan''' (also called '''Karto-Zan''') ** '''[[Yaren Jojiya|Georgian]]''' (ქართული ენა, ''kartuli ena'') with approximately 4 million native speakers, mainly in [[Georgia]]. There are Georgian-speaking communities in [[Rasha|Russia]], [[Turkiyya|Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila|Israel]], and [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] countries, but the current number and distribution of them are unknown. *** '''Judaeo-Georgian''' (ყივრული ენა, ''kivruli ena'') with some 85,000 speakers, is the only Kartvelian Jewish dialect, its status being the subject of debate among scholars. ** '''Zan''' (also called '''Colchian''') *** '''Mingrelian''' (მარგალური ნინა, ''margaluri nina''), with some 500,000 native speakers in 1989, mainly in the western regions of Georgia, namely Samegrelo and [[Abkhazia]] (at present in Gali district only). The number of Mingrelian speakers in Abkhazia was very strongly affected by the war with Georgia in the 1990s which resulted in the expulsion and flight of the ethnic Georgian population, the majority of which were Mingrelians. Nevertheless, Georgians in Abkhazia (mostly Mingrelians) make up 18% of the population, in Gali district 98.2%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Государственный комитет Республики Абхазия по статистике |url=https://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=142 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728015410/https://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=142 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=ugsra.org}}</ref> The Mingrelians displaced from Abkhazia are scattered elsewhere in the Georgian government territory, with dense clusters in Tbilisi and Zugdidi. *** '''Laz''' (ლაზური ნენა, ''lazuri nena''), with 22,000 native speakers in 1980, mostly in the [[Black Sea]] littoral area of northeast [[Turkiyya|Turkey]], and with some 2,000 in [[Adjara]], Georgia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==manazarta== azu95h44wstvnrmseshzmka3ubrwv97 Mary Cathryn Ricker 0 142159 966523 800766 2026-10-11T17:02:26Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */ 966523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Cathryn Ricker''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1968) shugabar ma'aikata ce, 'yar siyasa kuma malamar makaranta a kasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], wacce a yanzu ita ce Darakta Mai Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Albert Shanker, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ba ta da wata jam'iyya, wacce aka keɓe ga jigogi uku: ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin jama'a, ƙungiyoyin kwadago a matsayin masu fafutukar ingantawa, da 'yancin haɗin gwiwa a rayuwar jama'a ta dimokuradiyya. Manufarta ita ce samar da ra'ayoyi, haɓaka musayar ra'ayoyi masu gaskiya, da kuma haɓaka shawarwarin manufofi masu ginawa da suka shafi waɗannan batutuwa. Don cimma waɗannan manufofin, ASI tana gudanar da bincike na asali, tana ɗaukar nauyin bincike, kuma tana shirya tarurruka da tattaunawa a fannoni uku na jigon. Ricker ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin malamin aji, Kwamishinan Ilimi na Jihar Minnesota, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Malaman Amurka, da kuma a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Malaman Saint Paul. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ricker kuma ya girma a Hibbing, Minnesota . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-14 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.aft.org/about/leadership/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=American Federation of Teachers |language=en}}</ref> Ricker Malama ce mai takardar shedar kammala karatun digiri a fannin Turanci/Harshe ta ƙasa wadda ta kasance malamar aji a fannin fasahar Turanci/Harshe ta makarantar sakandare na tsawon shekaru 13 a St. Cloud, Minnesota ; Camas, Washington ; da [[Seoul]] . Ta kuma koyar na tsawon shekaru 5 a Makarantun Jama'a na Saint Paul . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073721/https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |archive-date=2018-12-23 |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=Education Writers Association |language=en}}</ref> == Jagorancin ma'aikata == Ricker ta taɓa zama shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta St. Paul daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ƙungiya mai mambobi 4000+ da ke yi wa malamai da mataimakan ilimi hidima a makarantun gwamnati na St. Paul. A shekarar 2014, an zaɓe ta Ricker a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta Amurka. Ta kuma kasance wakiliyar gida a Majalisar ƙwadago da ƙwadago ta yankin St. Paul kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar AFL–CIO ta Minnesota. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-22 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=http://www.shankerinstitute.org/author/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Shanker Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Kwarewar hukumar gudanarwa == An zaɓe Ricker a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ilimi ta Minnesota kuma a baya ta yi aiki a kwamitin ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Ilimi ta Minnesota a duk faɗin jihar. Ricker ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Ƙungiyoyin Koyar da Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa da kuma tsohuwar shugabar Gidauniyar Koyarwa da Koyo ta Ilimi ta Minnesota. Ta kasance Shugabar Makarantar Tsakiya a kwamitin Majalisar Malaman Turanci ta Minnesota. [1] Ricker kuma yana aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Ƙasa, Sashen Ma'aikata na Ƙwararru, AFL–CIO, United Way of America, da Cibiyar Albert Shanker. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker, NBCT |url=https://www.nbpts.org/board/mary-cathryn-ricker/ |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=NBPTS {{!}} Shaping the profession that shapes America's future. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 38g79jlzqcqy83x14y06hyiayk7mjci 966524 966523 2026-10-11T17:02:50Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */ 966524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Cathryn Ricker''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1968) shugabar ma'aikata ce, 'yar siyasa kuma malamar makaranta a kasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], wacce a yanzu ita ce Darakta Mai Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Albert Shanker, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ba ta da wata jam'iyya, wacce aka keɓe ga jigogi uku: ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin jama'a, ƙungiyoyin kwadago a matsayin masu fafutukar ingantawa, da 'yancin haɗin gwiwa a rayuwar jama'a ta dimokuradiyya. Manufarta ita ce samar da ra'ayoyi, haɓaka musayar ra'ayoyi masu gaskiya, da kuma haɓaka shawarwarin manufofi masu ginawa da suka shafi waɗannan batutuwa. Don cimma waɗannan manufofin, ASI tana gudanar da bincike na asali, tana ɗaukar nauyin bincike, kuma tana shirya tarurruka da tattaunawa a fannoni uku na jigon. Ricker ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin malamin aji, Kwamishinan Ilimi na Jihar Minnesota, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Malaman Amurka, da kuma a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Malaman Saint Paul. == Tarihin Rayuwar ta == An haifi Ricker kuma ya girma a Hibbing, Minnesota . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-14 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.aft.org/about/leadership/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=American Federation of Teachers |language=en}}</ref> Ricker Malama ce mai takardar shedar kammala karatun digiri a fannin Turanci/Harshe ta ƙasa wadda ta kasance malamar aji a fannin fasahar Turanci/Harshe ta makarantar sakandare na tsawon shekaru 13 a St. Cloud, Minnesota ; Camas, Washington ; da [[Seoul]] . Ta kuma koyar na tsawon shekaru 5 a Makarantun Jama'a na Saint Paul . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073721/https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |archive-date=2018-12-23 |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=Education Writers Association |language=en}}</ref> == Jagorancin ma'aikata == Ricker ta taɓa zama shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta St. Paul daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ƙungiya mai mambobi 4000+ da ke yi wa malamai da mataimakan ilimi hidima a makarantun gwamnati na St. Paul. A shekarar 2014, an zaɓe ta Ricker a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta Amurka. Ta kuma kasance wakiliyar gida a Majalisar ƙwadago da ƙwadago ta yankin St. Paul kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar AFL–CIO ta Minnesota. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-22 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=http://www.shankerinstitute.org/author/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Shanker Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Kwarewar hukumar gudanarwa == An zaɓe Ricker a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ilimi ta Minnesota kuma a baya ta yi aiki a kwamitin ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Ilimi ta Minnesota a duk faɗin jihar. Ricker ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Ƙungiyoyin Koyar da Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa da kuma tsohuwar shugabar Gidauniyar Koyarwa da Koyo ta Ilimi ta Minnesota. Ta kasance Shugabar Makarantar Tsakiya a kwamitin Majalisar Malaman Turanci ta Minnesota. [1] Ricker kuma yana aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Ƙasa, Sashen Ma'aikata na Ƙwararru, AFL–CIO, United Way of America, da Cibiyar Albert Shanker. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker, NBCT |url=https://www.nbpts.org/board/mary-cathryn-ricker/ |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=NBPTS {{!}} Shaping the profession that shapes America's future. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] ew6nciydyoe5htc5pr61i2tyb7hfr60 966525 966524 2026-10-11T17:03:16Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Kwarewar hukumar gudanarwa */ 966525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Cathryn Ricker''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1968) shugabar ma'aikata ce, 'yar siyasa kuma malamar makaranta a kasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], wacce a yanzu ita ce Darakta Mai Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Albert Shanker, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ba ta da wata jam'iyya, wacce aka keɓe ga jigogi uku: ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin jama'a, ƙungiyoyin kwadago a matsayin masu fafutukar ingantawa, da 'yancin haɗin gwiwa a rayuwar jama'a ta dimokuradiyya. Manufarta ita ce samar da ra'ayoyi, haɓaka musayar ra'ayoyi masu gaskiya, da kuma haɓaka shawarwarin manufofi masu ginawa da suka shafi waɗannan batutuwa. Don cimma waɗannan manufofin, ASI tana gudanar da bincike na asali, tana ɗaukar nauyin bincike, kuma tana shirya tarurruka da tattaunawa a fannoni uku na jigon. Ricker ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin malamin aji, Kwamishinan Ilimi na Jihar Minnesota, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Malaman Amurka, da kuma a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Malaman Saint Paul. == Tarihin Rayuwar ta == An haifi Ricker kuma ya girma a Hibbing, Minnesota . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-14 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.aft.org/about/leadership/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=American Federation of Teachers |language=en}}</ref> Ricker Malama ce mai takardar shedar kammala karatun digiri a fannin Turanci/Harshe ta ƙasa wadda ta kasance malamar aji a fannin fasahar Turanci/Harshe ta makarantar sakandare na tsawon shekaru 13 a St. Cloud, Minnesota ; Camas, Washington ; da [[Seoul]] . Ta kuma koyar na tsawon shekaru 5 a Makarantun Jama'a na Saint Paul . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073721/https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |archive-date=2018-12-23 |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=Education Writers Association |language=en}}</ref> == Jagorancin ma'aikata == Ricker ta taɓa zama shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta St. Paul daga shekaran 2005 zuwa 2014, ƙungiya mai mambobi 4000+ da ke yi wa malamai da mataimakan ilimi hidima a makarantun gwamnati na St. Paul. A shekarar 2014, an zaɓe ta Ricker a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta Amurka. Ta kuma kasance wakiliyar gida a Majalisar ƙwadago da ƙwadago ta yankin St. Paul kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar AFL–CIO ta Minnesota. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-22 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=http://www.shankerinstitute.org/author/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Shanker Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Kwarewar hukumar gudanarwa == An zaɓe Ricker a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ilimi ta Minnesota kuma a baya ta yi aiki a kwamitin ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Ilimi ta Minnesota a duk faɗin jihar. Ricker ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Ƙungiyoyin Koyar da Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa da kuma tsohuwar shugabar Gidauniyar Koyarwa da Koyo ta Ilimi ta Minnesota. Ta kasance Shugabar Makarantar Tsakiya a kwamitin Majalisar Malaman Turanci ta Minnesota. [1] Ricker kuma yana aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Ƙasa, Sashen Ma'aikata na Ƙwararru, AFL–CIO, United Way of America, da Cibiyar Albert Shanker. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker, NBCT |url=https://www.nbpts.org/board/mary-cathryn-ricker/ |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=NBPTS {{!}} Shaping the profession that shapes America's future. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] bjtvtvszsjsfo42gobwp5fhn7v30rff 966526 966525 2026-10-11T17:03:57Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Kwarewar hukumar gudanarwa */ 966526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Cathryn Ricker''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1968) shugabar ma'aikata ce, 'yar siyasa kuma malamar makaranta a kasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], wacce a yanzu ita ce Darakta Mai Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Albert Shanker, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ba ta da wata jam'iyya, wacce aka keɓe ga jigogi uku: ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin jama'a, ƙungiyoyin kwadago a matsayin masu fafutukar ingantawa, da 'yancin haɗin gwiwa a rayuwar jama'a ta dimokuradiyya. Manufarta ita ce samar da ra'ayoyi, haɓaka musayar ra'ayoyi masu gaskiya, da kuma haɓaka shawarwarin manufofi masu ginawa da suka shafi waɗannan batutuwa. Don cimma waɗannan manufofin, ASI tana gudanar da bincike na asali, tana ɗaukar nauyin bincike, kuma tana shirya tarurruka da tattaunawa a fannoni uku na jigon. Ricker ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin malamin aji, Kwamishinan Ilimi na Jihar Minnesota, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Malaman Amurka, da kuma a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Malaman Saint Paul. == Tarihin Rayuwar ta == An haifi Ricker kuma ya girma a Hibbing, Minnesota . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-14 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.aft.org/about/leadership/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=American Federation of Teachers |language=en}}</ref> Ricker Malama ce mai takardar shedar kammala karatun digiri a fannin Turanci/Harshe ta ƙasa wadda ta kasance malamar aji a fannin fasahar Turanci/Harshe ta makarantar sakandare na tsawon shekaru 13 a St. Cloud, Minnesota ; Camas, Washington ; da [[Seoul]] . Ta kuma koyar na tsawon shekaru 5 a Makarantun Jama'a na Saint Paul . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073721/https://www.ewa.org/profile/mary-cathryn-ricker |archive-date=2018-12-23 |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=Education Writers Association |language=en}}</ref> == Jagorancin ma'aikata == Ricker ta taɓa zama shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta St. Paul daga shekaran 2005 zuwa 2014, ƙungiya mai mambobi 4000+ da ke yi wa malamai da mataimakan ilimi hidima a makarantun gwamnati na St. Paul. A shekarar 2014, an zaɓe ta Ricker a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar malamai ta kasar Amurka. Ta kuma kasance wakiliyar gida a Majalisar ƙwadago da ƙwadago ta yankin St. Paul kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar AFL–CIO ta Minnesota. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-22 |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker |url=http://www.shankerinstitute.org/author/mary-cathryn-ricker |access-date=2018-12-22 |website=Shanker Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Kwarewar hukumar gudanarwa == An zaɓe Ricker a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ilimi ta Minnesota kuma a baya ta yi aiki a kwamitin ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Ilimi ta Minnesota a duk faɗin jihar. Ricker ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Ƙungiyoyin Koyar da Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa da kuma tsohuwar shugabar Gidauniyar Koyarwa da Koyo ta Ilimi ta Minnesota. Ta kasance Shugabar Makarantar Tsakiya a kwamitin Majalisar Malaman Turanci ta Minnesota. [1] Ricker kuma yana aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Ƙasa, Sashen Ma'aikata na Ƙwararru, AFL–CIO, United Way of America, da Cibiyar Albert Shanker. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Cathryn Ricker, NBCT |url=https://www.nbpts.org/board/mary-cathryn-ricker/ |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=NBPTS {{!}} Shaping the profession that shapes America's future. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] guhorx4fvrzx8gifolrmm0bnuqscjbt Gwen Moffat 0 143483 966128 905410 2026-10-11T12:23:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gwen Mary Moffat''' ( ''an'' haife '''ta''' a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1924) ƙwararriyar mai hawa dutse ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya. == Aikin hawan dutse == Moffat direban soja ce a rundunar sojojin agaji, wacce ke aiki a Arewacin Wales bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, lokacin da ta haɗu da wani mai hawan dutse wanda ya gabatar da ita ga hawan dutse da salon rayuwa na bohemian. [1] [2] A lokacin shekarun 1940 da 1950, ta rayu cikin mawuyacin hali, tana hawa dutse a Snowdonia, Tafkuna, Scotland da Alps, tana tallafa wa kanta ta hanyar yin aiki a wurare da dama, ciki har da aikin gida, manomi, mai kula da gandun daji, mai zane mai zane da kuma direban shagon tafiye-tafiye. [2] [1] A shekarar 1953, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama jagorar tsaunuka a Burtaniya wacce ta sami takardar shedar zama jagora a tsaunuka, kuma tsawon shekaru goma tana da alaƙa da Hukumar Ceto Dutsen RAF, tana samun abin rayuwa daga hawan dutse. [3] An san Moffatt da yawan hawa babu takalmi, tana da'awar cewa ya fi kyau saboda akwai ƙarin hulɗa da dutsen kuma babu takurawa a yatsun kafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwen Moffat // Interview |url=http://www.womenclimb.co.uk/gwen-moffat-interview/ |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=womenclimb.co.uk}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta girmamawa a Ƙungiyar Pinnacle ta mata kawai da Majalisar Kula da Dutsen Burtaniya . == Kafofin Watsa Labarai == Moffat ta fito a fim ɗin BBC mai suna ''Eye to Eye'', wanda aka watsa a shekarar 1958. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rediscovered: TV film of climbing history |url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/rediscovered-tv-film-of-climbing-history |access-date=2018-07-28 |website=www.thebmc.co.uk |archive-date=2018-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013056/https://www.thebmc.co.uk/rediscovered-tv-film-of-climbing-history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Joe Brown ya yi hawan dutse mai wahala, kuma Moffat, ƙwararriyar, ta ɗauki mijinta zuwa kan hanya a kan Idwal Slabs. <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2015, Jen Randall da Claire Carter sun yi wani fim mai ''suna Operation Moffat,'' wanda ya dogara ne akan littafin tarihin rayuwar Moffat mai suna ''Space below my Feet'' ''.'' An fara nuna fim ɗin ne a lokacin rangadin bikin fina-finai na Banff Mountain a Burtaniya, kuma ya lashe kyaututtukan fina-finai sama da 20 na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BMC TV's Operation Moffat: swarming to a screen near you |url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/bmc-tvs-operation-moffat-swarming-to-a-screen-near-you |access-date=2018-07-28 |website=www.thebmc.co.uk |archive-date=2018-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013052/https://www.thebmc.co.uk/bmc-tvs-operation-moffat-swarming-to-a-screen-near-you |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moffat yana cikin aikin daukar hoto na Herrington mai suna ''The Climbers'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=Natalie |date=28 June 2017 |title=INTERVIEW: Reading Between the Lines - Gwen Moffat |url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/reading_between_the_lines_-_gwen_moffat-9478 |access-date=25 January 2018 |publisher=UKC}}</ref> wanda ke nuna masu hawan dutse 60 waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin tatsuniyoyi na ƙarni na 20. A shekarar 2017 ta ba da gudummawa ga wani shirin fim mai suna ''Give Me Space Below My Feet'', na BBC Radio 3. A shekarar 2015, wani gajeren shirin fim mai suna Operation Moffat—wanda Jen Randall da Claire Carter suka jagoranta, kuma aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga tarihin rayuwar Moffat mai suna Space Below My Feet—ya lashe kyautar Fim mafi kyau da kuma kyautar People's Choice a bikin Kendal Mountain Festival . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Film Competition Winners |url=https://www.kendalmountainfestival.com/2015-film-competition-winners |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=Kendal Mountain Festival }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin rubutu == Moffat ta fara aikinta na rubutu a shekarun 1950, tana aiki a rediyon BBC, kuma ta buga tarihin rayuwarta a shekarar 1961. A shekarun 1970, ta fara rubuta labaran laifuka, musamman jerin Miss Pink wanda ya ƙunshi Melinda Pink, wata mai hawa dutse mai matsakaicin shekaru kuma alkali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwen Moffat |url=http://www.twbooks.co.uk/authors/gmoffat.html |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=twbooks.co.uk |publisher=Tangled Web}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan wani umarni daga Victor Gollancz Ltd na bin hanyar California <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwen Moffat |url=http://www.twbooks.co.uk/authors/gmoffat.html |access-date=2018-07-28 |website=twbooks.co.uk |publisher=Tangled Web}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da kuma samar da littafi, daga baya ta rubuta asirai 11 da aka saita a Yammacin Amurka . <ref name=":3" /> Ta rubuta littafinta na ƙarshe, ''Gone Feral'', lokacin da take cikin shekarunta na 80. A halin yanzu tana yin bita ga mujallar laifuka ''ta Shots'' . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Moffat ta auri Gordon Moffat wanda ta haifa masa 'ya mace, Sheena, wacce aka haifa a shekarar 1949. A shekarar 1955, ta auri Sajan Jirgin Sama John Lees, GM, BEM. Sun rabu a shekarar 1970. <ref name=":1"/> Moffat ya cika shekaru 100 a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2024 |title=Cumbria and Lakeland Walker July 2024 issue |url=https://shop.dalesman.co.uk/cumbria-and-lakeland-walker-july-2024-issue.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=Cumbria and Lakeland Walker}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * ''Sarari a Ƙasa da Ƙafata'' (1961) * ''Taurari Biyu Ja'' (1964) * ''A Gidana'' (1968) * ''Adadin Rayuwa'' (1972) * ''Mutuwar Deviant'' (1973) * ''Uwargida Mai Ido Mai Sanyi'' (Melinda Pink) (1973) * ''Titin Gawa'' (1974). * ''Zaɓin Tauri'' (1975) * ''Miss Pink a gefen duniya'' (Melinda Pink) (1975) * ''Lokaci Mai Ƙanƙanta Don Rayuwa'' (Melinda Pink) (1976) * ''Over the Sea to Death'' (Melinda Pink) (1976) * ''Mutane Ba a San Su Ba'' (Melinda Pink) (1978) * ''Hanyar Hard West'' (1981) * ''Mutu Kamar Kare'' (Melinda Pink) (1982) * ''Yarinyar Buckskin'' (1982) * ''Ƙasar Chance ta Ƙarshe'' (Melinda Pink) (1983) * ''Hanyar Grizzly'' (Melinda Pink) (1984) * ''Tarko'' (Melinda Pink) (1987) * ''The Stone Hawk'' (Melinda Pink) (1989) * ''Masu Neman Guguwa'' (1989) * ''Rage'' (Melinda Pink) (1990) * ''Yankin Raptor'' (Melinda Pink) (1990) * ''Pit Bull'' (1991) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwan Veronica'' (Melinda Pink) (1992) * ''Gefen Waje'' (1993) * ''Matar da aka Yiwa Rauni'' (1994) * ''Wreath of Deaths'' (1998) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Matan da Suka Rasa'' (Melinda Pink) (1998) * ''Zunubai Masu Zaman Kansu (Melinda Pink)'' (1999) * ''Kare Masu Gudun'' (1999) * ''Quicksand'' (2001) * Sakayya (Melinda Pink) (2002) * ''Tarkon Mutum (2003)'' * ''Mutuwa Don Soyayya'' (2005) * ''Gone Feral'' (2007) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] f520mqm1wqwd2vezpkrjyo78pyqca3n Jane Mkhonta-Simelane 0 144874 966727 807978 2026-10-12T07:16:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Mkhonta-Simelane''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati a Eswatini, Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido da Muhalli ta Eswatini tun daga shekarar 2023. Ita ma 'yar majalisar dokoki ce tun daga shekarar 2023. == Rayuwar farko == Jane Mkhonta-Simelane ta sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin manya daga [[Jami'ar Botswana]], digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa a fannin nazarin jinsi daga [[Jami'ar Pretoria]], inda ta kuma sami digirin farko a fannin kare hakkin ɗan adam na fannoni daban-daban. <ref name="gov">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Minister Jane Mkhonta-Simelane Profile |url=https://www.gov.sz/index.php/departments-sp-714609031/hon-minister-jane-mkhonta-simelane-profile |access-date=8 February 2026 |website=[[Government of Eswatini]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1984, ta fara aiki a kan Shirin Ci Gaban Mata a matsayin shugabar sana'o'in hannu, inda ta kai matsayin shugabar masana'antar cikin gida a shekarar 1992, muƙamin da ta riƙe har zuwa shekarar 2000. <ref name="gov"/> An naɗa ta a matsayin mai nazarin jinsi a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida a shekarar 1984 kuma ta zama shugabar nazarin jinsi a shekarar 2006, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa shekarar 2013. <ref name="gov"/> A lokacin da take aiki, Mkhonta-Simelane ta ba da gudummawa wajen amincewa da Tsarin Jinsi na Ƙasa a shekarar 2010 kuma ta goyi bayan yarjejeniyoyin yanki kan jinsi da ci gaba. <ref name="gov" /> A shekarar 2013, an naɗa ta darakta a fannin jinsi da iyali a ofishin mataimakin firayim minista, kuma tsakanin shekarun 2020 da 2023 ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa da Ci Gaban Tinkhundla. <ref name="gov"/> A shekarar 2023, ta kasance ƙaramar sakatariya a Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa da Ci Gaban Tinkhundla har sai da ta yi ritaya watanni kaɗan bayan haka. <ref name="gov" /> Ayyukanta sun kuma taimaka wajen amincewa da Yarjejeniyar [[Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a|Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a]], gyare-gyaren noma da ke amfanar mata, da kuma yarjejeniyoyi kan cutar kanjamau. <ref name="gov" /> == Aikin siyasa == A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2023, an zaɓi Mkhonta-Simelane a matsayin 'yar Majalisar Dokoki mai wakiltar Yammacin Mbabane.<ref name="gov" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Members of Parliament (MPs) 2023 — 2028 |url=https://parliament.gov.sz/houseofassembly/list/ |website=[[Parliament of Eswatini]] |access-date=10 February 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sarki Mswati na III ya naɗa Ministan Yawon Buɗe Ido da Muhalli na Eswatini a majalisar ministocin Firayim Minista Russell Dlamini a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, 2023.<ref name="gov" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dlamini |first1=Zweli Martin |title=Prime Minister Russell Mmiso Dlamini announces list of new Cabinet Ministers, Thulie Dladla is new DPM. |url=http://www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=5530 |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=Swaziland News |date=13 November 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ta sanar da haramta amfani da jakunkunan filastik, da kuma buƙatar saka hannun jari a sabbin dabaru don inganta noma da kuma girmama ƙasa, sake dasa bishiyoyi, inganta hanyoyin sadarwa da mafita ta hanyar yanayi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Resounding Call for Land Restoration and Climate Action |url=https://www.undp.org/eswatini/news/resounding-call-land-restoration-and-climate-action |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=5 June 2024}}</ref> Dangane da haramcin amfani da jakunkunan filastik, a watan Oktoba a 2025 ta yi Allah wadai da yunkurin da aka yi na cire ta daga ofis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dlamini |first1=Sifiso |title=Tourism Minister Alleges Cabal Plotting to Get Her Fired |url=https://eswatiniobserver.com/tourism-minister-alleges-cabal-plotting-to-get-her-fired/ |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=[[Eswatini Observer]] |date=18 October 2025}}</ref> A fannin manufofin yawon buɗe ido, ta bayar da rahoto game da ƙaruwar yawon buɗe ido zuwa ƙasar a shekarar 2025 bayan [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] da kuma bunƙasa yawon buɗe ido mai ɗorewa, kare muhalli da kuma tsaron hanya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eswatini Aiming for 2 Million Tourists by 2027 |url=https://www.africa-press.net/eswatini/all-news/eswatini-aiming-for-2-million-tourists-by-2027 |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=Africa Press |date=23 December 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2dljp6osq9wsukin0vsngl0db0w2u9c Irene Ighodaro 0 145163 966701 808860 2026-10-12T01:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irene Elizabeth Beatrice Ighodaro''' née '''Wellesley-Cole''' (16 ga Mayu 1916 - 29 Nuwamba 1995) likita ce kuma mai gyara zamantakewa [[Mutanen siriliyo cruel|ta Saliyo]], wacce ita ce mace ta farko ' yar Saliyo da ta cancanci zama likita kuma likita mace ta farko da aka haifa a Yammacin Afirka a Birtaniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Guy's Hospital: Mural honouring African health workers unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyvnv9ygl6o |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=How Sierra Leone's first female doctor qualified in Newcastle — feminist, activist and trailblazer — Dr Irene Ighodaro {{!}} North East Museums |url=https://www.northeastmuseums.org.uk/blog-irene-ighodaro?p=79739eb4478b0b9fa9e27117f685aa09462eca45ab51fe1b771fa607a2289101 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.northeastmuseums.org.uk}}</ref> Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Kiristocin Matasan Mata ta Najeriya. Ita ce kuma Shugabar ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Matan Najeriya ta farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edet |first=Hope |date=2017-03-03 |title=IGHODARO, Dr. Irene Elizabeth Beatrice |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ighodaro-dr-irene-elizabeth-beatrice/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Ighodaro a [[Freetown|Freetown, Sierra Leone]], ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan injiniyan gine-gine bakwai, Wilfred Wellesley-Cole, wanda shi ne babban jami'in kula da ayyukan ruwa na Freetown. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dr Irene Ighodaro |url=https://www.younghistoriansproject.org/early-women/dr-irene-ighodaro |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=YHP |language=en}}</ref> Babban ɗan'uwanta likita ne Robert Wellesley-Cole . Ta halarci Makarantar Tsarin Mulki kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Tunawa da Annie Walsh . Ta yanke shawarar zama likita bayan ta kula da mahaifiyarta, Elizabeth Cole (wadda aka haifa a Okrafo-Smart), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wellesley-Cole, Robert Benjamin Ageh (1907 - 1995) |url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:380542/one?qu=%22rcs:+E008359%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier&h=0 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk}}</ref> sakamakon rashin lafiya da ta yi ajalinta. Ta halarci Makarantar Likitanci ta Newcastle-upon-Tyne <ref name=":3"/> kuma ta sami digirinta na MBBS daga Jami'ar Durham da ke Ingila a shekarar 1944. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata uku a ajinsu na makarantar likitanci na ɗalibai sittin. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan ta yi aiki na tsawon watanni shida a matsayin Jami'ar Gida a Sashen Kula da Mata da Cututtukan Mata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Museums |first=North East |date=2023-10-17 |title=How Sierra Leone's first female doctor qualified in Newcastle — feminist, activist and trailblazer… |url=https://twmuseumsandarchives.medium.com/how-sierra-leones-first-female-doctor-qualified-in-newcastle-feminist-activist-and-trailblazer-c1c408772ac3 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Daga Janairu 1945 zuwa Satumba 1946, ta kula da aikin ɗan'uwanta na sirri yayin da yake kan aikin yi a Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka a Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Daga ƙarshe ɗan'uwanta ya sayar da aikinsa na sirri bayan ya dawo Birtaniya a 1946. <ref name=":2" /> A lokacin da take zaune a Ingila, ta kafa ƙungiyar ci gaban al'adu ta Afirka da ke Newcastle da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Yamma ta farko a Ingila. Ta kuma kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka ta Yamma da kuma ƙungiyar mutane masu launin fata. [1] A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta yi wa waɗanda suka mutu magani kuma ta yi aiki a ƙungiyar kawar da gurɓataccen muhalli a asibitin Royal Victoria da ke Newcastle. [1] A shekarar 1947, ta auri lauyan Najeriya, [[Samuel O. Ighodaro|Samuel Osarogie Ighodaro]] na [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edet |first=Hope |date=2017-03-03 |title=IGHODARO, Justice Samuel Osarogie |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ighodaro-justice-samuel-osarogie/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu da shi; Tony, Wilfred, Ayo, da Yinka. Bayan aurensu, ita da mijinta suka ƙaura zuwa East Croydon suka zauna a International Harsuna Club. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya a shekarar 1947, ta sami alƙawari a Brighton inda ta yi aiki a matsayin likita a Asibitin Mata da Yara na New Sussex. <ref name=":2" /> Ta zauna a gidan zama na ma'aikatan asibiti kuma ta koma East Croydon kowane ƙarshen mako don kasancewa tare da iyalinta. <ref name=":2" /> Sun ƙaura zuwa Najeriya a shekarar 1949, inda mijinta daga ƙarshe ya zama alkali a Babbar Kotun Yankin Tsakiyar Yamma na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Peoples |date=2024-02-15 |title=Single party structure won't work - Peoples Daily Newspaper |url=https://www.peoplesdailyng.com/single-party-structure-wont-work/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Binis and UNIBEN's Topmost Chair |url=https://edofolks.com/binis-and-unibens-topmost-chair/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Edofolks.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409023010/https://edofolks.com/binis-and-unibens-topmost-chair/ |archive-date=2026-04-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ighodaro ta ci gaba da gudanar da aikin likitanci mai zaman kansa kuma ta kasance memba na wasu kwamitocin ba da shawara kan harkokin lafiya na yammacin Najeriya. Ta tuntubi [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] kan lafiyar yara da mata kuma ta rubuta littafin ''Baby's First Year'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ighodaro, Irene (1916–1995) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ighodaro-irene-1916-1995 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin, inda ta yi koyi da Royal Victoria Infirmary kuma ita ce shugabar hukumar gudanarwa ta farko kuma memba ce a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Duniya na YWCA. Ta jagoranci Majalisar Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyoyin Mata da Ƙungiyar Matan Jami'o'i ta Najeriya ''.'' <ref name=":1"/> An naɗa ta [[Order of the British Empire|Memba a cikin Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a 1958. <ref name="Morgan" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]] m89v9721fkwlws9v0p7xdoobcpgjn5b Jenean Hampton 0 145732 966735 810535 2026-10-12T08:27:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jenean Michelle Hampton''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1958) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna ta 57 a Kentucky daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Hampton ita ce mataimakiyar ɗan takarar gwamna Matt Bevin a zaɓen 2015. Hampton, 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]], ita ce [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba'amurke Ba'amurke]] ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin jiha a tarihin Kentucky kuma mace Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ta uku da ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna a wata jiha a Amurka. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Jenean Michelle Hampton <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Gov. Bevin picks new running mate for re-election bid |url=https://www.wpsdlocal6.com/2019/01/25/kentucky-governor-to-make-campaign-announcement/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1958 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenean Hampton &#124; Archives of Women's Political Communication |url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/jenean-hampton/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |publisher=Awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=AP Published 10:36 p.m. ET Nov. 12, 2015 |date=2015-11-12 |title=Hampton touts being Frankfort outsider |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/kentucky%20government/2015/11/12/hampton-touts-frankfort-outsider/75687212/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |publisher=Cincinnati.com}}</ref> kuma ta girma a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu da Donald da Marie Hampton suka haifa. Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take da shekara bakwai, inda suka bar mahaifiyarta ta rene Hampton da 'yan'uwanta mata ita kaɗai. Mahaifiyar Hampton ta sha wahala saboda ba ta da takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare . Bayan Hampton ta kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar a masana'antar kera motoci don ta taimaka mata wajen biyan kuɗin karatunta na kwaleji. Ta sami digirin Injiniyan Masana'antu daga Jami'ar Wayne State a 1985. Daga baya ta sami digirin Master of Business Administration daga Jami'ar Rochester . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump meets with Ky Lt. Gov. Hampton about job |url=https://eu.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/06/ky-lt-gov-hampton-meets-donald-trump/96254286/}}</ref> == Aikin soja da kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Jenean_Hampton_speaking_to_Kentucky_National_Guard.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Hampton yana magana da membobin rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Kentucky a watan Fabrairun 2016]] Hampton ta yi aiki a [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin sama ta Amurka]] tsawon shekaru bakwai a matsayin jami'in tsarin kwamfuta, daga ƙarshe ta kai matsayin Kyaftin . A lokacin Operation Desert Storm, an tura ta zuwa Saudiyya. Yayin da take aiki a Saudiyya, Hampton ita ce ke da alhakin manhajar [[radar]] da ake amfani da ita wajen bin diddigin jiragen saman abokan gaba da kuma ayyukan bincike da ceto. <ref name="nbcnews.com">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2015 |title=Meet Jenean Hampton, First Black Statewide Officeholder in Kentucky |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/meet-jenean-hampton-first-black-statewide-officeholder-kentucky-n457296 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Hampton ya shafe shekaru 19 yana aiki a masana'antar marufi mai rufi, daga ƙarshe ya kai matsayin manajan masana'antar. [1] == Aikin siyasa == <ref name="nbcnews.com"/> Hampton, 'yar jam'iyyar Republican, ta fara neman mukamin siyasa a shekarar 2014. A wannan shekarar, ta kalubalanci Jody Richards, 'yar majalisar jiha, ba tare da ta yi nasara ba. Hampton ta kasance mai himma a jam'iyyarta ta gida da kuma ƙungiyar Tea Party Movement . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandenburg |first=Katie |date=January 28, 2015 |title=Hampton files to run with Bevin |url=http://www.bgdailynews.com/news/hampton-files-to-run-with-bevin/article_807667d1-3013-5fd9-80a7-2f9f0f78b594.html |access-date=May 29, 2015 |website=Bowling Green Daily News}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] s29dzc983zqbaovi7g1n0x8p4kb2h69 Jennifer Iwenjiora Douglas (Jamilah Atiku-Abubakar) 0 146467 966737 812825 2026-10-12T08:35:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jennifer Iwenjiora Douglas''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Jamilah [[Atiku Abubakar]]''') 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, [[lauya]], tsohuwar mai ba da labarai ta [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] (NTA) kuma tsohuwar matar Atiku Abupakar, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya . Ita mace ce ta [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma 'yar asalin [[Onitsha]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . Har ila yau, tana da 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka.<ref name="Atiku">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2018 |title=Jennifer Atiku returns |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/high-society/jennifer-atiku-returns/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2017 |title=Jennifer Atiku is missing in action |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/10/jennifer-atiku-is-missing-in-action? |website=This Day Live}}</ref> == Rayuwa == A cikin shekarun 1980s, ta kasance mai ba da rahoto da mai ba da labarai ga gidan talabijin na kasa na Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya. A cewar rahotanni, ta fara saduwa da Atiku Abubakar a shekarar 1982, amma daga baya sun rasa hulɗa. A wannan lokacin ta koma Amurka a ƙarshen 1980s ko farkon 1990s kuma ta auri wani mutum mai suna Douglas (wanda ta haifi ɗanta, Anthony Chuka Douglas). Daga baya sun sake aure.<ref name="Atiku"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Things You Don't Know About Atiku's Wife Jennifer Jamilah |url=https://amiloadedmedia.com/2018/10/8-things-you-dont-know-about-atikus/ |access-date=22 March 2026 |website=amiloadedmedia.com}}</ref> Ta sake saduwa da Atiku Abubakar a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 kuma sun yi aure a matsayin matarsa ta huɗu kuma sun canza sunanta zuwa Jamila Atiku-Abubakar . [1] A shekara ta 2010, wani rahoto na Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ya yi zargin cewa ita da mijinta sun canja wurin sama da dala miliyan 40 a cikin kudaden da ake zargi zuwa Amurka ta hanyar kamfanonin waje.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=US Senate accuses Atiku of 40m illegal transfer |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/u-s-senate-accuses-atiku-of-40m-illegal-transfer/ |website=Vanguard Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Investigative report by the US on how Jennifer Douglas laundered over 40m for ex husband Atiku Abubakar |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/investigative-report-by-the-us-on-how-jennifer-douglas-laundered-over-40m-for-ex-husband-atiku-abubakar-surfaces/ |website=The Street Journal |access-date=24 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004180915/https://thestreetjournal.org/investigative-report-by-the-us-on-how-jennifer-douglas-laundered-over-40m-for-ex-husband-atiku-abubakar-surfaces/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun sake aure a watan Yunin 2021 bayan sama da shekaru ashirin na aure, tare da Douglas yana nuna rashin jituwa game da mazauninta a Ingila da kuma shawarar Atiku ta auri wata mace. A cewarta, Atiku ta kuma yi barazanar dawo da dukiyarta kuma ana sa ido kan ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=Real reasons Atiku's ex-wife filed for divorce |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/509121-real-reasons-atikus-ex-wife-jennifer-filed-for-divorce.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=Divorce: I left Nigeria after my life was threatened, calls monitored |url=https://punchng.com/divorce-i-left-nigeria-after-my-life-was-threatened-calls-monitored-estranged-atikus-wife/ |website=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Har ila yau lauya ce, tana da digiri na biyu a harkokin kasa da kasa da kuma digiri na biyu na biyu a siyasar kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Atiku's wife Jennifer relocates as ex-VP takes Moroccan fourth wife |url=https://gazettengr.com/exclusive-atikus-wife-jennifer-relocates-as-ex-vp-takes-moroccan-fourth-wife-welcomes-new-son/ |website=Gazette Nigeria}}</ref> Ita ce babban edita na Miyetti Quarterly Law Review (MQLR), mujallar bita ta shari'a wacce burinta shine inganta aikin mafi kyau a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2022 |title=Friends, family and associates rally support for Jennifer Atiku Abubakar |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/02/06/friends-family-and-associates-rally-support-for-jennifer-atiku-abubakar/ |website=This Day Live}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] slz1yng3x8r6raf3ukz2y8s0blpcdue Halloumi 0 148936 966153 859087 2026-10-11T14:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halloumi''', ko '''haloumi''', {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|h|ə|ˈ|l|uː|m|i}} {{respell|hə|LOO|mee}}; also variably spelt '''hallumi''', '''halumi''', '''halloomi''', '''haloomi''' and '''helloumi''' {{bulleted list|{{langx|el|χαλούμι|chaloúmi}} |{{langx|tr|hellim}} |{{langx|ar|حلوم|ḥalūm}} }}}} [[cuku]] ne da ya samo asali daga [[Cyprus]] . A al'ada ana yin sa ne daga cakuda madarar akuya da madarar tumaki; duk da haka, saboda dabarun masana'antu don ƙara riba, halloumi na zamani yana ƙara ƙunshe da madarar shanu. Sau da yawa ana siffanta yanayin cukuwar a matsayin "mai ƙara". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Why does halloumi, but not other cheese, "squeak" against your teeth? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/lastword/mg24833113-900-why-does-halloumi-but-not-other-cheese-squeak-against-your-teeth/ |website=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref> Yana da wurin narkewa mai yawa don haka ana iya soya shi ko gasa shi cikin sauƙi, wani abu da ya sa ya zama sanannen madadin nama tsakanin masu cin ganyayyaki. Ana amfani da Rennet (galibi mai cin ganyayyaki ko ƙwayoyin cuta) don narke madarar a lokacin samar da halloumi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=All About Halloumi Cheese |url=https://www.greekfromgreece.com/posts/all-about-halloumi-cheese |website=Greek from Greece }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kodayake ba a amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu samar da acid a cikin shirye-shiryensa ba. Saboda dokar alamar kasuwanci, kafin a kira cuku "halloumi" a Amurka ko Tarayyar Turai, dole ne a samar da shi a Cyprus. Kasuwar halloumi ta duniya tana da kusan dala miliyan 500 a kowace shekara; Birtaniya ita ce babbar mai shigo da kaya. Halloumi tana da kashi 13.4% na fitar da kaya daga Jamhuriyar Cyprus. Duk da cewa tatsuniya ta danganta asalin halloumi ga Cyprus, ba a san ko an fara samar da shi a can ba; bayanan da aka tattara a tsibirin sun samo asali ne a kusan 1554. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Ingilishi ''halloumi'' ya samo asali ne daga Greek na zamani {{IPA|el|xaˈlumi|}}, {{Transl|el|khalloúmi}}, daga Cyprus Maronite Larabci {{Lang|acy|xallúm}}, <ref name="Heritage">{{Cite web |title=halloumi |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=halloumi |website=[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]}}</ref> wanda a ƙarshe ya aro kalmar daga Larabcin Masar {{IPA|ar|ħalˈluːm|}} . <ref name="Heritage" /> <ref name="Comparative" /> Kalmar Larabci ta Masar kanta kalma ce da aka aro daga Coptic {{Transl|cop|halōm}} ( Sahidic ) da {{Transl|cop|alōm}} ( Bohairic ), kuma ana amfani da shi don cuku da ake ci a zamanin da na Masar . Sunan cuku mai yiwuwa ya koma ga kalmar Demotic ''ḥlm'' ' wanda aka tabbatar a cikin rubuce-rubuce da ostraca daga Masar ta Romawa ta ƙarni na 2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Janet |title=Chicago Demotic Dictionary - Ḥ |url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/CDD_H2.pdf#246 |page=246 |access-date=2026-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113085945/https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/CDD_H2.pdf#246 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunan Turkiyya na Cyprus {{Lang|tr|hellim}} ya samo asali ne daga wannan tushe, kamar yadda sunan cukuwar Masar ta zamani daban-daban {{Transl|ar|hâlûmi}} . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Grilled_Halloumi.jpg|left|thumb|Cukuwar halloumi da aka soya]] Ana tsammanin cewa Bedouin ne ya fara yin Halloumi, domin halayensa da aka kiyaye sun dace da salon rayuwa na makiyaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=halloumi |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Halloumi |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> A cewar tatsuniyoyi, wani lokaci tsakanin 395 da 867 AD wani makiyayi a Cyprus ya haɗa madara daga tumaki da awaki. Daga nan makiyayin ya dumama cakuda a kan wuta, ya tace kitsen yayin da suka rabu da whey, sannan ya samar da kitsen ya zama kumfa ya bar su su huce. Ana samun girke-girke na haɓaka {{Transl|ar|ḥalūm}} ( ' ) ta hanyar brining a cikin littafin girke-girke na Masar na ƙarni na 14 {{Lang|ar|كنز الفوائد في تنويع الموائد}} ( {{Transl|ar|Kanz al-Fawāʾid fī Tanwīʿ al-Mawāʾid}} ). An rubuta bayanin halloumi da aka fi sani da ya wanzu a Cyprus a shekara ta 1554 ta Florios Voustroniou, shugaban sakatariya a gwamnatin Venetian ta Cyprus, inda aka kira shi "calumi". [1] Leonardo Donato, wanda daga baya ya zama Doge na Venice, ne ya rubuta rubutun. [1] [2] A shekara ta 1788, Archimandrite Kyprianos ya ambaci cukuwar a cikin littafinsa na Tarihin Tsibirin Cyprus, inda ya kuma lura cewa an fitar da cukuwar zuwa ƙasashen waje. [1] A al'adance, ana yin halloumi na Cyprus daga madarar akuya da/ko tumaki, domin akwai shanu kaɗan a tsibirin har sai da Turawan Birtaniya suka gabatar da su a ƙarni na 20. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da aka kafa a ƙauyuka, waɗanda galibi suka ƙunshi mata 10-15; matar da ta fi yawan awaki ita ce ta jagoranci ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=History of Halloumi |url=https://halloumi.cy/history-of-halloumi |website=Cyprus}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1940, hukumomi sun fara bayar da lasisi don samar da cuku. <ref name="history" /> == Manazarta == aq6zwhfi4d55coeci48pjpe422yhbxt Jerin manajojin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya 0 149197 966780 884888 2026-10-12T10:51:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin sunayen manajojin '''[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya]]''' ne, wanda ya fara daga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a 1991 har zuwa yau. Babban kocin na yanzu shi ne Ba'amurke Randy Waldrum. == Tarihin manajan == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan !Ranar farawa !Ranar ƙarshe !Bayani !Ref |- |Jo Bonfrere | | |ta jagoranci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 1991, a lokaci guda tare da tawagar maza ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Janine |date=14 April 2016 |title=China '91, 25 years on: Celebrating the Nigeria Super Falcons |url=http://www.unusualefforts.com/nigeria-super-falcons/ |access-date=20 August 2019 |publisher=Unusual Efforts |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618224434/http://www.unusualefforts.com/nigeria-super-falcons/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |[[Paul Hamilton (Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Paul Hamilton]] | | |an dauke shi a matsayin kocin farko na tawagar mata ta kasa; ya jagoranci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 1995 | |- |[[Mabo Ismaila|Ismaila Mabo]] | | |ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa wasan karshe na kwata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 1999, don haka an dauke shi a matsayin kocin da ya fi cin nasara; ya jagoranci Najeriya ga Wasannin Olympics na 2004 da 2004<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 1999 |title=WOMEN'S WORLD CUP; Flamboyant Nigeria Plays Exuberantly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/23/sports/women-s-world-cup-flamboyant-nigeria-plays-exuberantly.html |access-date=2018-05-27 |website=New York Times}}</ref> | |- |[[Samuel Okpodu]] |2002 | |ya jagoranci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2003Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA na 2003 | |- |[[Godwin Izilien]] | | |ya gudanar da Najeriya don lashe gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2004 | |- |[[Ntiero Effiom]] | | |ya jagoranci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2007; ya jagoranci Najeriya ta lashe Wasannin Afirka na 2003 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sotuminu |first=Dapo |date=14 January 2018 |title=Nigerian national team coaches that died in penury |url=https://newtelegraphonline.com/2018/01/nigerian-national-team-coaches-died-penury/ |access-date=2018-05-10 |website=New Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728125510/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2018/01/nigerian-national-team-coaches-died-penury/ |archive-date=2018-07-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |- |[[Joseph Ladipo]] | | |ya jagoranci Najeriya a Wasannin Olympics na 2008; ya jagoranci Najeriya ta lashe Wasannin Afirka na 2007; ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa matsayi na uku a gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria/Ghana: 2008 African Women Championship - Super Falcons Begin Campaign Against Ghana Today |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200811180993.html |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=Leadership}}</ref> | |- |[[Ngozi Eucharia Uche|Uche Eucharia]] | |Oktoba 2011 |ya jagoranci Najeriya ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2010; ya jagoranci Najeriya a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2011 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2011 |title=Eucharia Uche, Super Falcons Coach, Sacked |url=https://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/117201-eucharia-uche-super-falcons-coach-sacked.html |access-date=5 May 2026 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110052706/https://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/117201-eucharia-uche-super-falcons-coach-sacked.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Kadiri Ikhana]] |Afrilu 2012 |Nuwamba 2012 |ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa matsayi na huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2012 | |- |Edwin Okon | |Yuni 2015 |ya jagoranci Najeriya ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2014; ya jagoranci Najeriya a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edwin Okon fired, interim coach Danjuma takes over Super Falcons {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/12072/nigeria-women/2015/06/29/13149412/edwin-okon-fired-interim-coach-danjuma-takes-over-super}}</ref> |- |[[Christopher Danjuma]] | |Satumba 2015 |ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa matsayi na huɗu a Wasannin Afirka na 2015 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2016 |title=NFF Appoints Florence Omagbemi Super Falcons Coach |url=https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/25095/nff-appoints-florence-omagbemi-super-falcons-coach/ |access-date=5 May 2026 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226162123/https://silverbirdtv.com/nff-appoints-florence-omagbemi-super-falcons-coach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Florence Omagbemi]] |Fabrairu 2016 |Disamba 2016 |ya jagoranci Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2016Kofin Kasashen Mata na Afirka na 2016 |<ref>https://sg.news.yahoo.com/florence-omagbemi-appointed-interim-coach-071200397.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> |- |Thomas Dennerby |Janairu 2018 |Oktoba 2019 |ya jagoranci Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta WAFU ta 20192019 WAFU Yankin B Kofin Mata |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=25 January 2018 |title=NFF signs top Swedish coach, Dennerby, for Super Falcons |url=http://www.thenff.com/2018/01/nff-signs-top-swedish-coach-dennerby-for-super-falcons/ |access-date=2018-04-30 |website=[[Nigeria Football Federation]] |archive-date=2021-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617154514/https://www.thenff.com/2018/01/nff-signs-top-swedish-coach-dennerby-for-super-falcons/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Randy Waldrum |Oktoba 2020 |2024 |ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa matsayi na huɗu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2022; ya jagoranci Najeriya a gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta 2023 da kuma gasar Olympics ta 2024, ta farko tun 2008. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=OFFICIAL: NFF Announce Randy Waldrum AS New Super Falcons Head Coach |url=https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/10/nff-announce-waldrum-as-new-super-falcons-head-coach/ |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=MySportDab |publisher=Adedotun}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == jgfjinrn3licq64yda6rbca748hnca7 Interlink Publishing 0 154476 966698 846063 2026-10-12T01:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966698 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}} '''Interlink Publishing''' wata cibiyar buga littattafai ce mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1987 kuma tana da hedikwata a Northampton, Massachusetts, Amurka. {{As of|2006}} , tana buga matsakaicin littattafai 90 a shekara kuma tana da taken littattafai 800 da aka buga. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamfanin ya ƙware a cikin bugawa a cikin batutuwa masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Interlink Books |url=http://www.interlinkbooks.com/pages.php?page=about&osCsid=d54410ffe73d5e6980b5336de3d54bf6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128034434/http://www.interlinkbooks.com/pages.php?page=about&osCsid=c096b94c429604dfd6980f7d2efbf16a |archive-date=January 28, 2007 |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> * Tafiye-tafiye na duniya * Littattafan Duniya (Interlink World Fiction series) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interlink World Fiction |url=http://www.interlinkbooks.com/index.php?cPath=8_29 |access-date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Interlink Books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130085559/http://www.interlinkbooks.com/index.php?cPath=8_29 |archive-date=January 30, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Tarihin Duniya da Siyasa * Fasaha * Kiɗa da rawa na duniya * Abincin kasa da kasa (ciki har da kayan lambu) * Littattafan yara daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yawancin littattafansa sun shafi al'adun Celtic. Tana kuma buga jerin shirye-shirye masu taken On-the-Road Historys, International Folk Tales, Illustrated History, da Emerging Voices New International Fiction. <ref name="Alternative73" /> Kamfanin ya buga a ƙarƙashin alamomi biyar: * Littattafan Interlink * Jagoran Cadogan, Amurka * Olive Branch Press: "a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa ba fiction ba", tare da jaddada kayan da ba na Yamma ba * Littattafan Clockroot * Littattafan Crocodile, Amurka: littattafan da aka kwatanta daga ko'ina cikin duniya don yara masu shekaru 3-8 <ref name="Alternative73" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == 6yeg6knf842np45966ifzwn6oc2979i Hyacinth Alia 0 154952 966660 943317 2026-10-11T22:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hyacinth Iormem Alia''' an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, 1966 malamin addinin Katolika ne ɗan Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa. Tun daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 2023, yake aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Benue. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi '''Hyacinth Alia''' a ranar '''15 ga watan Mayu, 1966''', a '''Mbangur, Mbadede''', Ƙaramar Hukumar Vandeikya ta Jihar Benue. Ya samu '''First School Leaving Certificate''' daga '''St. Francis Primary School, Agidi, Mbatiav''', a Ƙaramar Hukumar Gboko. A shekarar '''1983''', ya shiga '''St. James Minor Seminary, Makurdi'''. Daga baya ya samu gurbin karatu a '''St. Augustine’s Major Seminary, Jos''', inda ya samu '''Diploma a Religious Studies''' a shekarar '''1987''', sannan ya kammala '''Bachelor of Arts B.A. a Sacred Theology''' a shekarar '''1990'''. A shekarar '''1999''', ya samu '''digirin Master’s a Religious Education (Psychology and Counseling''' daga '''Fordham University''', Bronx, New York City. A shekarar '''2004''', ya sake samun '''Master’s a Biomedical Ethics''' daga '''Duquesne University''', Pennsylvania. A shekarar '''2005''', ya samu '''digirin digirgir Doctorate''' a wannan fanni daga Duquesne University, kodayake ba a samu kwafin kundin bincikensa (''dissertation'') a ɗakin karatun jami’ar ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=17 March 2023 |title=CLOSE-UP: Alia, the miracle-working priest who wants to 'liberate Benue from poverty' |url=https://www.thecable.ng/close-up-alia-the-miracle-working-priest-who-wants-to-liberate-benue-from-poverty |access-date=21 March 2023 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> == Tsaro == Hyacinth Alia an naɗa shi firist na Katolika a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 1990, ta Bishop Athanasius Atule Usuh na Makurdi Catholic Diocese. Gwamna 2023-Yanzu An rantsar da Alia a matsayin Gwamna na Jihar Benue a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 2023. Bayan ya hau mulki, ya ba da fifiko ga sake fasalin ma'aikatan gwamnati, musamman tabbatar da biyan albashi da fansho na yau da kullun, wanda ya kasance batun jayayya a karkashin gwamnatocin da suka gabata. "Tsarin Ci Gaban Dabarun" na gwamnatinsa ya mayar da hankali kan sabunta kayan aiki a Makurdi, babban birnin jihar, da kuma wutar lantarki ta yankunan karkara da yawa. A cikin 2024, Alia ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Karfafa Matasa na Jihar Benue, wanda aka yi niyyar rage rashin aikin yi ta hanyar tallafin noma. Duk da mayar da hankali ga gudanarwa, lokacinsa ya fuskanci kalubale game da tsaron cikin gida da tashin hankali na manoma da makiyaya, wanda ya magance ta hanyar haɗuwa da shirye-shiryen 'yan sanda na al'umma da tattaunawa. === Infrastructure da sabunta birane === Bayan ya hau mulki, Alia ta fara kamfen din sabunta birane, wanda ya fara da gina hanyoyi 16 a lokaci guda a Makurdi. Ya zuwa 2025, gwamnatinsa ta fadada wannan zuwa ayyukan hanyoyi sama da 50 a fadin jihar, gami da gina manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyin da ke karkashin kasa a kan babbar hanyar da ke Makurdi da Gyado Junction a Gboko don sauƙaƙa tarwatsa zirga-zirga. A ƙarshen 2025, gwamnatin ta sami asusun shiga tsakani na Yuro miliyan 25 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai don gina hanyar sadarwa ta karkara mai nisan kilomita 500 da gadoji 78, da nufin sauƙaƙe jigilar kayan aikin gona daga yankunan karkara zuwa kasuwannin birane. === Tsaro da tsaron jama'a === Don magance matsalolin tsaro na Benue, Alia ta kafa "Operation Nyan Nyor," kayan tsaro na musamman da aka tsara don yaki da satar shanu. Ya kuma sake fasalin masu tsaron sa kai na Jiha a cikin "Jami'ar Tsaro ta Jama'a" don inganta tattara bayanan sirri da ke karkashin jagorancin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alabi |first=Julius |date=24 January 2026 |title=Alia's security, infrastructure drive has stabilised Benue |url=https://thenicheng.com/alias-security-infrastructure-drive-has-stabilised-benue-ado-council-chairman-oche/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=TheNiche }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2025, Alia ta ba da shawarar kafa 'yan sanda na jihar don samar da ƙarin martani ga rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyayi kuma ta yi aiki tare da Gwamnatin Tarayya don inganta tashoshin' yan sanda guda biyar zuwa cikakkun Rarraba a wuraren da ke cikin haske kamar Yelwata da Jato-Aka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=TVC News |date=21 August 2025 |title=Alia Expresses Gratitude For Police Reinforcement In Benue |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/alia-expresses-gratitude-for-police-reinforcement-in-benue/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=TVC News}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnatinsa ta kula da sake zama na dubban 'yan gudun hijira (IDPs) zuwa gidajen kakanninsu ta hanyar shirin tura tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Channels TV |date=18 June 2025 |title=Benue Killings: Alia Calls For Establishment Of State Police |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/06/18/benue-killings-gov-alia-calls-for-establishment-of-state-police-intervention-fund/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Kyaututtuka da Karramawa Tun lokacin da ya hau mulki, Alia ya sami yabo da yawa saboda shugabancinsa da kuma asalin jin kai: Gwamna na Shekara (Humanitarian Service): An ba shi lambar yabo a 2024 National Awards for Excellence don mayar da hankali ga jin dadin IDP (Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a ciki). Kyautar Jaridar Jagora: An kira shi "Gwamnan Shekara" a farkon 2025 don horo na kasafin kudi da dabarun kula da bashi. Kyautar Jakadan Zaman Lafiya: An amince da ita ta Inter-Faith Coalition don kiyaye jituwa ta addini a cikin jihar. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * Jagoranci Gwamna na Shekara (2023): An ba da kyautar ta ''Jaridar Jagora'' a watan Maris na shekara ta 2024 don nasarorin da aka samu a cikin ababen more rayuwa da sake fasalin ma'aikatan gwamnati. * Gwamna na Arewa-Tsakiya na Shekara (Tattalin Arziki na Dijital): An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin 2024 don kokarinsa a cikin sauye-sauyen dijital da kuma kafa Kamfanin Infrastructure na Benue (BDIC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Hyacinth Alia Named North-Central Governor of the Year in Digital Economy |url=https://bdic.ng/gov-hyacinth-alia-named-north-central-governor-of-the-year-in-digital-economy/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=BDIC Official}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''Kyautar Eagle ta Afirka (2025) ''': An girmama shi a matsayin Gwamna mafi kyau a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a Taron Ci gaban Afirka na Accolade a London. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 10mf40kpvd6e0ykh4pur34btpzn5cx9 Jaridar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Masu Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka 0 159169 966729 886776 2026-10-12T07:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal|title=Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care|formernames=Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care|cover=Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care Journal Front Cover.jpg|editor=Jose M. Zuniga|discipline=[[AIDS]]|former_names=|abbreviation=J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|country=|frequency=Bimonthly|history=2002-present|openaccess=|license=|impact=|impact-year=|website=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/journal/journal-international-association-providers-aids-care-jiapac|link1=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/jia/current|link1-name=Online access|link2=https://journals.sagepub.com/loi/jia|link2-name=Online archive|ISSN=1545-1097|eISSN=1557-0886|OCLC=475662937|LCCN=2001243146}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox hproduct" |+ class="infobox-title" id="6" style="font-size:125%;" |''<span class="fn">Jaridar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Masu Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka</span>'' | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Journal_of_the_International_Association_of_Physicians_in_AIDS_Care_Journal_Front_Cover.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hanyar horo | class="infobox-data category" style="text-align:left;" |[[AIDS|Cutar kanjamau]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An shirya shi ta hanyar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |Jose M. Zuniga |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Bayani game da bugawa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">Tsohon sunan</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<div style="font-style:italic;">Jaridar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya a Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tarihi | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |2002-ya zuwa yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mai bugawa | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[SAGE Publications|Littattafan SAGE]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsakaicin lokaci | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |Sau biyu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Abun taƙaice <span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;">[https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Journal_of_the_International_Association_of_Providers_of_AIDS_Care ISO 4] ([http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/ Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' Bluebook ([https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/ Alt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624095328/https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/ |date=2026-06-24 }}) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1545-1097%5BISSN%5D NLM] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Providers+of+AIDS+Care%5BJournal%5D Alt]) • [https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf MathSciNet] ([https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=1545-1097&Submit=Search Alt]) &nbsp;&#x20;<br />&nbsp;&#x20;[[File:Lock-red-alt-2.svg|link=|14x14px|Paid subscription required]]</span> <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 4 (infobox)|ISO 4]] | class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;" |''J. Int. Ya yi amfani da shi. Ka ba da gudummawa. Kula da cutar kanjamau'' |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt) MIAR · NLM (alt) • Scopus · W&L<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;">CODEN ([https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1557-0886 Alt] '''&#xB7;''' [https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Providers+of+AIDS+Care][https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' [[jstor:15451097|JSTOR]] ([https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Providers+of+AIDS+Care&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2 Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' [https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=1545-1097&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2 LCCN] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Providers+of+AIDS+Care%5BJournal%5D Alt]) MIAR '''&#xB7;''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1545-1097%5BISSN%5D NLM] (alt) • [https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=1545-1097 Scopus] '''&#xB7;''' [https://managementtools4.wlu.edu/LawJournals/ W&L]&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;<br />&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="type">[[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<span class="value">[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1545-1097 1545-1097]</span> (bugawa) [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1557-0886 1557-0886] (web) &nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="type">[[LCCN (identifier)|LCCN]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |[https://lccn.loc.gov/2001243146 2001243146] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="type">[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] ba.&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |[[oclc:475662937|475662937]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Haɗin kai |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;" | * <span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20251109185951/http://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/journal/journal-international-association-providers-aids-care-jiapac Shafin farko na jarida]</span> * [https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/jia/current Samun damar kan layi] * [https://journals.sagepub.com/loi/jia Tarihin kan layi] |} Jaridar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka wata mujallar kiwon lafiya ce da ake nazari da ita a kowane wata wanda ke rufe bincike kan [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]]. Babban edita shi ne Jose M. Zuniga (Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Masu Kula da Cututtukan AIDS). An kafa mujallar ne a shekara ta 2002 kuma SAGE Publications ne suka buga ta. == Abstracting da indexing == An cire mujallar kuma an jera ta a cikin: * Abstracts na CAB * CINAHL * Bayanan bayanai na EBSCO * Lafiya ta Duniya * Tsakanin Tsakanin * [[Rural Development Abstracts|Abstracts na Ci gaban Karkara]] * Labarin Cututtukan Tropical == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://jia.sagepub.com/}} 4svm9786bm3wh5m9yjngyvgunb742oj Jackie Shipp 0 160628 966709 874660 2026-10-12T02:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jackie Vernold Shipp''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1962) shi ne kocin [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] na Amurka kuma tsohon dan wasa. Shipp ya kasance kocin tsaron kungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Oklahoma Sooners har zuwa lokacin da ya tashi a shekarar 2013. Ya kasance a cikin ma'aikatan horar da Sooners tun zuwan Bob Stoops a 1999. Ya kasance kocin Layin tsaro a Jihar Arizona daga 2013 zuwa 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trotter |first=Jake |author-link=Jake Trotter |date=February 13, 2013 |title=Bob Stoops of Oklahoma Sooners fires coaches due to poor offensive, defensive line play |url=https://www.espn.com/colleges/oklahoma/football/story/_/id/8944424/bob-stoops-oklahoma-sooners-fires-coaches-due-poor-offensive-defensive-line-play |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> kuma ya kasance kocin tsaron layin a Jami'ar Missouri don wani ɓangare na kakar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizzou hires Shipp to coach D-line {{!}} Eye on the Tigers {{!}} stltoday.com |url=http://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/eye-on-the-tigers/reports-arizona-state-assistant-headed-to-mizzou/article_98f74ba8-d1f0-535e-8377-6de0cdc0a9be.html |access-date=2026-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510091231/http://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/eye-on-the-tigers/reports-arizona-state-assistant-headed-to-mizzou/article_98f74ba8-d1f0-535e-8377-6de0cdc0a9be.html |archive-date=2017-05-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shipp ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Stillwater, Oklahoma inda ya girma. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Oklahoma . Shipp yana riƙe da rikodin OU na kowane lokaci don tackles a cikin wasa ɗaya tare da 22 da tackles a kakar wasa ɗaya tare le 189 (12 wasanni). Shi ne na biyu a cikin aikin da aka yi wa Daryl Hunt. Ya kasance na biyu a cikin zabin All-America a shekarar 1983.<ref name="NEA">{{cite news |title=The 1983 NEA All-America team |newspaper=The Republic (Columbus, Ind.) |date=November 30, 1983 |page=16 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4574799/1983_nea_allamerica_team/|via=Newspapers.com}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref name="CBW">{{cite news |last=Olderman |first=Murray |date=Dec 27, 1983 |title=NEA All-America Team: Rozier Leads Stars |work=The World (Coos Bay, OR)}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni shida a NFL ga Miami Dolphins daga 1984 zuwa 1988 da kuma Los Angeles Raiders a 1989. An zaba shi a zagaye na farko na shirin NFL na 1984 tare da 14th overall pick. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1984 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1984/draft.htm |access-date=October 10, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://nevadawolfpack.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/jackie-shipp/846 Bayanan da ke faruwa a Nevada] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] dlpr1jwdgl0mairxt8gbok47bxt48jt Ibrahim Almustapha Aliyu 0 161498 966680 902825 2026-10-11T22:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Almustapha Aliyu''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma mamba na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta [[Wurno]]/[[Rabah]], a [[Jihar Sokoto]], a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] tun daga shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/140?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=nass.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/ibrahim-almustapha-aliyu?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akintola |first=Kehinde |date=2023-05-31 |title=Reps receive report on fuel subsidy regime 11 months after referral |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/reps-receive-report-on-fuel-subsidy-regime-11-months-after-referral/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=1395 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=[www.constrack.ng](http://www.constrack.ng)}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] gty27vzbvymchwmyjfwv84pm21ewme6 Jacob Ajao Adejumo 0 161547 966710 882667 2026-10-12T02:56:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jacob Ajao Adejumo | birth_date = 1973 | birth_place = [[Oyo State]], [[Nigeria]] | occupation = Politician | office = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] | constituency = [[Ogbomosho North]]/[[Ogbomosho South]]/Orire Federal Constituency | term_start = 2019 | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] }} '''Jacob Ajao Adejumo''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya taɓa zama mamba mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ogbomosho North/Ogbomosho South/Orire a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]]. An haife shi a shekarar 1973, kuma ya fito daga [[Jihar Oyo]]. An zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Wakilai a zaɓen shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/jacob-adejumo-ajao |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Citizen Science Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation |url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/candidate?id=AJAO-JACOB-ADEJUMO-3539 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=OrderPaper}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == aa0p39r7ubczq8jol5rpzq824qhf1ix James Wilson Robertson 0 161609 966715 883176 2026-10-12T04:22:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Sir | honorific_suffix = | caption = Portrait by [[Walter Bird (photographer)|Walter Bird]], 1965 | order = 2nd | office = Governor-General of Nigeria | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | term_start = 15 June 1955 | term_end = 16 November 1960 | predecessor = [[John Stuart Macpherson]] | successor = [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1899|10|27}} | birth_place = [[Broughty Ferry]], Dundee, Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1983|09|23|1899|10|27}} | death_place = [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=WwLsG449cONSoYkZmeji%2Bw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=18 April 2023|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> England | party = | spouse = | education = [[Merchiston Castle School]] | alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]] | occupation = [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil servant]] <!--Military service--> | branch = {{army|UK}} | unit = {{ubl| [[Gordon Highlanders]] | [[Black Watch]]}} | relatives = [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]] (brother)<br />[[Joanna Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[Laura Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]] (son) }} [[File:Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ.png|thumb|200px|Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ]] '''Sir James Wilson Robertson''', (27 ga Oktoba, 1899 – 23 ga Satumba, 1983) ma'aikacin gwamnatin [[Birtaniya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na ƙarshe na mulkin mallakar [[Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1955 zuwa 1960. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== Ya yi karatu a [[Merchiston Castle School]] da ke [[Edinburgh]] da kuma [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. Ya yi aikin soja a [[British Army|Sojojin Birtaniya]] tare da rundunonin [[Gordon Highlanders]] da [[Black Watch]]. A shekarar 1961, [[University of Leeds]] ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Dokta a fannin Shari'a (LL.D.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=1961 - 1970 {{!}} Honorary graduates {{!}} About the University {{!}} University of Leeds |url=http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721135716/http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Aiki== Bayan kammala karatunsa a Oxford, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Siyasa ta [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] daga shekarar 1922 zuwa 1953. Ya yi aiki a lardunan [[Blue Nile]], [[White Nile]], Fung da [[Kordofan]], sannan ya kasance [[Civil Secretary]] daga shekarar 1945 zuwa 1953. A wannan matsayi ne ya jagoranci [[Juba Conference (1947)|Taron Juba]] na shekarar 1947. A watan Janairun shekarar 1954, [[Oliver Lyttelton]], wanda a lokacin shi ne [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], ya aike shi zuwa [[British Guiana]] domin ya jagoranci Kwamitin Robertson tare da shirya Rahoton Robertson, wanda aka kafa domin binciken rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan nasarar jam'iyyar [[People's Progressive Party (Guyana)|People's Progressive Party]] a zaɓe. A lokacin, ana kallon jam'iyyar a matsayin mai kusanci da ƙungiyoyin [[Communist]], lamarin da ya kai ga dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Guiana Constitution (Report) |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1954-11-02a.212.2 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215172633/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1954-11-02a.212.2 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/robertson_report.html Robertson Report]</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/declassified_british_documents_1953.html The Suspension of the British Guiana Constitution]</ref> Daga baya aka tura shi zuwa [[Colonial Nigeria|Najeriya]] sakamakon aikin da ya gudanar. Ya kasance [[List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria|Gwamna-Janar]] daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1955 zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960. Daga ranar 1 ga Oktoba zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960, ya wakilci [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II]] a matsayin [[head of state|shugabar ƙasa]] bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[www.worldstatesmen.org](http://www.worldstatesmen.org)}}</ref> ==Iyali== Ya auri Nancy Walker a shekarar 1926, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, namiji da mace. Ɗansa shi ne mashahurin mai tunani kan siyasa da tattalin arziki kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya, [[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]]. Ɗan'uwansa shi ne [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]], wanda 'yarsa Sally<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/12/99/new_years_honours/584140.stm|title=Sally Kuenssberg, CBE|publisher=BBC Scotland|date=31 December 1999|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> ta auri Nick Kuenssberg <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/k/7239/Nicholas%20%28Nick%29+KUENSSBERG.aspx|title=Nick Kuenssberg|publisher=Debretts|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> Babbar 'yar ɗan'uwansa ita ce [[Laura Kuenssberg]], fitacciyar 'yar jarida.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/business/management/business-interview-nick-kuenssberg-1-2819213 |title=Business interview: Nick Kuenssberg |author=Kristy Dorsey |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=4 March 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref> Matarsa ta farko ita ce Anne Mueller. ==Rubuce-rubuce== Robertson ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence'', wanda kamfanin Hurst na Landan ya wallafa a shekarar 1974. Littafin ya yi waiwaye kan kusan shekaru 40 da ya shafe yana aiki a Afirka, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta gudanarwa da kuma abubuwan da ya lura da su da kansa. A babi na ƙarshe mai taken "Reflections", ya yi bayani kan yadda abubuwa da dama da shi da sauran jami'an Daular Birtaniya suka gina suka rushe cikin sauri bayan samun 'yancin kai, ba kawai a Sudan da Najeriya ba, har ma a sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya a Afirka. Yayin da yake magana kan damuwar ƙasashen waje game da matsalolin da suka biyo bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya ce: > "Amurkawa sun taɓa tambayata: 'Me ya sa kuka fice da wuri haka, kafin yankunan mulkin mallaka su shirya su mulki kansu?' Sai na amsa, 'A wani ɓangare, ina da tabbacin saboda matsin lambar da kuka yi mana na mu fice.' Sai suka ce ba su san abin da suka sani yanzu ba a lokacin, kuma da mun ƙi bin matsin lambar da suka yi mana." (shafi na 253). Robertson ya kuma ba da muhimmin gudunmawa ga Taron Oxford na shekarar 1978 mai taken ''Transfer of Power: the Colonial Administrator in the Age of De-colonisation'', wanda [[A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]] ya shirya (an wallafa shi a shekarar 1979 ta Inter-Faculty Committee for African Studies na Jami'ar Oxford). Daga cikin gudunmawar tasa akwai "The Governor as the Man in the Middle" (shafuffuka na 38–43) da kuma "Summary of Discussion" (shafuffuka na 50–59). Littafin ''The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson'', wanda Graham F. Thomas ya shirya, an wallafa shi a shekarar 1994. Littafin ya ƙunshi wasiƙu da Robertson ya aika wa Thomas tsawon shekaru 40, waɗanda galibinsu suka shafi ƙalubalen da Daular Birtaniya ta fuskanta a ƙarshen mulkin mallakarta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Sir James W. |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books/about/The_Last_of_the_Proconsuls.html?id=x86NAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson |date=1994-08-15 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-85043-790-1 |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== 4nluv1qzp5l4n3b4sahkif4oq2e4lvg Horatio Fields 0 162004 966599 896337 2026-10-11T19:55:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Horatio Fields Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Ole Miss Rebels . Ya taba buga wa Auburn Tigers da Wake Forest Demon Deacons wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Fields ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta New Manchester . Ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun yanki ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Horatio Fields |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/football/roster/horatio-fields/7311 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Wake Forest Demon Deacons}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Dajin farkawa === Fields ya himmatu ga Jami'ar Wake Forest a watan Fabrairun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dell |first=John |date=February 24, 2021 |title=Wake Forest football program adds wide receiver to recruiting class |url=https://journalnow.com/sports/college/wfu/wake-forest-football-program-adds-wide-receiver-to-recruiting-class/article_a4a7e5be-6661-11eb-ba66-6bbc40c9044f.html |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Winston Salem Journal}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Filin yana da yadudduka 369, tare da touchdowns hudu a kakar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Brian |date=December 19, 2024 |title=Auburn Signs 4-Star Transfer Receiver, Could Sign Another |url=https://www.si.com/college/auburn/football/auburn-signs-4-star-transfer-receiver-could-sign-another-01jfg8wpvkwf |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Auburn Tigers on SI |publisher=Sports Illustrated }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Auburn === An sauya filin zuwa Auburn Tigers a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Andrew |date=December 19, 2024 |title=Wake Forest transfer WR Horatio Fields commits to Auburn |url=https://www.on3.com/college/auburn-tigers/news/wake-forest-transfer-wr-horatio-fields-commits-to-auburn/ |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Auburn Rivals |publisher=On3.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kocin kocin Hugh Freeze ya bayyana cewa ya "yi gudu a gida" tare da canja wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauterkus |first=Peter |date=April 1, 2025 |title=Why Hugh Freeze thinks Auburn ‘hit a home run’ with transfer WR Horatio Fields |url=https://www.al.com/auburnfootball/2025/04/why-hugh-freeze-thinks-auburn-hit-a-home-run-with-transfer-wr-horatio-fields.html |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=AL.com}}</ref> Ya yi kyau a cikin aikin bazara, yana karɓar karin yabo daga Freeze.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walls |first=Austin |date=April 18, 2025 |title=New Auburn Transfer Wide Receiver Has Fantastic Spring Debut |url=https://www.si.com/college/auburn/football/new-auburn-transfer-wide-receiver-fantastic-spring-debut-01js5dr6se8s |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Auburn Tigers on SI |publisher=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> Fields ya buga wasan sa na farko da Baylor Bears, inda ya sami kulawa don kama yadudduka tara wanda ya haifar da saurin touchdown daga Jackson Arnold. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaines |first=Dre |date=September 3, 2025 |title=Despite Mistake, Horatio Fields Showed Up When Auburn Needed Him Most vs. Baylor |url=https://www.si.com/college/auburn/football/despite-mistake-horatio-fields-showed-up-when-auburn-needed-him-most-vs-baylor-01k47zwaz6n0 |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=Auburn Tigers on SI |publisher=Sports Illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Humphrey III |first=Jerry |date=September 2, 2025 |title=How Auburn’s Jackson Arnold found Horatio Fields on game-changing third down vs Baylor |url=https://www.al.com/auburnfootball/2025/09/inside-how-jackson-arnold-horatio-fields-connected-on-crucial-third-down-last-week-at-baylor.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=AL.com}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a Auburn a kan Ball State Cardinals . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=Marshall |date=September 6, 2025 |title=Jackson Arnold throws 3 TDs and Auburn overwhelms Ball State 42-3 in home opener |url=https://www.wtva.com/sports/jackson-arnold-throws-3-tds-and-auburn-overwhelms-ball-state-42-3-in-home-opener/article_0fd52c47-0888-594b-bb4c-b95c682f0659.html |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=WTVA |publisher=Associated Press }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fields ya yi rikodin liyafa 12 don yadudduka 106 da kuma touchdown kafin a fitar da shi har abada a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2025, bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a aikace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Auburn WR Horatio Fields out indefinitely with broken foot |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/46371114/auburn-wr-horatio-fields-indefinitely-broken-foot |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=espn.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Ya sanar da cewa zai shiga tashar canja wurin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humphrey III |first=Jerry |date=December 8, 2025 |title=Auburn football loses its second wide receiver to the transfer portal, reports say |url=https://www.al.com/auburnfootball/2025/12/auburn-football-loses-its-second-wide-receiver-to-the-transfer-portal-per-reports.html |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=AL.com}}</ref> === Missouri === Fields ya shiga Missouri Tigers a watan Janairun shekara ta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McAndrew |first=Calum |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Missouri football adds 3rd Auburn transfer with WR Horatio Fields |url=https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2026/01/07/missouri-football-lands-auburn-transfer-wide-receiver-horatio-fields/88073738007/ |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=Columbia Daily Tribune}}</ref> Duk da wannan, ya zaɓi kada ya sanya hannu tare da shirin bayan Cayden Lee, wani mai karɓa mai yawa, an ɗauke shi don shiga Missouri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crew |first=Brooks |date=January 26, 2026 |title=Former Auburn WR Horatio Fields in Unique Portal Situation with Mizzou |url=https://www.si.com/college/auburn/football/former-auburn-wr-horatio-fields-unique-portal-situation-mizzou |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=Auburn Tigers on SI |publisher=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> An sake shi a hukumance daga kwangilarsa ba da daɗewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byington |first=Alex |date=January 27, 2026 |title=Auburn transfer WR Horatio Fields released from his Missouri contract |url=https://www.on3.com/news/auburn-transfer-wr-horatio-fields-released-from-his-missouri-contract/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=On3}}</ref> === Ole Miss === Fields ya sanar da cewa zai shiga Ole Miss a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreth |first=Zach |date=January 31, 2026 |title=Ole Miss lands former Auburn wide receiver Horatio Fields, 4-star transfer |url=https://therebelwalk.com/2026/01/boom-ole-miss-lands-former-auburn-wide-receiver-horatio-fields-4-star-transfer/ |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=The Rebel Walk}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://godeacs.com/sports/football/roster/horatio-fields/7311 Wake Forest Demon Deacons bio] * [https://auburntigers.com/sports/football/roster/player/horatio-fields Rayuwar Auburn Tigers] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] 3cy0g38oubt1cnpkeggfk9a4hjauoj5 Irmgard Braun 0 165055 966702 905639 2026-10-12T01:39:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Irmgard Braun''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1952 a [[München|Munich]] ) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai hawan dutse wanda ya ƙware a fannin hawan dutse da kuma hawan wasanni, kuma marubucin littattafan ban dariya masu taken hawa dutse. == Rayuwa == Braun ya girma a Baden-Württemberg kuma ya zama malamin makarantar sakandare. Ta fara hawan dutse tana da shekaru talatin, kuma a shekarun 1980 an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu hawan dutse a Jamus. Ta yi hawan dutse kyauta sau da yawa a cikin Upper Danube Valley (misali ''Kater Garfield'' a VIII a 1984) da kuma hanyoyin hawan dutse masu tsayi kamar North Face of Les Droites da kuma Solleder Route a Monte Civetta. Bayan raunin da ta samu a gwiwa, ta fara mai da hankali kan gajerun hanyoyi kuma ta fafata a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar masu haɓɓaka gasar Jamus a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. A matsayinta na memba, ta lashe matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin Stuttgart Sport Climbing Cup a shekarar 1991. Ta daina koyarwa don komawa Munich don zama edita na Alpin-Magazin. Daga baya, ta fara aiki a matsayin edita a wallafe-wallafe daban-daban na kamfanin watsa labarai Süddeutscher Verlag . A shekarar 2014, ta buga littafinta na farko mai taken laifukan hawa dutse, " ''Never Dead Again - Murder on Lake Garda."'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irmgard Braun: Nie wieder tot |url=https://www.alpin.de/tests-produkte/medien/1445/artikel_irmgard_braun__nie_wieder_tot.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=ALPIN.de |language=de}}</ref> Braun ta ci gaba da hawa sama yayin da ta girma, kuma ta zama abin koyi ga tsofaffin masu hawa sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Neuner mit 66 – zum Zweiten! |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/neuner-mit-66-zum-zweiten |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nestler |first=Stefan |date=2021-12-17 |title=Paraclimber Michael Füchsle: "Immer wieder aufraffen" |url=https://abenteuer-berg.de/paraclimber-michael-fuechsle-immer-wieder-aufraffen/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Abenteuer Berg |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 53, ta hau matakin farko na 7c+. <ref>{{Cite web |title=72-letnia Irmgard Braun poprowadziła 7c |url=https://wspinanie.pl/2024/06/irmgard-braun-le-string-a-fredo-7c/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=wspinanie.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta samu mummunan karyewar wuyan hannu kuma tana fargabar ba za ta iya hawa ba. Ta warke ta fara wani sabon aiki, "Project 9" lokacin da take da shekaru 66 don ƙarfafa tsofaffin masu hawa dutse su ci gaba da hawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AlMa |date=2021-09-20 |title=Irmgard Braun klettert "Open box" (7c+/IX+) in der Gorges du Tarn |url=https://kletterblock.de/en_GB/2021/09/irmgard-braun-klettert-open-box-7c-ix-in-der-gorges-du-tarn/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Der Kletterblock |language=en-GB}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-14 |title=Projekt Neuner klettern mit 66 |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/projekt-neuner-klettern-mit-66 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> Tana ƙarfafa tsofaffi masu hawan dutse su ci gaba da ƙalubalantar kansu kuma tana ba da shawara ga tsofaffi masu hawan dutse don hana rauni da kuma rashin jin tsoron faɗuwa, duk da shekarunsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-16 |title=Irmgard Braun: 6 Tipps fürs Klettern 50+ |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/irmgard-braun-6-tipps-fuers-klettern-50 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Braun ya shahara saboda hawa hanyar hawan dutse ''ta Open Box'' da gudu 5.12d (7c) lokacin da take da shekaru 69. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2024, tana da shekaru 72, ta hau ''Le String a Fredo'' da 5.12d (7c) a Gorges du Tarn . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Irmgard Braun, 72, ticks Le string à Fredo (7c) |url=https://www.8a.nu/news/irmgard-braun-72-ticks-le-string-a-fredo-7c |website=8a.nu}}</ref> Wannan bajintar ta fi shahara saboda mota ta buge ta shekara guda da ta gabata kuma ta ɗauki watanni kafin ta murmure daga tiyatar gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Irmgard Braun Climbs 5.12+ at 72 Years Old |url=https://gripped.com/news/irmgard-braun-climbs-5-12-at-72-years-old/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Gripped Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Mit 72 Jahren: Irmgard Braun klettert 7c |url=https://kletterszene.com/news/mit-72-jahren-irmgard-braun-klettert-7c/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Kletterszene |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] liwobuparhmna84zt8fqlmrx7bw4813 Jenny Dalton-Hill 0 165354 966738 956105 2026-10-12T08:43:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jenny Dalton-Hill''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1974) tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar Amurka kuma mai sharhi kan wasanni na yanzu kuma janar manajan Chicago Bandits don kakar wasa ta 2025 ta Athletes Unlimited Softball League (AUSL). Ta buga wa Arizona Wildcats daga 1993 zuwa 1996 inda ta lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta Kwalejin Mata sau uku (1993, 1994, 1996). Bayan ya kuma buga wasan baseball, Dalton-Hill tsohon memba ne na Colorado Silver Bullets <ref>”A Game of Their Own: Voices of Contemporary Women in Baseball”, p.90. Jennifer Ring, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-4480-1}}</ref> da kuma Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Amurka, inda ta sami lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Baseball ta Mata ta Shekaran 2010. Tana riƙe da aikin Pac-12 da NCAA Division I a cikin RBIs. Ita ce ta farko kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan NCAA tara da suka buga .400 tare da 200 RBIs, 50 home runs da kuma .800 slugging kashi a cikin aikinta. == Ayyuka == === Arizona Wildcats === Dalton-Hill ta fara aikinta a Shekaran 1993 a matsayin zabin taron All-Pac-10 tare da Matsakaicin batting .318 don shekarunta na farko. A wannan kakar Wildcats sun yi WCWS kuma Dalton ta samu bugawa a karon farko a gasar, ta taimaka wajen kayar da ULL Ragin "Cajuns a ranar 29 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1993 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 8 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400016&division=400016400012&school=29&event=400466 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216161200/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400016&division=400016400012&school=29&event=400466 |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Lokacin da tawagar ta yi wasan karshe da abokin hamayyar UCLA Bruins, Dalton ta sami gasar zakarun kasa ta farko (na biyu a makarantar gaba ɗaya) a ranar 31 ga Mayu, duk da cewa Lisa Fernandez ta rufe ta a farantin tare da tushe kawai a kan kwallaye zuwa ga daraja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1993 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 15 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400016&division=400016400012&school=29&event=400456 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215220055/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400016&division=400016400012&school=29&event=400456 |archive-date=2016-02-15 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu, an kira Dalton-Hill First Team All-Pac-10 da All-American.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1994 Louisville Slugger/NFCA Division I All-America Teams |url=https://nfca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4158:1994-di-all-american-teams-&catid=64&Itemid=134 |access-date=2016-01-06 |website=Nfca.org}}</ref> Ta buga RBIs na biyu mafi kyau da sau biyu (ya jagoranci taron) jimlar a tarihin makaranta; dukansu har yanzu suna saman-10. Har ila yau, jimlar RBI ta kasance ta biyu a kowane lokaci don kakar NCAA kuma har yanzu tana cikin rikodin 10. Har ila yau, tafiyarta ta jagoranci taron kuma tana da mafi kyawun aiki 89. Komawa zuwa WCWS don jerin na biyu, Dalton-Hill ya fara gasar ta hanyar tuki a cikin gudu biyu don taimakawa mafi kyawun UIC Flames a ranar 26 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1994 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 1 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216070614/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400552 |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Wasan na gaba da Fresno State Bulldogs ta kasance cikakke a farantin (3/3). <ref>{{Cite web |title=1994 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 5 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400547 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216102925/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400547 |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> A kan abokin hamayyar UCLA a wasan kusa da na karshe, ta buga wasan gida uku kuma ta yi tafiya biyu a ranar 29 ga Mayu don isa gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1994 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 11 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400543 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216074321/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400543 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Dalton-Hill da abokan aikinsa sun lashe taken 4-0 a kan Cal State Northridge Matadors a ranar 30 ga Mayu. Dalton-Hill yana da RBI amma an sake rufe shi a farantin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1994 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 14 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400542 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216003028/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400019&division=400019400012&school=29&event=400542 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Har yanzu tana cikin ƙungiyar All-Tournament Team don .625 (5/8), 5 RBIs, gudu a gida da ƙoƙari uku.<ref name="Division I Softball Championship Results">{{Cite web |title=Division I Softball Championship Results |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/softball_champs_records/2014/d1/Champs.pdf |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Dalton-Hill ya sake samun lambar yabo ta First-Team All-Pac-10 da All-American. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1995 Louisville Slugger/NFCA Division I All-America Teams |url=https://nfca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3932:1995-di-all-american-teams-&catid=64&Itemid=134 |access-date=2016-01-06 |website=Nfca.org}}</ref> Ta karya rikodin lokacin makaranta don tafiya da gudu. Har ila yau, tafiye-tafiyen sun jagoranci taron kuma duka biyun sun jagoranci NCAA na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FINAL 1995 DIVISION I SOFTBALL STATISTICS |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/Softball%20Archived%20Stats/1995/1995%20SB%20DI%20final%20stats.pdf |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Dalton-Hill ya kasance misali na kakar wasa don makaranta, taro da NCAA da aka zira kwallaye a kowane lokaci. Gidansa na gida (mafi kyawun aiki) da jimlar RBI sun kasance kuma suna saman 5 makaranta da kuma saman 10 NCAA kakar rikodin. Fabrairu 18, 1995, Dalton-Hill ya buga wasanni uku a gida da Illinois State Redbirds don ɗaure makarantar sannan kuma rikodin wasan NCAA. Daga baya a wannan shekarar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu ta sake yin aikin a kan Oregon State Beavers don zama dan wasa na farko tare da wasanni uku na gida kuma shine kadai wanda ya yi shi a wannan shekarar. Kafin gasar NCAA, Dalton-Hill ya zama dan wasa na biyu, bayan abokin wasan Laura Espinoza, don ƙetare duka 50-home-run da 200 RBIs benchmark. Ta kuma kasance ta farko daga cikin zaɓaɓɓun 'yan wasa da suka zama kulob din RBI a cikin yanayi uku kawai. A WCWS a wasan Wildcats na biyu, ta buga wasan gida uku don doke Cal State Fullerton Titans a ranar 26 ga Mayu kuma ta koma wasan kusa da na karshe inda ta tuka a wasan da ta lashe a wasan farko da UNLV Rebels a ranar 28 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1995 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 5 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400020&division=400020400012&school=29&event=400606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216114859/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400020&division=400020400012&school=29&event=400606 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official NCAA Box Score |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/archives/softball/d1/1995/600124c.pdf |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> A wasan karshe, Wildcats sun rasa 4-2 a ranar 29 ga Mayu a kan UCLA Bruins kuma Dalton-Hill sun sake sha wahala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1995 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 13 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400020&division=400020400012&school=29&event=400602 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216063318/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400020&division=400020400012&school=29&event=400602 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Daga baya NCAA ta bar taken saboda keta dokoki. A kakar wasa ta karshe, Dalton-Hill ta sami lambar yabo ta uku a jere ta kungiyar farko da kuma NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Louisville Slugger/NFCA Division I All-America Teams |url=https://nfca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3920:1996-di-all-american-teams-&catid=64&Itemid=134 |access-date=2016-01-06 |website=Nfca.org}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an ba ta suna Pac-10 Player of the Year kuma ta zama dan wasa na farko da ya rike Triple Crown na matsakaicin matsakaici, RBIs (duka biyu sun kasance manyan ayyuka) da kuma jimlar gida a cikin kakar wasa daya don taron. Dalton-Hill ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Honda Sports don "Softball Player of The Year".<ref>{{Cite journal |title=PAST HONDA SPORTS AWARD WINNERS FOR SOFTBALL |url=http://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/softball |access-date=2015-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Where Are They Now? - Jenny Dalton |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/2007/6/4/207949403.aspx |access-date=2020-03-23 |website=University of Arizona Athletics |language=en}}</ref>Wildcat ya karya rikodin makaranta don tafiya kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe bambancin. Matsakaicin lokacinta, RBIs, home runs da mafi kyawun ƙwanƙwasawa na aiki sun kasance kuma suna saman 10 na rikodin makaranta. Tare da Triple Crown, ta kuma jagoranci NCAA a cikin RBIs, home runs, walks da runs da aka zira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FINAL 1996 DIVISION I SOFTBALL STATISTICS |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/Softball%20Archived%20Stats/1996/1996%20DI%20SB%20final%20stats.pdf |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> A ƙarshe, RBIs (na biyu mafi kyau), gidaje da gudu da aka zira sun kasance kuma suna saman 10 duk lokacin NCAA. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1996, Dalton-Hill ya lissafa RBIs 8 a wasan daya da Tennessee Lady Vols don aiki mai girma. Ta tuka a cikin aikinta na 316 na RBI a cikin salon slam na Shawn Starling na Troy Trojans a ranar 17 ga Mayu, ta rufe tsohon abokin aikinta Laura Espinoza don rikodin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Women's Division I Softball Tallahassee, FL Game 2 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400021&division=400021400087&event=400725 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063352/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400021&division=400021400087&event=400725 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Mayu a WCWS, Dalton-Hill ya kasance cikakke (3/3) tare da RBIs biyu vs. Iowa Hawkeyes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Women's Division I Softball College World Series Game 12 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400021&division=400021400012&school=29&event=400692 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216015231/http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/event.do?championship=400021&division=400021400012&school=29&event=400692 |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Da yake ta fito a wasan karshe na huɗu a jere a ranar 27 ga Mayu, Dalton-Hill ta karya ta hanyar faduwarta ta hanyar buga wasan gida uku a wasan farko don ƙarshe ya fi dacewa da Washington Huskies 6-4 don gasar ta uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Division I Softball World Series Game 13 Championship |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/archives/softball/d1/1996/590189m.pdf |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Daga baya aka ba ta suna All-Tournament da MVP na jerin.<ref name="Division I Softball Championship Results" /> Lokacin da ta bar Arizona Wildcats, ita ce jagora a cikin RBIs, tafiya da gudu. Ta sanya ta biyu a matsakaici, bugawa, home runs, sau biyu da slugging, wadanda yanzu suna saman-10 a kowane lokaci, ban da bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Softball Record Book |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/documents/2020/4/8/SBRecordBook_2021.pdf |access-date=2020-08-11}}</ref> Dalton-Hill kuma ta rike dukkan kambin aiki a yanzu Pac-12 da ta yi wa Arizona, wanda har yanzu tana yi wa RBIs da gudu. Yanzu tana zaune a saman 10 ga kowane rukuni na aiki na taron da ba ta saman ba, ban da bugawa da sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pac-12 Conference 2020 Softball Media Guide |url=https://catalog.e-digitaleditions.com/i/1208184-2020-softball-media-guide |access-date=2020-08-11}}</ref> Ga rikodin aikin NCAA, Dalton-Hill ya sake jagorantar RBIs, tafiya, gudu da aka zira kwallaye da kashi na slugging, da kuma na biyu mafi yawan gida a bayan abokin aiki Laura Espinoza. Har yanzu tana da'awar mafi yawan RBIs kuma tana cikin matsayi na 10 a cikin gudu (2nd) da kuma gidaje (da aka ɗaure 10th) a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Division I Softball Records |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/SB_Records/2020/D1.pdf |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> === Kwallon Baseball === A shekara ta 1996, ta buga wa Colorado Silver Bullets wasa a cikin abin da zai zama kakar wasa ta karshe. Ta yi gasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta 2010, ta raba ayyuka a farkon tushe tare da tsohuwar abokiyar ƙungiyar Arizona Laura Espinoza . A shekara ta 2012, Dalton ta yi aiki a matsayin koci ga tawagar mata ta Amurka.<ref>”A Game of Their Own: Voices of Contemporary Women in Baseball”, p.101. Jennifer Ring, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-4480-1}}</ref> == 'Yan wasa marasa iyaka == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, 'Yan wasa marasa iyaka sun hayar da Dalton-Hill a matsayin janar manajan kungiyar 'yan wasa a kakar wasa ta farko ta 'yan wasa masu iyaka (AUSL). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=December 4, 2024 |title=AUSL Reveals Team Identities |url=https://auprosports.com/read/ausl-reveals-team-identities/ |access-date=December 28, 2024 |website=Athletes Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dalton-Hill ya cancanci buga wa Team USA wasa a gasar Olympics ta 1996 amma ya zaɓi ya bi wasu ayyuka. Ta ba da kanta don horar da Jami'ar Arizona a shekarar 1997 inda suka lashe lambar yabo ta kasa ta 5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCAA Division I Women's Softball Championship |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/archives/softball/d1/1997/580208.pdf |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Ncaa.org}}</ref> Daga baya ta koma kuma ta shiga shirin Kentucky Wildcats na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin Mataimakin Kocin. A shekara ta 2001, an shigar da Dalton-Hill cikin Hall of Fame na Wildcats . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The University of Arizona Sports Hall of Fame |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com//pdf9/3331106.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30700 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619110633/http://www.arizonawildcats.com//pdf9/3331106.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30700 |archive-date=June 19, 2015 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Arizonawildcats.com}}</ref> Kamar yadda ta kasance memba na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Colorado Silver Bullets a shekarar 1997, Dalton ta sake fitowa daga ritaya a shekarar 2010 don shiga cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa na mata ta Amurka wacce ta lashe tagulla a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta mata ta 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-11 |title=Former All-American And National Champion Goes Family First, Makes A Grand Comeback |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705376041/Former-All-American-and-national-champion-goes-family-first-makes-a-grand-comeback.html?pg=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125112707/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705376041/Former-All-American-and-national-champion-goes-family-first-makes-a-grand-comeback.html?pg=all |archive-date=January 25, 2016 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Desertnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Silver Bullets Colorado |url=http://www.coloradosilverbullets.org/ |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Coloradosilverbullets.org}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana horar da wasan softball na makarantar sakandare a [[Kentucky]], memba ce ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Amurka kuma tana cikin Kwamitin Daraktocin Amurka don wasan softball . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-31 |title=Jenny Dalton-Hill (Coach And College Softball Great): Would Change Attitude of Entitlement of Today's Youth |url=http://www.momsteam.com/blog/may-sports-moms-month/jenny-dalton-hill-would-change-attitude-entitlement-todays-youth |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Momsteam.com |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125164527/http://www.momsteam.com/blog/may-sports-moms-month/jenny-dalton-hill-would-change-attitude-entitlement-todays-youth |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dalton-Hill ta auri Marc Hill kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku, Dalton, Brookelyn da Cogan . Lokacin da Glendale High School (Dalton's alma mater) ta gina filin wasan softball a shekara ta 2005, sun ba ta suna Dalton Field don girmama ta. Sun kuma yi ritaya daga lambar ta.<ref>”A Game of Their Own: Voices of Contemporary Women in Baseball”, p.93. Jennifer Ring, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-4480-1}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe (LDS Church). Dalton-Hill akai-akai yana ba da sharhin launi don Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta NCAA Division I da Podcast 7 Innings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-04 |title=Where Are They Now? -- Jenny Dalton |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30700&ATCLID=207949403 |access-date=2015-06-15 |website=Arizonawildcats.com }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kididdiga == <ref>{{Cite web |title=Final 1993 Women's Softball Statisitics Report |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1993_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=Ncaa.org |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705192534/http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1993_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final 1994 Softball Statisitics Report |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1994_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=Ncaa.org |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182247/http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1994_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final 1995 Softball Statisitics Report |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1995_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=Ncaa.org |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705213410/http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1995_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final 1996 Softball Statisitics Report |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1996_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=Ncaa.org |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705202451/http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WSB/Softball_Women%27s_Division%20I_1996_29_University%20of%20Arizona.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Jami'ar Arizona |- align="center" |'''Shekarar''' |[[Wasa|G]] |AB |R |H |BA |RBI |HR |3B |2B |TB |SLG |BB |SO |SB |[[Stolen base attempt|SBA]] |- align="center" |'''1993''' |45 |113 |34 |36 |.318 |30 |7 |0 |8 |65 |.575% |20 |17 |12 |12 |- align="center" |'''1994''' |67 |205 |74 |89 |.434 |91 |16 |1 |18 |157 |.766% |35 |14 |13 |13 |- align="center" |'''1995''' |72 |210 |101 |82 |.390 |98 |28 |1 |13 |181 |.862% |59 |23 |8 |10 |- align="center" |'''1996''' |67 |179 |84 |84 |.469 |109 |25 |1 |12 |173 |.966% |64 |11 |19 |20 |- align="center" |'''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita''' |'''251''' |'''707''' |'''293''' |'''291''' |'''.411''' |'''328''' |'''76''' |'''3''' |'''51''' |'''576''' |'''.814%''' |'''178''' |'''65''' |'''52''' |'''55''' |} == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 1996 Medal of Honor (Pac-10) <ref>”A Game of Their Own: Voices of Contemporary Women in Baseball”, p.97. Jennifer Ring, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-4480-1}}</ref> * 1996 Honda Sports Award (softball) <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Softball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/softball |language=en |access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2016 All-Century Softball Team (Pac-12) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-04 |title=Softball: Jenny Dalton |url=https://tucson.com/softball-jenny-dalton/article_64721646-1183-11e6-8ee8-07b64664de37.html |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=Tucson.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617065849/https://tucson.com/softball-jenny-dalton/article_64721646-1183-11e6-8ee8-07b64664de37.html |archive-date=2018-06-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2022 An shigar da shi cikin Little League Hall of Excellence <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall of Excellence |url=https://www.littleleague.org/world-of-little-league/hall-of-excellence/ |access-date=August 2, 2026 |website=Littleleague.org}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0lf7bwg8dq3e699ci28rpzttpfiiop1 Hines Ward 0 166007 966595 913847 2026-10-11T19:34:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hines Edward Ward Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1976) kocin [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine kocin masu karɓar baƙi kuma mataimakin kocin babban kocin Arizona State . Ya buga wasa a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL) bayan da Pittsburgh Steelers ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na uku na zaɓen NFL na 1998 . Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Georgia Bulldogs . Ward ya buga dukkan aikinsa na ƙwararru a Steelers kuma ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar a kowane lokaci a liyafar, inda ya sami damar yin wasa a fili da kuma karɓar baƙi. An zaɓe Ward a matsayin MVP na Super Bowl XL kuma bayan ya yi ritaya yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan NFL goma sha ɗaya da suka sami aƙalla kyaututtuka 1,000 a rayuwarsa . Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar Ward a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu karɓar fa'idodi na shekarun 2000, da kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane da suka taimaka wa Steelers samun nasara a shekarun 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Brad |date=October 19, 2009 |title=Best All Around Receiver In NFL: Hines Ward |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/274900-best-all-around-receiver-in-nfl-hines-ward |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Bryn |date=November 24, 2008 |title=Hines Ward: The Epitome of a Perfect Football Player |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/85483-hines-ward-the-epitome-of-a-true-football-player |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marvi |first=Robert |date=January 5, 2022 |title=The Life And Career Of Hines Ward (Complete Story) |url=https://www.profootballhistory.com/hines-ward/ |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Pro Football History |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaggi |first=Tommy |date=August 10, 2020 |title=5 most violent and physical Pittsburgh Steelers of the 2000s |url=https://stillcurtain.com/2020/08/10/5-physical-pittsburgh-steelers-2000s/4/ |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Still Curtain |publisher=FanSided |language=en-US}}</ref> Baya ga aikinsa a NFL, Ward ya fito a fannoni daban-daban na kafofin watsa labarai na fina-finai da talabijin, ciki har da shirin talabijin na gaskiya ''Dancing with the Stars'' da kuma gajerun fina-finai a fim ɗin 2012 ''The Dark Knight Rises'' da kuma shirin talabijin ''na The Walking Dead'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2012 |title=Hines Ward was a rotting zombie on 'Walking Dead' |url=http://www.today.com/popculture/hines-ward-was-rotting-zombie-walking-dead-1C6896426 |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=TODAY.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Kevin |date=January 29, 2013 |title='The Walking Dead' Season 3: See Football Star Hines Ward as a Zombie! |url=https://screencrush.com/the-walking-dead-season-3-hines-ward/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=ScreenCrush |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Jay |date=January 29, 2013 |title=Hines Ward Making Zombie Debut in TV's the Walking Dead |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1505956-hines-ward-making-an-appearance-as-a-zombie-in-an-episode-of-the-walking-dead |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sharhi a shirin NBC's ''Football Night in America'' daga 2012 zuwa 2015. Ward ya shiga [[CNN]] da HLN a watan Mayun 2016. Shi ne babban jami'in hulda da 'yan wasa na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Amurka . A shekarar 2019, Ward ya fara aikinsa na koyarwa a matsayin mataimakin mai kai hari ga New York Jets, yana aiki tare da kocin mai karɓar 'yan wasa Shawn Jefferson. A shekarar 2021, Florida Atlantic ta dauki Ward aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga babban kocin. An haife Ward a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] ga uwa ' yar Koriya kuma uba [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka]], ya girma a yankin [[Atlanta]] . Ya zama mai fafutukar ganin an sami karbuwa a tsakanin 'yan ƙasashen waje a Koriya, musamman matasan da suka haɗa da jinsi daban-daban . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ward a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] ga mahaifiyar wata 'yar Koriya, Kim Young-hee ( Korean ) da kuma uba [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata ɗan Amurka]], Hines Ward a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1976. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa [[Atlanta]] da East Point, Georgia, lokacin da Hines Jr. yake da shekara ɗaya kuma Hines Sr. ya tafi [[Yammacin Jamus]] don yin rangadin aiki . <ref name="Obit">{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Hines E. Ward, Sr. |url=https://www.hesterscentralstate.com/obituary/Hines-WardSr |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=Hester's Central State Funeral}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Hines |date=February 6, 2018 |title=Hines Ward reflects on South Korea journey |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/06/sport/hines-ward-reflects-on-south-korea-journey |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=CNN}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, iyayen Ward suka sake su, inda Ward ke zaune tare da mahaifiyarsa sannan kuma tare da kakarsa ta uba bayan Hines Sr. ta roƙi kotun iyali cewa Kim ba za ta iya renon Hines Jr. cikin sauƙi ba, domin ba ta iya Turanci sosai ba. A lokacin da Ward yake ɗan shekara 7, ya sake haɗuwa da mahaifiyarsa. Saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana wa jama'a ba, a wannan lokacin, Ward Sr. bai tallafa wa Ward da tallafin yara ba ko kuma ya ziyarce shi akai-akai. A shekara ta 2006, Ward ya bayyana cewa yana magana da mahaifinsa sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru biyu. A wannan shekarar ne Ward ya bayyana cewa har yanzu bai yi sulhu da mahaifinsa ba wanda ya bar Hines Jr. lokacin yana ɗan shekara biyu. <ref name="USA Today 2006">{{Cite web |last=Corbett |first=Jeff |date=February 1, 2006 |title=Ward eager to win Super Bowl XL for 'Bus' and mom |url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/steelers/2006-02-01-corbett-ward-bettis_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204162739/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/steelers/2006-02-01-corbett-ward-bettis_x.htm |archive-date=February 4, 2006 |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Ward Sr. ya mutu a shekarar 2024. <ref name="Obit" /> A ƙarƙashin jagorancin koci Mike Parris a Makarantar Sakandare ta Forest Park da ke Forest Park, Georgia, Ward ya nuna ƙwarewarsa ta wasanni a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma ya zama ɗan wasan Clayton County Offensive Player of the Year sau biyu. Ya kuma yi fice a wasan baseball kuma [[Miami Marlins|Florida Marlins]] ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na 73 (na 1,646 gaba ɗaya) na daftarin MLB na 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1994 Baseball Draft by Baseball Almanac |url=https://www.baseball-almanac.com/draft/baseball-draft.php?yr=1994 |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=Baseball Almanac}}</ref> == Sana'ar wasa == === Kwaleji === A matsayinsa na mai karɓar baƙi ga Jami'ar Georgia Bulldogs (1994–1997), karramawar da Ward ya samu sau 149 a rayuwarsa ta tsawon yadi 1,965 ta sanya shi na biyu a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya kuma buga ƙwallon baya kuma ya kai yadi 3,870 na dukkan wasanni, wanda ya zo na biyu bayan Herschel Walker a tarihin Bulldogs. A shekarar 1995, Ward ya buga wasan quarterback a shekararsa ta biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Landman |first=Brian |date=October 4, 2005 |title=UGA's Ward starting over |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1995/09/28/uga-s-ward-starting-over/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=Tampa Bay Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1995 |title=GA. QB OVERCOMES INJURIES, SWITCHES |url=https://www.dailypress.com/1995/12/29/ga-qb-overcomes-injuries-switches/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=Daily Press}}</ref> Yana riƙe da tarihin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Georgia don yunƙurin wucewa, kammala wucewa, da kuma yadi na wucewa a Peach Bowl na 1995 inda ya kammala wucewa 31 cikin 59 na yadi 413. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2003 |title=Classic Peach Bowl |url=https://www.espn.com/classic/s/classic_peach_bowl.html |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=ESPN Classic}}</ref> Duk da rawar da ya taka a matsayin ɗan wasan kwata-kwata a matsayin ɗan shekara ɗaya, Ward ya fi yin wasa da mai karɓar kwallo a shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na wasansa na kwaleji yana ƙoƙarin yin ƴan pass ne kawai a waɗannan lokutan. A shekarar 1996, Ward ya yi liyafa sau 52 don yadi 900, sannan kuma ya yi gudu sau 26 don yadi 170. A shekarar 1997, ya yi amfani da damar wucewa sau 55 a tseren yadi 715 kuma ya zira kwallaye shida a raga, sannan kuma ya yi gudu sau 30 a tseren yadi 223, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta All-SEC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/hines-ward-1.html |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da ya fito daga kwaleji, an gano cewa Ward ya rasa anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) a gwiwarsa ta hagu, wanda ya rasa a lokacin hatsarin keke a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. A cewar wani labarin wasanni na Yahoo!, Ward ya karya gwiwarsa a aji na huɗu kuma likitoci ba su taɓa yin bayani game da jijiyar ba. === Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙasa === [[Fayil:Hines_Ward_throwback_2007.jpg|thumb| Ward a shekara ta 2007 tare da Steelers]] {{NFL predraft}}Bayan ya fito daga Jami'ar Georgia, an ɗauke Ward a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu karɓar 'yan wasa biyar a cikin 1998 NFL draft, tare da Kevin Dyson da Randy Moss . An yi hasashen za a zaɓe shi a ƙarshen zagaye na farko ko farkon zagaye na biyu. Ƙungiyar Tampa Bay Buccaneers da Indianapolis Colts sun nuna sha'awarsu sosai a gare shi, inda suka ziyarce shi sau da yawa don ganawa da shi. Bayan an gano cewa Ward ba shi da ACL a ɗaya daga cikin ƙafafunsa, ƙimarsa ta ragu. Buccaneers sun zaɓi su zaɓi Jacquez Green (na 34 a jimilla) kuma Colts sun zaɓi Jerome Pathon (na 32 a jimilla) maimakon haka, duka biyun masu karɓar faifan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1998 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1998/draft.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> === Pittsburgh Steelers === ==== 1998 ==== Pittsburgh Steelers ne suka zaɓi Ward a zagaye na uku (na 92 gaba ɗaya) na gasar NFL ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1998 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1998/draft.htm |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1998, Steelers ta sanya hannu a kwangilar shekaru uku, wacce ta kai dala $885,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward - NFL Contracts & Salaries |url=https://www.spotrac.com/nfl/player/_/id/3615/hines-ward |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=spotrac.com}}</ref> Ward ya ba da gudummawa a cikin ƙungiyar masu karɓar baƙi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Courtney Hawkins, Charles Johnson, da Will Blackwell. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1998 Pittsburgh Steelers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/pit/1998.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a rayuwarsa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1998, a wasan da suka yi da Baltimore Ravens, inda ya kama kwallon da Kordell Stewart ya buga masa ta tsawon yadi 12. A lokacin gasar mako na 10 da Green Bay Packers, ya kama kwallaye biyu a ragar yadi 56 mafi yawa a kakar wasa. Duk da cewa ya fito a kowace wasa a kakarsa ta farko, ya kammala da liyafa 15 kacal ga yadi 246 na karɓar kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 1998 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/1998/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 1999 ==== A shekarar 1999, Ward ya sami ƙarin aiki bayan tsohon mai karɓar ƙwallon ƙafa Charles Johnson ya tafi [[Philadelphia]] a lokacin hutun kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 1999 |title=Philly Signs Steelers' Johnson |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/philly-signs-steelers-johnson/ |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Ya fara kakar wasa a matsayin mai karɓar ƙwallon ƙafa a farkon kakar wasa da Cleveland Browns . Ward ya kama kwallonsa ta farko a tarihin rayuwarsa daga Mike Tomczak kuma ya kammala wasan da jimillar kama kwallo uku na tsawon yadi 51 a wasan 43-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Cleveland Browns - September 12th, 1999 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199909120cle.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1999, ya yi liyafa sau 6 don yadi 67 na karɓar 'yan wasa, kuma ya kama touchdown daga Kordell Stewart a kan Buffalo Bills a Mako na 5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Buffalo Bills - October 10th, 1999 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199910100buf.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A Mako na 12, ya yi rikodin yawan maki bakwai a kakar wasa da kuma yadi 89 na karɓa, kuma ya kama ƙwallon da ta kai yadi 34 a wasan da Cincinnati Bengals ta sha kashi da ci 20-27. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cincinnati Bengals at Pittsburgh Steelers - November 28th, 1999 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199911280pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin kwata na farko na wasan mako na 14 da Ravens, Ward ya kama kwallon da Jerome Bettis ya buga masa tazara mai tsawon yadi 21. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodell |first=John |date=July 11, 2013 |title=Great Moments in Ravens History Part 3: 12/12/1999 |url=https://www.baltimorebeatdown.com/2013/7/11/4514032/great-moments-in-ravens-history-part-3-12-12-1999 |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=Baltimore Beatdown |publisher=SB Nation}}</ref> Ward ya kammala kakar wasa ta biyu da kama kwallo 61, yadi 638 da ya samu, da kuma touchdowns bakwai a wasanni 16 da kuma fara wasa 14. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 1999 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/1999/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 2000 ==== A cikin nasarar da suka samu a Mako na 7 da ci 15-0 a kan Cincinnati, Ward ya tara yadi 91 mafi yawa a kakar wasa a kan kama kwallaye biyu, yayin da ya zira kwallaye 77, wanda shine karo na farko da ya buga a kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cincinnati Bengals at Pittsburgh Steelers - October 15th, 2000 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200010150pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A kakar wasansa ta ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin mai kula da hare-haren Kevin Gilbride, Ward ya kammala da jimillar liyafa 48 na tsawon yadi 672 da kuma touchdowns huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2000 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2000/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 2001 ==== A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2001, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsawaita kwangilar shekaru huɗu, dala miliyan 9.5. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasquarelli |first=Len |author-link=Len Pasquarelli |date=September 8, 2001 |title=Steelers, Ward agree on four-year extension |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/columns/pasquarelli_len/1249508.html |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A shekararsa ta farko a ƙarƙashin sabon mai kula da hare-haren Mike Mularkey, Ward ya sami mafi kyawun kakar aikinsa har zuwa wannan lokacin. A wasan da suka yi da Jacksonville Jaguars a Mako na 10, Ward ya zo da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sau tara na tsawon yadi 112 kuma ya zira kwallon da ta kai yadi 28 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 20-7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacksonville Jaguars at Pittsburgh Steelers - November 18th, 2001 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200111180pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan kuma ya nuna wasansa na farko da ya samu fiye da yadi 100 a rayuwarsa. A ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2001, a kan New York Jets, Ward ya tara kwallaye goma mafi yawa a kakar wasa don yadi 124 na karɓar maki a cikin nasarar 18-7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New York Jets at Pittsburgh Steelers - December 9th, 2001 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200112090pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Kakar wasa ta 2001 ta kasance kakar wasa ta farko da fara wasa 16 da kuma sama da yadi 1,000 na karɓar 'yan wasa, yayin da ya kammala da kama 'yan wasa 94 na karɓar 'yan wasa 1,003 da kuma kama 'yan wasa huɗu na taɓawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2001 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2001/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Tare da Jerome Bettis, Kordell Stewart, Alan Faneca, Jason Gildon, da Kendrell Bell, an zaɓe shi zuwa gasar Pro Bowl ta 2001, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama na farko a rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2001 NFL Pro Bowlers |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2001/probowl.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar share fagen shiga gasar a shekarar 2001, inda ya buga wasanni uku na tsawon yadi 37 a wasan da suka yi da Ravens da ci 27-10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisional Round - Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 20th, 2002 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200201200pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, yayin da Steelers ke fafatawa da New England Patriots a gasar cin kofin AFC, ya kama kwallaye shida na yadi 64 na karɓar yadi a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Super Bowl XXXVI Champions da ci 17-24. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC Championship - New England Patriots at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 27th, 2002 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200201270pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 2002 ==== [[Fayil:Steelers_pregame_20050815_(cropped).jpg|thumb|216x216px| Ward ya samu kaka ɗaya tilo da ya yi a kakar wasa ta 2002, inda ya yi wasanni 100+ kacal.]] A Mako na 2 na kakar wasa ta 2002, Ward ya kama kwallaye bakwai na yadi 92 na karɓar yadi da kuma touchdowns biyu a cikin rashin nasara 17-30 a hannun Oakland Raiders . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oakland Raiders at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 15th, 2002 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200209150pit.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ne wasansa na farko da ya taɓa taɓawa fiye da sau ɗaya a rayuwarsa. A Mako na 4, nasarar da ya samu a kan Cleveland Browns da ci 16-13 a kan lokaci, ya samu maki tara na tsawon yadi 104. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cleveland Browns at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 29th, 2002 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200209290pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2002, Ward ya yi wasansa mafi kyau a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasanni 11 a kakar wasa, yadi 139 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka yi da Atlanta Falcons da ci 34-34. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlanta Falcons at Pittsburgh Steelers - November 10th, 2002 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200211100pit.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A makon da ya biyo baya, ya kama kwallaye 10 a kakar wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye 168 a raga, sannan ya kama kwallaye biyu a wasan da Titans ta doke su da ci 23-31. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Tennessee Titans - November 17th, 2002 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200211170oti.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ne wasa na uku da ya buga a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya samu damar buga wasa sau biyu. Ya ci gaba da mamaye wasan da za su yi da Bengals, domin ya yi yadi 125 a bugun ƙwallo 10, yayin da kuma ya zira ƙwallon da ta kai yadi 64 a lokacin nasarar 29-21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cincinnati Bengals at Pittsburgh Steelers - November 24th, 2002 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200211240pit.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shi ne wasa na uku a jere da Ward ya buga, inda ya samu damar cin kwallaye sama da yadi 100 da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Steelers sun kammala kakar wasa da ci 10-5-1 kuma sun shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar a shekara ta biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 Pittsburgh Steelers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/pit/2002.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2003, sun fafata da Browns a zagayen AFC Wild Card . Ward ya kammala wasan da kama kwallo 11, yadi 104, sannan kuma ya kama kwallonsa ta farko a tarihin rayuwarsa a nasarar da suka samu a wasan da suka yi da 36-33. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild Card - Cleveland Browns at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 5th, 2003 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200301050pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, Steelers sun buga wasa a Tennessee a wasan zagaye na biyu na Divisional Round . Duk da cewa sun sha kashi a wasanni 31–34 a karin lokaci, Ward ya kammala da kama kwallo bakwai inda ya kai yadi 82 na karɓar kwallo da kuma touchdowns biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisional Round - Pittsburgh Steelers at Tennessee Titans - January 11th, 2003 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200301110oti.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Tare da abokin wasansa Alan Faneca, an zaɓi Ward don ya buga wasa a karo na biyu a jere a gasar Pro Bowl. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 NFL Pro Bowlers |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2002/probowl.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala kakar wasa ta biyar da yadi 1,329 na karɓar yadi, 112 na karɓa, da kuma 12 na karɓa ta hanyar taɓawa, duk sun kai matsayin da ya fi kowanne a tarihin rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2002 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2002/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan kuma shine kakarsa ta farko da ya samu karbuwa sama da sau 100. ==== 2003 ==== Bayan ya samu mafi kyawun kakar wasa a rayuwarsa, Ward ya dawo a shekara ta 2003 don ya yi kama-kama tara na yadi 91 na karɓar 'yan wasa da kuma touchdowns biyu a wasan farko na kakar wasa da suka doke Ravens. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 7th, 2003 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200309070pit.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A wasan da ya biyo baya, ya sake kama wasu katunan wasa tara na tsawon yadi 146 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Kansas City Chiefs da ci 20-41. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Kansas City Chiefs - September 14th, 2003 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200309140kan.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2003, Ward ya kama mafi girman kwallaye 13 a tarihin rayuwarsa, inda ya zira kwallaye 149 a raga, sannan ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Bengals. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cincinnati Bengals at Pittsburgh Steelers - November 30th, 2003 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200311300pit.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, Steelers ta zaɓe shi a matsayin MVP na ƙungiyarsu yayin da ya lashe jimillar liyafa 95 don yadi 1,163 da touchdowns 10 a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Shelly |date=December 27, 2003 |title=Ward honored as Steelers' top player |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2003/12/27/ward-honored-as-steelers-top-player/stories/200312270041 |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2003 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2003/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> An zaɓe shi, tare da Faneca, zuwa gasar Pro Bowl ta uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2003 NFL Pro Bowlers |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2003/probowl.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 2004 ==== [[Fayil:Hines_Ward_vs._Chiefs.jpg|thumb| Ward ya yi ƙoƙarin karya kashin da Sammy Knight ya yi masa a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Kansas City Chiefs]] Bayan shekaru uku da suka yi nasara tare da Mike Mularkey, Ward ya fara kakar wasa a karkashin sabon mai kula da hare-haren gaba Ken Whisenhunt da kuma sabon kocin 'yan wasa Bruce Arians . A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2004, ya kama kwallaye shida na yadi 151 na karɓar kwallo da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Baltimore da ci 13-30. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Baltimore Ravens - September 19th, 2004 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200409190rav.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin kwata na huɗu, ɗan wasan tsakiya na farko Tommy Maddox ya ji rauni kuma an maye gurbinsa da sabon ɗan wasan tsakiya Ben Roethlisberger . Bayan maye gurbin Maddox, Roethlisberger ya jefa wa Ward ƙwallon touchdown, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ta farko a tarihin aikinsu tare. A lokacin gasar mako na 3 a Miami Dolphins, Ward ya kama kwallaye 9 na tsawon yadi 96 da kuma bugun da ya buga. Bayan maye gurbin Maddox, Roethlisberger ya jagoranci Steelers zuwa nasara 14 a jere. A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2004, Ward ya yi nasarar kama kwallaye tara a kakar wasa mai tsawon yadi 134, inda Pittsburgh ta doke Giants da ci 33-30, a wasan da suka yi na 13 a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at New York Giants - December 18th, 2004 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200412180nyg.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar wasa ta 15-1, Steelers sun buga wasa da Jets a zagaye na Divisional . A lokacin nasarar 20-17, Ward ya tara kama-kama goma don yadi 105 na karɓar maki da kuma taɓawa ɗaya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisional Round - New York Jets at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 15th, 2005 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200501150pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> . A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2005, Steelers ta sha kashi a hannun New England Patriots da ci 27-41. A gasar cin kofin AFC, Ward ya zura kwallaye biyar a raga har yadi 109 da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC Championship - New England Patriots at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 23rd, 2005 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200501230pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta huɗu a jere, an zaɓe shi zuwa gasar Pro Bowl tare da Alan Faneca. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2004 NFL Pro Bowlers |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2004/probowl.htm |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A wasan, ya samu yadi 63 na karɓar ƙwallo a kan ƙwallo uku kuma ya ci ƙwallon da ya buga a kan touchdown. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana bayan ya kama katunan wasa 80 don yadi 1,004 na karɓar kwallo da kuma touchdowns guda huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2004 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2004/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan kuma ya nuna shekararsa ta huɗu da ya samu sama da yadi 1,000 na karɓar 'yan wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 2005 ==== [[Fayil:Hines_Ward_pregame_2006-11-26.jpg|left|thumb|352x352px| Ward ya lashe kambun Super Bowl MVP a gasar Super Bowl XL a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005.]] A shekara ta 2005, Ward ya rasa makonni biyu na farko na sansanin horo a wani yanayi na dakatar da kwangilar da za ta ƙara masa albashi. Ward ya yi tunanin tsayawa kafin a fara wasa a shekarar 2004, amma an shawo kansa bayan ya gana da mai Steelers, Dan Rooney da Jerome Bettis. An gaya masa cewa za su iya tsawaita lokacin aikinsu a cikin shekarar kuma za a biya shi albashi mai kyau. Da yake yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Dan Rooney, ya amince da wasan kuma daga ƙarshe ya bayyana a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2005, a gefen fili don wasan farko na Pittsburgh da Philadelphia Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2005 |title=Steelers' Ward ends holdout |url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/story/sports/2005/08/16/steelers-ward-ends-holdout/50437848007/ |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=SouthCoastToday.com |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Amma a wannan daren, bai buga wasan ba. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2005, Steelers ta sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya kan tsawaita kwangilar shekaru huɗu da ta kai dala miliyan 25.83 da Ward. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2005, ya kama katunan wasa shida na yadi 84 na karɓar 'yan wasa da kuma touchdowns biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Texans da ci 27-7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Houston Texans - September 18th, 2005 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200509180htx.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, Ward ya kama kwallaye huɗu na yadi 110 na karɓar 'yan wasa da kuma touchdowns guda biyu, ciki har da liyafar touchdown mai tsawon yadi 85, a kan Patriots. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New England Patriots at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 25th, 2005 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200509250pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa sun sha kashi a hannun zakarun Super Bowl da ke kare kambun 20-23, wannan ya zama wasan farko da Ward ya buga a jere da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sau biyu. Bayan fara wasanni 88 a jere, Ward bai buga wasan da suka yi da Jaguars a ranar 16 ga Oktoba ba. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2005, Ward ya zama gwarzon mai karɓar ƙwallo na Steelers a kowane lokaci, inda ya yi nasara a kan Browns a wasan ESPN Sunday Night Football, inda ya zarce tarihin John Stallworth . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2005 |title=Steelers Notebook: Ward moves past Stallworth |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2005/11/14/steelers-notebook-ward-moves-past-stallworth/stories/200511140203 |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref> Steelers sun yi nasara da ci 34-21. A Mako na 13 da Bengals, Ward ya yi liyafa tara a kakar wasa, inda ya kai yadi 135 na karɓar 'yan wasa da kuma liyafa biyu na taɓawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cincinnati Bengals at Pittsburgh Steelers - December 4th, 2005 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200512040pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2005 da liyafa sau 69 don yadi 975 da kuma touchdowns 11. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2005 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2005/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar wasa ta 11–5, Steelers sun fafata da Bengals a zagayen AFC Wild Card a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2005 Pittsburgh Steelers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/pit/2005.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Ward ya kammala nasarar da Steelers ta samu a kan Cincinnati a gasar share fagen shiga gasar da kamo 'yan wasa biyu kacal a tsawon yadi goma, sannan kuma ya ci kwallo mai tsawon yadi biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild Card - Pittsburgh Steelers at Cincinnati Bengals - January 8th, 2006 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200601080cin.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, ya kama kwallaye uku na yadi 68 na karɓar yadi yayin da Steelers suka doke Indianapolis Colts 21-18 a zagayen Divisional . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisional Round - Pittsburgh Steelers at Indianapolis Colts - January 15th, 2006 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200601150clt.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A wasan gasar cin kofin AFC ta 2005 a Denver Broncos, ya samu yadi 59 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sau biyar, yayin da kuma ya samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, yayin da Steelers suka yi nasara da ci 34-17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Steelers at Denver Broncos - January 22nd, 2006 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200601220den.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2006, Ward ya buga wasa a karon farko a rayuwarsa ta Super Bowl. A gasar Super Bowl XL, ya tara liyafa biyar, yadi 123 na karɓar baƙi, sannan ya kama liyafar taɓawa mai tsawon yadi 43 daga mai karɓar baƙi Antwaan Randle El don tabbatar da nasarar Steelers a kan Seattle Seahawks da ci 21-10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Bowl XL - Seattle Seahawks vs. Pittsburgh Steelers - February 5th, 2006 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200602050pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> An nada shi MVP a gasar Super Bowl XL . <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGinn |first=Bob |date=November 6, 2020 |title=Steelers 'tough guy' Hines Ward was an invaluable player since his college days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2175587/2020/11/06/steelers-hines-ward/ |access-date=April 3, 2026 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> Wannan ya sa shi ɗan wasa na biyu da aka haifa a ƙasar waje da ya lashe kyautar. Steelers sun kuma naɗa Ward a matsayin mataimakin MVP na kakar wasa tare da Casey Hampton . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dulac |first=Gerry |date=December 30, 2005 |title=Hampton, Ward share MVP honors |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2005/12/30/hampton-ward-share-mvp-honors/stories/200512300190 |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref> Nan da nan bayan Super Bowl XL, an yi rikodin bidiyo na Ward don tallan talabijin na "Zan je Disney World!", yana ƙara da cewa "...kuma zan hau The Bus!" Abokin wasan Ward da Steelers Jerome "The Bus" Bettis sun bayyana a wani faretin nasara a wurin shakatawa na Magic Kingdom a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu tare da Emmitt Smith . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mongello |first=Lou |date=February 7, 2006 |title=Superbowl Champion Steelers' Hines Ward says, "I'm Going To Disney World" |url=https://www.wdwradio.com/2006/02/superbowl-champion-steelers-hines-ward-says-qim-going-to-disney-worldq/ |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=WDW Radio}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== 2006 ==== [[Fayil:Hines_Ward_making_a_catch.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Ward ya yi nasarar kama Baltimore Ravens a shekarar 2006.]] A Mako na 7 na kakar wasa ta 2006, Ward ya yi liyafa sau takwas a gasar da ya kai yadi 171 mafi girma a rayuwarsa, kuma ya yi liyafa sau uku a karon farko a rayuwarsa, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Atlanta Falcons da ci 38-41. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Atlanta Falcons - October 22nd, 2006 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200610220atl.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A Mako na 9, ya samu damar yin wasa bakwai na tsawon yadi 127 a wasan da Denver Broncos ta sha kashi da ci 31-20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Denver Broncos at Pittsburgh Steelers - November 5th, 2006 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200611050pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa, ya rasa maki 13 da 14 kuma ya kammala kakar wasa ta biyu a jere da daidai yadi 975. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2006 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/plahttps://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2006/ayers/W/WardHi00.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan da Steelers suka kammala wasan da ci 8-8 kuma suka kasa shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar, Babban Kocinsu Bill Cowher ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2007 |title=Cowher resigns to spend more time with family |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2721349 |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=ESPN.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> ==== 2007 ==== Bayan shekaru takwas a ƙarƙashin Bill Cowher, Ward ya sami koci na biyu a aikinsa, yayin da ƙungiyar Steelers ta ɗauki Mike Tomlin, mai kula da tsaron baya na Minnesota Vikings, a matsayin sabon kocinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2007 |title=Steelers hire Tomlin; LeBeau to stay D-coordinator |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2738834 |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=ESPN.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Wannan kuma ya kasance farkon kakarsa a ƙarƙashin mai kula da hare-haren Bruce Arians, yayin da Ken Whisenhunt ya tafi ya zama kocin Arizona Cardinals. Yayin da Steelers ke fafatawa da Bengals a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2007, Ward ya yi amfani da damarsa ta wuce yadi 88 da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Cincinnati Bengals - October 28th, 2007 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710280cin.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2007, ya kama kwallaye 11 mafi yawa a kakar wasa, inda ya yi yadi 90 na karɓar kwallo, sannan ya buga sau biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Bengals da ci 24-10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cincinnati Bengals at Pittsburgh Steelers - December 2nd, 2007 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712020pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Kwallaye biyu da aka ci wa Bengals sun sa Ward ya zama jagora a jerin 'yan wasan Steelers da suka fi kowa iya murza leda a tarihi, inda ya samu maki 64 a kan kowanne. Sai kuma a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2007, Ward ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar Steelers a kowane lokaci a wasan da suka yi da St. Louis Rams . A shekararsa ta farko a ƙarƙashin Mike Tomlin, Steelers sun kammala da maki 10-6 kuma sun shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2007 Pittsburgh Steelers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/pit/2007.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa sun sha kashi a hannun Jacksonville da ci 29-31 a wasan zagaye na AFC Wild Card, Ward ya yi liyafa goma don yadi 135 na karɓar 'yan wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild Card - Jacksonville Jaguars at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 5th, 2008 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200801050pit.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Ward ya kammala kakar wasa ta tara da liyafa 71, yadi 732, da kuma touchdowns bakwai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2007 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2007/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa, ya rasa wasanni na Makonni 4, 5, da 17, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wasanni mafi yawa da ya rasa a kakar wasa daya. ==== 2008 ==== [[Fayil:Hines_Ward_at_Super_Bowl_parade.jpg|thumb|241x241px| Ward a cikin faretin Super Bowl bayan nasarar Steelers Super Bowl XLIII]] Ward ya fara kakar wasan NFL ta 2008 da kama-karya biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 38-16 a kan Houston Texans. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston Texans at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 7th, 2008 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200809070pit.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2008, ya kama ƙwallon da ta kai yawan kwallaye 11 a kakar wasa ta bana, har ya kai yadi 124 a kan San Diego Chargers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego Chargers at Pittsburgh Steelers - November 16th, 2008 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200811160pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin gasar mako na 16 a Tennessee Titans, Ward ya tara jimillar liyafa 7 don yadi 109 na karɓar 'yan wasa kuma ya zira kwallaye yayin da Steelers suka sha kashi 14-31. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Tennessee Titans - December 21st, 2008 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200812210oti.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2008, Ward ya lashe gasar NFL ta 800th, inda ya tsawaita tarihinsa na karbar bakuncin wani mai karɓar Steelers. Ward ya kammala kakar wasa da liyafa 81, yadi 1,043 na karɓa, da kuma liyafa bakwai na taɓawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2008 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2008/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Steelers sun kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ta 2008 da rikodin 12-4 kuma sun shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Pittsburgh Steelers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/pit/2008.htm |access-date=April 2, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin wasan zagaye na AFC Divisional da San Diego Chargers, Ward ya kama kwallaye hudu na tsawon yadi 70. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisional Round - San Diego Chargers at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 11th, 2009 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200901110pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa a gasar cin kofin AFC, ya yi liyafa sau uku na tsawon yadi 55 yayin da suka doke Ravens 23-14 don zuwa Super Bowl XLIII . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC Championship - Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers - January 18th, 2009 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200901180pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2009, Steelers sun buga wasan Arizona Cardinals, karkashin jagorancin tsohon mai kula da hare-haren Steelers, Ken Whisenhunt. A lokacin wasan, Ward ya taka rawar gani a bayan Santonio Holmes, wanda shi ne MVP na wasan, amma ya yi liyafa sau biyu na tsawon yadi 43, yayin da Steelers suka yi nasara da ci 27-23 a wasan da Holmes ya buga a minti na ƙarshe. Ya buga wasan da rauni a hannun dama na MCL. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Varley |first=Teresa |date=January 20, 2009 |title=Ward expected to play in Super Bowl XLIII |url=https://www.steelers.com/news/ward-expected-to-play-in-super-bowl-xliii-960446 |access-date=April 2, 2026 |website=Steelers.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Bowl XLIII - Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Arizona Cardinals - February 1st, 2009 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200902010crd.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 2009 ==== [[Fayil:Hines_Ward_blocks_for_Rashard_Mendenhall.jpg|left|thumb| An hana Rashard Mendenhall shiga gasar Ward a lokacin wasa a 2009]] A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2009, Steelers ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Ward zuwa tsawaita kwangilar shekaru huɗu, dala miliyan 22 tare da ƙarin kyautar sanya hannu ta dala miliyan 3. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clayton |first=John |author-link=John Clayton (sportswriter) |date=April 25, 2009 |title=Source: Ward signs through 2013 |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=4099845 |access-date=December 10, 2019 |website=[[ESPN]].com}}</ref> A wasan farko na Steelers a gida, ya samu kama kwallo 8 a ragar yadi 103 a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Tennessee Titans da ci 13-10 a kan su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennessee Titans at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 10th, 2009 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200909100pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2009, a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Cincinnati, kama-karya huɗu da Ward ya yi na yadi 82 sun sa ya samu yadi 10,000 na samun nasara a rayuwarsa, kuma sun sanya shi mai karɓar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prisuta |first=Mike |date=September 28, 2009 |title=Ward can't enjoy his record |url=https://www.steelers.com/news/ward-can-t-enjoy-his-record-956631 |access-date=December 10, 2019 |website=Steelers.com}}</ref> A zagaye na uku da biyu, Ben Roethlisberger ya bugi Ward don samun maki 14, wanda hakan ya bai wa Ward damar samun maki 10,001 a tarihin aikinsa. A lokacin gasar Mako na 6 da Browns, Ward ya tara liyafa takwas, yadi 159 na karɓar 'yan wasa, da kuma taɓawa ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cleveland Browns at Pittsburgh Steelers - October 18th, 2009 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200910180pit.htm |access-date=April 4, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wasan ya zama wasansa na uku a kakar wasa ta bana da yadi sama da 100 na karɓar 'yan wasa. Ya yi wasa na huɗu da ya wuce yadi ɗari a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, domin ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sau goma a kakar wasa, har ya kai yadi 128, sannan ya buga ƙwallon da ya ci a kan Kansas City Chiefs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Steelers at Kansas City Chiefs - November 22nd, 2009 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200911220kan.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2009, Ward ya kama kwallaye bakwai na yadi 126 na karɓar yadi a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Green Bay Packers da ci 37-36. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Bay Packers at Pittsburgh Steelers - December 20th, 2009 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200912200pit.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shine karo na farko da Ward ya buga wasanni biyar tare da sama da yadi 100 na karɓar yadi a kakar wasa ɗaya. Ward ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2009 da liyafa 95 na yadi 1,167 da kuma touchdowns shida yayin da Steelers suka kammala da ci 9-7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hines Ward 2009 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00/gamelog/2009/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 Pittsburgh Steelers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/pit/2009.htm |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== 2010 ==== Bayan da Steelers suka zaɓi Mike Wallace a shekarar 2009 da kuma Emmanuel Sanders da Antonio Brown a shekarar 2010, Ward ya fara samun raguwar karɓar baƙuncinsa. A wasan farko na gida na 2010 da Falcons, Ward ya samu maki shida a zagayen yadi 108 na karɓar 'yan wasa yayin da Steelers suka yi nasara da ci 15-9. [1] A wasan da suka yi da Atlanta Falcons, Ward ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a tarihin Steelers da ya wuce yadi 11,000 na karɓar 'yan wasa. Ya kama ƙwallon da ta kai yadi 108 a wannan wasan don ya wuce mai karɓar ƙwallon Hall of Fame Steelers John Stallworth a wasannin da suka fi samun yadi 100 a tarihin Steelers da ya zira ta 26. Kama kwallaye shida da ya yi a kan Falcons sun ba shi maki 901 a rayuwarsa, wanda hakan ya sa shi ne ɗan wasa na 12 a tarihin NFL da ya taɓa yin nasara a wasanni 900 a rayuwarsa. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2010, ya samu yadi 131 mafi yawa a kakar wasa a kan liyafa bakwai kuma ya zira kwallo a kan Miami Dolphins. [2] A Mako na 14 da suka fafata da Bengals, ya yi amfani da damar da ya wuce yadi 115 a kakar wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas a raga. [3] Wasanni 186 a jere da Ward ya buga tare da akalla wasa ɗaya sun ƙare a rashin nasara da suka yi da New England Patriots da ci 39-26 a wasan mako na 10 na kakar wasa ta 2010. Wani ɗan gajeren bugun daga kai sai Ward ya buge shi lokacin da Patrick Chung da James Sanders suka yi masa duka, kuma an fitar da shi daga sauran wasan; Patriots sun ƙalubalanci kiran, kuma an yanke hukuncin cewa ƙwallon ba ta cika ba a lokacin da aka sake duba ta, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen jerin wasannin. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2011, Steelers ta fafata da Baltimore Ravens a zagaye na Divisional . Ward ya kammala gasar da liyafa uku na yadi 25 da kuma touchdown, yayin da Steelers suka yi nasara da ci 31–24. [4] A mako mai zuwa a gasar cin kofin AFC, ya samu damar kama kwallo sau biyu na tsawon yadi 14 yayin da Steelers suka doke New York Jets 24-19 don ci gaba zuwa Super Bowl XLV . [5] A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Ward ya bayyana a gasar Super Bowl ta uku tare da Steelers a fafatawar da suka yi da Green Bay Packers. A wasansa na farko a gasar Super Bowl, ya kama kwallaye 7 a ragar yadi 78 da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. == Ƙididdigar aiki na NFL == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Tatsuniya |- | style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" | | Ya lashe gasar Super Bowl |- | style="background:#f4c842; width:3em;" | | Super Bowl MVP |- | '''Mai ƙarfin hali''' | Babban matsayi a aiki |} === Lokacin yau da kullun === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="6" |Receiving ! colspan="2" |Fumbles |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !Lng !TD !FD !Fum !Lost |- !1998 !PIT |16 |15 |246 |'''16.4''' |45 |0 |12 |0 |0 |- !1999 !PIT |16 |61 |638 |10.5 |42 |7 |31 |1 |0 |- !2000 !PIT |16 |48 |672 |14.0 |77 |4 |31 |1 |0 |- !2001 !PIT |16 |94 |1,003 |10.7 |34 |4 |52 |1 |'''1''' |- !2002 !PIT |16 |'''112''' |'''1,329''' |11.9 |72 |'''12''' |'''66''' |1 |'''1''' |- !2003 !PIT |16 |95 |1,163 |12.2 |50 |10 |60 |0 |0 |- !2004 !PIT |16 |80 |1,004 |12.6 |58 |4 |52 |1 |0 |- ! style="background:#f4c842; width:3em;" |2005 ! style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" |PIT |15 |69 |975 |14.1 |'''85''' |11 |53 |0 |0 |- !2006 !PIT |14 |74 |975 |13.2 |70 |6 |50 |'''2''' |'''1''' |- !2007 !PIT |13 |71 |732 |10.3 |25 |7 |47 |0 |0 |- !2008 ! style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" |PIT |16 |81 |1,043 |12.9 |49 |7 |55 |1 |0 |- !2009 !PIT |16 |95 |1,167 |12.3 |54 |6 |56 |'''2''' |'''1''' |- !2010 !PIT |16 |59 |755 |12.8 |43 |5 |35 |1 |'''1''' |- !2011 !PIT |15 |46 |381 |8.3 |31 |2 |20 |1 |'''1''' |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00.htm Career] !217 !1,000 !12,083 !12.1 !85 !85 !620 !12 !6 |} === Wasannin neman cancanta === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Tatsuniya |- | style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" | | Ya lashe gasar Super Bowl |- | style="background:#f4c842; width:3em;" | | Super Bowl MVP |- | '''Mai ƙarfin hali''' | Babban matsayi a aiki |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="6" |Receiving ! colspan="2" |Fumbles |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !Lng !TD !FD !Fum !Lost |- !2001 !PIT |2 |9 |101 |11.2 |24 |0 |4 |0 |0 |- !2002 !PIT |2 |'''18''' |186 |10.3 |21 |'''3''' |11 |0 |0 |- !2004 !PIT |2 |15 |214 |14.3 |30 |2 |'''12''' |0 |0 |- ! style="background:#f4c842; width:3em;" |2005 ! style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" |PIT |'''4''' |15 |'''260''' |17.3 |'''45''' |'''3''' |11 |0 |0 |- !2007 !PIT |1 |10 |135 |13.5 |33 |0 |6 |0 |0 |- !2008 ! style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" |PIT |3 |9 |168 |'''18.7''' |'''45''' |0 |7 |0 |0 |- !2010 !PIT |3 |12 |117 |9.8 |17 |2 |7 |0 |0 |- !2011 !PIT |1 |0 |0 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WardHi00.htm Career] !18 !88 !1,181 !13.4 !45 !10 !0 !0 !0 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== ff5ldplpp959vrooixhmgv841j190ls Harvey Milk Plaza 0 170267 966498 932475 2026-10-11T16:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Harvey Milk]] Plaza''' wani wuri ne na tunawa da Harvey Milk a cikin [[San Francisco]]">Gundumar Castro ta San Francisco, California, Amurka . An samo shi a tsakiya na Market Street, Castro Street, da 17th Street, yana aiki a matsayin ƙofar kudu zuwa Tashar Castro. == Tarihi == [[File:Elevator_construction_at_Castro_station_(1),_February_2025.jpg|left|thumb|Ginin mai ɗagawa a cikin filin wasa a cikin 2025]] [[Harvey Milk]], mai suna shafin, ɗan luwaɗi ne wanda ya koma [[San Francisco]]">Gundumar Castro ta San Francisco a 1972 kuma ya zama mai fafutukar al'umma. A shekara ta 1977, an zabi Milk a cikin Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco don wakiltar abin da ke Gundumar 5, wanda ya haɗa da Castro. Watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, an kashe Milk da magajin gari George Moscone a San Francisco City Hall. A mayar da martani, al'umma ta nemi gane Milk ta hanyar sake sunan ginin da ke sama da ke da alaƙa da Tashar Castro, wanda aka buɗe a 1980, ya zama "Harvey Milk Plaza". A shekara ta 1985, an keɓe filin ne ga Milk. A shekara ta 1997, don bikin cika shekaru 20 da zaben Harvey Milk ga Kwamitin Masu Kula da SF, an kara tutar da aka keɓe ga Milk da 'yan siyasa na LGBTQ da suka biyo baya a fili a shafin. Alamar tutar tana tashi da tutar Rainbow, alamar al'umma ta LGBTQ, wacce mai zane Gilbert Baker ya tsara a unguwar. A shekara ta 2006, an shigar da hotuna daga matakai daban-daban na rayuwar Milk a cikin filin wasa kuma 'yan'uwa mata na Perpetual Indulgence sun "saukaka" su. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}} Kamfanin gine-ginen Reid & Tarics Associates ne ya tsara tashar Castro da Harvey Milk Plaza. An ruwaito cewa Howard Grant AIA ne ke kula da zane. A cikin 2016, SFMTA ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen babban aikin don kara samun dama ga Tashar Castro Muni da ke ƙarƙashin filin. Sanarwar ta haifar da kafa Abokan Harvey Milk Plaza, ƙungiyar membobin al'umma da ke ba da shawara ga shiga cikin al'umma a cikin ƙoƙarin sake fasalin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Friends of Harvey Milk Plaza |url=http://www.harveymilkplaza.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Abokan Harvey Milk Plaza da Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka (AIASF) sun ƙaddamar da gasa ta ƙira don filin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Design competition underway for underwhelming Harvey Milk Plaza "The sunken garden is such a disaster" |url=https://sf.curbed.com/2017/3/31/15140300/harvey-milk-plaza-design-competition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331220432/http://sf.curbed.com/2017/3/31/15140300/harvey-milk-plaza-design-competition |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |website=sf.curbed.com}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an gabatar da kayayyaki don gyara filin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Three Final Options Unveiled for New Harvey Milk Plaza - By Imojadad - September 21, 2017 - SF Weekly |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/news/three-final-options-unveiled-for-new-harvey-milk-plaza/ |access-date=1 November 2017 |website=Sfweekly.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Samun nasarar ya kasance na kamfanin gine-gine na Perkins Eastman wanda ya ci gaba da samar da wasu ra'ayoyin ƙira na farko don aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=SF architecture firm chosen to redesign Castro's Harvey Milk Plaza |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SF-architecture-firm-chosen-to-redesign-12320621.php |access-date=1 November 2017 |website=Sfgate.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, aikin Harvey Milk Plaza ya sami tallafin $ 1M daga Jihar California da aka nufa don "taimakawa gina sararin LGBTQ a Harvey Milk Square".[1]A cikin 2021, Abokan Harvey Milk Plaza sun ba da sanarwar zaɓin kamfanin gine-ginen SWA don zama sabon jagora na aikin. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, aikin ya sami dala miliyan 4.3 ($ 1 miliyan masu zaman kansu da $ 3.3 miliyan jama'a) na kimanin dala miliyan 53.[2] [ana buƙatar hujja]Masu jefa kuri'a na birni sun amince da ma'auni wanda ya hada da dala miliyan 25 don aikin a watan Nuwamba 2024. A watan Yunin 2025, birnin ya nuna cewa gyare-gyaren zane zai ba da damar rufe aikin ta hanyar kudade na yanzu, kodayake wasu abubuwa na iya jinkirta har sai an kara ƙarin kudade. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a ƙarshen 2026.[3] == Manazarta == ktwtpi0jxw6oyardw5xbklanp37yt3u Jerin fasahar adana makamashi na dogon lokaci 0 170694 966742 933999 2026-10-12T09:19:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin sunayen ajiyar makamashi na dogon lokaci ko fasahar '''LDES''' waɗanda tsarin ajiyar makamai ne da aka tsara don fitar da wutar lantarki na sa'o'i da yawa zuwa kwanaki ko fiye. Ana amfani da waɗannan tsarin don tallafawa amincin wutar lantarki, [[Kasuwancin makamashi mai sabuntawa|Haɗin makamashi mai sabuntawa]], canjin mafi girma, Tsaro na makamashi, daidaitawar yanayi, da juriya na grid. LDES yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman ajiya tare da tsawon sa'o'i 10 ko fiye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Duration Energy Storage |url=https://www.energy.gov/oced/long-duration-energy-storage |access-date=26 January 2026 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Long-Duration Energy Storage Program |url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/long-duration-energy-storage-program |access-date=26 January 2026 |publisher=California Energy Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123090036/https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/long-duration-energy-storage-program |archive-date=23 January 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Long-Duration Energy Storage Matters |url=https://arpa-e.energy.gov/news-and-events/news-and-insights/why-long-duration-energy-storage-matters |access-date=26 January 2026 |publisher=ARPA-E}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=All commercially available long-duration energy storage technologies in one chart |url=https://decarbonization.visualcapitalist.com/all-commercially-available-long-duration-energy-storage-technologies-in-one-chart/ |access-date=5 February 2026 |website=Visual Capitalist |publisher=Visual Capitalist}}</ref> == Jerin fasahohi ==   htv861qhofvpadqj58xln2l89nfn85o Hasumiyar Spasskaya Bikin Kiɗa na Soja da Tattoo 0 171311 966571 954850 2026-10-11T17:23:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Spasskaya Tower International Military Music Festival''' (Russian: Международный военно-музыкальный фестиваль «Спасская башня») is an annual military music event and military tattoo held in [[Moscow]] on [[Red Square]]. Participating in the festival are Russian and foreign military bands, folk groups, and honor guard units of foreign countries. More than 40 countries have taken part in the festival since 2006.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}} It is named after the world-famous [[Hasumiyar Spasskaya|Spasskaya Tower]] of the Moscow Kremlin.<ref name="spasstower">{{Cite web |title=Russian Armed Forces to Choose the Best Military Music Bands &mdash; &#91;EN&#93; Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/v-vooruzhennykh-silakh-rf-vyberut-luchshie-voenno-orkestrovye-kollektivy/ |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> Its TV partner is TV Centre. The festival's motto is "To Revive Traditions and Preserve History".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Spasskaya Tower festival of military music to end in Moscow with a spectacular show |url=https://tass.com/russia/700336/amp |website=tass.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, darektan bikin ya zama cikakken memba na Asian Marching Band Confederation (AMBC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Spasskaya Tower Festival Directorate Became Member of the Asian Marching Band Confederation — [EN] Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/sb-voshla-v-sostav-aziatskoy-konfederatsii-marshiruyushchikh-orkestrov/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci == [[File:Spasskaya_Bashnya_2020_01.jpg|thumb|Bikin na 2020.]] Wadannan sune jerin lokuta na tarihin bikin: <ref>https://spasstower.ru/upload/doc/ST-2018%20Project%20Info.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> * 2007: It took place on Poklonnaya Hill and celebrated the Moscow City Day. The event was seen by more than 50,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The event was attended by more than fifty thousand spectators. |url=http://www.kremlin-military-tattoo.ru/ru/about/history/detail.php?ID=957&n=y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713174157/http://kremlin-military-tattoo.ru/ru/about/history/detail.php?ID=957&n=y |archive-date=2017-07-13 |access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> * 2008: The event was referred to as the International Military Music Festival "''The Kremlin Zorya''". The Foreign and Commonwealth Office banned British Army bagpipers from travelling to event in protest of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. The move was criticized by Brigadier Melville Jameson of the Edinburgh Military Tattoo and Vitaly Mironov of the Kremlin Zorya Foundation, with both accusing Foreign Secretary David Miliband of "playing politics" in a cultural event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 11, 2008 |title=Britain pulls army band from Moscow's Kremlin Zorya |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2008/09/11/110908_bagpipe.html |website=www.rbth.com}}</ref> * 2014: 1,500 military musicians and honor guards from 10 countries took part in the festival. The theme of the festival marked the First World War centenary.<ref name=":1" /> * 2015: The festival celebrated the 70th anniversary of the end of the [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spasskaya Tower-2015 international military music festival opens in Moscow |url=https://tass.com/russia/819092 |website=TASS}}</ref> * 2016: Attended by over a 1,000 musicians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Парад фестиваля "Спасская башня" на ВДНХ |url=http://vdnh.ru/events/razvlecheniya/parad-festivalya-spasskaya-bashnya-na-vdnkh/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004001539/http://vdnh.ru/events/razvlecheniya/parad-festivalya-spasskaya-bashnya-na-vdnkh/ |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2017-06-30 |website=vdnh.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Participating teams included those from [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]], the [[Tarayyar Turai|European Union]], [[Italiya|Italy]], [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]], [[Japan]], [[Isra'ila|Israel]], [[Belarus]], and [[Scotland]].<ref name=":0" /> The tattoo began with a minute of silence for the 291 victims of the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake.<ref name="euronews">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2016 |title=Military Music Festival wows Moscow |url=https://www.euronews.com/video/2016/08/28/military-music-festival-wows-moscow |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=Euronews}}</ref> * 2017: The tattoo celebrated the 10th anniversary of the founding of the festival.<ref name="agtf">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2017 |title=10й юбилейный Международный военно-музыкальный фестиваль &quot;Спасская Башня&quot;. - ТехФото |url=http://agtf.ru/archives/5272 |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=agtf.ru}}</ref> It also honoured Lieutenant General Valery Khalilov, the musical director of the festival who died along with the entire Alexandrov Ensemble in the 2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash. Over a thousand musicians from 40 young bands of the Central Federal District took part in the festival as part of a larger Children's Combined Band. Distinguished guests of honor included Belarusian Defence Minister Andrey Ravkov and his spouse, Chief Conductor in the [[Abkhazia|Abkhazian]] Defence Ministry David Terzyan and Director of Bands for the Egyptian Armed Forces Major General Helmi Ahmed Suliman Khatab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=В Москве завершился Международный фестиваль "Спасская Башня" |url=https://icmos.ru/news/51352-v-moskve-zavershilsya-mezhdunarodnyy-festival-spasskaya-bashnya- |website=icmos.ru |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-date=2025-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906234635/https://icmos.ru/news/51352-v-moskve-zavershilsya-mezhdunarodnyy-festival-spasskaya-bashnya- |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2018: The tattoo was attended by HRH Princess Stephanie of Monaco. The 2018 festival marked the 10th time that French singer Mireille Mathieu (who is also the festival's mascot) has appeared in the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mireille Mathieu to take part in Spasskaya Tower military tattoo in Moscow for 10th time |url=https://tass.com/society/1017508/amp |website=tass.com}}</ref> It also marked the first time that military bands from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) did not participate in the festival<ref name="tass">{{Cite web |title=tass.com/society/1017508/amp |url=http://tass.com/society/1017508/amp |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=tass.com}}</ref><ref name="tass2">{{Cite web |title=tass.com/society/1018606/amp |url=http://tass.com/society/1018606/amp |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=tass.com}}</ref> * 2019:<ref>{{Cite web |title="Spasskaya Tower" Int'l Military Music Festival opens in Moscow - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/24/c_138334684.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825011938/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/24/c_138334684.htm |archive-date=August 25, 2019 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> Individuals such as [[Georgia|Georgian]] born People's Artist and singer Tamara Gverdtsiteli.,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Выступления Гвердцители будут закрывать вечерние представления фестиваля "Спасская башня" |url=https://tass.ru/kultura/9170263 |website=tass.ru}}</ref> as well as others such as Hibla Gerzmava and Anita Tsoi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita Tsoi Performed Ariran Korean Traditional Song within the Spasskaya Tower Festival — [EN] Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/20190826-na-festivale-spasskaya-bashnya-anita-tsoy-ispolnila-natsionalnuyu-koreyskuyu-pesnyu-ariran/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> were among the vocal performers in the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timofey Mayakin: Solo with a Band as the Leading Theme of the Twelfth Spasskaya Tower International Military Music Festival — [EN] Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/20190815-press-konferentsiya-mayakin/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> * 2020: The theme for the 2020 festival was "75 years - the end of the war", in honor of the diamond jubilee of the defeat of Nazi Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 16, 2020 |title="Спасская башня" соберет истории военных музыкантов &#124; Победа РФ |url=https://pobedarf.ru/2020/07/16/spasskaya-bashnya-soberet-istorii-voennyh-muzykantov/ |access-date=September 14, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509160623/https://pobedarf.ru/2020/07/16/spasskaya-bashnya-soberet-istorii-voennyh-muzykantov/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was expected that the festival for this year be one that tells about the history of the military music in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Спасская башня" выбрала тему фестиваля в 2020 году - РИА Новости, 15.07.2020 |url=https://ria.ru/20200715/1574391030.html}}</ref> The bands of the anti-Hitler coalition were also invited to the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Оркестры антигитлеровской коалиции пригласят на Красную площадь - РИА Новости, 23.08.2019 |url=https://ria.ru/20190823/1557828273.html |website=ria.ru}}</ref> Due to the [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], foreign bands were not able to participate in the festival, and later, it was announced that the festival was cancelled altogether, marking the first time since its establishment that the public event on Red Square had been cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Главный военный дирижёр Тимофей Маякин поблагодарил иностранных коллег — Спасская башня |url=https://spasstower.ru/news/20200807623/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Military Music Festival Spasskaya Tower Canceled - Organizers |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/international-military-music-festival-spasska-1007989.html |website=UrduPoint}}</ref> Instead of the normal program, it was announced that an online festival would take place on 6 September on the Cathedral Square of the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces, with over 12 musical units from the armed forces and other organizations performing, including a few first time participants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Participants of the Festival Will Perform Beneath the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces — [EN] Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/20200902821/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> Virtual greetings were given by the Royal Thai Navy Band, the French Air Force Southwest Band, the Zürich City Police Band, and the PLA Band.<ref>{{Cite web |title=«Песнь о солдате» и салют Победы: как завершилось единственное представление «Спасской башни» – 2020 : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12312788@egNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=Фестиваль "Спасская башня" пройдет без иностранных участников |url=https://ria.ru/20200819/1575964520.html |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref> * 2021: The 2021 edition saw Till Lindemann of the German band Rammstein serve as headliner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spasskaya Tower festival to feature Rammstein's Lindemann as headliner |url=https://tass.com/society/1327317/amp}}</ref> * 2023: Canceled due to the attacks in Western Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. == ''Ƙungiyoyi a cikin wuraren shakatawa'' == [[File:Mongolian_ceremonial_band.jpg|thumb|Rundunar Soja ta Janar Janar na Sojojin Mongolia a cikin kayan gargajiya a kan VDNKh.]] The Bands in the Parks wani shiri ne wanda Darakta na Spasskaya Tower International Military Music Festival ke tallafawa kuma ana gudanar da shi daga Mayu zuwa Agusta don tallafawa Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Rasha da Gwamnatin Moscow. <ref>{{Cite web |title=25 мая в Парке Победы выступит Оркестр курсантов Военного института (военных дирижёров) - Новости Русского Радио &#124; Москва 105.7 |url=http://undefined/news/spasskaia-bashnia/25-maya-v-parke-pobedy-vystupit-orkestr-kursantov-voennogo-instituta-(voennyh-dirizhyorov)}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023}}</ref> Na farko daga cikin wadannan wasan kwaikwayon ya faru ne a VDNKh a cikin 2016 kuma an gaishe shi da murna daga Muscovites da baƙi na babban birnin. A cikin shekara ta tunawa shekara guda bayan haka, an fadada shirin wasan kwaikwayon. Adadin kide-kide da wuraren birni da ke cikin aikin sun karu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Оркестры в парках — Спасская башня |url=https://spasstower.ru/projects/bands-in-the-parks/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> [[File:Presidential_Band_of_the_Russian_Federation.jpg|thumb|Ƙungiyar Shugaban kasa ta Tarayyar Rasha]] [[File:Spasskaya_Bashnya_(festival)_2013_by_shakko_03.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar 'yan sanda ta Abu Dhabi]] === Baƙi === Normally, each festival included a maximum of 12 countries, apart from Russia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="black" style="color:white;" |'''List of foreign participants in the festival''' |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! rowspan="1" |[[Jerin kasashen|State]] ! rowspan="1" align="center" width="150" |Unit ! colspan="1" align="center" |Branch/Service |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |[[Militärmusik Tirol]] (2013)<br /><br />[[Miltärmusik Niederösterreich]] (2016) |Bundesheer |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |Band of the Azerbaijan Higher Military Academy (2019)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijan participated in the Spasskaya Tower Festival for the first time |url=https://vestnikkavkaza.net/articles/Azerbaijan-participated-in-the-Spasskaya-Tower-Festival-for-the-first-time.html |website=vestnikkavkaza.net}}</ref><br /><br />Song and Dance Ensemble of the Army Ideological and Hazi Aslanov Cultural Center (2019)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijani military band joins Spasskaya Tower International Military Music Festival for the first time |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/Azerbaijani_military_band_joins_Spasskaya_Tower_International_Military_Music_Festival_for_the_first_time-1321474 |website=azertag.az}}</ref> |Armed Forces of Azerbaijan |- |{{Flag|Bahrain}} |Bahrain Police Band (2010) |Ministry of Interior |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |Central Band of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus (2013, 2016, 2017, 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Поддержим наших участников! — Военный информационный портал Министерства обороны Республики Беларусь |url=https://www.mil.by/ru/news/91430/ |website=www.mil.by |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-date=2026-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914152738/https://www.mil.by/ru/news/91430/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>)<br /><br />Honor Guard of the Armed Forces of Belarus (2013, 2016, 2017, 2019) |Armed Forces of Belarus |- |{{Flag|Burkina Faso}} |Presidential Band of Burkina Faso (2025) |Burkina Faso Armed Forces |- |{{Flag|China}} |Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China (2015, 2019) |People's Liberation Army |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Royal Life Guards Music Band |Danish Defence |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} |Egyptian Armed Forces Symphonic Band (2017) |Egyptian Armed Forces |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |Conscript Band of the Finnish Defence Forces (2013) |Finnish Defence Forces |- |{{Flag|France}} |French Army Signals Band (2010)<br /><br />French Foreign Legion Music Band (MLE) (2011)<br /><br />Musique de l'Arme Blindée Cavalerie (2012)<br /><br />Fanfare de l'Ecole d'Application de l'Artillerie (2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=La fanfare de l'Ecole d'Artillerie |url=https://artillerie.asso.fr/basart/article.php3?id_article=189 |website=artillerie.asso.fr}}</ref><br /><br />Fanfare du 2e Régiment de Hussards (2012) | |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |Staff Band of the Bundeswehr |Bundeswehr |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |Hellenic Air Force Band (2011, 2012)<ref name="kremlin-guild">{{Cite web |title=Participants, Greece |url=http://www.kremlin-guild.ru/kremlin-military-tattoo-en/participants/Greece/detail.php?ID=2750 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813175447/http://www.kremlin-guild.ru/kremlin-military-tattoo-en/participants/Greece/detail.php?ID=2750 |archive-date=2018-08-13 |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=kremlin-guild.ru}}</ref><br /><br />[[Hellenic Air Force Technical NCO Academy Drill Team]] (2011, 2012) | |- |{{Flag|India}} |Indian Army Chief's Band (2009)<br /><br />Tri-Services Band (2017) | |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |Israel Police Orchestra (2010)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police orchestra to represent Israel in Moscow festival |url=https://m.jpost.com/arts-and-culture/music/police-orchestra-to-represent-israel-in-moscow-festival/amp |website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-date=2020-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320062100/https://m.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Music/Police-orchestra-to-represent-Israel-in-Moscow-festival/amp |url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><br />Israel Defense Forces Orchestra (2016) | |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |Banda musicale dell'Arma dei Carabinieri (2012, 2017) Banda della Polizia Locale di Roma Capitale(2015)Band of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment (2018)Alpine Brigade Tridentina Band (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 13, 2019 |title=La Fanfara Tridentina a Mosca per il "Spasskaya Tower" |url=https://www.quibrescia.it/brevi-di-bianca/2019/08/13/la-fanfara-tridentina-a-mosca-per-il-spasskaya-tower/545463/ |website=QuiBrescia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 24, 2019 |title=Fanfara Tridentina al Festival di Mosca: come votare gli alpini |url=https://www.giornaledibrescia.it/tempo-libero/fanfara-tridentina-al-festival-di-mosca-come-votare-gli-alpini-1.3393615 |website=Giornale di brescia}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Central Band (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Оркестр японских вооруженных сил выступит на фестивале «Спасская башня» в Москве : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации |url=https://xn--80ahclcogc6ci4h.xn--90anlfbebar6i.xn--p1ai/multimedia/photo/gallery.htm?id=66090@cmsPhotoGallery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609191800/https://xn--80ahclcogc6ci4h.xn--90anlfbebar6i.xn--p1ai/multimedia/photo/gallery.htm?id=66090@cmsPhotoGallery |archive-date=2019-06-09 |access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> |Japan Ground Self-Defense Force |- |{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |Presidential Band of the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2007, 2009–10, 2012)<br /><br />Aibyn Presidential Regiment (2007, 2009–10, 2012)<br /><br />Honour Guard and Band of the National Guard of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2019) | |- |{{Flag|North Korea}} |Central Military Band of the Korean People's Army (2019) |Korean People's Army |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} |[[Hannuri Yeonhui Traditional Performing Arts Company]] (2019) | |- |{{Flag|Mexico}} |Representative Music Band of the Mexican Armed Forces (2015, 2021) |Mexican Armed Forces |- |{{Flag|Monaco}} |Prince's Band of Carabiniers (2018)<ref name="spasstower3">{{Cite web |title=The Prince's Band of Carabiniers from Monaco Will Take Part in the Spasskaya Tower 2018 Festival &mdash; &#91;EN&#93; Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/orkestr-karabinerov-printsa-knyazhestva-monako-vystupit-na-festivale-spasskaya-bashnya-2018/ |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mongolia}} |Military Band of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Mongolia (2015) |Armed Forces of Mongolia |- |{{Flag|Myanmar}} |Central Military Band of the Myanmar Armed Forces (2018) |Myanmar Armed Forces |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Rotterdam Marine Band of the Royal Netherlands Navy (2013) |Royal Netherlands Navy |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Bicycle Showband Crescendo (2018) |None (Civilian) |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |Tveit Union (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tveit Union from Norway to participate in Spasskaya Tower Festival 2019 : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12223311@egNews}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Oman}} |Omani Royal Guard Military Band (2018) |Omani Royal Guard |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |Pakistan Armed Forces Band (2011, 2015) |Pakistan Armed Forces |- |{{Flag|Poland}} |Representative Central Band of the Polish Armed Forces (2012) |Polish Armed Forces |- |{{Flag|Qatar}} |Qatar Armed Forces Band Regiment (2021) |Qatar Armed Forces |- |{{Flag|Qatar}} |[[Qatar Police Band]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Gulftimes : Qatar participates in opening of International Military Music Festival in Moscow |url=https://m.gulf-times.com/story/699347/Qatar-participates-in-opening-of-International-Mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=dohanews |url=https://dohanews.co/qatar-to-debut-at-military-music-festival-in-moscow}}</ref> |Qatar Police |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} |Nish Band of the Serbian Armed Forces (2014) | |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} |Singapore Armed Forces Band (2012)<br /><br />Singapore Police Force Band (2016)<br /><br />Singapore Police Force Women's Pipes and Drums (2016) | |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |Slovene Military Orchestra (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Slovenian Armed Forces Band and Honor Guard Unit — [EN] Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/participants/the-band-and-the-honor-guard-of-slovenian/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref><br /><br />KUD Pošta Maribor Brass Band (2015) | |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |Sri Lankan Military Band (2018)<ref name="spasstower4">{{Cite web |title=The Sri Lankan Military Band &mdash; &#91;EN&#93; Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/participants/the-sri-lankan-military-band-2018/ |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |Top Secret Drum Corps (2011, 2017)<ref name="spasstower5">{{Cite web |title=Top Secret Drum Corps &mdash; &#91;EN&#93; Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/participants/top-secret/ |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref><br /><br />[https://www.vieuxgrenadiers.ch Vieux-Grenadiers Company] (2014, 2018) | |- |{{Flag|Tajikistan}} |Military Brass Band of the Commandant Regiment of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan (2010) | |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Harmonic Band of the Turkish Armed Forces (2019) | |- |{{Flag|UAE}} |Abu Dhabi Police Band (2013) | |- |{{Flag|UK}} |Royal Artillery Band (2011)<br /><br />19th Regiment Royal Artillery Pipes and Drums (2011)<br /><br />[[Brentwood Imperial Youth Band]] (2018)<ref name="spasstower2">{{Cite web |title=Brentwood Imperial Youth Band to Take Part in Spasskaya Tower 2018 &mdash; &#91;EN&#93; Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/brentwood-imperial-youth-band-to-take-part-in-spasskaya-tower-2018/ |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|US}} |United States Army Europe Band and Chorus (2010) | |- |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} |Band of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Band of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan Will Perform at the Spasskaya Tower Festival for the First Time — [EN] Spasskaya bashnya |url=https://spasstower.ru/en/news/na-festivale-spasskaya-bashnya-vpervye-vystupit-orkestr-minoborony-respubliki-uzbekistan/ |website=spasstower.ru}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |Concert Band of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela General Headquarters (2022) |National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela |} * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=gNG95Q82KsE 9th Spasskaya Tower Bikin Kiɗa na Soja] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZPaxiDdvNg 10th Spasskaya Tower Bikin Kiɗa na Soja] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvu7oGz8zkc 12th Spasskaya Tower Bikin Kiɗa na Soja] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwxYWa-_giE 13th Spasskaya Tower Bikin Kiɗa na Soja] * [https://m.vk.com/video-88379538_456240519 14th Spasskaya Tower Soja Music Festival] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKhfT9HIHCs Rasha: Hasumiyar Spasskaya An gudanar da bukukuwan kiɗa na soja a Red Square] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=KcM9M35SV9Q Sojojin mawaƙa a cikin wuraren shakatawa na 2019 (Park Фили)] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=N958EVhNqKo Rasha: Jarabawar karshe don bikin kiɗa na soja na 11th Spasskaya Tower ya fara] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Tkhogw5X29M Ƙungiyar Makarantar Soja ta Azerbaijan] == MANAZARTA == <references /> 2pr9fzk2qb0ne7ghw4mwcvqbdwduhzd Itacen da ba shi da tushe, Tasmania 0 171488 966703 936893 2026-10-12T02:15:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hollow Tree''' yanki ne na karkara a yankin karamar hukumar [[Majalisar Tsakiyar Highlands|Central Highlands]] a yankin Tsakiyar Tasmania . Yana da nisan {{Convert|17|km}} arewa maso gabas da garin Hamilton kuma kimanin {{Convert|16|km}} kudu maso yamma da garin Bothwell a ɗaya daga cikin manyan gundumomin kiwo na Tasmania. <ref name="Strath - register">{{Cite web |title=Tasmanian Heritage Register Datasheet |url=https://heritage.tas.gov.au/Documents/Tasmanian%20Heritage%20Register%20-%20THR12006%20Strathborough.pdf |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=Tasmanian Heritage Register |publisher=Government of Tasmania}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kididdigar jama'a ta shekarar 2021 ta tantance yawan jama'a 33 a yankin. == Tarihi == Bishiyar Hollow tana cikin ƙasar ƙasar Babban Kogin.<ref name="Strath - register" /> Sun yi tsayin daka wajen kin amincewa da kwace ƙasarsu da Turawan Ingila suka yi, musamman a lokacin 1828-1830. Yankin da ke cikin kwarin Kogin Clyde ya fi dacewa da hare-haren gidajen gona. Tuddan da aka rufe da bishiyoyi sun zama mafaka ga masu kai hari, yayin da faɗin kwarurukan ya ba su damar ketare filin da aka share su isa gidajen gona kafin mazauna su mayar da martani. Kwarin sun kuma ware kowane mazaunin daga maƙwabcinsa a kan tudun, wanda hakan ya ba wa ƙungiyoyin mahara 'yan asalin ƙasar damar ƙirƙirar fifikon adadi na gida akan wani gona. An sanya shi a matsayin wurin zama a shekarar 1959, <ref name="Placename">{{Cite web |date= |title=Placenames Tasmania – Hollow Tree |url=https://www.placenames.tas.gov.au/#p1 |access-date=5 Jun 2020 |website= |publisher=Placenames Tasmania |at=Select “Search”, enter "1045P", click “Search”, select row, map is displayed, click “Details”}}</ref> kodayake yankin ya zama sananne da Hollow Tree tun farkon shekarun 1800. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonial Secretary Correspondence |url=https://stors.tas.gov.au/NI/1616027 |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=Libraries Tasmania |publisher=Government of Tasmania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305052420/https://stors.tas.gov.au/NI/1616027 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Turawan farko da suka zauna a yankin makiyaya ne, ko kuma masu kiwon dabbobi, waɗanda ke kula da dabbobin mallakar masu su waɗanda galibi ke zaune a Garin Hobart ko gundumar New Norfolk. Tallafin filaye na farko sune ƙananan gonaki uku da aka bayar a shekarar 1821 - eka 50 da aka ba Patrick McCarthy <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libraries Tasmania - LSD409-1-1 |url=https://stors.tas.gov.au/LSD409-1-1$init=LSD409-1-1_065 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=stors.tas.gov.au}}</ref> (wanda ya zo a matsayin mai laifi a shekarar 1804), eka 50 da aka ba John Barnes (wanda ya isa 1808) da kuma eka 60 da aka ba ɗansa James Holland (wanda aka fi sani da Barnes, wanda shi ma ya isa 1808). Patrick McCarthy ne kawai ya yanke shawarar biyan kuɗin filayensa a Hollow Tree. Wani Bature da ya taɓa mallakar ƙasa a wannan lokacin shi ne James Robertson. Robertson, wanda shi ma ya isa gundumar a shekara ta 1822, ya sanya wa tallafin eka 1,000 nasa suna 'Katrine Vale' (Robertson ya sami ƙarin eka 500 a shekara ta 1824 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonial Secretary Index, 1788-1825 - Roberts, William (1816) to Robertson & Maude, Messrs |url=https://colsec.records.nsw.gov.au/r/F48c_ri-roc-13.htm |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=colsec.records.nsw.gov.au}}</ref> ). An ba Kyaftin William Langdon babban tallafin fili mai girman eka 1,500 a shekarar 1823, duk da haka, bai yi amfani da tallafinsa ba sai a ƙarshen shekarar 1835, lokacin da matarsa Anne da 'yarsa Jane suma suka zo ƙasar Van Diemen. <ref name="langdon">{{Cite web |title=Langdon, William (1790–1879) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/langdon-william-2327 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 1823, an ba wa 'yan'uwa Sarah da Joseph Bradbury wani tallafi mai girman eka 2,000, waɗanda suka zo daga Landan a shekarar da ta gabata tare da mahaifiyarsu. Daga ƙarshe, Bradbury's sun mallaki tallafin fili daga baya a shekarun 1820, kuma a shekarar 1832 sun gina babban gida mai hawa biyu na dutse mai yashi, wanda daga baya aka san shi da 'Strathborough' kuma yanzu aka sani da 'Hollow Tree House'. <ref name="Strath - heritage report 2020">{{Cite web |title=DISCRETIONARY APPLICATION |url=http://centralhighlands.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/Merged-Docs-13.pdf |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=Central Highlands Council |publisher=Government of Tasmania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305052419/http://centralhighlands.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/Merged-Docs-13.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 1828, an ba wa Laftanar Henry Boden Torlesse mai ritaya mafi girman fili da aka bayar a Hollow Tree, wanda ya sami eka 2,460, wanda ya sanya wa suna 'Rathmore'. A shekarar 1830, Torlesse ya nemi ya musanya tallafin filaye da wanda ya fi kusa da kariyar garin Hamilton, bayan da 'yan asalin ƙasar Big River suka kai masa hari. Duk da haka, ya shirya gina babban gida mai dutse a gidan. Da alama Torlesse da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa sabon gidansu da ke Hollow Tree a kusan Nuwamba 1831, amma sun zauna a wurin na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, suka koma Hamilton a farkon 1833, inda Torlesse ya kasance Alkalin 'Yan Sanda na yankin. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da bayar da tallafin filaye a Hollow Tree har zuwa shekarar 1831, gundumar ta kasance a hannun masu zaman kansu gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, masu gidaje da yawa sun kasance ba a nan ba kuma sun ba da hayar filayensu ga wasu. == Gine-gine == Hollow Tree yana da gine-gine masu mahimmanci da yawa a fannin gine-gine da tarihi, a cikin salon farfaɗo da Georgian da Gothic, tun daga ƙarni na 19. == Kayayyakin Hanya == Hanyar B110 (Hollow Tree Road) tana shiga daga arewa kuma tana ratsawa zuwa kudu, inda take fita. Hanya C181 (Marked Tree Road) tana farawa ne daga mahadar B110 kuma tana tafiya kudu maso gabas har sai ta fita. <ref name="Placename" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=May 2017 |title=Tasmanian Road Route Codes |url=https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112712/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-01 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website= |publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment |quote=}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3ylwgqk5cnjhj6bv10f8fh23ccphszx Hakki da 'Yanci 0 171503 966137 936943 2026-10-11T13:34:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 'Yancin kai da' Yanci (''Diritti da Libertà'', DL) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Italiya. An kafa shi ne a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2012 ta wata kungiya mai rarraba daga Italiya na Values (IdV). Mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar shine Massimo Donadi, shugaban kasa na IdV a Majalisar Wakilai daga 2006 zuwa 2012 . <ref name="AGI_22-11">{{Cite web |title=Ultime Notizie Online &#124; Agenzia Giornalistica Italia &#124; AGI |url=http://www.agi.it/politica/notizie/201211221148-pol-rt10098-donadi_lancia_diritti_e_liberta_caro_tonino_senza_rancore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014303/http://www.agi.it/politica/notizie/201211221148-pol-rt10098-donadi_lancia_diritti_e_liberta_caro_tonino_senza_rancore |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-22 |title=I fuoriusciti dell'Idv fondano 'Diritti e Libertà', Marylin Fusco: 'La politica del fare iniziava a scricchiolare' |url=http://www.ivg.it/2012/11/i-fuoriusciti-dellidv-fondano-diritti-e-liberta-marylin-fusco-la-politica-del-fare-iniziava-a-scricchiolare/ |access-date=2014-07-16 |publisher=IVG.it}}</ref> DL ya hada da wakilai hudu (Massimo Donadi, Nello Formisano, [[Giovanni Paladini]] da [[Gaetano Porcino]]) da kuma sanata daya ([[Stefano Pedica]]), duk tsoffin mambobin IdV. Jam'iyyar ta yi wahayi daga marigayi Action Party (Pd'A) kuma, bayan kafuwarta, tana da niyyar kasancewa wani ɓangare na hadin gwiwar tsakiya-hagu Italiya. Kyakkyawan Al'ada.<ref name="AGI_22-11" /> DL ta kasance memba ne na kafa Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya (CD), ɓangaren tsakiya na Italiya. Common Good a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-16 |title=Donadi e Tabacci lanciano Centro democratico: siamo con Bersani - Il Messaggero |url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/primopiano/politica/centro_democratico_donadi_tabacci/notizie/240924.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200530/http://www.ilmessaggero.it/primopiano/politica/centro_democratico_donadi_tabacci/notizie/240924.shtml |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2014-07-16 |publisher=Ilmessaggero.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-28 |title="Centro Democratico", la lista di Tabacci - Il Post |url=http://www.ilpost.it/2012/12/28/centro-democratico-tabacci-donadi/ |access-date=2014-07-16 |publisher=Ilpost.it}}</ref> DL kuma tana da alaƙa ta kusa da kwamitin edita na Reformist Moderates, jaridar [[Liberalism|mai sassaucin ra'ayi]] da [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|zamantakewar dimokuradiyya]] wanda Giorgio Benvenuto (tsohon sakataren Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Italiya) ya jagoranta kuma, saboda haka, tare da Moderates na Giacomo Portas (mutumin Jam'iyyar Democrat mai zaman kansa). <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Moderati e Riformisti - Moderati e Riformisti |url=http://www.moderatiriformisti.it/ |access-date=2014-07-16 |publisher=Moderatiriformisti.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181343/http://www.moderatiriformisti.it/ |archive-date=2014-07-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jam'iyyar ta shiga cikin CD wani lokaci a cikin 2013. == Jagora == * Mai magana da yawun: Massimo Donadi == Manazarta == 09hkuqo7xiyne094gsow4aei8127tf1 Héctor P. García 0 171727 966665 955049 2026-10-11T22:23:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Héctor Pérez García (Janairu 17, 1914 - Yuli 26, 1996) ya kasance likitan Mexico-Amurka, likita, tsohon soja na yakin duniya na biyu, mai ba da shawara kan kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar GI Forum (AGIF) ta Amurka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A sakamakon shahararren kasa da ya samu ta hanyar aikinsa a madadin Amurkawa na Hispanic, ya taimaka wajen nada Vicente T. Ximenes, dan Amurka na Mexico da memba na yarjejeniyar AGIF, zuwa Hukumar Daidaitaccen Aiki a shekarar 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Hector P. Garcia Middle School, San Antonio, TX 78255 |url=http://www.nisd.net/garcia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206233245/http://www.nisd.net/garcia/ |archive-date=2012-12-06}}</ref> An nada García a matsayin mataimakin wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a shekarar 1967; an nada shi a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka a shekarar 1968; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci, babbar daraja ta farar hula, a shekarar 1984; kuma [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ya sanya masa suna zuwa Order of St. Gregory the Great a shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 1998, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Aztec Eagle, babbar lambar yabo ta Mexico ga baƙi, a wani bikin a Corpus Christi . <ref name="auto" /> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi García a garin Llera, Tamaulipas, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], ga José García da Faustina Pérez García, duka malamai ne na makaranta. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" />Iyalinsa sun tsere daga tashin hankali na Juyin Juya Halin Mexico a 1917, suna ƙaura zuwa Mercedes, Texas bisa doka. Ba a san takardun shaidar mahaifinsa ba a wannan sabuwar ƙasa, don haka ya shiga kasuwancin kayan bushe. Iyaye biyu sun ba da ƙauna da girmamawa ga ilimi ga dukan yaransu kuma suna sa ran dukansu su zama likitoci. García da 'yan uwansa biyar - José Antonio García, Clotilde Pérez García, Cuitláhuac Pérez García. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> A cikin 1929, García ya shiga cikin Citizens' Military Training Corps (CMTC), reshe na zaman lafiya na Sojojin Amurka don matasa. Ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1932. A wannan shekarar, ya sami kwamiti daga CMTC tare da matsayi daidai da mataimakin na biyu a cikin sojan Amurka. Ya fara halartar Kwalejin Junior ta Edinburg, zuwa daga inda ya yi tafiyar kilomita 30 (48) kowace rana. Mahaifinsa ya biya kudi a cikin inshorar rayuwarsa don tallafawa ilimin saurayi García. A shekara ta 1932, García ya shiga Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]]. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan biyar na ajin sa. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Texas Medical Branch, inda ya sami digirin digirinsa a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1940. Ya kammala zama a [[Omaha, Nebraska]])">Asibitin St. Joseph a Jami'ar Creighton da ke Omaha, Nebraska, a shekarar 1942. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=The Early Years of Dr. Hector P. Garcia |url=http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205061246/http://www.justiceformypeople.org/drhector.html |archive-date=2002-12-05 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=KEDT}}</ref> == Ayyukan Soja == Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1942, an kira Hector P. García zuwa aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka, yayin da Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> An sanya Garcia a matsayin kwamandan kamfani na sojan ƙasa kuma daga baya ya umarci kamfani na injiniyoyin yaƙi kafin a canja shi zuwa rundunar likitoci.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> Hector P. Garcia ya kasance a Turai, kuma daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa matsayi na manyan.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> An ba shi lambar yabo ta Bronze Star, lambar yabo ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Turai tare da taurari shida na tagulla, da lambar yabo ta yakin duniya na biyu.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> Yayinda yake a Italiya, ya sadu kuma ya ƙaunaci Wanda Fusillo na Naples, wanda ya auri a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> == Rayuwa bayan yaƙin == A shekara ta 1945, tare da yakin ya ƙare, Dokta García ya koma Kudancin Texas tare da matarsa Wanda, ya zauna a Corpus Christi . <ref name=":0" />An haifi ɗansu na farko, Daisy Wanda, a shekara ta 1946.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" />An kafa League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) a cikin birni shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta tsoffin sojan Hispanic don kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin Hispanic-Amurka. García ya bude aikin likita mai zaman kansa tare da ɗan'uwansa José Antonio; sun kula da duk marasa lafiya ba tare da la'akari da ikon su biya ba.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1947, an zabi García a matsayin shugaban reshen gida na LULAC . A cikin wannan shekarar, an kwantar da shi a asibiti tare da cutar nephritis mai haɗari.<ref name=":0" /> Yayinda yake murmurewa, ya fahimci wariyar launin fata a cikin gundumar makarantar yankin. Jihohin Kudancin sun kafa tsarin binary, rarraba mutane a matsayin baki ko fari da rarraba wuraren jama'a ta hanyar launin fata. A wannan lokacin, García ya ƙara yin niyya don magance nuna bambanci da rashin daidaito da ke shafar Amurkawa na Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> == Kafa AGIF == Bayan an sallame shi daga asibiti, Héctor P. García ya fara taimakawa tsoffin sojan Amurka na Mexico tare da shigar da'awar tare da Hukumar Tsohon Sojan Amurka (VA), wanda sau da yawa yana jinkirin amsa bukatun su.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1948, García ya shirya wani taro don magance damuwa tsakanin waɗannan tsoffin sojoji, wanda ya haifar da kafa American GI Forum (AGIF). <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyar ta fadada a ko'ina cikin Texas kuma ta zama babban mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jama'a da daidaito ga tsoffin sojan Amurka na Mexico.<ref name=":1" /> AGIF ta jaddada cewa mambobinta 'yan asalin Amurka ne da ke da cikakken haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki kuma sun yi aiki don kalubalanci nuna bambanci da ke shafar wannan al'umma.<ref name=":0" /> == Felix Z. Longoria Jr. == Felix Z. Longoria Jr., sojan Amurka na Mexico, an kashe shi a Philippines a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a shekarar 1945. <ref name=":0" /> An mayar da jikinsa zuwa Texas a shekarar 1949. An hana gwauruwarsa yin amfani da ɗakin sujada na jana'izar a Three Rivers, Texas, bayan darektan jana'izar ya bayyana cewa "fararen ba za su so shi ba".<ref name=":3" /> Héctor P. García da American GI Forum (AGIF) sun shiga tsakani kuma sun nemi taimako daga Sanata na Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Longoria Affair: A Flashpoint for Latino Civil Rights |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/longoria-affair-flashpoint-latino-civil-rights |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> Johnson ya shirya a binne Longoria a Kabari na Arlington, wanda ya sa ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da aka binne a can.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=American Latino Theme Study: Military (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/latinothememilitary.htm |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Román |first=Iván |date=2020-10-09 |title=When a Fallen Mexican American War Hero Was Denied a Wake, a Civil Rights Push Began |url=https://www.history.com/articles/mexican-american-rights-longoria-lyndon-johnson-hector-garcia |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shari'ar ta sami kulawa ta kasa kuma ta nuna nuna bambanci ga Amurkawa na Mexico a Amurka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref>Har ila yau, ya kara girman AGIF a matsayin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.<ref name=":2" /> == AGIF a cikin siyasar Amurka == Taron GI na Amurka (AGIF) ya taimaka wa Amurkawa na Mexico su shiga siyasa ta hanyar shirya kokarin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da kuma harajin zabe a ƙarshen 1940s da 1950s. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Our First Poll Tax Drive": The American G.I. Forum Fights Disenfranchisement of Mexican Americans in Texas |url=https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6582 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=historymatters.gmu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316202259/https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6582/ |archive-date=2026-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>Kungiyar ta tara kudade don taimakawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan harajin zabe ba kuma sun ba da shawarar samun daidaito ga jefa kuri'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-29 |title=American G.I. Forum Address Will Provide Insight on Life of Civil Rights Leader {{!}} Media and Public Relations {{!}} Baylor University |url=https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2009/american-gi-forum-address-will-provide-insight-life-civil-rights-leader |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=news.web.baylor.edu |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta yi kamfen a kan Shirin Bracero, wanda ya dauki ma'aikatan ƙaura a lokacin shekarun yaƙi kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan nuna bambanci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Texas |first=American GI Forum of South |title=American GI Forum of South Texas |url=https://agifsotexas.org/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=American GI Forum of South Texas |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya kawo García cikin hulɗa tare da 'yan siyasa na ƙasa kamar Hubert Humphrey, Arthur Goldberg, da George McGovern. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ja hankalin mutane game da talauci da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Texas, waɗanda aka nuna a cikin wata kasida da mujallar Look ta buga wanda ya ba da rahoton yawan cututtuka a cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> García ya kuma yi aiki don kawo hankalin kasa ga yanayin makarantu ga yara a Kudancin Texas. A cikin 1950, ya rubuta wa Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Texas yana nuna damuwa game da tsabtace muhalli da neman dubawa don hana cututtuka da barkewar cuta. Ya kuma yi adawa da rarrabewa a makaranta da nuna bambanci a cikin aji. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu mutane sun yi tsayayya da aikin García kuma sun nuna ƙiyayya ga Gidan GI na Amurka. Wata wasika mai adawa ta yi barazanar García, ta kwatanta shi da Joseph Stalin kuma ta ce ya kamata 'yan Texas su "duba zuwa Mexico". A shekara ta 1953, AGIF ta buga nata binciken, What Price Wetbacks, wanda ke magance batutuwan da suka shafi aikin gona a Kudancin Texas. Kungiyar ta gayyaci Sanata na Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson don yin magana a taron ta na jihar.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> A shekara ta 1954, lauyoyi da AGIF da League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) suka goyi bayan sun yi jayayya kuma sun ci Hernandez v. Texas a Kotun Koli ta Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> Hukuncin ya soke hukuncin kisan kai na mai shigar da kara a kan dalilin cewa ba a yi masa shari'a ba ta hanyar juri na takwarorinsa, kamar yadda bayanan kotu suka nuna cewa babu wani mutum da ke da sunayen Mutanen Espanya da ya yi aiki a cikin juriya a cikin gundumar na tsawon shekaru 25. A cikin Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa wariyar launin fata a makarantun jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> Bayan wannan shawarar, LULAC da AGIF sun bi ƙalubalen shari'a a Texas don inganta haɗin makarantu ga ɗaliban Amurka na Mexico.<ref name=":4" /> Wadannan kokarin sun hada da shari'o'in da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli ta Texas da ke kalubalantar ayyukan gundumomin makaranta a Driscoll, Carrizo Springs, da Kingsville.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org">{{Cite web |title=Héctor P. García - Humanities Texas |url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/hector-p-garcia}}</ref> A shekara ta 1960, Dokta García ya zama mai kula da Kamfen na Viva Kennedy, wanda aka shirya don tallafawa zaben John F. Kennedy a matsayin shugaban kasa. <ref name=":0" /> An yaba wa García da taimakawa wajen tattara masu jefa kuri'a na Hispanic a lokacin zaben.<ref name=":0" /> Tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama na AGIF, duk da haka, ba shine babban abin da gwamnatin Kennedy ta mayar da hankali ba. A shekara ta 1962, an nada García a matsayin wakilin Amurka a tattaunawar yarjejeniyar tsaro tare da Tarayyar West Indies, yana nuna daya daga cikin lokuta na farko da wani Ba'amurke na Mexico ya wakilci shugaban Amurka a matsayin hukuma.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan an kashe Kennedy, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Lyndon B. Johnson ya zama shugaban kasa. Daga baya ya nada García a matsayin Wakilin Shugaban kasa, tare da matsayin Jakadan Musamman, zuwa bikin rantsar da Raúl Leoni a Venezuela.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1966, ta hanyar kokarin AGIF da sauran kungiyoyi, majalisar dokoki ta jihar ta kada kuri'a don soke harajin zabe na Texas, wanda ya kasance shingen jefa kuri'a ga mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, taron ya shirya tafiya a kan babban birnin jihar Texas don nuna rashin amincewa da karancin albashi na ma'aikatan gona na Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1967, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya nada Dr. García a matsayin mataimakin wakilin, tare da matsayin jakada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[9] An ba shi aikin inganta dangantakar Amurka da kasashe na Latin Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Mutanen Espanya, ya zama wakilin Amurka na farko da ya yi magana a gaban jiki a cikin wani harshe ban da Turanci.<ref name=":0" /> Farawa a 1968, Dokta García da sauran mambobin AGIF sun fara tafiya tare da iyalai na sojoji da suka fadi zuwa filin jirgin sama don karɓar ragowar mambobin sabis da suka dawo daga Yaƙin Vietnam. <ref name=":5" /> Sau da yawa ya gabatar da yabo a jana'izar waɗannan sojoji.<ref name=":5" /> A cikin wannan shekarar, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya nada García a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka.<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 1972, an kama García a lokacin zanga-zangar da aka yi game da wariyar launin fata a gundumar makarantar Corpus Christi.<ref name=":5" /> Ya tuntubi Shugaba Jimmy Carter sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970s.<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 1987, ya shiga cikin kokarin adawa da kamfen don sanya Turanci a matsayin harshen hukuma na Amurka. <ref name=":5" /> Ayyukansa na ƙarshe ya mayar da hankali kan inganta yanayin rayuwa a cikin yankuna tare da kwarin Rio Grande a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. <ref name=":5" /> == Mutuwa == García ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1996, a Corpus Christi, Texas, yana da shekaru 82. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Hector Garcia - Physician, Civil Rights & Facts |url=https://www.biography.com/activists/hector-garcia |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Biography |language=en-US}}</ref> An binne shi a Seaside Memorial Park . Shugaba Bill Clinton ya gabatar da yabo don girmama shi.<ref name=":5" /> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == Dokta García ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga gwamnatoci daban-daban da sauran kungiyoyi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Sun hada da: * Medal na Tauraron tagulla na Sojojin Amurka, Medal na Yakin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Turai tare da taurari shida na tagulla, da Medal na Nasara na Yaƙin Duniya na II, 1942-1946 * ''Medalla al Mérito'' na AGIF, 1952, don aikinsa tare da tsoffin sojan Mexico-Amurka * Mai tsarawa na kasa da kuma Mai shirya kulob din "Viva Kennedy", 1960 * Wakilin Shugaba John F. Kennedy kuma memba na Wakilin Amurka da ke sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar game da Yarjejeniyar Yankin Tsaro tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar West Indies, 1961 * An nada shi a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa tare da matsayin Jakadan Musamman ga rantsar da Dokta Raul Leoni, Shugaban Venezuela, 1964 * Tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Hubert H. Humphrey da Wakilin Amurka don sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tlatelolco a Birnin Mexico, 1967 * Condecoracion na Jamhuriyar [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], Orden Vasco Nunez de Balboa, tare da matsayin kwamandan, 1965 * Gundumar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka ta 8 ta girmama shi da wata alama don nuna godiya ga hidimar da ya yi wa wanda ya mutu a yaƙi, 1967 * Kyautar jin kai daga reshen Corpus Christi na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi, 1969 * Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka daga Ofishin 'Yancin Bil'adama na Kasa, 1980 * Medal na 'Yanci na Shugaban kasa, 1984 * ''Daraja Al Merito Medalla Cura Jose Maria Morelos da Pavon A.D.P.E.'', Mexico City, Mexico * Kyautar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam ta Hukumar Kula da Al'umma ta Corpus Christi, 1987 * Kyautar Kungiyar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Hispanic, 1988 * Kyautar Tarihin Hispanic ta Gidauniyar Tarihin Hispanic a cikin Jagora, 1989 * Kyautar Jarumi ta Hispanic ta Kasa ta Midwest / Arewa maso Gabas, 1989 * Ya sami lambar yabo ta "Distinguished Alumnus Award" daga Jami'ar Texas Tsohon Dalibai Association, 1989 * Dokta Garcia ya sanya Jami'ar Jihar Corpus Christi a matsayin ma'aikatar da za ta adana takardunsa a Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na Laburaren, 1990 * Kyautar MAPA don fitaccen sabis ga Hispanics daga Kungiyar Likitocin Amurka ta Mexico, 1990 * Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Rayuwa ta Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Kasa, 1990 * Tsarin doki na Paparoma Gregory Mai Girma daga Paparoma John Paul II, 1990 * Jami'ar Jihar Corpus Christi ta farko ta girmamawa ta Dokta na Humane Letters, 1991 * An keɓe Dr. Hector P. Garcia Plaza da Statue a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M-Corpus Christi, 1996 * Makarantar Firamare ta Hector P. Garcia, Grand Prairie, Texas, ta buɗe, 1997 * Makarantar Firamare ta Hector P. Garcia, Haikali, Texas, ta buɗe, 1998 * An sanya hoton Dr. García a kan jerin $ 75 I Bond na Amurka don girmama manyan Amurkawa, 1999 * Hector Garcia Place wani ɗan gajeren titi ne mai suna Dr. García, wanda ke cikin garin Pueblo, Colorado <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Service, Awards, and Honors |url=http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030408050132/http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector5.html |archive-date=2003-04-08 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=KEDT}}</ref> * Makarantar Hector P. Garcia ta Tsakiya, [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], ta buɗe a 2007 * An bude Babban Makarantar Hector P. Garcia, MD High School a [[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, Illinois]], a cikin 2008 * Hanyar Jihar Texas ta 286 an sanya ta suna Hanyar Tunawa da Dokta Hector P. Garcia a watan Afrilu, 2008 * An kafa makarantar sakandare ta Dr. Hector P. Garcia kuma an keɓe ta a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a watan Oktoba, 2009 * An keɓe jikin tagulla na Dokta Héctor P. García a ɗakin karatu na Dokta Hector P. Garcia, Mercedes, Texas, a cikin Janairu, 2012 * An bayyana alamar Tarihin Texas a ɗakin karatu na Dr. Hector P. Garcia, Mercedes, Texas, a cikin 2013 * Bikin cika shekaru 100 na Dokta Hector P. Garcia da aka yi a Corpus Christi, Texas, Janairu 17, 2014 * Alamar Tarihin Texas da aka bayyana a asibitin tunawa da Christus Spohn, Corpus Christi, Texas, Fabrairu, 2014 * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Iyali ta Dokta Hector P. Garcia ta amince da Kwamishinonin Nueces County da Gundumar Asibiti don buɗewa a cikin 2016 * Dokta Hector P. Garcia Drive a cikin Rancho Vista subdivision, Corpus Christi, Texas, wanda Braselton Homes ya bayyana, Janairu 13, 2015 * Points of Light Monument Organization ya nuna mai karɓa na gaba zai zama Dr. Héctor P. García, Janairu 15, 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Points of Light Monument in Washington, D.C. |url=http://www.drhectorpgarciafoundation.org/points_of_light_monument_in_washington_d_c |publisher=Dr. Hector P. Garcia Memorial Foundation}}</ref> == Kyauta == A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin shugabannin farko na 'yancin farar hula na Hispanic, ayyukan García sun nuna yawancin gwagwarmayar Chicano Movement. A matsayinsa na sanannen mutum na kasa da na kasa, an ji tasirin rayuwarsa a kowane mataki na al'umma, daga yankunan matalauta da ya yi yaƙi don ingantawa, zuwa manyan matakan gwamnati. Ƙarshen shekarun 1950 sun rabu da otal-otal na Texan, gidajen silima, da gidajen cin abinci. An cire ɗakunan kyawawan halaye da wuraren aski a cikin shekarun 1960, tare da makabarta da wuraren wanka ba a buɗe su ga Amurkawa na Mexico ba har zuwa shekarun 1970. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, a cikin 1950, [[Edna Ferber]] wanda ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer ya yi hira da García don samun ma'anar kwarewar Amurka ta Mexico a Texas. Daga baya ta rubuta littafin Giant na 1952, inda ta kafa wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin aikin a hira da ita. Daga baya aka juya littafin zuwa fim na 1956 tare da James Dean, [[Elizabeth Taylor]], Rock Hudson, da Dennis Hopper. A shekara ta 1985, an kirkiro Dr. Héctor Pérez García Endowed Chair a Jami'ar Yale. A shekara ta 1988, an sake sunan babban reshe na ofishin gidan waya na Corpus Christi don girmama shi. A shekara ta 1996, an keɓe wani mutum-mutumi mai tsawon mita 2.7 a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M-Corpus Christi . A cikin 1999, an sanya hotonsa a kan jerin $ 75 I Bond na Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka don girmama manyan Amurkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Individual - What Paper I Savings Bonds Look Like |url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm |website=treasurydirect.gov |access-date=2026-09-15 |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144048/http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, gidan Talabijin na jama'a KEDT a Corpus Christi, Texas, ya samar da wani shirin fim game da shi mai taken "Justice for my People: The Dr. Hector P. Garcia Story". An watsa shirin a cikin ƙasa a kan [[PBS]]. A karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta 495, wanda gwamnan Texas ya sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2009, jihar Texas ta kafa ranar Laraba ta uku ta kowace Satumba a matsayin "Dr. Hector P. Garcia Texas State Recognition Day". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da H.CON. RES.222, yana fahimtar jagorancin da gudummawar tarihi na Dokta Héctor García ga al'ummar Hispanic da kuma kokarinsa na musamman na yaki da nuna bambancin launin fata da kabilanci a Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r5fk3anbxmh40owxypvvmj52urw6t8q Justin Bieber 0 171792 966463 937800 2026-10-11T16:47:22Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 966463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Justin Drew Bieber''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1994) mawaƙi ne na Kanada.{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|iː|b|ər}} {{Respell|BEE|bər}}}} Wani mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin shahararren kiɗa, an san shi da sake fasalin hotonsa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na nau'o'i da yawa. Tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na rikodin miliyan 150, yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci.{{Spaces}} Bieebr ya zama sananne a ƙarshen 2000s bayan da kocin kwararru na Amurka Scooter Braun ya gano shi, wanda ya sanya hannu a Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG). Bieber daga baya ya fitar da wasan sa na farko (EP), My World (2009), yana karɓar karɓar duniya kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin gunkin matasa. Kundin sa na farko, My World 2.0 (2010), ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200, yana mai da shi ƙaramin namiji da ya yi hakan a cikin shekaru 47. Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Baby", ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sayar da mutane a Amurka. Kundin sa na biyu, Under the Mistletoe (2011), ya zama kundi na farko na Kirsimeti ta wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na namiji don farawa a saman ginshiƙi. Tare da kundi na uku na studio, Believe (2012), da sake sakewa (2013), Bieber ya zama mai zane na farko a tarihin labaran Billboard don samun kundi biyar na Amurka da shekaru 18. Yayi dawo da sabon salo, ya koma kiɗa tare da EDM-infused single "Where Are Ü Now", wanda ya sa sautin kundi na huɗu na studio, Purpose (2015). Ya samar da waƙoƙi uku na <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka: "Love Yourself", "Godiya", da kuma "What Do You Mean?". Waƙoƙin sun kuma mamaye saman uku na labaran Burtaniya, suna mai da Bieber Mai zane na farko a tarihi don cimma wannan. A cikin 2017, ya fito a kan waƙoƙin Amurka na farko "Ni Ɗaya ne" da "Despacito"; wannan na ƙarshe ya ɗaure rikodin a lokacin don mafi yawan makonni a lamba daya a tarihi. Kundin studio guda biyu da ya biyo baya, Changes (2020) da Justice (2021), sun fara ne a lamba daya, suna mai da Bieber ƙaramin aikin solo da ya sami kundin Amurka guda takwas. A cikin 2021, ya kuma saki waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Peaches" da "Stay". Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu, ya fitar da kundi na bakwai da na takwas, ''Swag'' da Swag II, a cikin 2025. Kyaututtuka sun hada da Grammy Awards guda biyu, Latin Grammy Award guda ɗaya, Juno Awards guda takwas, Brit Awards guda biyu. Time ya sanya shi daya daga cikin [[Time 100|Mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya]] a cikin 2011, kuma ''Forbes'' ya lissafa shi cikin manyan fitattun mutane 10 daga 2011 zuwa 2013. ''Billboard'' ta sanya shi a matsayin tauraron pop na takwas mafi girma na karni na 21. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1994-2006: Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Justin Drew Bieber a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1994, a asibitin St. Joseph a London, Ontario, kuma an haife shi a Stratford. Iyayensa, Jeremy Jack Bieber da Pattie Mallette, dukansu suna da shekaru 18 lokacin da aka haife shi, kuma sun rabu ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marikar |first=Sheila |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Justin Bieber's Mom, Pattie Mallette: 7 Things to Know |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/11/justin-biebers-mom-pattie-mallette-7-things-to-know/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328002611/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/11/justin-biebers-mom-pattie-mallette-7-things-to-know/ |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |access-date=May 9, 2014 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Mallette ta haifi Bieber a matsayin uwa ɗaya a cikin gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi yayin da take aiki da jerin ayyukan ofis masu biyan kuɗi. Mahaifiyar Mallette Diane da mahaifinta Bruce sun taimaka mata ta tayar da Bieber, wanda ya ci gaba da hulɗa da mahaifinsa.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="nyimage">{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Jan |date=December 31, 2009 |title=Justin Bieber Is Living the Tween Idol Dream |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/fashion/03bieber.html |access-date=February 25, 2017 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327122941/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/fashion/03bieber.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hoffman2014">{{cite magazine|last1=Hoffman|first1=Claire|title=Justin Bieber: Bad Boy|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/justin-bieber-bad-boy-20140313|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=March 13, 2014|access-date=January 31, 2015|archive-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209074505/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/justin-bieber-bad-boy-20140313|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 25, 2014|title=Justin Bieber: The Trouble with the Wild Child – Is It All Just a Dysfunctional Father-Son Relationship?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jan/25/justin-bieber-dad-miami-dui-charge|access-date=November 26, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>}} Bieber yana da asalin Faransanci, Irish, Ingilishi, Scottish da Jamusanci.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:{{Sfn | Bieber | 2010 | pp = 22, 23}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Justin Bieber Tops Celebrity Birthdays for March 1 – Celebrities – Entertainment |url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/02/27/justin-bieber-tops-celebrity-birthdays-for-march-1 |newspaper=Toronto Sun |access-date=October 26, 2014 |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019070023/https://torontosun.com/2014/02/27/justin-bieber-tops-celebrity-birthdays-for-march-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |title=Justin Bieber: One Day with the Most Googled Name on the Planet – Music – The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/nov/13/justin-bieber-interview |last=Jon Ronson |website=The Guardian |date=November 13, 2010 |access-date=October 26, 2014 |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501045752/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/nov/13/justin-bieber-interview |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Mahaifin Bieber tsohon masassaƙi ne. Ta hanyar mahaifinsa, Bieber yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu da kuma ɗan'uwa.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.capitalfm.com/artists/justin-bieber/2020-tour-yummy-wife-hailey-baldwin-sister/ |title=Justin Bieber: Inside The 'Yummy' Singer's Family Relationships, From His Wife Hailey Baldwin To His Parents & Siblings |website= Capital UK |date= February 20, 2018 |access-date= May 13, 2021 |archive-date= May 13, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210513230539/https://www.capitalfm.com/artists/justin-bieber/2020-tour-yummy-wife-hailey-baldwin-sister/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomasos |first=Christine |date=March 4, 2014 |title=Justin Bieber's Dad Jeremy Splits From Longtime Girlfriend Erin Wagner |work=Celebeat |url=https://www.celebeat.com/articles/12441/20140304/justin-biebers-dad-jeremy-splits-from-longtime-girlfriend-erin-wagner.htm |access-date=October 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709170859/https://www.celebeat.com/articles/12441/20140304/justin-biebers-dad-jeremy-splits-from-longtime-girlfriend-erin-wagner.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomasos |first=Christine |date=March 2, 2014 |title=Justin Bieber Birthday: Selena Gomez Not Part of Celebration That Included Father, Little Brother and Sister |work=The Christian Post |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/justin-bieber-birthday-selena-gomez-not-part-of-celebration-that-included-father-little-brother-and-sister-115460/ |access-date=May 9, 2014 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101147/https://www.christianpost.com/news/justin-bieber-birthday-selena-gomez-not-part-of-celebration-that-included-father-little-brother-and-sister-115460/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=August 16, 2018 |title=Justin Bieber Introduces the World to His New Baby Sister |work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a22749425/justin-bieber-baby-sister-bay-bieber-instagram/ |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709170858/https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a22749425/justin-bieber-baby-sister-bay-bieber-instagram/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Har ila yau, yana da 'yar uwa, wacce ita ce 'yar mahaifiyarsa. Bieber ya halarci makarantun firamare guda biyu na harshen Faransanci a Stratford: Makarantar Katolika ta Jeanne Sauvé da Makarantar Jama'a ta Bedford . A cikin aji na 7 da 8, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Stratford Northwestern . Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Katolika ta St. Michael, ya kammala a shekarar 2012 tare da GPA 4.0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Itzkoff |first=Dave |date=July 2, 2012 |title=Justin Bieber Graduates From High School |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/02/justin-bieber-graduates-high-school/?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002536/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/02/justin-bieber-graduates-high-school/?_r=0 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 20, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurie |first=Kaitlyn |date=July 15, 2015 |title=FYI: Justin Bieber Is Actually Smart, Reveals He Graduated High School With a 4.0 GPA |url=http://www.celebuzz.com/2015-07-15/justin-bieber-martha-stewart-interview-high-school-gpa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722140301/http://www.celebuzz.com/2015-07-15/justin-bieber-martha-stewart-interview-high-school-gpa/ |archive-date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=August 20, 2015 |website=Celebuzz! |publisher=Celebuzz.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake girma, Bieber ya koyi yin piano, drum, guitar, da ƙaho. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] jstqom6nwnwp9xoa5dfamqgdah862uk Henry Naisali 0 171794 966588 954901 2026-10-11T18:54:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Henry Faati Naisali''' (7 Disamba 1928 - 20 Oktoba 2004) <ref name="NZH04">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2004 |title=Obituary: Henry Naisali |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=3605339 |access-date=24 June 2017 |publisher=New Zealand Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704212933/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=3605339 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Tuvalu ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista na [[Tuvalu]] (1985-1989), Sakatare Janar na Dandalin Tsibirin Pacific (1988-1992) <ref name="NZH04" /> da [[Mataimakin shugaban Jami'a|Pro-Chancellor]] na Jami'ar Kudancin-Pacific (19). Ya shahara wajen kafa Asusun Tallafawa Tuvalu wanda ya taimaka wa [[Tuvalu]] samun 'yancin kai na kuɗi. Ya halarci Makarantar Elisefou a Vaitupu, Ratu Kadavulevu da makarantun Sarauniya Victoria a [[Fiji]], Kwalejin St. Andrews a Christchurch, New Zealand, kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar Canterbury, 1954-1956. <ref name="SPC-2">{{Cite web |date=30 January 1986 |title=Naisali new head of SPEC |url=https://comfsm.fm/library/digitallibrary/V7N21986.pdf |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=The National Union}}</ref> Ya shiga aikin gwamnati a Tsibirin Gilbert da Ellice a shekarar 1952. <ref name="SPC-2" /> Ya shiga tattaunawar da aka yi a Landan wanda ya haifar da raba yankin mallakar Tsibirin Gilbert da Ellice zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na [[Kiribati]] da [[Tuvalu]] . <ref name="NZH04" /> == Sakataren Kuɗi na Turvalu da Birtaniya ta mallaka == An naɗa shi Sakataren Kuɗi na Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya a shekarar 1976. <ref name="NZH04" /> <ref name="SPC-2" /> An zaɓe shi don wakiltar Nukulaelae a Majalisar Dokoki ta Turawan Ingila a zaɓen gama gari na Tuvalu a shekarar 1977. A zaɓen 1977, Naisali ya kayar da ƙuri'u 14 kacal, Isakala Paeniu, wanda ya taɓa zama minista a gwamnatin yankin Gilbert da Ellice . <ref name="PIM1981-8">{{Cite web |date=August 1981 |title=Tuvalu holding its elections |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-342060542/view?partId=nla.obj-342088412#page/n30/mode/1up |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Pacific Islands Monthly |page=31}}</ref> == Ministan Kudi na Tuvalu == Tuvalu ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai a cikin [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1978. Ba a gudanar da zaɓen farko na Majalisar Dokokin Tuvalu ba sai a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1981. <ref name="IPU81">{{Cite web |date=1981 |title=Palamene o Tuvalu (Parliament of Tuvalu) |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/TUVALU_1981_E.PDF |access-date=7 March 2013 |website=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> <ref name="PS">{{Cite journal |last=Macdonald |first=Barrie |year=1983 |title=Tuvalu: The 1981 General Election |journal=Political Science |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=71–77 |doi=10.1177/003231878303500105}}</ref> An zaɓi Naisali a Majalisar Dokokin Tuvalu a zaɓen gama gari na Tuvalu a shekarar 1981, kuma an naɗa shi Ministan Kuɗi da Mataimakin Firayim Minista. <ref name="PIM1">{{Cite web |date=November 1981 |title=Tuvalu's turn for a change of PM |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-342116375/view?partId=nla.obj-342133266#page/n32/mode/1up |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Pacific Islands Monthly |page=33}}</ref> An sake zaɓensa a babban zaɓen Tuvaluan na 1985 kuma an sake naɗa shi ministan kuɗi da mataimakin firayim minista a gwamnatin firayim minista Tomasi Puapua . <ref name="IPU85">{{Cite web |date=1985 |title=Palamene o Tuvalu (Parliament of Tuvalu) |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/TUVALU_1985_E.PDF |access-date=24 June 2017 |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> An naɗa shi a matsayin darektan Ofishin Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki na Kudancin Pacific (SPEC) a shekarar 1986. <ref name="SPC-1">{{Cite web |date=30 January 1986 |title=Naisali new head of SPEC |url=https://comfsm.fm/library/digitallibrary/V7N21986.pdf |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=The National Union}}</ref> A shekarar 1987, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Asusun Tallafawa Tuvalu, wanda ya shafi gwamnatocin Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da New Zealand wajen samar da babban birnin don asusun dukiya mai cikakken iko don tallafawa kasafin kudin gwamnatin Tuvalu. <ref name="NZH04" /> Japan, da Koriya ta Kudu suma sun bayar da gudummawa ga asusun. <ref name="EG">{{Cite web |last=Gooray |first=Elena |date=13 April 2016 |title=Tuvalu: Trust Fund Nation |url=http://psmag.com/news/tuvalu-trust-fund-nation |access-date=24 June 2017 |publisher=Pacific Standard}}</ref> An sake zaɓensa a babban zaɓen Tuvalu na 1989, duk da haka ba a sake zaɓensa a zaɓen 1993 ba. <ref name="PIR98">{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Michael J. |date=30 January 1998 |title=Scandals Impact Tuvalu's March Elections |url=http://www.pireport.org/articles/1998/01/30/scandals-impact-tuvalus-march-elections |access-date=24 June 2017 |publisher=Pacific Islands Report |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518164353/http://www.pireport.org/articles/1998/01/30/scandals-impact-tuvalus-march-elections |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dandalin Tsibiran Pacific == Naisali shi ne Daraktan Ofishin Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki na Kudancin Pacific (SPEC) daga Janairu 1986 zuwa Satumba 1988; ya ci gaba da zama Sakatare Janar na Dandalin Tsibiran Pacific (PIF) har zuwa Janairu 1992, bayan kafa PIF a matsayin magajin SPEC. <ref name="PIFS">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2017 |title=Executive Heads of The Secretariat |url=http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/about-us/our-history/history-of-executive-heads-of-secretariat.html?printerfriendly=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165400/http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/about-us/our-history/history-of-executive-heads-of-secretariat.html?printerfriendly=true |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=24 June 2017 |publisher=Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat}}</ref> == Daraja == An naɗa Naisali a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwa ta 1975, <ref>United Kingdom list: {{London Gazette|date=6 June 1975}}</ref> abokin Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) a bikin tunawa da sabuwar shekara ta 1983, <ref>Tuvalu list: {{London Gazette|date=30 December 1982}}</ref> kuma Jami'in Order of Australia (AO) a watan Fabrairun 1992, "don hidima ga dangantakar Australiya/Tsibirin Pacific, musamman a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Taron Kudancin Pacific." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr Henry Faati NAISALI, CMG, MBE |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/882072 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] ea7b4yddjrd5r7j59kpu8g5x2l4hp10 Hal Singer 0 171864 966149 938067 2026-10-11T14:15:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harold Joseph Singer''' (8 ga Oktoba, 1919 - 18 ga Agusta, 2020), wanda aka fi sani da Hal "Cornbread" Singer, dan Amurka ne na R&amp;amp;B da jazz kuma saxophonist. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Harold Joseph Singer a Greenwood, wani gundumar Afirka ta Tulsa, Oklahoma, ga mahaifinsa Charles da mahaifiyarsa Anna Mae . [1] Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki da masana'antar kayan aikin man fetur kuma mahaifiyarsa mai ba da abinci ce.[2] Ya tsira daga Kisan kiyashi na Tulsa na 1921, lokacin da aka ƙone gidan iyalinsa. Singer da mahaifiyarsa sun taimaka musu su yi tafiya zuwa Kansas City a lokacin tashin hankali daga fararen ma'aikacin mahaifiyarsa. A can ne suka jira tashin hankali tare da dangi har sai sun dawo.[2][3] An lalata bayanan hukuma na haihuwar Singer a lokacin tashin hankali.[4] Singer ya yi karatun violin tun yana yaro amma daga baya ya sauya zuwa kayan kida. Daga ƙarshe ya zauna a kan saxophone mai saurin sauti wanda ya rinjayi jin Ben Webster da Lester Young. A kan shawarar mahaifinsa don neman aikin "daidai", Singer ya halarci Cibiyar Hampton kuma ya kammala a 1939 tare da digiri a aikin gona. Yayinda yake karatu, Singer a kai a kai ya ɗauki lokaci don yawon shakatawa tare da ƙungiyoyin gida. == Ayyuka == Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1930, Singer ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ƙungiyoyi na gida, gami da Ernie Fields', kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Jay McShann a 1943 sannan ya koma New York. Bayan ya yi aiki a wasu ƙungiyoyi, ya shiga ƙungiyar Oran "Hot Lips" Page a 1947 kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mawaƙi na zaman tare da King Records. A farkon 1948, ya bar Page, ya kafa ƙaramin rukuni na kansa, kuma an sanya hannu a Mercury Records inda ya yanke waƙarsa ta farko "Fine As Wine" tare da gefen B "Rock Around the Clock" (ba daidai ba ne da rikodin Bill Haley), wanda aka rubuta tare da Sam Theard . Ga lakabin Savoy, ya rubuta kayan aiki "Burodi na Corn", wanda ya sanya No. 1 a kan sigogi na R & B a watan Satumbar 1948, kuma ya ɗaga bayanin Singer da laƙabi. Sakamakon sa a shekara mai zuwa, "Beef Stew", ya kasance karami sosai. A farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1950, ya yi rikodin tare da Mercury, ya yi tafiya tare da masu fasahar R & B kamar The Orioles da Charles Brown, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai kiɗa. A shekara ta 1958, ya fara yin rikodi tare da Prestige Records a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na jazz kuma yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Metropole Cafe a New York tare da mawaƙa na jazz kamar Roy Eldridge da Coleman Hawkins . A shekara ta 1965, bayan yawon shakatawa a Turai tare da ƙungiyar Earl Hines, Singer ya kasance a Faransa, ya zauna kusa da Paris. Ya ci gaba da yin rikodin kuma ya yi tafiya sosai a Turai da Afirka, yana aiki tare da Duke Ellington Orchestra da Charlie Watts . == Daraja, kyaututtuka, bambance-bambance == Kundin mawaƙa na 1969, Paris Soul Food, wanda ke nuna shi a kan saxophone da murya; Robin Hemingway, murya, shirye-shirye da samar da kundi; da [[Manu Dibango]], saxophone, kwayar halitta da shirye-shiryen sun lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Rubuce-rubucen Faransanci don mafi kyawun LP na duniya. A shekara ta 1974, ya tafi yawon shakatawa na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a Afirka tare da Horace Parlan . Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba Singer babbar lakabi ta "Chevalier des Arts". == Rayuwa ta mutum == Singer ya zama mai Shekaru ɗari a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Krehbiel |first=Randy |date=December 2019 |title=Noted musician and Tulsa Race Massacre survivor, Hal Singer, moves into the coda of a remarkable life overseas |url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/entertainment/noted-musician-and-tulsa-race-massacre-survivor-hal-singer-moves/article_e3cd96eb-53c3-582a-b2a9-2b0156010ba6.html |access-date=December 1, 2019 |website=[[Tulsa World]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, 2020. == Bayanan da aka yi == * 1948: "Kyakkyawan Kamar Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa" & "Dutse Around the Clock" (Mercury) * 1948: "Buradin Corn" - a matsayin jagora * 1949: "Beef Stew" - a matsayin jagora * 1959: ''Blue Stompin''' - Hal Singer da Charlie Shavers Quintet (Prestige) * 1960: ''[[Lonnie Johnson (musician)|Lonnie Johnson]]">Blues na Lonnie Johnson'' - Lonnie Johnson Quintet (Bluesville) * 1963: Blues in the Night - a matsayin jagora (Fidelio) * 1968: ''Ranar Funky a Paris'' - Johnny Letman (Black &amp;amp; Blue) * 1968: ''Milt da Hal'' - Milt Buckner (Black & Blue) * 1969: Paris Soul Food - a matsayin jagora (Polydor) * 1969: Kidney Stew yana da kyau − Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson (Delmark) * 1971: Blues da News - a matsayin jagora (Marge) 1973 T-Bone Walker "Ina son Little Girl" Delmark Records (an yi rikodin 1968, an fitar da shi 1973) * 1973: Grey's Mood - Al Grey (Black & Blue) * 1975: Soul of Africa - a matsayin jagora (Le Chant du Monde) * 1977: Le Grand Voyage / The Long Trip - a matsayin jagora (Pastoral) * 1981: ''Rocket 88'' - Rocket 88 * 1981: Swing on it - a matsayin jagora (JSP) * 1990: ''Royal Blue'' - a matsayin jagora tare da Al Copley - (Black Top) * 2010: ''Ƙalubalen'' - a matsayin jagora tare da David Murray - (Marge) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bqvo80xy5rx42zuztla5x4dor30oui8 Hazel Hainsworth Young 0 171912 966585 938213 2026-10-11T17:44:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hazel Anne Hainsworth Young''' (12 ga Satumba, 1905 - 3 ga Yuli, 2009) malamar Amurka ce, yar kulob din, kuma mai shekaru ɗari, tana zaune a Houston, Texas . Ta koyar da Latin a makarantun rarrabe shekaru da yawa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Hazel Anne Hainsworth (wani lokacin ana ganinta a matsayin Haynesworth) an haife ta ne a Navasota, Texas kuma ta girma a Houston, 'yar Harry A. Hainsworth da Beatrice Hainsworth . Mahaifinta mai ɗaukar gidan waya ne. Ta tuna da Camp Logan Mutiny na shekara ta 1917. Hainsworth ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Houston Colored, kuma daga [[Jami'ar Howard]] a 1925. Ta kasance memba na Alpha Kappa Alpha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-11 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Ushers in Centennial Year |url=https://theurbannews.com/lifestyles/2008/alpha-kappa-alpha-ushers-in-centennial-year/ |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=The Urban News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kafa babi na farko na Alpha Kappa Alpha a yankin Houston, a cikin 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Hazel Hainsworth Young Collection |url=https://hplarchives.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/3/resources/963 |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Houston Public Library Archives}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Hainsworth ya koyar da makaranta a Houston kusan kusan shekaru hamsin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Zheng |first=Zen T. C. |date=2009-07-10 |title=Longtime HISD educator Hazel Young dies at 103 |url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Longtime-HISD-educator-Hazel-Young-dies-at-103-1605160.php |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Chron |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta koyar da Latin a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jack Yates a Houston bayan kwaleji, daga 1926 zuwa 1956, lokacin da ta zama Dean of Girls na makarantar. Daga baya ta koyar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Wheatley daga 1959 zuwa 1972.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Hazel Hainsworth Young and Robert W. Hainsworth Papers |url=https://hplarchives.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/3/resources/803 |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Houston Public Library Archives}}</ref> Ta ba da hira ta tarihin baki ta bidiyo a cikin 2007 ga Houston Oral History Project . == Daraja == An sanya wa ɗakin karatu na Yates High School suna ga Young a shekara ta 2005, don yin bikin cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa.[1] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, jim kadan kafin mutuwarta, an ba ta lambar yabo ta "Special Lifetime Achievement Award" daga Gundumar Makarantar Mai Zaman Kanta ta Houston, don nuna godiya ga aikinta na dogon lokaci.[2] Majalisa Sheila Jackson Lee ta ba da shawarar cewa a sanya sunan ofishin gidan waya a Houston ga Young, a cikin kudurorin majalisar da yawa.[3][4][5] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hazel Hainsworth ta auri masanin lantarki Howard Young a shekarar 1940. Suna da 'yar, Marianne . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Scholarship Overview |url=https://ivyeacf.org/donate/scholarship-overview/ |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=Ivy Educational & Charitable Foundation of Houston, Alpha Kappa Omega chapter |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203040314/https://ivyeacf.org/donate/scholarship-overview/ |archive-date=2022-02-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hazel Young ta mutu a Houston a watan Yulin 2009, tana da shekaru 103.<ref name=":0" /> (Yar'uwarta Maye Frances Hutson ita ma ta rayu ta kai shekara 100.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maye Hutson Obituary - Houston, TX |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/houston-tx/maye-hutson-9121608 |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=Dignity Memorial |language=en}}</ref> Takardun Hazel Hainsworth Young da Robert W. Hainsworth suna cikin tarin ɗakin karatu na Houston. <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] bfrvotrsod4iosm5f5wsq66t4qisj0t Hulda Holtvedt 0 171986 966658 938461 2026-10-11T21:52:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hulda Holtvedt''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1999) 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Green Party ta ƙasar Norway . Ta kasance mai magana da yawun Grønn Ungdom daga 2017 zuwa 2021, ƙungiyar matasa ta Green Party. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Holtvedt a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1999. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2021 |title=Biografi: Holtvedt, Hulda |url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representant/?perid=HUH}}</ref> Ta girma a [[Oslo]] kuma ta halarci [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo]] wadda ta daina zuwa. <ref name="Berg">{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Tekst og foto:Andrea |title=Ikke redd for å bli kalt tøff |url=https://journalen.oslomet.no/content/hulda-holtvedt-ikke-redd-bli-kalt-toff |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Journalen |language=nb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803145041/https://journalen.oslomet.no/content/hulda-holtvedt-ikke-redd-bli-kalt-toff |archive-date=2023-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shekarar da ta yi kafin ta daina karatun sakandare, an shigar da ita Kwalejin UWC Atlantic da ke [[Wales]], amma ta zaɓi shiga Grønn Ungdom . <ref name="Berg" /> === Aikin siyasa === Ta kasance Mataimakiyar Wakiliyar Oslo ta 3 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Storting daga 2017 zuwa 2021. [1] A shekarar 2019, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Birnin Oslo, inda a halin yanzu take cikin kwamitin kula da lafiya da walwalar jama'a. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun Grønn Ungdom daga 2017 zuwa 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-29 |title=Hvem er disse folka som kaller seg De Grønne? |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/oslo/nyheter/2015/08/29/de-gronne-entusiastene/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Dagsavisen |language=no}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyin siyasa == Holtvedt yana goyon bayan Norway ta shiga Tarayyar Turai, duk da cewa jam'iyyun hagu sun ƙi amincewa da zama memba na Tarayyar Turai a Norway. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nina |date=2020-06-22 |title=Government party favours joining EU |url=https://www.newsinenglish.no/2020/06/22/government-party-favours-joining-eu/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Norway's News in English — www.newsinenglish.no |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana goyon bayan hakan ne saboda tana ganin cewa [[Matsalar Yanayi|matsalar sauyin yanayi]] batu ne na duniya baki daya. <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] sertxyimu8sw1z14tpio1x0zyjt3pcc Herman Fleischer Høst 0 172011 966589 938548 2026-10-11T19:07:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HermannFleischerHøst-OB.F06028a.jpg|Image:{{#property:image}}|thumb| Herman a shekarun 1930]] '''Herman Fleischer Høst''' (12 Nuwamba 1883 - 4 Satumba 1980) likitan Norway ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Herman Fleischer Høst |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Herman_Fleischer_H%C3%B8st |access-date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032244/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Herman_Fleischer_H%C3%B8st |archive-date=February 26, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Frederikshald (yanzu Halden ) a Østfold, Norway. Shi ɗa ne na Jens Ludvig Høst (1814–1894) da Marie La Roche Fleischer (1853–1908). Ya kammala karatunsa a [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo|makarantar Katolika ta Kristiana]] a shekarar 1903. Ya kammala karatunsa da digirin cand.med. a shekarar 1909 kuma ya yi digirin Dr.med. a shekarar 1917 duka daga Jami'ar Kristiana. Ya yi aiki a Bergen sykehus (yanzu Asibitin Jami'ar Haukeland) a [[Bergen]] daga 1916 zuwa 1919 da kuma a [[Oslo|Kristiania]] daga 1919. Daga 1924 zuwa 1951 ya kasance babban likita a Bærum sykehus (yanzu Vestre Viken Asibitin Trust ), yana zaune a Høvik da Stabekk . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geir Sverre Braut |title=Bærum sykehus |url=https://sml.snl.no/B%C3%A6rum_sykehus |access-date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=Store medisinske leksikon}}</ref> An yaba masa da gabatar da gwajin sukari a jini ga masu fama da ciwon suga na nau'in 2 a Norway a shekarar 1916, gwajin jini na zamani da gwajin nau'in jini a Norway a shekarar 1919, [1] da kuma maganin insulin ga masu fama da ciwon suga a Norway. Daga 1936 zuwa 1954 shi ne kuma babban likita a Hukumar Inshora ta Ƙasa . [2] An yi masa ado da Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Ya [[Makanta|makance]] yana da shekaru 70. Ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 96 kuma an binne shi a Vår Frelsers gravlund . Ya auri Gudrun Rasmussen (1888–1976). Su ne iyayen Dr Herman Høst da malamin jami'a Gerd Høst Heyerdahl (1915-2007). <ref name="asbl" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=In honour of Professor Herman Høst in celebration of his 70th birthday |journal=Acta Oncologica |volume=35 Suppl 8 |pages=1–134 |pmid=9101667}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerd Høst |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Gerd_H%C3%B8st |access-date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] gdbswrliz2u9l56gsmo81zl63eywned Halvor Schou 0 172177 966155 939199 2026-10-11T14:38:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Halvor_Schou.jpg|right|thumb|377x377px| Makarantar Halvor Arntzen]] '''Halvor Arntzen Schou''' (11 ga Mayu 1823 &#x2013; 5 ga Fabrairu 1879) ɗan masana'antar Norway ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa masana'antar saƙa ta Hjula Væveri a Oslo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Halvor Schou |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Halvor_Schou |access-date=July 1, 2017 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hjula Væverier |url=https://snl.no/Hjula_V%C3%A6verier |access-date=July 1, 2017 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}</ref> [[File:Hjula_veveri.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Hjula Væverier a Hjulafossen akan Akerselva a Oslo]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Halvor Schou a [[Oslo|Christiania]] (yanzu Oslo, Norway). Ya kasance ɗan Kirista Schou (1792-1874) da Birgitte Halvordine Ramm (1796-1877). Mahaifinsa ya kafa Schous Brewery ( ''Schous bryggeri'' ) a shekara ta 1837. Ya halarci [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo]] sannan daga baya ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Lübeck]] don halartar makarantar koyon sana'o'i. Ya dawo a shekarar 1842 kuma ya fara aiki a Schou Brewery . Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1874, ya karɓi ragamar gudanar da kamfanin giya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Julius Schou (1792–1874) |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Christian_Julius_Schou_(1792%E2%80%931874) |access-date=July 1, 2017 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143923/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Christian_Julius_Schou_(1792%E2%80%931874) |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schous bryggeri |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Schous_bryggeri |access-date=July 1, 2017 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717215841/http://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Schous_bryggeri |archive-date=July 17, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1841, [[Birtaniya]] ta fara fitar da injunan tururi da injunan saka. Schou ya kafa masana'antar saƙa mai suna Hjula Væveri (wanda aka gina daga 1854 zuwa 1856), wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan ruwa [[Hjulafossen]] akan Akerselva . Schou ya gina masana'antar ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun masaku na ƙasar, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin masana'antu na ƙasar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An yi auren Schou a shekara ta 1852 da Anna Cecilie Crowe (1829–1914). A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, ma'auratan sun zauna a Løkenes a wajen Vettre a Asker . Su ne iyayen mai kula da kotu Marie Magdalena Rustad, ɗan kasuwa Christian Julius Schou (1854–1909) da mai zane Olaf Fredrik Schou (1861–1925), da kuma kakannin Christian Schou (1888–1955). Daga baya an ba da Schous Brewery da Hjula Væveri ga tsararraki masu zuwa. [1] [2] [3] An nada Schou a matsayin Kwamanda, ajin farko na Order of St. Olav a shekarar 1877. Ya kasance jarumin ƙungiyar Sweden Order of the Polar Star, da kuma na ƙungiyar Danish Order of Dannebrog . Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1879, an binne shi a Vår Frelsers gravlund da ke Oslo. == Duba kuma == * Esviken == Manazarta == e8nad4vrr5fixcgckyw1z542izadaee Hans Georg Jacob Stang (firayim Minista) 0 172368 966159 939743 2026-10-11T15:03:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hans Georg Jacob Stang''' (17 Nuwamba 1830 &#x2013; 1 Maris 1907) lauya ne, jami'i, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan [[Norway|ƙasar Norway]] . Ya kasance firaministan Norway a [[Stockholm]] ( {{Lang|no|Norges statsminister i Stockholm}} ) daga 1888 &#x2013; 1889. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2014 |title=Norges statsminister i Stockholm |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/om-regjeringa/tidligere/departementer_embeter/embeter/statsminister-i-stockholm-1873-1905/id426156/ |access-date=2018-03-01 |publisher=Regjeringen.no}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Stang a Nannestad, Norway kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo]] har zuwa 1848, kafin ya kammala karatunsa da digirin shari'a daga Jami'ar Christiania a 1852. Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama a matsayin alkali a [[Oslo|Christiania]] (yanzu Oslo) kafin ya kafa aikinsa na shari'a a Kongsvinger a shekarar 1859. Daga 1878 zuwa 1884 ya kasance alkali a birnin Christiania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hans Georg Jacob Stang |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Hans_Georg_Jacob_Stang |access-date=2018-03-01 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054320/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Hans_Georg_Jacob_Stang |archive-date=2018-03-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya shiga harkokin siyasa na ƙasa a matsayin memba na gwamnatin Firayim Minista Johan Sverdrup a shekarar 1884. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jiha a Stockholm ( {{Lang|no|Norske statsråder i Stockholm}} ) daga 1884 &#x2013; 1885 da kuma daga 1886 &#x2013; 1887. Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida daga 1885 &#x2013; 1886 da kuma Ministan Shari'a daga 1887 &#x2013; 1888, haka kuma ya kasance shugaban Ma'aikatar Shari'a a 1888. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Gundumar Lister og Mandals amt da kuma Gwamnan Diocesan na Kristiansand daga 1889 &#x2013; 1906. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Norske statsråder i Stockholm |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/om-regjeringa/tidligere/departementer_embeter/embeter/medlemmer-av-statsradsavdelingen-i-stock/id426162/ |access-date=2018-03-01 |publisher=Regjeringen.no}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knut Dørum |title=Jacob Stang |url=https://snl.no/Jacob_Stang |access-date=2018-03-01 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Anna Sophie Margrethe Holmsen a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1855. Matarsa ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta ƙasar Norway . Su ne iyayen Georg Stang, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Norway (1900–03). Ya mutu a Kristiansand a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1907. [1] [2] [3] == Manazarta == qp2yo8c34znhx3gzshtgfdk0gyqu5oq Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (Australia) 0 172666 966604 940930 2026-10-11T20:56:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966604 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa''' ('''NEPA''') hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Australiya da aka sadaukar da ita ga kare muhalli da bambancin halittu. Kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ''Dokar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa ta 2025 da'' kirkira kuma za ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2026. NEPA za ta zama hukumar kare muhalli ta farko a matakin tarayya, kodayake akwai irin waɗannan hukumomi da yawa a matakin jihar. Zai tabbatar da aiwatar da babban dokar muhalli ta Australia, Dokar Kare Muhalli da Dokar Kare Muhimmanci ta 1999, tare da iko don bincika keta dokar da kuma hukunta rashin bin doka. == Tarihi == A matakin tarayya, dokar kare muhalli ta farko ita ce Dokar Kare muhalli (Hadin gwiwar shawarwari) ta 1974, wacce Gwamnatin Whitlam ta zartar, wacce ta kirkiro tsarin da dole ne a yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli na ayyukan.<ref name="Rabie">{{Cite journal |last=André |first=Rabie |date=1 March 1995 |title=Environmental law in Australia |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA10231765_211 |journal=South African Journal of Environmental Law and Policy |publisher=Juta Law |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=99–119 |access-date=24 March 2026 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s, kusan kowace jiha ta kafa [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli (Victoria)|Hukumar Kare Muhalli]] ta jihar, ta fara da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Victoria (EPA) a cikin 1971.<ref name="Rabie" /> A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1992, an kafa Yarjejeniyar Gwamnati kan Muhalli (IGAE) tsakanin Commonwealth da gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna don daidaita martani na kare muhalli na kasa a duk matakan gwamnati. [[Gwamnatin Keating]] ta zartar da ''Dokar Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa ta 1994'' don ƙirƙirar daidaitattun ƙa'idodin ƙasa don kare muhalli. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 1999, Gwamnatin Howard ta zartar da Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kare Muhalli ta 1999 (wanda aka taƙaita zuwa Dokar ''EPBC''), ta sake fasalin Dokar 1974 kuma ta zama tsarin dokokin muhalli na Australia. Koyaya, za a soki Dokar kamar yadda ba ta da tasiri saboda ba ta ba da izinin hanyoyin yanke shawara su kasance cikakke masu zaman kansu daga ministocin gwamnati ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godden |first=Lee3 |last2=Peel |first2=Jacqueline |date=October 2007 |title=The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth): Dark Sides of Virtue |url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2007/5.pdf |journal=Melbourne University Law Review |publisher=Melbourne University Law Review |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=106–145 |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2020, Graeme Samuel ya gabatar da cikakken bita na Dokar ''EPBC'' ga Ministan muhalli Sussan Ley, yana ba da shawarar manyan canje-canje ga dokokin da kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta don magance batutuwan kare muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Lisa |date=28 Jan 2021 |title=Australia urged to overhaul environment laws and reverse 'decline of our iconic places' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jan/28/australia-urged-to-overhaul-environment-laws-and-reverse-decline-of-our-iconic-places |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[Guardian Australia]]}}</ref> Bayan zaben Gwamnatin Albania a shekarar 2022, sabuwar Ministan Muhalli Tanya Plibersek ta himmatu ga kafa hukumar kare muhalli ta tarayya. Duk da alkawarin, Firayim Minista [[Anthony Albanese]] ya dakatar da dokar kafa NEPA biyo bayan lobbying daga bangaren hakar ma'adinai da gwamnatin jihar Yammacin Australia, wanda ya haifar da kuka daga kungiyoyin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Lisa |last2=Middleton |first2=Karen |date=27 November 2024 |title=Albanese kills off deal with Greens to pass 'nature positive' legislation after intervention by WA premier |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/nov/27/albanese-kills-off-deal-with-greens-to-pass-nature-positive-law-after-intervention-by-wa-premier |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Guardian Australia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Speers |first=David |author-link=David Speers |last2=Truu |first2=Maani |date=2 February 2025 |title=Labor shelves contentious 'nature positive' laws after West Australian backlash |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-02/labor-shelves-contentious-nature-positive-laws/104886608 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref> === Kafawa === An sake zabar gwamnatin Albania a Zaben 2025, tare da Murray Watt ya zama sabon Ministan Muhalli. Ya yi alkawarin yin doka da NEPA, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foley |first=Mike |date=16 May 2025 |title=Murray Watt to overhaul environment laws Albanese once blocked |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/murray-watt-to-overhaul-environment-laws-albanese-once-blocked-20250516-p5lzpo.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> kuma a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2025, dokar da ta dace ta wuce majalisar tare da goyon bayan Green. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jervis-Bardy |first=Dan |last2=Butler |first2=Josh |last3=Cox |first3=Lisa |date=27 November 2025 |title=Labor strikes deal with Greens on nature laws overhaul amid criticism 'dirty deal' being 'rammed through' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/nov/27/labor-strikes-deal-with-greens-to-pass-long-awaited-overhaul-of-nature-protection-laws |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[Guardian Australia]]}}</ref> Hukumar za ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Stronger environmental protection and restoration |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/epbc/epbc-act-reform/stronger-environmental-protection-restoration |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]]}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Yuni 2026, an sanar da ma'aikacin gwamnati John Bradley a matsayin Shugaba na farko na NEPA. <ref name="CEO">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2026 |title=Appointment of the inaugural CEO of Australia's first National EPA |url=https://minister.dcceew.gov.au/watt/media-releases/appointment-inaugural-ceo-australias-first-national-epa}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == cuczwjf36g4lytwqf4fa6q9p8mszptg Highland (yanki na majalisa) 0 172704 966591 954920 2026-10-11T19:25:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966591 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Highland</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text">''A' Ghàidhealtachd''</span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Scottish Gaelic)</span> * <span title="Scots-language text">''Hieland''</span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Scots)</span> </div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Council area</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Highland_Area_Council.svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Highland]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Highland_UK_location_map.svg|270x270px|Highland shown within [[Scotland]]]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Highland shown within [[Scotland]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Coordinates: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_(council_area)&params=57_30_N_5_00_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.500°N 5.000°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">57.500; -5.000</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:13}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_(council_area)&params=57_30_N_5_00_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.500°N 5.000°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">57.500; -5.000</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sovereign state | class="infobox-data" |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Country | class="infobox-data" |[[Scotland]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lieutenancy areas | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Comma-separated list/styles.css" /> * Inverness * Nairn * Ross and Cromarty * Sutherland * Caithness |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Unitary authority | class="infobox-data" |1 April 1996 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Administrative<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>HQ | class="infobox-data" |The Highland Council Headquarters, Inverness |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Type | class="infobox-data" |Council |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Body | class="infobox-data agent" |The Highland Council |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Control | class="infobox-data" |No overall control |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;MPs | class="infobox-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>4 MPs</div></div> * Brendan O'Hara (SNP) * Jamie Stone (LD) * Angus MacDonald (LD) * Graham Leadbitter (SNP) </div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;MSPs | class="infobox-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>4 MSPs</div></div> * Maree Todd (SNP) * Fergus Ewing (SNP) * Kate Forbes (SNP) * Audrey Nicoll (SNP) </div> +7 regional members |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Total</div> | class="infobox-data" |9,905&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi (25,653&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | class="infobox-data" |1st |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>(2024)<ref name="popstats" /></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Total</div> | class="infobox-data" |237,290 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | class="infobox-data" |7th |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Density | class="infobox-data" |23/sq&nbsp;mi (9/km<sup>2</sup>) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Time<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>zone | class="infobox-data" |UTC+0 (GMT) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Summer (DST)</span> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (BST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |ISO 3166 code | class="infobox-data nickname" |GB-HLD |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |GSS code | class="infobox-data" |S12000017 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://highland.gov.uk highland.gov.uk]</span> |} '''Highland''' yankin kansila yanki ne na kansila a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]] kuma shine mafi girman yankin kananan hukumomi a Scotland da kuma Burtaniya. Ita ce yanki na 7 mafi yawan jama'a a Scotland a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 . Tana da iyakokin ƙasa da yankunan majalisar Aberdeenshire, Argyll da Bute, Moray da Perth da Kinross . Faɗin yankin tsaunukan Scotland wanda daga baya aka sanya wa yankin majalisar suna ya wuce yankin majalisar Highland zuwa dukkan yankunan majalisar da ke makwabtaka da su, gami da Angus da Stirling . Majalisar Highland tana da hedikwata a Inverness, babban mazaunin yankin. Gabaɗaya yankin ba shi da yawan jama'a, inda yawancin yankin cikin gida yake da tsaunuka tare da wurare da yawa. Yankin ya haɗa da Ben Nevis, dutsen da ya fi kowanne tsayi a Tsibiran Birtaniya . Yawancin garuruwan yankin suna kusa da gabar tekun gabas. A gefen gabar yammacin babban yankin, yankin majalisar ya haɗa da wasu daga cikin Inner Hebrides, musamman Tsibirin Skye . == Suna == Ba kamar sauran yankunan majalisar Scotland ba, ba a amfani da sunan ''Highland'' a matsayin suna na musamman . Shafin yanar gizon majalisar wani lokaci ne kawai ke kiran yankin da ''Highland'', a wasu lokutan kuma a kira ''yankin Majalisar Highland'' ko ''Highlands'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Council Wards |url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/504/council_wards |publisher=The Highland Council |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-date=2017-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829065856/http://www.highland.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/504/council_wards |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our vision for housing in the Highlands |url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/news/article/10317/our_vision_for_housing_in_the_highlands |publisher=The Highland Council |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-date=2022-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012163956/http://www.highland.gov.uk/news/article/10317/our_vision_for_housing_in_the_highlands |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alamun tituna a kan iyakar yankin majalisar sun ce "Barka da zuwa tsaunuka" maimakon "Barka da zuwa tsaunuka". [[File:Welcome_to_the_Highlands_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4924204.jpg|thumb| Alamar hanya a kan A9 inda ta shiga yankin majalisar Highland a kudancin Kingussie]] Duk da cewa an sanya masa suna ne saboda sunansa, yankin majalisar Highland bai shafi dukkan tsaunuka da yankin al'adu da aka sani da [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]] ba. Babu wani takamaiman ma'anar yankin da ya fi faɗi a hukumance, amma galibi ana bayyana shi da cewa ya haɗa da sassan yankunan majalisar Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll da Bute, Moray, North Ayrshire, Perth da Kinross, Stirling ko West Dunbartonshire . == Tarihi == An ƙirƙiri Yankin Highland a shekarar 1975 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gwamnatin Ƙananan Hukumomi (Scotland) ta 1973, wadda ta yi wa ƙananan hukumomi kwaskwarima a faɗin Scotland, inda ta maye gurbin gundumomi, burghs da gundumomi masu faɗi da tsarin manyan yankuna da ƙananan gundumomi masu matakai biyu. Highland tana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan, kuma an raba ta zuwa gundumomi takwas: Badenoch da Strathspey, Caithness, Inverness, Lochaber, Nairn, Ross da Cromarty, Skye da Lochalsh da Sutherland . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Highland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/highland/ |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ƙarin gyare-gyaren ƙananan hukumomi a shekarar 1996 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kananan Hukumomi da sauransu (Scotland) ta 1994 ya sa yankuna da gundumomi da aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1975 suka soke kuma aka maye gurbinsu da yankunan kansiloli masu matakai ɗaya. Tsohon yankin Highland ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sabbin yankunan majalisar, wanda Majalisar Highland ke gudanarwa. Majalisar Highland ta gudanar da kwamitocin yankuna daban-daban tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Da farko an gina waɗannan ne bisa ga gundumomin da aka soke, amma an sake duba su sau da yawa tun daga lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetings and minutes |url=https://www.highland.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/526/meetings_and_minutes |access-date=11 August 2023 |publisher=Highland Council}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ƙirƙiri '''Yankin Highland''' wanda ya mamaye yankin a shekarar 1975 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙananan hukumomi masu matakai biyu na manyan yankuna da ƙananan gundumomi. Yankin Highland yana da gundumomi takwas. An sake tsara kananan hukumomi a shekarar 1996 zuwa yankunan kansiloli masu matakai ɗaya, inda tsohon yankin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sabbin yankunan kansiloli. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin Highland ya ƙunshi gundumomin tarihi na Caithness, Inverness-shire, Nairnshire, Ross da Cromarty da Sutherland, ban da sassan Inverness-shire da Ross da Cromarty a cikin Outer Hebrides . Yankin ya kuma haɗa da yanki a kusa da Ardnamurchan daga gundumar tarihi ta Argyll da yankin Grantown-on-Spey daga Moray, waɗanda aka mayar da su zuwa yankin Highland a matsayin wani ɓangare na gyare-gyaren 1975. [[File:Highland_topo_SRTM.png|left|thumb| Taswirar yanayin ƙasa na yankin majalisar Highland.]] Yankin majalisar ya ƙunshi faɗin fili mai girman {{Convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=S12000017}}|km2}} – wanda shine kashi 11.4% na faɗin ƙasar Burtaniya, kashi 32.9% na faɗin ƙasar Scotland kuma yanki ya fi Wales girma da kashi 20%. Sashen ' Yan Sanda na Highland da Islands na Scotland ya kuma haɗa da Western Islands, Orkney da Shetland (tsohon yankin ' Yan Sandan Arewa ) don haka ya mamaye yanki mai {{Convert|30659|km2}}, wanda ya fi na jihar [[Beljik|Belgium]] girma. Duk da cewa akwai yawan jama'a a yankin majalisar Scotland, amma kuma ba ta da yawan jama'a sosai. A 9 a kowace kilomita <sup>2</sup> a 2024, yawan jama'a bai kai kashi ɗaya bisa bakwai na yankin Scotland gaba ɗaya ba, <ref name="density">{{Cite web |title=Highland profile – key facts and figures |url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/165/highland_profile_-_key_facts_and_figures/2 |access-date=2 June 2014 |publisher=The Highland Council |archive-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916102621/https://www.highland.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/165/highland_profile_-_key_facts_and_figures/2 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma yana kama da na [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Cadi|Chad]], Rasha, ko jihar [[Nebraska]] ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Health Facts : Demography & Population : Population Density (Population Per Square Kilometer) |url=http://kff.org/global-indicator/population-density/ |access-date=2 June 2014 |publisher=The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> A tarihi, yankin ya fi yawan mutanen Scotland. Yawan mutanen karkara na tsaunuka (ciki da wajen yankin majalisar) ya ragu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 duk da cewa yankin Scotland ya ƙaru sosai. Misali, yawan jama'ar Skye ya ragu daga 23,082 a shekarar 1841 zuwa 15,705 a shekarar 1891 da kuma ƙaramin maki na 7,183 a shekarar 1971, kafin ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Birnin Inverness shine mafi girman mazaunin, tare da yankin birni mai yawan jama'a 59,910 a shekarar 2012. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mid-2012 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland |url=http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-all%20-tabs.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064137/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-all%20-tabs.xls |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=29 October 2015 |publisher=National Records Scotland (NRS)}}</ref> Mafi girman tudu a yankin majalisar Highland shine Ben Nevis, dutse mafi tsayi a Scotland da kuma Burtaniya gaba ɗaya. Mafi nisa a arewacinta shine Tsibirin Stroma, a cikin Pentland Firth . Mafi kusancin kudu yana kan yankin Morvern . Highland ta ƙunshi wuraren arewaci da yamma na tsibirin Great Britain, bi da bi a Dunnet Head da {{Lang|gd|[[Corrachadh Mòr]]}} . Duk da sunan, ba duk Highland ne ke da tsaunuka ba. Yankunan gabashin Inverness, da kuma Black Isle, gabashin Sutherland, da kuma dukkan Caithness, a zahiri, suna da ƙasa. == Harshen Gaelic == A bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta Burtaniya ta 2011, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Gaelic na Scotland 12,000 a yankin Highland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2013 |title=Gaelic data from Census 2011 |url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/download/meetings/id/65574/item_7_gig_2113_gig_report_141113_gaelic_data_from_census_2011 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=The Highland Council}}</ref> Kidayar jama'a ta Scotland ta 2022 ta ba da rahoton cewa daga cikin mazauna 229,632 masu shekaru uku zuwa sama, 13,503 (5.9%) sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin waɗanda za su iya magana ko karanta harshen Gaelic . == Harshen Scotland == Kidayar jama'a ta Scotland ta 2022 ta ba da rahoton cewa daga cikin mazauna 229,631 masu shekaru uku zuwa sama, 54,789 (23.9%) sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin waɗanda za su iya magana ko karanta yaren Scotland . == Siyasa == [[File:Inverness_-_Highland_Council_Headquarters_(geograph_5000272).jpg|thumb| Hedkwatar Majalisar Highland a Inverness]] Hukumar yankin ita ce Majalisar Highland, wacce ke hedikwatar Majalisar Highland da ke Inverness (wadda a da manyan ofisoshin Majalisar Gundumar Inverness-shire ne). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Location of our headquarters |url=https://www.highland.gov.uk/info/591/council_and_government/727/location_of_our_hq |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=Highland Council}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Older County Buildings, Inverness, 1964 |url=https://www.ambaile.org.uk/asset/37982/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |publisher=Ambaile}}</ref> Majalisar tana da ofisoshi da yawa na gida a faɗin yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit an office |url=https://www.highland.gov.uk/directory/16/visit_an_office |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=The Highland Council}}</ref> Ga zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Scotland, yankin Highland yana cikin yankin zaɓen Highlands and Islands, wanda ke zaɓen mutane takwas da suka zo na farko bayan zaɓen ' Yan Majalisar Dokokin Scotland (MSPs) da ƙarin 'Yan Majalisa bakwai da suka zo na uku. Mazabu uku na yankin, kowannensu yana zaɓar MSP ɗaya, suna cikin yankin Highland: Caithness, Sutherland da Ross, Inverness da Nairn da Skye, Lochaber da Badenoch . A Majalisar Wakilai ta Burtaniya, yankin Highland yana da wakilai daga 'yan Majalisar Wakilai ('yan majalisa) da aka zaɓa daga mazabu huɗu: Caithness, Sutherland da Easter Ross ; Inverness, Skye da West Ross-shire ; Moray West, Nairn da Strathspey ; da Argyll, Bute da South Lochaber . Na biyun na ƙarshe sun ratsa kan iyakoki da yankunan majalisar maƙwabta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |access-date=2 October 2024 |publisher=Ordnance Survey}}</ref> Kowace mazaba tana zaɓar ɗan majalisa ɗaya bayan tsarin zaɓe na farko . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> opwgk1d56bd8pripzptm4crqkrdbpwv Harshen Ardan 0 172894 966200 941584 2026-10-11T16:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ardgartan''' ƙauye ne da ke Argyll da Bute, Scotland. Tana bakin tekun Loch Long a ƙasan Glen Croe. Ardgartan yana cikin Argyll Forest Park wanda shi kansa yake cikin [[Loch Lomond da Gidan shakatawa na Trossachs|Loch Lomond da The Trossachs National Park]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardgartan |url=http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/forest-parks/argyll-forest-park/ardgartan}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Gidan Ardgartan == An yi amfani da gidan a matsayin masaukin matasa wanda ƙungiyar kula da masaukin matasa ta Scotland ke gudanarwa kuma yana aiki na tsawon shekaru 70 har sai da aka rufe shi a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardgartan House &#124; Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/141282/ardgartan-house#details}}</ref> == Manazarta == dlrcurqv71llvt7hx8rs0bpboupdmg0 Inveraray 0 172986 966699 941795 2026-10-12T01:18:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Inveraray''' ƙaramin gari ne a bakin teku a Argyll da Bute, [[Scotland]]. Tana kan gabar yammacin Loch Fyne, kusa da kan ta, kimanin mil 75 (kilomita 121) yamma-arewa maso yammacin [[Edinburgh]], mil 54 (kilomita 87) yamma-kudu maso yamma da [[Glasgow]], da mil 129 (kilomita 208) gabas-arewa maso gabas da Aberdeen . Inveraray tsohon mai sarauta ne kuma an san shi da ƙauna da "Babban Birnin Argyll." Garin gundumar Argyll ne na gargajiya, kuma mazaunin Duke na Argyll ne. Tare da yawan jama'a 601 kacal a shekarar 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Population: Inveraray |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/scotland/argyll_and_bute/S52000328__inveraray/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Inveraray a matsayin gari na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta a Scotland ta yawan jama'a, bayan New Galloway. === Tsohon Garin === Asalin garin Inveraray yana kan bakin kogin Aray, a mahadar hanyar ciniki ta Glen Aray da kuma bakin teku inda jiragen ruwa suka sami damar yin katangar. Garin ya girma a ƙarƙashin inuwar Gidan Sarauta na Inveraray na farko, gidan Earl na Argyll daga farkon ƙarni na 15. Domin ƙarfafa ciniki, an gabatar da shawarwari daban-daban game da matsayin burgh, inda Earl na farko na Argyll ya yi nasara a shekara ta 1474 lokacin da Sarki James na III ya kafa shi a matsayin burgh na barony . Wannan ya ba da damar yin kasuwa ta mako-mako a ranakun Asabar da kuma bukukuwan shekara-shekara guda biyu: bikin St Brandan a ranar 16 ga Mayu da kuma bikin Michael Archange a ranar 29 ga Satumba. A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙen Masarautu Uku, Marquis na Montrose, da rundunarsa masu goyon bayan Sarauta sun ci gaba da kai hari ga Argyll. Sojojin Montrose sun ƙone Inveraray da kuma kwace yankin da ke kewaye tsakanin Disamba 1644 da Janairu 1645. A ranar 14 ga Janairu 1645, Montrose ya bar Inveraray ya nufi arewa inda za su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Inverlochy a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1645. Inveraray ya zama Royal Burgh a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1648 bayan da Charles I ya kafa shi. Bayanan da aka samu daga 1690 da 1706 sun nuna gidaje kusan hamsin a garin. A shekara ta 1746, an aika wa mutanen garin "sakon ƙaura", domin a gina sabon gari na uku na Duke na Argyll, rabin mil daga inda ake gina sabon gidan sarautarsa. An samu tsaiko a aikin da aka fara a sabon garin, inda ba a rushe yawancin gidajen da ke tsohon garin ba sai a shekarar 1771 zuwa 1776, kodayake an rushe wasu a shekarar 1758 don ba da damar gina hanyar soja. === Gidan Inveraray === [[File:Inveraray_Castle_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|left|thumb| Gidan Inveraray]] An gina Gidan Inveraray na farko a kusa da 1432 kuma a shekara ta 1457 ne gidan Colin, na biyu Lord Campbell lokacin da ya zama Earl na Argyll na farko. A shekara ta 1744, [[Third Duke of Argyll|Duke na uku na Argyll]] ya yanke shawarar rushe gidan sarautar da ke akwai kuma ya fara daga farko da sabon gini. An yi shekaru 40 ana gina gidan sarautar, kuma iyalan Adam ne suka fi kula da aikin, waɗanda har yanzu aka san su da hazaka a fannin gine-gine da masu zane-zane. A ƙarshe, ba gidan sarauta ba ne a ma'anar gargajiya, amma gidan sarauta na Georgian mai girma ne, Gidan Sarauta na Inveraray. Tsawon shekaru, gidan sarautar ya dauki nauyin manyan mutane da dama; [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta ziyarce shi a shekarar 1847, kuma an ƙara ƙarfafa dangantakar Sarauta lokacin da 'yarta, Gimbiya Louise, ta auri magajin gidan sarautar Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, a shekarar 1871, wanda ke nuna matsayin da iyalan Argyll suka ɗauka a cikin tsarin zamantakewa na zamanin. Gidan sarautar Inveraray ya kasance wurin zama na kakannin Duke na Argyll da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Clan Campbell tun ƙarni na 18. Shugaban Duke da Kabila na yanzu shine Torquhil Campbell, Duke na 13 na Argyll . === Sabon Garin === [[File:Inveraray_from_the_Tower.jpg|left|thumb| Duba daga Hasumiyar Bell.]] A shekara ta 1747, William Adam ya tsara tsare-tsare don ƙirƙirar sabuwar Inveraray. Zuwa shekarar 1770, ba a yi komai ba, kuma Duke na biyar ya fara sake gina garin a yanayin da yake a yanzu. John Adam ne ya yi wasu daga cikin ayyukan da aka sake ginawa a Inveraray. Inveraray Inn (wanda a da aka sani da New Inn, Great Inn, Argyll Arms Hotel da Argyll Hotel) a kan titin Front Street shine nasa, da kuma Gidan Garin. Yawancin sauran garin, ciki har da cocin, shahararren mai zane Robert Mylne (1733–1811) wanda aka haifa a Edinburgh ne ya tsara kuma ya gina shi tsakanin 1772 da 1800. Kasuwar ƙarshe ta kasance gari mai kyau wanda ya haɗa da gidaje ga ma'aikatan gidaje, injin niƙa ulu, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa don amfani da kamun kifi na herring, wanda za a noma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa don taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin garin. Samfurin da aka gama yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan sabon gari a ƙarni na 18 a Scotland, kuma yawancin kadarorin da ke tsakiyar Inveraray ana ɗaukar su a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci kariya saboda mahimmancin gine-ginen garin. === kamun kifi === Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Hukumar Kamun Kifi ta Scotland ya ba da haske game da kamun kifi a Loch Fyne daga Inverary a shekarun kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. === Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] Cibiyar Horar da Haɗakar Ayyuka, wacce ke kusa da garin, muhimmin sansanin soja ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=No. 1 Combined Training Centre, Inveraray |url=https://www.combinedops.com/Training%20No1%20CTC.htm |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Combinedops.com}}</ref> Tsakanin 1940 da 1944, kimanin sojoji 250,000 na ƙawance sun sami horo a cibiyar. An yi amfani da shi ne musamman a matsayin wurin horo don kwaikwayon sauka a kan rairayin bakin teku da abokan gaba suka mamaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=No 1 Combined Training Centre, Inveraray - HMS Quebec |url=https://www.combinedops.com/Training%20No1%20CTC.htm |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=www.combinedops.com}}</ref> Horon da aka bayar a nan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a ayyuka da dama, ba tare da ambaton D-Day ba. Ingancin horon ya amfana sosai daga kasancewar hukumomi daban-daban, wanda ya haɗa da ƙwarewar sojoji, sojojin ruwa da kuma rundunar sojojin ruwa ta RAF . === Alamar Makamai === Takardar Inveraray ta nuna raga da aka jefa a kan teku, wadda aka makale a ciki akwai nau'ikan herring guda biyar. A ƙarƙashin garkuwar, kalmomin [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] "SEMPER TIBI PENDEAT HALEC" (fassarar Turanci mai yiwuwa: "may a herring always ling to you") sun bayyana a kan escrol. <ref>{{Cite web |title=INVERARAY |url=http://www.thereformation.info/travelscotland1.htm |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=thereformation.info}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, a cikin littafinsa na 1909 ''mai suna A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', ya lura da waɗannan:<blockquote>''Babu'' shakka game da amfani da shi na da. ... kuma rigar rigar, bisa ga siffar da aka nuna a kan hatimin Kamfanin, za ta kasance ga filin: "Abin da ke daidai a teku, a ciki akwai raga da aka rataye daga babban mai sarrafa kansa kuma mummunan fess yana nuna tushe; kuma ya makale a cikin ragarsa, herrings biyar," wanda shine kusan mafi ban mamaki na makamai da na taɓa gani. </blockquote> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" class="center"> File:Inveraray,_Scotland,_UK_(RLH).jpg|alt=Inveraray, viewed from the B839 on the Eastern side of Loch Fyne, above St Catherines| Inveraray, an duba shi daga B839 a gefen gabas na Loch Fyne, sama da St Catherines File:Inveraray_Bridge_-_Loch_Fyne.jpg|alt=Aray Bridge on Loch Fyne from Inveraray. The spires of Inveraray Castle can just be seen on the left. The hill behind the bridge is Dun Corr Bhile| Gadar Aray da ke kan Loch Fyne daga Inveraray. Ana iya ganin gindin Gidan Inveraray a gefen hagu. Tudun da ke bayan gadar shine Dun Corr Bhile File:Inveraray_reflections_(4941986874).jpg|alt=Inveraray reflections| Tunani na Inveraray File:Inveraray_panoramic.jpg|alt=Main street of Inveraray| Babban titin Inveraray File:Archway_from_Inveraray_town_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382209.jpg|alt=Archway from Inveraray town| Archway daga garin Inveraray File:Inveraray_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Aray Bridge| Gadar Aray File:Inveraray_1844_Cadell_Print_Waverley_Novels_Book_Illustration_Print_Plate.jpg|alt=Inveraray 1844 from Waverley Novels vol. iv| Inveraray 1844 ''daga Waverley Novels vol. iv'' </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k71y73kshp3whw3qc35zfpsur17stww Heterotheca monarchensis 0 173298 966590 942805 2026-10-11T19:19:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref name=tnc/>|genus=Heterotheca|species=monarchensis|authority=[[Dana Adrian York|D.A.York]], [[James Robert Shevock|Shevock]] & [[John Cameron Semple|Semple]]}} '''''Heterotheca monarchensis''''' wani nau'in fure ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin Asteraceae wanda aka sani da sunayen monarch goldenaster da sequoia false goldenaster . Yana da iyaka a Fresno County, California, inda aka sani daga wuri ɗaya kawai kusa da Boyden Cave a cikin Kings River Canyon. Yana girma a cikin tsaunuka na dutse na wannan kogin Sierra Nevada, tare da wasu 'yan kalilan na gida. An gano shuka a watan Yulin, 1995, kuma an bayyana shi ga kimiyya a matsayin sabon nau'in a cikin 1996. Wannan itace ne mai tsayi wanda aka kafa a cikin dutsen da aka kafa ta hanyar Tushen kuma yana samar da ɗaya zuwa da yawa, yana yada tsayi har zuwa kimanin 18 centimeters tsawo. A ganye suna da lance-shaped ko oval blades cewa suna da yawa gashi da kuma bristly a cikin texture, tare da wasu resin glands. Suna auna har zuwa 2.5 centimeters tsawo da 'yan millimeters a fadin kuma ba sa zama karami sosai zuwa ƙarshen rassan. Inflorescence ya ƙunshi daya zuwa biyar furanni kawuna, kowannensu yana da har zuwa 19 yellow ray flowerets auna 1 zuwa 1.5 centimeters a tsawon. A tsakiya akwai furanni masu launin rawaya da yawa. Akwai kimanin mutane 500 na wannan shuka da ke wanzu. An gabatar da nau'ikan shuke-shuke, musamman jan brome (''Bromus madritensis'' subsp. ''rubens'') <ref name="tnc" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=77517 Jiki na Jepson] * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066924 Flora na Arewacin Amurka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160927104750/http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/detail/1932.html California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/img_query?where-taxon=Heterotheca+monarchensis CalPhotos] {{Taxonbar|from=Q5747844}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b78mm8o2ylndp5ho3rzf9wisrhguado Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir 0 173364 966123 943104 2026-10-11T12:09:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir''' (an haife shi Afrilu 27, 1969), firist ɗan [[Ayislan|Iceland ne]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sr. Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir kjörin biskup Íslands |url=http://kirkjan.is/frettir/frett/2024/05/07/Sr.-Gudrun-Karls-Helgudottir-kjorinn-biskup-Islands/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=kirkjan.is |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511002227/https://www.kirkjan.is/frettir/frett/2024/05/07/Sr.-Gudrun-Karls-Helgudottir-kjorinn-biskup-Islands/ |archive-date=2024-05-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Guðrún ya yi nasara a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen Bishop na Iceland na 2024 kuma ya sami sama da kashi 52% na ƙuri'un. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Valsson |first=Andri Yrkill |date=2024-05-07 |title=Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir kjörin biskup - RÚV.is |url=https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/412094 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=RÚV}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sr. Guðrún nýr biskup |url=https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/05/07/sr_gudrun_nyr_biskup/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.mbl.is |language=is}}</ref> An rantsar da ita a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Valsson |first=Andri Yrkill |date=2024-05-07 |title=Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir kjörin biskup - RÚV.is |url=https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/412094 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=RÚV}}</ref> == Iyali da ilimi == An haifi Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir a [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]] ga iyayensu Karl Magnús Kristjánsson da Helga Einarsdóttir. Ta kammala karatun sakandare, ta kammala karatunta a Fjölbrautarskólan a Breiðholt a 1992. Ta yi karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Iceland, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tauhidi a kaka ta 1998. Ta ci gaba da karatun tauhidi a wannan jami'ar, inda ta kammala karatun a shekarar 2000. Daga 1999 zuwa 2000, ta yi aiki da yara a wata coci da ke Árbær da kuma matasa a cikin cocin Akranes da Grafarvogur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sr. Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir kjörin biskup Íslands |url=http://kirkjan.is/frettir/frett/2024/05/07/Sr.-Gudrun-Karls-Helgudottir-kjorinn-biskup-Islands/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=kirkjan.is |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719052837/https://kirkjan.is/frettir/frett/2024/05/07/Sr.-Gudrun-Karls-Helgudottir-kjorinn-biskup-Islands/ |archive-date=2025-07-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redakcja |date=2024-05-09 |title=Kościół Islandii ma nową biskupkę |url=https://www.ekumenizm.pl/koscioly/protestanckie/kosciol-islandii-ma-nowa-biskupke/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=ekumenizm.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> == Firist == Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir ya sami gogewa iri-iri a babban yankin, yana rike da mukamai a majami'u kamar Hjallakirkja a Kópavogur da kuma a Seltjarnarnes . Ta kuma kula da azuzuwan tabbatarwa ga yara a Skálholt da Gothenburg . <ref name=":0" /> Daga 2001 zuwa 2003, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horo a cikin Lutheran Diocese na Gothenburg . Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali a wani matsugunin mata da tashin hankali ya shafa a Gothenburg (2000–2001) da kuma tare da matasa a Cocin Lundby (wani yanki na Gothenburg). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hver er Guðrún? |url=https://gudrunkarlshelgudottir.is/hver-er-gudrun/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir |language=is}}</ref> Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantar hauza da ke Lund sannan ta kammala horon ƙwararru da kuma kwas a fannin dokokin ƙabilanci na Sweden, an naɗa ta a matsayin ɗalibi a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2004. An yi nadin sarautar ne a cikin babban cocin Gustavus Adolphus, wanda Bishop Carl Axel Aurelius ya jagoranta. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2008, ta zama firist a cocin Grafarvogur (wani yanki na Reykjavík), kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin firist a cocin tun daga shekarar 2016. A lokacin da take kan mulki, ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] . Ta ɗauki hutu a shekarar 2016 don yin karatun digiri na uku a fannin homiletics a Makarantar Tauhidin Lutheran da ke Chicago . Ta kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Cocin daga 2014 zuwa 2022. <ref name=":1" /> == Bishop na Iceland == An zabi Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir a matsayin Bishop na Iceland a zagaye na biyu na zaben 2024, inda ya samu sama da kashi 52.19% na kuri'un sannan ya kayar da [[Guðmundur Karl Brynjarsson]] . An nada ta a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2024, a Hallgrímskirkja ta tsohon Bishop na Iceland, Agnes Sigurðardóttir . Ta zama mace ta biyu da ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Cocin Iceland . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Valsson |first=Andri Yrkill |date=2024-05-07 |title=Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir kjörin biskup - RÚV.is |url=https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/412094 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=RÚV}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir ya auri Einar Ernur Sveinbjörnsson, farfesa a Sashen Physics a Jami'ar Iceland. Tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, suruki ɗaya, da kuma jikoki biyu. <ref name=":2" /> Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mace ce mai canza jinsi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jónsdóttir |first=Svava |date=2024-10-05 |title=Fann fyrir sterkri þörf fyrir að vernda dóttur sína eftir að hún kom út |url=https://heimildin.is/grein/22738/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Heimildin}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fontaine |first=Andie Sophia |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bishop of Iceland Supports Trans Daughter |url=https://www.icelandreview.com/news/bishop-of-iceland-supports-trans-daughter/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Iceland Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Bishop Guðrún Karls Helgudóttir dan tseren nisa ne mai son . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Island: Im Ausdauer-Sprint |url=https://www.meine-kirchenzeitung.de/c-eine-welt/im-ausdauer-sprint_a50589 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Meine Kirchenzeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=Guðrún byrjaði að hlaupa maraþon árið 2018 - "Stundum sem ég prédikanir á hlaupum" |url=https://www.dv.is/fokus/2024/04/07/gudrun-byrjadi-ad-hlaupa-marathon-arid-2018-stundum-sem-eg-predikanir-hlaupum/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=DV |language=is}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Naɗin mata == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 15fsjysxdop2ua9dnwnm625ends4cqg Ilex cookii 0 173402 966689 943273 2026-10-11T23:52:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Oldfield, S. |date=2019 |title=''Ilex cookii'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T38930A124256413 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T38930A124256413.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>|status2=G1|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref>{{cite web | title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 | url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144854/Ilex_cookii }}</ref>|genus=Ilex|species=cookii|authority=[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britt.]] & Wilson}} '''''Ilex cookii''''' (Cook's holly ko te) nau'in shu'''''ka''''' ne a cikin iyalin Aquifoliaceae . Yana da yawa a [[Puerto Rico]]. Yana fuskantar barazanar asarar mazaunin. Yana da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cook's holly (''Ilex cookii'') |url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/3475 |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=Environmental Conservation Online System |publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service}}</ref> == Karewa == Wannan itacen an san shi ne kawai daga samfurin guda ɗaya da 'yan tsiro a cikin gandun daji a kan Cerro de Punta da Monte Jayuya, duka a cikin Toro Negro State Forest a Puerto Rico. Wataƙila an lalata wasu samfurori lokacin da aka shigar da hasumiyar sadarwa a kan Cerro de Punta . ''I. cookii'' an jera shi a matsayin nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a cikin shekara ta 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Densmore |first=David |last2=((U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)) |date=16 June 1987 |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for Cyathea Dryopteroides and Ilex Cookii |journal=Federal Register |volume=52 |issue=115 |pages=22936–22939}} </ref> An kuma lissafa shi a matsayin nau'in Annex I zuwa Yankunan da aka Kare Musamman da Yarjejeniyar namun daji na Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a cikin 1991. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=List of species of marine and coastal flora strictly protected under the SPAW Protocol in Annex I |url=https://www.car-spaw-rac.org/IMG/pdf/annexes_i_ii_iii_of_spaw_protocol_revised_cop10_honduras_2019.pdf |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=SPAW-RAC |publisher=The Regional Activity Centre for the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife for the Wider Caribbean Region |pages=1–2}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.fws.gov/caribbean/es/documents/RecoveryPlanCyatheadryopteroides.pdf ''Shirin Maidowa: Ilex Cookii / Cyathea dryopteroides .'' US FWS. Atlanta, Georgia. 1990.] An adana shi 2014-12-25 a Wayback MachineArchived2014-12-25 a cikinWayback Machine {{Taxonbar|from=Q1523818}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qj3o3dvemumgyhm6f7ykq4ofxtpk7hu Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Oregon 0 173468 966627 943457 2026-10-11T21:26:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar [[Oregon]]''' (OSSA) ita ce hukumar farko a jihar Oregon ta Amurka da aka caje ta kare muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oregon DEQ History Timeline |url=http://www.deq.state.or.us/about/historytimeline-p1.htm |access-date=January 16, 2012 |publisher=Oregon Department of Environmental Quality}}</ref> A cikin 1938, masu jefa kuri'a na Oregon, ta hanyar kashi uku zuwa ɗaya, sun amince da wani shiri na tsara [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] da kuma ƙirƙirar hukumar tilasta aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Oregon. Kokarin magance gurɓataccen ruwa ya fara ne tun farkon shekarun 1920, lokacin da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka, Hukumar Lafiya, da Izaak Walton League suka nuna damuwa game da tasirin sa akan lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name="Carter">{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=Glen D. |date=Summer 2006 |title=Pioneering Water Pollution Control in Oregon |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=254&ndash;72 |issn=0030-4727 |jstor=20615637}}</ref> Gurɓatawar ta haifar da kisan kifi da yawa a kan Kogin Willamette a cikin shekarun 1920, kuma Portland, a kan ƙananan kogin, sau da yawa ya rufe ɓangaren Willamette don yin iyo saboda datti a cikin ruwa. Tun da yawancin manyan masu gurɓata sun kasance tare da Willamette, OSSA ta mayar da hankali ga kokarin ta a can.<ref name="Carter" /> Rashin datti na cikin gida daga birane da sharar gida daga ma'adanai, ma'adinai na takarda, da sauran wuraren masana'antu sun samar da mafi girman gurbataccen abubuwa.<ref name="Williams">{{Cite book}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, OSSA ta sa al'ummomi a gefen kogi su shigar da masana'antun tsabtace datti. Koyaya, hukumar ba ta da nasara sosai tare da masu injin, waɗanda suka tsayayya da kula da gurɓataccen yanayi a kan dalilin kuɗin. Abin damuwa na musamman shine ma'adinan sulfite waɗanda ke fitar da fuka-fuki na sharar gida waɗanda suka kasance masu kisa ga tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa.<ref name="Carter" /> A ƙarshen 1969, ƙananan matakan iskar oxygen da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen yanayi suna hana ƙaurawar [[salmon]] a kan Willamette. Kifin ya ci gaba ne kawai bayan Gwamna Tom McCall, shugaban OSSA, ya ba da umarnin rufewa na wucin gadi na ma'adanai huɗu na sulfite a gefen kogi.<ref name="Carter" /> A shekara ta 1969, Majalisar Dokokin Oregon ta maye gurbin OSSA da Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli (DEQ). Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kare ingancin iska na jihar da ingancin ruwa; sarrafa zubar da shara mai ƙarfi da haɗari; taimakawa tare da tsaftace gurɓataccen yanayi, da aiwatar da dokokin muhalli na jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Department of Environmental Quality: Present Duties |url=https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/executive/environmental-quality.aspx |access-date=January 16, 2012 |publisher=Oregon State Archives}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == m63vunyngoibtbtes329ezpyyf86z4t Jami'ar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Beijing 0 173904 966720 962406 2026-10-12T05:54:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Beijing''' ( '''BISU''' ;北京第二外国语学院; lit. ' ) kwalejin gwamnati ce ta harsunan waje ta birni da ke Chaoyang, [[Beijing]], China. Tana da alaƙa da Birnin Beijing, kuma Gwamnatin Jama'ar Birnin Beijing da Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido ne suka ba ta tallafin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=北京第二外国语学院 |url=https://www.cscse.edu.cn/cscse/gjhz/gjxm/cglxfwxm/hzyx/zlhzhbxm/20131121160827494460/index.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.cscse.edu.cn}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Beijing ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarun 1950, lokacin da [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] ta fara samun karbuwa a ƙasashen duniya kuma ake buƙatar ƙwararrun masu magana da harsunan waje. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu, Wenzhong |date=July 2001 |title=A matter of balance—Reflections on China's foreign language policy in education |url=http://old.fltrp.com/download/08012309.pdf |journal=Foreign Language Teaching and Research (Bimonthly) |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=245–251 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003024245/http://old.fltrp.com/download/08012309.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-03 |access-date=2026-09-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1960, bayan kammala ziyarar aiki ta ƙasashe 14, Firayim Minista Zhou Enlai na wancan lokacin ya fara ''Shirin Shekaru Bakwai na Ilimin Harsunan Waje'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 1964 |title=Central Instruction on the Seven-Year Plan for Foreign Language Education Documents |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-01/29/content_2523641.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120085444/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-01/29/content_2523641.htm |archive-date=November 20, 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |website=XinhuaNet |publisher=Chinese State Council |language=zh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shambaugh, D. |date=September 2002 |title=China's International Relations Think Tanks: Evolving Structure and Process |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_2002-09_171/page/575 |journal=China Quarterly |volume=171 |pages=575–596 |doi=10.1017/s0009443902000360 |s2cid=154801635}}</ref> kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Harsunan Waje ta Biyu ta Beijing, wadda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Beijing. [ iii ] Duk tsarin kafa shi yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Zhou. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2013 |title=Zhou Enlai's historic contributions to Sino-African relations |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/09/c_124558414_3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117081816/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/09/c_124558414_3.htm |archive-date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=30 October 2013 |website=Xinhuanet |language=zh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liao, Xinwen |date=10 April 2013 |title=Zhou Enlai's historic contributions to Sino-African relations |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/0410/c85037-21084690-4.html |access-date=30 October 2013 |website=People's Daily |language=zh}}</ref> [[File:Beijing_International_Studies_University_North_Entrance,_1960s.png|thumb| Shigar BISU ta Arewa, shekarun 1960. An gina shi a kan wani wurin tauraron dan adam na Cibiyar Haƙar Ma'adinai ta Beijing .]] Firayim Ministan Zhou Enlai na wancan lokacin ne ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Jiha kuma an ba wa kafa Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Beijing fifiko mafi girma. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=amp}}</ref> Daga baya an gabatar da rahoton kafa BISU kuma an amince da shi a Majalisar Jiha a watan Maris, sannan daga baya a watan Agusta, an ba da izinin ƙasar da jami'ar ta kula da kasancewar babban wurinta. <ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web |last=Li, Chuansong |title=Interview: Zhou Enlai and BISU |url=http://www.bisu.edu.cn/Item/38753.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031101335/http://www.bisu.edu.cn/Item/38753.aspx |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |website=BISU Features: Oral History |language=zh}}</ref> An fara yin rajistar ɗalibai 646 a watan Satumba kuma an gudanar da bikin kafa makarantar a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1964. Tun daga wannan ranar ake bikin cikar jami'a. === Ci gaba === An gina tsarin manhajar jami'ar a kan muhimman sassanta a harsunan waje, ban da adabin kasar Sin, fasaha da falsafa, huldar kasa da kasa/na cikin gida, tattalin arziki na siyasa da kuma ilimin motsa jiki. Ta bayar da shirye-shiryen digiri na harsunan waje guda 14, ciki har da Ingilishi, Faransanci, Sifaniyanci, Larabci, Jamusanci, Jafananci, Albaniyanci, Romanianci, Hungary, Poland, Czech, Bulgaria, Serbian da Vietnamese. Jami'ar da ke da alaƙa da Hukumar Hulɗa da Al'adu ta Ƙasashen Waje [ iv ] — wadda ta riga ta zama Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta yau—ta samu ci gaba mai sauri har zuwa 1966, lokacin da [[Cultural Revolution|juyin juya halin al'adu]] ya fara. Daga nan jami'ar ta sauya shugabanci sau da yawa a cikin wannan lokacin, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje (1968), Gwamnatin Beijing (1971), Ma'aikatar Ilimi (1978) da Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido ta Ƙasa (1983) suka jagoranta a jere. A shekarar 1981, an amince da rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Ciniki ta Ƙasashen Waje da kuma jami'ar suka gabatar tare a Ma'aikatar Ilimi; an kafa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki a BISU. A lokaci guda kuma, a cikin wannan shekarar, Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido ta Kasa ta kafa babban sashen kula da yawon bude ido a BISU, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama cibiyar farko ta ilimin yawon bude ido ta kasar Sin. [1] A shekarun 1980 da 1990, Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Beijing, wacce aka fi sani da Cibiyar Yawon Bude Ido ta China, ta yi fice a fannin koyarwa da bincike kuma an amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin karatun yawon buɗe ido. [2] [3] [4] === 2003–yanzu === [[File:Beijing_International_Studies_University_Main_Hall.jpg|thumb| Babban Zaure, Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Beijing, Satumba 2006]] Har zuwa shekarar 2003, BISU an san ta da Turanci a matsayin Jami'ar Harsunan Waje ta Biyu ta Beijing; an canza sunan don nuna karuwar bambance-bambancen shirye-shirye da jami'ar ke bayarwa. An kafa tsarin iliminsa mai fannoni daban-daban tun daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2000, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen gudanar da kasuwanci da shirye-shiryen harsunan waje. Jami'ar yanzu tana ba da darussan harsuna a cikin harsunan Ingilishi, Jafananci, Jamusanci, Rashanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Sifaniyanci, Fotigal, Larabci, Koriyanci da Sinanci a matsayin harshen waje ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje. Tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin gwajin HSK na farko da aka ba da izini da ke Beijing, <ref name="ICE">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2013 |title=Event Highlights |url=http://www.bisu.edu.cn/Item/24888.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105141243/http://www.bisu.edu.cn/Item/24888.aspx |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=23 October 2013 |website=School of International Cultural Exchange |language=zh}}</ref> kuma an amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun jami'o'in Beijing don nazarin Sinanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beijing International Studies University (BISU) |url=http://www.nextstepchina.org/beijing-international-studies-university/ |access-date=1 November 2013 |website=Next Step China}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title=Beijing International Studies University |url=http://www.timeoutbeijing.com/venue/Schools-Universities/12601/Beijing-International-Studies-University.html |access-date=5 November 2013 |website=Time Out Beijing}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, BISU ta kafa launukan makarantarsu da kuma yanayin gani; an sabunta wannan a shekara ta 2009. <ref name="VIS2">{{Cite web |last=Public Relations Office |title=Beijing International Studies University Visual Identity System(VIS) Standards |url=http://www.bisu.edu.cn/fujian/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.rar |access-date=5 October 2013 |format=Rar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anniversary Office |date=8 September 2009 |title=No. 1 Announcement: On VIS new launch and issues concerning the 45th University Anniversary |url=http://www.bisu.edu.cn/Item/21871.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014111126/http://www.bisu.edu.cn/Item/21871.aspx |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |website=BISU Features: 45th Anniversary}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, jami'ar ta shiga wani babban shiri na sake fasalin ilimi a fannonin Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki. A watan Yuli, an rushe tsohuwar Makarantar Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido, inda aka ɗaga Sashen Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido da Gudanar da Otal-otal zuwa Makarantu masu zaman kansu, Sashen Talla da Gudanar da Kuɗi suka haɗu suka kafa Makarantar Kasuwancin Ƙasashen Duniya, sannan Sashen Gudanar da Taro ya haɗu ya zama Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Ciniki. Wannan matakin wani ɓangare ne na Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na Jami'ar, da nufin amincewa da ƙarin 'yancin kai na ilimi, amfani da gadonta a fannoni masu alaƙa da yawon buɗe ido, don haka ta sanya kanta a matsayin mai mayar da martani ga canje-canjen da ke faruwa a kasuwa. === Tsarin lokaci === [[File:Zhou_Enlai_sculpture_2d.jpg|thumb| Tsohon Firayim Ministan China Zhou Enlai, wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Beijing]] ==== 1964–1966: Farawa mai tawali'u ==== [[File:Beijing_International_Studies_University_lecturers,_1960s.png|thumb| Malaman BISU guda 22 na farko daga ƙasashen duniya, a shekarun 1960 ]] * March 7, 1964 (1964-03-07): A report for the establishment of Beijing International Studies University was presented at the State Council. A week later, on 11 March, the report was approved.<ref name="autogenerated5" /> * September 1964 (1964-09): The university was officially established, affiliated with the Commission for Cultural Relations of Foreign Countries. Academic units were originally organised into English Department, French Department, Department of Spanish and Arabic, Department of German and Japanese, Department of Eastern European Languages and a training center for providing intensive courses to national officers.[7][33] The academic staff—including the first 22[v] international staff members—were mainly drawn from the Commission, the Xinhua News Agency and sister universities[vi] of BISU. * September 14, 1964 (1964-09-14): The first 646 students commenced studying at BISU. * October 22, 1964 (1964-10-22): Vice Premier and Foreign Minister Chen Yi inspected the university and gave a speech on the guiding principle for running a foreign language teaching university.<ref name="CY" /> * October 24, 1964 (1964-10-24): Beijing International Studies University Establishment Ceremony was held. President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Guo Moruo inscribed the university name. * March 1, 1965 (1965-03-01): The bi-weekly school newspaper UniLife was founded.<ref name="lq">{{Cite web |last=Luo, Qiang |date=2 November 2011 |title=From ''UniLife'' to ''Newsletter of Beijing International Studies University'' |url=http://www.bisu.edu.cn/item/33031.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022031737/http://www.bisu.edu.cn/item/33031.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=BISU Features |language=zh}}</ref> == Manazarta == qa47xfpnnus07xo6s7iyr3bofe9zsao Harsunan Sprachcaffe Plus 0 173957 966461 944875 2026-10-11T16:46:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sprachcaffe Languages Plus''' ƙungiya ce ta makarantun harsuna 30 da ke ba da harsuna 7 daban-daban. 'Yan'uwa biyu 'yan Italiya ne suka kafa shi, Alberto da Marcello Sarno, kuma an kafa shi a shekarar 1983 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], [[Jamus]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Languages Plus / Sprachcaffe - English courses in East Sussex |url=http://www.englishinbritain.co.uk/school_detail.cfm?schoolid=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629132043/http://www.englishinbritain.co.uk/school_detail.cfm?schoolid=131 |archive-date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2015-03-15 |publisher=Englishinbritain.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, cibiyar sadarwa ta Sprachcaffe ta faɗaɗa adadin makarantunta ta hanyar sayen sarkar [[Harshen Japan|harsunan Japan]] [[GEOS (eikaiwa)|GEOS]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-14 |title=International Education News l The PIE News l Alberto Sarno, President, Sprachcaffe |url=http://thepienews.com/pie-chat/alberto-sarno-president-sprachcaffe/ |access-date=2015-03-15 |publisher=Thepienews.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Sprachcaffe ta mallaki iST, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da ta kafa bincike a ƙasashen waje a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The PIE News |title=International Education News l The PIE News l Germany: Sprachcaffe buys iST travel agency |url=https://thepienews.com/news/germany-sprachcaffe-buys-ist-travel-agency/ |access-date=2017-10-24 |website=thepienews.com |language=en}}</ref> == ƙwarewa == Sprachcaffe ta ƙware wajen bayar da darussan harsunan 'a cikin ƙauye' - ɗalibai suna koyon harshe na biyu inda ake magana da shi, amma a cibiyar Frankfurt ana bayar da harsuna da dama. A halin yanzu Sprachcaffe tana da makarantu da ke ba da koyarwa a [[Turanci|harsunan Ingilishi]], [[Faransanci]], [[Jamusanci]], [[Italiyanci]], [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]], Sinanci da [[Larabci]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The evolution, direction and future plans of the industry's major players are of interest to us all, marking out global trends, individual success stories and, with big corporate money entering the industry, signifying the industry's validity as mainstream money maker. |url=http://www.hothousemedia.com/ltm/ltmbackissues/sep08web/sep08specreport.htm |access-date=2015-03-15 |publisher=Hothousemedia.com}}</ref> Kamfanin ya ma ci gaba da bayar da darussa ga ƙwararru ko ɗalibai waɗanda ke son inganta matakin harshensu saboda dalilai na ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sprachcaffe : des séjours linguistiques pour tous ! |url=http://www.studyrama.com/international/sejours-linguistiques/actualites/sprachcaffe-des-sejours-linguistiques-pour-tous-94079 |access-date=2014-03-25 |publisher=studyrama.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403031445/http://www.studyrama.com/international/sejours-linguistiques/actualites/sprachcaffe-des-sejours-linguistiques-pour-tous-94079 |archive-date=2014-04-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sprachcaffe's flagship school is at Pembroke in [[Malta]],<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=learn-global.com |url=http://www.learn-global.com/en/Sprachcaffe_St%20Julians_Malta,3.aspx |access-date=2015-03-15 |publisher=Learn-global.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927093650/http://www.learn-global.com/en/Sprachcaffe_St%20Julians_Malta,3.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which occupies a large former British army barracks.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Destination, July 2013 : Malta's unique identity : Malta is an ever-popular destination for learning English. While its credentials as a fun place for beach activities are well-known, its cultural attractions are also extremely strong, making it a good offer for all ages and tastes. |url=http://hothousemedia.com/ltm/ltmbackissues/jul13web/jul13destination.html |access-date=2015-03-15 |publisher=Hothousemedia.com}}</ref> Italy's oldest private school of languages, the Centro Linguistico Dante Alighieri in Florence has been a member of the Sprachcaffe Languages Plus group since 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-03 |title=Sprachcaffe acquires school in Florence |url=http://www.hothousemedia.com/yourworld/news/120803-Sprachcaffe-acquires-school.html |access-date=2015-03-15 |publisher=Hothousemedia.com}}</ref> and is operated as part of the Sprachcaffe family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-10 |title=Schools & Agents |url=http://www.schoolsandagents.com/news-archive/sprachcaffe-acquires-italy%27s-eldest-language-institute.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095126/http://www.schoolsandagents.com/news-archive/sprachcaffe-acquires-italy's-eldest-language-institute.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2015-03-15 |publisher=Schoolsandagents.com}}</ref> Alamar SC Travel Adventures tana ba da rangadin rukuni zuwa [[Asiya]], [[Afirka]], [[Turai]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Kamfanin Sprachcaffe Cuba Travel yana kuma bayar da rangadin yawon shakatawa, rawa da kuma kwasa-kwasan karatu a [[Cuba]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2014}} == Wurare == Sprachcaffe tana da makarantun harsuna 30 a Turai, Arewacin Afirka, Cuba, a Amurka, Kanada da China. [1] Ana koyar da manyan harsuna bakwai na ƙasashen duniya. An ƙara sabbin makarantu da yawa ta hanyar sayen sarkar makarantun harsuna ta GEOS ta Arewacin Amurka. Sprachcaffe tana da makarantun harsuna a wurare masu zuwa: Pembroke, Brighton, London, Devon, New York City, Boston, Los Angeles, Vancouver, Victoria, Ottawa, Toronto, Calgary, Montreal, Nice, Paris, Rabat, Málaga, Madrid, Barcelona, Havana, Frankfurt, [2] Munich, Beijing, Florence, da Calabria . [3] == Manazarta == 6hvtani6l34zy3kllpysf4k7eizm834 Iremide Adeoye 0 174402 966700 946070 2026-10-12T01:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iremide Adeoye''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abubuwa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ya sami shahara saboda matsayinsa na Lolu Adeleke a cikin jerin ''Wura'', Dami a cikin jerin Under the Influence, Young Israel a Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti .''[[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (fim)|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.]]'', Idowu a cikin ''[[The Origin: Madam Koi Koi (film)|Asalin: Madam Koi]]'', Omotunde a cikin Headless . , Tayo a Miles Away from Home da Dimeji a cikin fim din Her Dark Past .''Ta yi duhu a baya.'' Ayyukansa sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, mai ban tsoro, da nau'ikan tarihin rayuwa, tare da rarraba a duk faɗin dandamali na watsa shirye-shiryen Afirka da na duniya. == Tarihi == An haifi Iremide ne a [[Najeriya]]. Ya kirkiro sunan Fantasticks a matsayin ambaton kwarewarsa ta drumming. == Ayyuka == Iremide ta fara fitowa a matsayin Peter a No.1 a cikin 2021. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Teenage Tunde a cikin The Order Of Things da Segun a cikin Tiger's Tail . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iremide Adeoye {{!}} Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12867311/?ref_=tt_cst_t_2 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami shahara saboda nuna Lolu Adeleke a cikin ''Wura'', kuma ya bayyana a matsayin Idowu a cikin fim din 2023 The Origin: Madam Koi Koi <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="66" href="./Netflix" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Netflix">Netflix <nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki> Pulse Nigeria<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/the-origin-madam-koi-koi-lands-official-release-date-on-netflix-2024072619273073977&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2025-01-26&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;www.pulse.ng&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw1A\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mw1Q\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/the-origin-madam-koi-koi-lands-official-release-date-on-netflix-2024072619273073977\" id=\"mw1g\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"'The Origin: Madam Koi Koi' lands official release date on Netflix | Pulse Nigeria\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw2A\">www.pulse.ng</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mw2Q\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw2g\">2025-01-26</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Iremide_Adeoye#cite_note-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> wanda aka saki akan Netflix . Ya buga Dimeji a cikin Dark Past <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="68" href="./Linda_Ejiofor" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Linda Ejiofor">Linda Ejiofor-Suleiman, Daniel Etim-Effiong <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Iremide Adeoye to star in 'Her Dark Past' <nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki> Watch the Trailer<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/02/her-dark-past-multichoice-talent-factory/&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2025-01-25&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;BellaNaija&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en-US&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw3w\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt25\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mw4A\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/02/her-dark-past-multichoice-talent-factory/\" id=\"mw4Q\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Linda Ejiofor-Suleiman, Daniel Etim-Effiong &</nowiki>amp; Iremide Adeoye to star in 'Her Dark Past' | Watch the Trailer\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw4g\">BellaNaija</i></nowiki>. 2024-02-26<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mw4w\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw5A\">2025-01-25</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-6" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Iremide_Adeoye#cite_note-6 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> tare da Linda Ejiofor-Suleiman da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] . Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim din Headless wanda aka nuna a bikin bude fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2024. Tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya [[Kehinde Bankole]] da [[Joke Silva]], ya fito a cikin fim din [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (fim)|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]]. A farkon 2025, Iremide ya bayyana a matsayin jagora a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Showmax ''A ƙarƙashin Tasirin'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iremide Adeoye Embodies the Restlessness of Being Young and Nigerian in New Showmax Series |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/iremide-adeoye-discuss-under-the-influence/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=okayafricasite |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi samfurin ga nau'ikan tufafin Najeriya da yawa, gami da Ashluxe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Iremide 'Fantasticks' Adeoye: A Style Icon in the World of Entertainment |url=https://1styleafrique.wordpress.com/2023/09/12/iremide-fantasticks-adeoye-a-style-icon-in-the-world-of-entertainment/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Style Afrique |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Wura'' (2023-2025) a matsayin Lolu Adeleke * A karkashin Tasiri (2025-yanzu) a matsayin Dami === Fim din === * ''Asalin: Madam Koi'' Koi (2023) a matsayin Idowu * ''[[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (fim)|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]]'' (2024) a matsayin Matashi Isra'ila * Ba tare da kai ba (2026) a matsayin Omotunde * Ta Dark Past (2024) a matsayin Dimeji * Miles Away From Home (2025) a matsayin Tayo == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2023 |Kiran Duk Kyautar Matasa |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin tallafi |Shi da kansa don ''Wura''|{{Won}} | |- |2024 |Kyautar NXT |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Fim ko Jerin Talabijin |Shi da kansa don ''Wura''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Official Nominees |url=https://nxthonors.com/nominees/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=NXT Honors |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031113340/https://nxthonors.com/nominees/ |archive-date=31 October 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cxbooqx5k3m72paur1g8yh1m47zx7mw Ilimi mai ban sha'awa 0 174447 966691 946239 2026-10-12T00:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimi mai ban sha'awa''' ra'ayi ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin aji, gwagwarmayar siyasa, ka'idar mahimmanci da Canjin zamantakewa. Kalmar fassara ce daga sanannen ilimin Mutanen Espanya ko sanannen ilimin Portuguese. Kalmar 'mashahuri' a wannan yanayin tana nufin 'na mutane'. Fiye da haka 'mashahuri' yana nufin 'mashahurin ɗalibai', wanda ya haɗa da manoma, marasa aikin yi, ma'aikata kuma wani lokacin ƙananan matsakaicin aji. Ana nufin sunan 'mashahuri' mafi mahimmanci don cire aji na sama da aji na tsakiya. Ana amfani da ilimi mai ban sha'awa don rarraba nau'ikan ayyukan ilimi kuma ya kasance al'ada mai ƙarfi a Latin Amurka tun ƙarshen rabin farko na karni na 20. Wadannan kokarin ko dai an hada su ne ko kuma an gudanar da su ne don amfanin shahararrun ɗalibai. Bambancin ayyukan da ƙoƙarin da ke da'awar ko karɓar lakabin ilimi mai kyau ya sa kalmar ta zama da wahala a bayyana daidai. Gabaɗaya, mutum na iya cewa ilimi na gargajiya ya dogara ne da aji kuma ya ƙi ra'ayin ilimi a matsayin watsawa ko 'ilimin banki'. Yana jaddada tsarin dialectic ko Tattaunawa tsakanin malami da malami. An bincika wannan samfurin dalla-dalla a cikin ayyukan daya daga cikin manyan malamai Paulo Freire na farkon shekarun 1900. Kodayake suna da kamanceceniya da yawa tare da wasu nau'ikan ilimi na madadin, ilimi mai ban sha'awa shine nau'i na musamman. A cikin kalmomin Liam Kane: "Abin da ke rarrabe ilimi mai kyau daga 'babba', 'marasa tsari', 'nesa', ko 'ilimi na dindindin', alal misali, shine cewa a cikin mahallin rashin adalci na zamantakewa, ilimi ba zai iya zama tsaka-tsaki na siyasa ba: idan ba ya gefen mafi talauci da ɓangarorin da aka ware- 'an zalunci' - a cikin ƙoƙari na manya al'umma, to lallai ne ya kasance tare da 'masu zalunci' a kiyaye tsarin zalunci na yanzu, koda ta hanyar kuskure' == Turai == Ilimi mai ban sha'awa ya fara ne a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin siyasa da koyarwa, kuma ya dogara da manufa ta dimokuradiyya ta [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]], wanda ya ɗauki ilimin jama'a a matsayin babban kayan aiki na 'yanci na mutum da na rukuni, kuma ta haka ne yanayin da ya dace na [[Samun cin gashin kai|cin gashin kai]], daidai da [[Immanuel Kant]]'s Was Ist Aufklärung? (Mene ne Haskakawa?), wanda aka buga shekaru biyar kafin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa na 1789, lokacin da Rahoton Condorcet ya kafa koyarwar jama'a a Faransa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Jean-Jacques Rousseau's L'Emile: Ko, On Education (1762) wani tasiri ne na bayyane, da kuma ayyukan N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783-1872), a asalin motsi na Nordic na makarantun sakandare. A cikin karni na 19, shahararrun ƙungiyoyin ilimi sun shiga, musamman a Faransa, a cikin ƙungiyoyin Jamhuriyar Republican da Socialist. Babban bangare na motsi na ma'aikata, ilimi mai ban sha'awa ya sami rinjaye sosai daga ra'ayoyin positivist, materialist da laïcité, idan ba masu adawa da malamai ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Ana iya bayyana ilimin da ya shahara a matsayin dabarar ilimi da aka tsara don tada sani mahalarta kuma ya ba su damar sanin yadda abubuwan da mutum ke da alaƙa da manyan matsalolin al'umma. Ana ba masu halarta ikon yin aiki don yin canji a kan matsalolin da ke shafar su. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} === Karni na 19 === Ɗaya daga cikin tushen ilimi mai suna Condorcet ne a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa na 1789. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun zama muhimmin bangare na ƙungiyar Republican da Socialist. Bayan rabuwa da Ƙungiyar Farko ta Duniya a Majalisa ta Hague ta 1872 tsakanin "masu adawa da mulkin mallaka" (anarchists) da Marxists, ilimi mai ban sha'awa ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na ƙungiyar ma'aikata, musamman a cikin ƙungiyar anarcho-syndicalist, mai ƙarfi a Faransa, Spain da Italiya. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman jigo da aka tattauna a lokacin Taron Anarchist na Duniya na Amsterdam na 1907. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} ==== Faransa ==== A lokacin Daular Na Biyu, Jean Macé ya kafa Ligue de l'enseignement (Teaching League) a 1866; a lokacin Majalisa ta Lille a 1885, Macé ya sake tabbatar da wahayi na Masonic na wannan ƙungiyar da aka sadaukar da ita ga sanannen koyarwa. Bayan Taron Hague na 1872 da rabuwa tsakanin Marxists da anarchists, Fernand Pelloutier ya kafa cibiyoyin Bourses du travail daban-daban a Faransa, inda ma'aikata suka taru kuma suka tattauna siyasa da kimiyya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Dokokin Jules Ferry a cikin shekarun 1880, da suka kafa kyauta, masu zaman kansu (marasa addini), tilas da ilimi na jama'a, suna ɗaya daga cikin duwatsun kafa na Jamhuriyar Na Uku (1871-1940), wanda aka kafa bayan yakin Franco-Prussian na 1870 da Paris Commune . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Bugu da ƙari, yawancin malamai, waɗanda suka kasance a cikin ɗayan manyan goyon bayan Jamhuriyar Na Uku, sosai har aka kira shi République des instituteurs ("''Jamhuriyar Malamai''"), yayin da aka kira malamai da kansu, saboda adawar jamhuriyar Republican, Hussards noirs de la République, sun goyi bayan Alfred Dreyfus a kan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a lokacin Dreyfus Affair. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakonsa shine su kafa laccoci na ilimi kyauta na batutuwan bil'adama ga manya don gwagwarmaya da yaduwar adawa da Yahudawa, wanda ba a iyakance shi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba amma kuma ya shafi ƙungiyar ma'aikata. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Ayyukan Paul Robin a gidan marayu na Prévost na Cempuis shine abin koyi ga Escuela Moderna na Francisco Ferrer a Spain. Robin ya koyar da rashin yarda da Allah da kuma kasa da kasa, kuma ya buɗe sabon tushe tare da makarantar sakandare, da kuma koyar da marayu tare da irin girmamawa da aka ba wasu yara. Ya koyar da cewa ya kamata mutum ya bunkasa cikin jituwa da duniya, a kan jiki, ɗabi'a, da kuma ilimi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} ==== Scandinavia ==== A Denmark, ra'ayin makarantar sakandare ta gargajiya ya fara ne a cikin 1844 ta hanyar N. F. S. Grundtvig. A shekara ta 1870, Denmark tana da 50 daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin. Na farko a Sweden, Folkhögskolan Хvilan, an kafa shi ne a 1868 a wajen Lund. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} A shekara ta 1882, dalibai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu zaman kansu a Jami'ar Uppsala a Sweden sun kafa kungiyar {{Lang|sv|Verdandi}} don ilimi. Tsakanin 1888 da 1954 ya buga litattafan ilimi 531 a kan batutuwa daban-daban ({{Lang|sv|Verdandis småskrifter}}). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Wasu masu goyon bayan mutanen Sweden na mutane sun karɓi anglicization na gine-ginen mutane Littafin Yaren mutanen Sweden game da ilimi mai kyau tare da nassoshi 25,000 ga littattafai da labarai tsakanin 1850 da 1950 an haɗa su a cikin kundin Libris na Royal Library . === Karni na 20 === Ilimi mai ban sha'awa ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani muhimmin bangare na siyasar gurguzu, ya sake fitowa musamman a lokacin Popular Front a cikin 1936-38, yayin da autogestion (management kai), babban ka'idar ƙungiyar anarcho-syndicalist, ya zama sanannen taken bayan tawaye na Mayu '68. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} ==== Ostiraliya ==== ==== ''Makarantar zamani'' (1901-1907) ==== An kafa Escuela Moderna (''[[Motsi na Ferrer|Makarantar zamani]]'') a cikin 1901 a [[Barcelona]] ta hanyar mai tunani mai zaman kansa Francesc Ferrer da Guàrdia, kuma ya zama jagora ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.<ref name="Fidler">Geoffrey C. Fidler, ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/368893 The Escuela Moderna Movement of Francisco Ferrer: "Por la Verdad y la Justicia"]'' in ''[[History of Education Quarterly]]'', vol.25, issue 1/2, Spring-Summer 1985, pages 103–132 {{In lang|en}}</ref> Da yake adawa da "koyaswar ilimin al'ada Ferrer ya kafa tsarin da ya danganci dalili, kimiyya, da lura".Manufar makarantar ita ce " ilimantar da ma'aikata a cikin wani wuri mai ma'ana, na duniya da kuma wanda ba na tilastawa ba". A aikace, kudaden karatun da aka biya sun ƙuntata halartar makarantar ga ɗaliban aji na tsakiya masu arziki. An yi fatan a asirce cewa lokacin da ya cika don aikin juyin juya hali, waɗannan ɗalibai za su motsa su jagoranci ɗaliban ma'aikata. An rufe shi a cikin 1906. {{Lang|it|Escuela Moderna}}, da ra'ayoyin Ferrer gabaɗaya, sun zama wahayi ga jerin makarantun zamani a Amurka, <ref name="Fidler" /> [[Cuba]], Kudancin Amurka da London. An fara na farko daga cikin wadannan a Birnin New York a shekarar 1911. Har ila yau, ya yi wahayi zuwa ga jaridar Italiyanci {{Lang|it|[[Università popolare (Italian newspaper)|Università popolare]]}}, wanda aka kafa a 1901. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} ==== Faransa ==== [[File:Pdc_université_populaire_amlr.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Jerin laccoci, Jami'ar Jama'a - garin Villeurbanne - 1936.]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, yunkurin koyarwa da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar anarchist. A cikin 1943, {{Interlanguage link|Joffre Dumazedier|fr}} , {{Interlanguage link|Benigno Cacérès|fr}} , Paul Lengrand, Joseph Rovan da sauransu sun kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta Peuple et Culture (Mutane da Al'adu), da nufin dimokuradiyya na al'adu. Joffre Dumazedier ya tsara, a lokacin 'yanci, manufar "ci gaban al'adu" don adawa da manufar " Ci gaban tattalin arziki", don haka yana nuna alamar Ci gaban Dan Adam na yanzu. Masanin tarihi Jean Maitron, alal misali, ya kasance darektan makarantar Apremont a Vendée daga 1950 zuwa 1955. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Irin wannan shahararren ilimi ya kasance babban fasalin Mayu '68 da na decenie masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da musamman ga kafa Jami'ar Paris VIII: Vincennes - Saint-Denis a Paris, a cikin 1969. Jami'ar Vincennes (yanzu tana cikin Saint-Deni) ta farko ce "Cibiyar Jami'ar gwaji," tare da sha'awar sake fasalin dangantakar tsakanin ɗalibai da malamai (wanda ake kira "''Mandarin''", dangane da waɗannan ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka na Imperial China, don ikon su da classic, Jamhuriyarsu, Fus suna da malamaci na musamman, don haka malamai na musamman malamai masu amfani da su, masu ilimin kimiyya na musamman na Michane masu amfani da waɗannan ɗalibai masu amfani da juna. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}}Bugu da ƙari, Vincennes ba shi da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo, wakilan malamin ''Mandarin'' da ke fuskantar kuma suna mamaye daruruwan ɗalibai suna yin rubutu a shiru. Har ila yau, ya tilasta [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] tsakanin farfesa da mataimakan koyarwa. Rikicin dalibai ya ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1970 a duka Vincennes da Jami'ar Paris X: Nanterre, wanda aka kirkira a 1964. A cikin 1980, Ministan Ilimi Alice Saunier-Seité ya tilasta canja wurin Jami'ar Vincennes zuwa Saint-Denis. Kodayake ilimi ya zama al'ada a cikin shekarun 1980, a lokacin zamanin [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]], a cikin Saint-Denis da Vincennes, waɗannan jami'o'in sun riƙe ra'ayi mara kyau fiye da Sorbonne na gargajiya, inda darussan suka fi zama masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da zamantakewar al'umma da suka fi tsakiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Wani yunkuri a cikin ilimi mai ban sha'awa, musamman da aka yi niyya ga batun falsafar (Faransa yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu ban sha'a inda ake koyar da wannan horo ''na ƙarshe'', shekara ta ƙarshe ta makarantar sakandare wacce ta ƙare a cikin digiri na ''baccalaureate'') ita ce kirkirar, a cikin 1983, jami'ar da ake kira Collège international de philosophie (Kolejin Falsafa na Duniya, ko Ciph), ta Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye da Dominique Lecourt, a cikin ƙoƙari na sake tunanin koyar da falsafar a duk wani jami'a (mafi girma). A matsayin tsohuwar {{Lang|fr|[[Collège de France]]}}, wanda Francis I ya kirkira, kyauta ce kuma a buɗe ga kowa. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}}Derrida ne ya fara jagorantar Ciph, sannan Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, kuma yana da membobin koyarwa Giorgio Agamben, Alain Badiou, Sidi Mohamed Barkat, Geoffrey Bennington, François Châtelet, José Gil, Olivier LeCour Grandmaison, Antonio Negri, da sauransu. Ciph har yanzu yana aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} == Latin Amurka == === 1940s-1960s === Ilimi mai ban sha'awa ya wuce ta matakai daban-daban. Ya samo asali ne a Latin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950, musamman a Brazil, ƙasa mai tsanani da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa. A cikin shekarun 1960, burin shine kafa kungiyoyi da za su canza gaskiyar. An shahara da littafin Paulo Freire's Pedagody of the Oppressed wanda aka buga a shekarar 1968. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirylo |first=James D. |date=2012-11-01 |title=Pedagogy of the Oppressed: The Publication Process of Paulo Freire’s Seminal Work |url=http://www.emerald.com/ssrp/article/7/3/122-129/368015 |journal=Social Studies Research and Practice |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1108/SSRP-03-2012-B0009 |issn=1933-5415 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === 1970s-1980s === A cikin shekarun 1970s, an ƙarfafa shahararrun ƙungiyoyin da suka fara a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, an yi ƙoƙari don ƙwarewar ƙungiyoyin ilimi da ke akwai. Tun lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico, an gabatar da bukatar sauye-sauyen ilimi a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández |first=Alfonso Torres |date=2016-11-16 |title=La Revolución Mexicana y la educación popular |url=https://www.milenio.com/opinion/alfonso-torres-hernandez/apuntes-pedagogicos/la-revolucion-mexicana-y-la-educacion-popular |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=Grupo Milenio |language=es}}</ref> An ci gaba da matakai tun lokacin da Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) ta hanyar Zapatista Autonomous Rebel Secondary Schools. Shirye-shiryen karatu da rubutu irin su Adeco (Actions for Community Development AC) sun kasance masu aiki tun 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conócenos - Adeco AC |url=https://adeco.org.mx/conocenos/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=Adeco |language=es}}</ref> A Ecuador, Cibiyar Bincike, Ilimi, da Ingantawa ta Ecuador (INEPE) kungiya ce ta al'umma wacce ke ci gaba da aiki a cikin hanyoyin Ilimi na Jama'a tare da yara, matasa, da manya daga al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi a birnin Quito tun 1985.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=En lo alto del Ungüí: Andrea Raza y un hito en la educación popular al sur de Quito - Plan V |url=https://planv.com.ec/historias/lo-alto-del-ungui-andrea-raza-y-un-hito-la-educacion-popular-al-sur-quito/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=planv.com.ec |language=es}}</ref> Shirin ne wanda ke daidaita ka'idodin Paulo Freire zuwa ilimin yara, firamare, sakandare, da jami'a, ban da aiwatar da aikin al'umma tare da mazaunan La Dolorosa de Chilibulo .<ref name=":0" /> === Shekaru na 1990 zuwa yanzu === Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990s a Brazil shahararren ilimi ya zama mai tasiri sosai a cikin Landless Workers' Movement (MST) ta hanyar gudanar da Jami'ar Jama'a ta Jama'a (PUSM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universidade Popular dos Movimentos Sociais - EM DESTAQUE |url=https://www.universidadepopular.org/site/pages/pt/em-destaque.php |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.universidadepopular.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519155215/https://www.universidadepopular.org/site/pages/pt/em-destaque.php |archive-date=2026-05-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. A Argentina, an yi la'akari da Universidad Trashumante a matsayin sanannen cibiyar ilimi a cikin shekarun 1990s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Iglesias |first=Tato |date=2001 |title=La Universidad Trashumante. Sendas para la Educación Popular, un grupo tras la huella de Paulo Freire |url=https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/periferica/article/view/1001 |journal=Periférica Internacional. Revista para el análisis de la cultura y el territorio |language=es |issue=2 |pages=95–98 |doi=10.25267/Periferica.2001.i2.08 |issn=2445-2696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, aikin ya kasance daga Sendas para la Educacion Popular, ƙungiyar da Paulo Freire ya rinjayi kai tsaye tare da falsafar samun jami'ar zuwa tituna don sauraron mutane.<ref name=":1" /> Jami'ar Jama'a ta Uwargida ta Plaza de Mayo ta haɗa ƙa'idodin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Universidad Nacional Madres de Plaza de |title=Universidad Nacional Madres de Plaza de Mayo |url=https://unma.edu.ar/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=UNMa - Sitio Web Oficial |language=es-AR}}</ref>Hakanan, hadin gwiwar shahararrun malamai da masu bincike na Argentina sun kafa makarantu a shekara ta 2004 tare da imanin cewa suna kallon ilimi a matsayin kayan aiki don sauya zamantakewa daga ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eric |date=2023-12-14 |title=Cooperative of Popular Historical Educators and Researchers - Argentina |url=https://www.clacso.org/en/cooperativa-de-educadorxs-e-investigadorxs-populares-historica-argentina/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=CLACSO |language=en}}</ref> A Chile, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun malamai ta ƙasa, Cibiyar Nazarin Malamai ta Santiago, Caracol Collective , tare da makarantun kyauta da shirye-shiryen da suka fi dacewa kafin jami'a, sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar 2019 a Chile.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Colectivo Caracol: «Chile cambió y lo hizo para siempre» |url=https://www.revistadefrente.cl/colectivo-caracol-chile-cambio-y-lo-hizo-para-siempre/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Escuelas Libres |url=https://laotraeducacion.cl/escuelas-libres/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |language=es}}</ref> Daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmancin tarihi na haɓaka shahararrun shawarwarin ilimi a Chile, Ƙungiyar Paulo Freire, tun daga shekara ta 2007, ta gudanar da muhimmiyar aiki a matsayin malamai, ba kawai a cikin aikin al'umma ba har ma da tsarin tsarin da horo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-20 |title=¿Quiénes somos? |url=https://colectivopaulofreire.wordpress.com/lineas-de-trabajo/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=Colectivo Paulo Freire - Chile |language=es}}</ref> Tare da sanannun masu tunani kamar Luis Bustos Titus suna fitowa daga rukuni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-05 |title=“Una pregunta normalmente no trae como efecto la respuesta, sino que muchas veces trae una nueva pregunta” – Entrevista de AUKA a Luis Bustos (2009) |url=https://colectivopaulofreire.wordpress.com/2012/01/05/una-pregunta-normalmente-no-trae-como-efecto-la-respuesta-sino-que-muchas-veces-trae-una-nueva-pregunta-entrevista-de-auka-a-luis-bustos-2009/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=Colectivo Paulo Freire - Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Titus |first=Luis Bustos |date=1996 |title=EDUCACION POPULAR: LO QUE VA DE AYER A HOY |url=https://ultimadecada.uchile.cl/index.php/UD/article/view/56017 |journal=Última Década |language=es |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=5–14 |issn=0718-2236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Investigación – Acción: Propuesta para el Trabajo Comunitario. |url=https://1library.co/article/investigaci%C3%B3n-acci%C3%B3n-propuesta-para-el-trabajo-comunitario.y6onnm7y |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=1library.co |language=es-MX}}</ref> === Yankunan da ake magana da Ingilishi === == Arewacin Amurka == A Amurka da Kanada ilimi mai mahimmanci ya rinjayi ilimin Adalci na zamantakewa da mahimman koyarwa, kodayake akwai bambance-bambance. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, akwai misalai na ilimi mai ban sha'awa a Amurka da Kanada waɗanda suka girma tare da kuma masu zaman kansu na ilimi mai kyau a Latin Amurka. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mj5gqxm9niob8o07b87xlof985ofq7e Jerin Filayen al'umma a Scotland 0 174875 966739 947559 2026-10-12T08:54:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan jerin ya ƙunshi mafi yawan filaye da ke ƙarƙashin mallakar al'umma a [[Scotland]]. Ya haɗa da wuraren da aka saya a cikin siyan al'umma, da kuma filayen da aka ba wa kyauta ko aka canjawa wuri don kuɗi na musamman. Dokar Gyaran Filaye (Scotland) ta 2003 ta gabatar da haƙƙoƙin al'ummomi na siyan filaye a yankinsu. Dokar Ƙarfafa Al'umma (Scotland) ta 2015 ta faɗaɗa 'Yancin Sayayya ga al'ummomi na kowane girma, gami da waɗanda ke cikin birane. Dokar Gyaran Filaye (Scotland) ta 2016 ta ba wa ministoci damar tilasta wa masu filaye su sayar idan sun yanke shawarar cewa sayar da filaye zai ƙara ci gaba mai ɗorewa a yankin. Gwamnatin Scotland ce ta samar da kuɗaɗen siyan filaye ta hanyar Asusun Filaye na Scotland. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Property ! rowspan="2" |Date ! rowspan="2" |Type ! rowspan="2" |Owner ! rowspan="2" |Purchase price ! colspan="2" |Area ! rowspan="2" |OS grid reference ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !hectares !acres |- |Glendale Estate, Skye | align="right" |1908 |Estate |Glendale Trust | |{{Convert|9300|ha|acre|-2}} |NG1749 |Purchased by the government, then sold to the crofters<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macpherson |first=George W |title=Glendale Estate An{{sic |nolink=yes}} Unique Early Experiment in Crofting Ownership |url=http://www.caledonia.org.uk/socialland/glendale.htm |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=Social Land Ownership |publisher=Caledonia Centre for Social Development}}</ref> |- |Stornoway Estate, Lewis | align="right" |1923 |Estate |Stornoway Trust |£0 |{{Convert|28000|ha|acre|-2}} |NB4232 |Gifted by Lord Leverhulme |- |Macdonald Estate, Skye | align="right" |Apr 1971 |Estate 19,452 |[https://web.archive.org/web/20260309055647/https://armadalecastle.com/about/clan-donald-estate/ Clan Donald Lands Trust] |||{{Convert|7871|ha|acre|-2}} |[https://explore.osmaps.com/pin?lat=57.089096&lon=-5.922732&zoom=12.9577&style=Standard&type=2d NG 6206] |The Trust was founded by Clan Donald community members local and worldwide to buyout part of the old Macdonald Estate and preserve the land for future generations of our community. |- |North Assynt Estate | align="right" |Feb 1993 |Estate |Assynt Crofters' Trust |£300,000 |{{Convert|9000|ha|acre|-2}} |NC1032 |Previously known as North Lochinver Estate |- |Eigg | align="right" |Jun 1997 |Island |Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust |£1,500,000 |{{Convert|3000|ha|acre|-2}} |NM4786 | |- |Abriachan Forest | align="right" |Mar 1998 |Forest |Abriachan Forest Trust |£152,000 |{{Convert|534|ha|acre|-2}} |NH5434 |Purchased from [[Kayan daji na Ingila|Forest Enterprise]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matheson |first=Christine |title=Case Study Four: Abriachan Forest Trust |url=http://www.caledonia.org.uk/socialland/abriacha.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831135133/http://www.caledonia.org.uk/socialland/abriacha.htm |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=Social Land Ownership |publisher=Caledonia Centre for Social Development}}</ref> |- |Knoydart Estate | align="right" |Mar 1999 |Estate |Knoydart Foundation |£750,000 |{{Convert|7000|ha|acre|-2}} |NG7703 | |- |Isle Martin, Loch Broom | align="right" |May 1999 |Island |Isle Martin Trust |£0 |{{Convert|150|ha|acre|-2}} |NH0999 |Gifted by the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Roy |title=The Isle Martin Trust - A community-based charitable trust |url=http://www.caledonia.org.uk/socialland/isle.htm |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=Social Land Ownership |publisher=Caledonia Centre for Social Development}}</ref> |- |Little Assynt Estate | align="right" |Nov 2000 |Estate |Culag Community Woodland Trust |£244,000 |{{Convert|1200|ha|acre|-2}} |NC1526 | |- |Gigha | align="right" |Mar 2002 |Island |Isle of Gigha Heritage Trust |£4,000,000 |{{Convert|1300|ha|acre|-2}} |NR6449 | |- |[[Dùn Coillich]], Perthshire | align="right" |May 2002 |Hill |Highland Perthshire Communities Land Trust | |{{Convert|420|ha|acre|-2}} |NN7653 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2002 |title=Highland Perthshire Communities land purchase (Dùn Coillich) |url=http://www.hpclt.org/outputs/pr_02-05-10.htm |access-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=Highland Perthshire Communities Land Trust}}</ref> |- |North Harris | align="right" |Mar 2003 |Estate |North Harris Trust |£2,200,000 |{{Convert|22500|ha|acre|-2}} |NB1010 |Increased to 25,000 ha (62,000 acres) with purchase of Loch Seaforth estate in 2006 |- |Aline Community Woodland, Lewis | align="right" |May 2005 |Forest |Erisort Trust | |{{Convert|633|ha|acre|-2}} |NB2114 | |- |Glencanisp and Drumrunie Estates, Assynt | align="right" |Jun 2005 |Estate |Assynt Foundation |£2,900,000 |{{Convert|18000|ha|acre|-2}} |NC1718 | |- |South Uist Estate - Benbecula, Eriskay and South Uist | align="right" |Nov 2006 |Estate |Stòras Uibhist |£4,500,000 |{{Convert|38000|ha|acre|-2}} |NF7830 | |- |Langamull and West Ardhu Woodlands, Isle Of Mull | align="right" |Dec 2006 |Forest |North West Mull Community Woodland Company Ltd |£343,000 | {{Convert|700|ha|acre|-2}} |NM3952 & NM4250 |Purchased from Forestry Commission Scotland under the National Forest Land Scheme |- |Galson Estate, Lewis | align="right" |Jan 2007 |Estate |Urras Oighreachd Ghabhsainn (Galson Estate Trust) |£1,200,000 |{{Convert|22600|ha|acre|-2}} |NB4458 | |- |Cultybraggan Camp, Comrie | align="right" |Sep 2007 |Former prisoner of war camp |Comrie Development Trust |£350,000 |{{Convert|36|ha|acre|-2}} |NN7619 | |- |Kinloch village, Rùm | align="right" |Feb 2009 |Village |Isle of Rum Community Trust |£0 |{{Convert|100|ha|acre|-2}} |NM4099 |Transferred from [[NatureScot|Scottish Natural Heritage]] |- |Rhubodach Forest, Bute | align="right" |Jul 2010 |Forest |Bute Community Land Company |£250,000 |{{Convert|161|ha|acre|-2}} |NS0273 |Larger area of forest bought for £1.475m, then part of it immediately sold for £1.25m |- |RAF Machrihanish | align="right" |May 2012 |Former air base |Machrihanish Airbase Community Company |£1 |{{Convert|409|ha|acre|-2}} |NR6622 | |- |Evanton Wood | align="right" |Aug 2012 |Forest |Evanton Wood Community Company |£300,000 |{{Convert|65|ha|acre|-2}} |NH5966 | |- |Mull of Galloway | align="right" |Jul 2013 |Heathland |Mull of Galloway Trust |£350,000 |{{Convert|12|ha|acre|-2}} |NX1530 |Sold by the Northern Lighthouse Board |- |Bridgend Farmhouse, Edinburgh | align="right" |Nov 2016 |Former farm and steading |Bridgend Inspiring Growth |£1 |{{Convert|0.41|ha|acre|-2}} |NT280710 |Sold by the City of Edinburgh Council<ref>{{Cite web |last=City of Edinburgh Council |title=Finance and Resources Committee |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/meetings/meeting/3757/finance_and_resources_committee |access-date=12 November 2018 |website=www.edinburgh.gov.uk |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113025552/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/meetings/meeting/3757/finance_and_resources_committee |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Portobello Old Parish Church, Edinburgh | align="right" |Sep 2017 |Former Church |Action Porty |£600,000 |{{Convert|0.18|ha|acre|-2}} |NT280710 |First urban community right to buy in Edinburgh under the LR(S)A 2003 (as amended). Property sold by the Church of Scotland<ref>{{Cite web |last=City of Edinburgh Council |title=Finance and Resources Committee |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/meetings/meeting/3757/finance_and_resources_committee |access-date=12 November 2018 |website=www.edinburgh.gov.uk |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113025552/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/meetings/meeting/3757/finance_and_resources_committee |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Ulva | align="right" |21 June 2018 |Island |North West Mull Community Woodland Company |£4,400,000+ |{{Convert|2000|ha|acre|-2}} |NM410396 |Sold by Jamie Howard after a grant of £4.4 million from the Scottish Government through the Scottish Land Fund |- |Bonnymuir Green, Aberdeen | align="right" |Sep 2018 |Greenspace and building |Bonnymuir Green Community Trust |£120,000 | |0.5 |NJ922067 |Former bowling green<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study: Bonnymuir Green Community Trust |url=https://www.communitylandscotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Case-Study-2019-Bonnymuir-Green-Community-Trust.pdf |access-date=19 November 2023 |publisher=Community Land Scotland}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == c66ghej8yv5nuowtoc1p4qjd797p50l Hanyar Speyside 0 175098 966164 954829 2026-10-11T15:17:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hanyar Speyside''' hanya ce mai nisa a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]] . <ref name="official"> {{Cite web |title=Speyside Way official website |url=https://www.speysideway.co.uk/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |publisher=Speyside Way}} </ref> <ref name="great trails" /> <ref name="walkhighlands"> {{Cite web |title=The Speyside Way |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/speyside-way.shtml |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=walkhighlands}} </ref> <ref name="ldwa"> {{Cite web |title=Speyside Way |url=https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Speyside+Way |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[Long Distance Walkers Association]]}} </ref> Hanyar ta fara ne daga Buckie kuma ta ƙare a Newtonmore, {{Convert|137|km|mi}} nesa. <ref name="great trails" /> Akwai wata hanyar gudu ta musamman da za ta kai ga babban hanyar zuwa Tomintoul, wadda za ta ƙara {{Convert|25|km|mi}} da {{Convert|865|m|ft}} na hawan dutse. <ref name="great trails" /> Hanyar ta fi bi ta Kogin Spey ta hanyar shimfidar wurare na Banffshire, Morayshire da Inverness-shire a [[Scotland]], inda ta ratsa wasu daga cikin wuraren sarrafa malt na Speyside . Sashe na farko daga Buckie zuwa Spey Bay yana bin bakin teku, yayin da sashe na ƙarshe daga Aviemore zuwa Newtonmore ke bin mafi yawan hanyar tsohon layin dogo na Strathspey . An jera shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Hanyoyi na Scotland ta [[NatureScot]], kuma yana haɗi kai tsaye zuwa wasu Manyan Hanyoyi guda biyu: Hanyar Dava da Hanyar Moray Coast . <ref name="great trails"> {{Cite web |title=Speyside Way |url=https://www.scotlandsgreattrails.com/trail/speyside-way/ |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[Scotland's Great Trails]]}} </ref> Kimanin mutane 52,750 ne ke amfani da hanyar kowace shekara, inda kimanin mutane 2,750 ke kammala dukkan hanyar. <ref name="research findings">{{Cite web |date=August 2018 |title=Scotland's networks of paths and trails: key research findings |url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-09/Research%20Consolidation%20Report.pdf |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[NatureScot]] |page=6 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926170343/https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-09/Research%20Consolidation%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a sauran Manyan Hanyoyi, an yi wa Hanyar alama da wata alama da ke nuna ƙaya a cikin hexagon. An buɗe Hanyar a shekarar 1981, daga Spey Bay zuwa Ballindalloch, kuma an tsawaita ta tsawon shekaru don isa Aviemore nan da shekarar 2000. A shekarar 2020 aka kammala tsawaita wa'adin ƙarshe ga Newtonmore. A shekarar 2021, an sabunta shafin yanar gizon hukuma na hanyar kuma an maye gurbin tambarin farko na hanyar da da'irar kore-shuɗi mai ɗauke da kayan abinci masu salo da kifi salmon. Tun daga shekarar 1994, ana gudanar da aikin Speyside Way Ultramarathon daga Cragganmore distillery da ke Ballindalloch zuwa Buckie, nisan {{Convert|36.5|mi|km}}.<ref name="ultra">{{Cite web |title=The Route |url=https://www.speysidewayultra.co.uk/route/ |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=Speyside Way Ultra}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == 23e1ntmstihm9hxs0x3bebwwb546gxc Jac Bekker 0 175110 966708 948460 2026-10-12T02:49:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacobus Marthinus Geyser Bekker''' (1 ga Nuwamba 1942 - 17 ga Yulin 2025) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Dindindin a Majalisar Lardin Kasa daga Yammacin Cape daga 2009 har zuwa 2014. Wani memba na Democratic Alliance, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban bulala na jam'iyyar a cikin Gundumar Eden a Yammacin Cape . [1] An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin dindindin a Majalisar larduna ta kasa, babban gidan Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu, bayan Babban zaben 2009. [2] A lokacin da yake cikin NCOP, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Tsaro da Ci gaban Tsarin Mulki, Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓu kan Gudanar da hadin gwiwa da Harkokin Al'adu, Kwamitin Saɓuɓɓu kan Ayyukan Jama'a, Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwa kan Da'a da Amfanin membobin, Kwamitin Ad Hoc kan Dokar Gyara ta Janar, da Kwamitin Haɗakarwa kan Tsaro.[1] Ya kuma kasance shugaban mazabar DA a Oudtshoorn . [3] Matar Bekker, Suna, ta mutu bayan dogon rashin lafiya a shekara ta 2011. Majalisar larduna ta kasa ta zartar da ta'aziyya ga dangin Bekker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condolences To Bekker Family On Passing Of Mrs Suna Bekker (Draft Resolution) |url=http://www.pa.org.za/hansard/2011/august/11/proceedings-of-the-national-council-of-provinces-t/condolences-to-bekker-family-on-passing-of-mrs-sun |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=www.pa.org.za |language=en}}</ref> Bekker ya tsaya takarar [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin na 156 a jerin sunayen DA na kasa don Babban zaben 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DA list of candidates for 2014 provincial and national elections - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/da-list-of-candidates-for-2014-provincial-and-nati |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Ba a zabe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ba kuma bai koma NCOP ba.<ref name="PA">{{Cite web |title=Jacobus Marthinus Geyser Bekker |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/jacobus-marthinus-g-bekker/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> Bekker ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Yulin 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BEKKER-Jac-1942-2025-M {{!}} BEKKER-Surnames-Vanne {{!}} B-Surnames---Vanne-B {{!}} Funeral Programs / Begrafnisbriewe |url=https://www.genza.org.za/begrafnisbriewe/B-Surnames---Vanne-B/BEKKER-Surname-Vanne/BEKKER-Jac-1942-2025-M/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=www.genza.org.za}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ffmcaw4psy4gtlccncs8avc79bp1ys2 Jamie Bloem 0 175214 966725 948682 2026-10-12T06:45:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jamie Bloem''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1971) tsohon dan wasan rugby ne kuma alƙalin rugby league. A halin yanzu yana horar da kungiyar rugby mai son [[Elland ARLFC]]. Ya buga wasan rugby na Afirka ta Kudu da Scotland. A matakin kulob din na Cape Town Coasters (Afirka ta Kudu), Castleford Tigers, <ref>David Smart & Andrew Howard (1 July 2000) "Images of Sport – Castleford Rugby League – A Twentieth Century History". The History Press Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0752418957}}</ref> <ref name="Castleford RLFC A to Z Player List (All Time)">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2014 |title=Castleford RLFC A to Z Player List (All Time) |url=http://www.thecastlefordtigers.co.uk/alltime.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216084010/http://www.thecastlefordtigers.co.uk/alltime.php |archive-date=16 February 2012 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Statistics at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2014 |title=Statistics at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk |url=http://www.thecastlefordtigers.co.uk/playerprofile.php?pid=265 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216084416/http://www.thecastlefordtigers.co.uk/playerprofile.php?pid=265 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> Oldham, Doncaster, <ref name="Statistics at robterrace.com">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Statistics at robterrace.com |url=http://robterrace.com/dons/player.php?PID=670 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224232639/http://robterrace.com/dons/player.php?PID=670 |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=robterrace.com}}</ref> Widnes Vikings, <ref name="Rugby League: Widnes sign South African Jamie Bloem">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Rugby League: Widnes sign South African Jamie Bloem |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league-widnes-sign-south-african-jamie-bloem-1349741.html |access-date=1 January 2018 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Halifax Panthers, Huddersfield Giants da kuma mai horar da 'yan wasa na Stainland Stags ARLFC, a matsayin fullback, reshe, tsakiya, , , ko mai gaba. [5]<ref name="Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org |url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/jamie-bloem/summary.html |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=Rugby League Project}}</ref> A cikin ƙungiyar rugby ya buga wa Lardin Yamma a matakin wakilci, kuma a matakin kulob din [[Union Milnerton RFC]] (Cape Town), Racing Métro 92, Halifax RUFC da kuma mai horar da 'yan wasa RUFC, Old Brodleians RUFC, [[Old Rishworthians|Tsohon Rishworthians]] RUFC. <ref name="Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org" /><ref name="official.sportnetwork.net">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=official.sportnetwork.net |url=http://official.sportnetwork.net/main/s347/st61143.htm |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=official.sportnetwork.net}}</ref><ref name="South Africa Shown Up By Tonga">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=South Africa Shown Up By Tonga |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/south-africa-shown-up-by-tonga-636078.html |access-date=1 January 2018 |website=The Independent}}</ref> == Gasar Rugby == === Ayyukan kulob din === Bloem da farko ya buga wasan rugby na kulob dinsa na Cape Town Coasters a Afirka ta Kudu, <ref name="Reports 2003 at sportinglife.com">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Reports 2003 at sportinglife.com |url=http://sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/reports2003/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague/03/08/29/RUGBYL_Castleford_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=castleford&HEADER=&YEAR=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716023116/https://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/reports2003/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague%2F03%2F08%2F29%2FRUGBYL_Castleford_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=castleford&HEADER=&YEAR=2003 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=1 January 2018 |website=Sporting Life}}</ref> ya kuma taka leda a Faransa kuma ya yi tafiya sosai a matsayin dan wasa, ya zama mai horar da 'yan wasa a Stainland Stags ARLFC (Halifax, West Yorkshire) a lokacin Pennine League 2010-11. === haramtacciyar miyagun ƙwayoyi === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1994, Bloem shine dan wasan rugby na farko da ya gwada tabbatacce don inganta aikin anabolic steroid nandrolone, an dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref name="Rugby League – League To Step Up Drug Testing">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Rugby League – League To Step Up Drug Testing |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league--league-to-step-up-drug-testing-1569714.html |access-date=1 January 2018 |website=The Independent}}</ref> === Ayyukan wakilin === Bloem ya kasance kyaftin din Afirka ta Kudu (RL) a lokacin gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2000, <ref name="South Africa Shown Up By Tonga" /> <ref name="World Cup 2000 – Group 2">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=World Cup 2000 – Group 2 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/world_cup_2000/group_2/978377.stm |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> ya cancanci Scotland (RL) ta hanyar asalin mahaifiyarsa. <ref name="official.sportnetwork.net" /> == Ƙungiyar Rugby == Bloem ya kuma yi amfani da bangarorin kungiyar rugby; Halifax RUFC, Thornensians RUFC (Thorne, Doncaster), da Old Brodleians RUFC, wanda ya kai ga ci gaba na farko a cikin shekaru 75, ya koma Old Rishworth RUFC: Rishworth, Halifax, West Yorkshire) a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasa na kakar 2007-08, ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye ga Old Rishishworthiens a kakar 2013-05 na kulob din. == Shekaru na baya == Bloem ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga wasannin rugby na rediyo na BBC, <ref name="BBC radio rugby league sports summariser">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=BBC radio rugby league sports summariser |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/solpda/ifs_sport/hi/newsid_8027000/8027754.stm |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=BBC}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023}}</ref> kuma alƙalin rugby kuma ya mallaki wasan Kofin Nordic tsakanin Norway da Sweden a Partille Ground (Spartacus Rugby Club), Gothenburg a ranar Asabar 30 ga Oktoba 2010 . <ref name="Bloem looks forward to officiating Nordic Cup at rleague.com">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2010 |title=Bloem looks forward to officiating Nordic Cup at rleague.com |url=http://rleague.com/db/article.php?id=37969 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115183922/http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id=37969 |archive-date=15 November 2010 |access-date=1 January 2011 |publisher=rleague.com}}</ref> <ref name="Bloem looks forward to officiating Nordic Cup at rlef.eu.com">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2010 |title=Bloem looks forward to officiating Nordic Cup at rlef.eu.com |url=http://www.rlef.eu.com/news.php?id=1493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002620/http://www.rlef.eu.com/news.php?id=1493 |archive-date=6 February 2018 |access-date=1 January 2011 |publisher=rlef.eu.com}}</ref><ref name="Referee Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Referee Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org |url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/referees/jamie-bloem.html |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=Rugby League Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002545/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/referees/jamie-bloem.html |archive-date=6 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Bloem a [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Australia ga iyayen Scotland da Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar uwarsa tagwaye ta mutu tana da makonni shida. An haife shi a Afirka ta Kudu da ta lalace a wani sansanin soja inda mahaifinsa yake aiki. Mahaifin Bloems ya mutu a yaƙi lokacin da yake da shekaru 15. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga rugby Bloem ya kafa kasuwancin lambu a Halifax, West Yorkshire . An zargi Bloem da yin jima'i da ƙarami, an gano cewa tuhumar ba ta da tushe.<ref name="Former Halifax Rugby League star Jamie Bloem speaks of hell after being accused of child sex offence">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Former Halifax Rugby League star Jamie Bloem speaks of hell after being accused of child sex offence |url=https://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/crime/former-halifax-rugby-league-star-jamie-bloem-speaks-of-hell-after-being-accused-of-child-sex-offence-1-5053146 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131458/https://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/crime/former-halifax-rugby-league-star-jamie-bloem-speaks-of-hell-after-being-accused-of-child-sex-offence-1-5053146 |archive-date=6 February 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=halifaxcourier.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Hard-hitting Bloem paid a heavy price for playing the game he loved">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Hard-hitting Bloem paid a heavy price for playing the game he loved |url=https://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/hard-hitting-bloem-paid-a-heavy-price-for-playing-the-game-he-loved-1-5501568 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131611/https://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/hard-hitting-bloem-paid-a-heavy-price-for-playing-the-game-he-loved-1-5501568 |archive-date=6 February 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=halifaxcourier.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Innocent former Huddersfield Giants star Jamie Bloem speaks about the nightmare allegation of child sex offence">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Innocent former Huddersfield Giants star Jamie Bloem speaks about the nightmare allegation of child sex offence |url=https://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/innocent-former-huddersfield-giants-star-4941682 |access-date=1 January 2018 |publisher=examiner.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] hntlafbh5yh3lcw9hc9g6dnoyrc4uls Hanyar wucewa ta Longdendale 0 175319 966165 962095 2026-10-11T15:28:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Longdendale Bypass (wanda aka fi sani da '''A57/A628 Mottram-in-Longdendale, Hollingworth & Tintwistle Bypass''') wani tsari ne na hanyoyi na kasa da aka tsara tun da daɗewa a cikin gundumomin Tameside da High Peak a Ingila, wani ɓangare na shi a halin yanzu ana ginawa. Manufarta ita ce ta rage tarwatsa zirga-zirga a kan hanyoyin A57, A628, da A616 da ke wucewa ta ƙauyuka a halin yanzu. Akwai goyon baya da adawa ga wannan shirin da aka tsara na dogon lokaci, wanda zai wuce ta kwarin Longdendale da kuma wani ɓangare na Gundumar Peak. Bayan kusan shekaru hamsin, wani ɓangare na tsarin hanya - Mottram Bypass da Glossop Spur - Hukumar Hanyar ta amince da shi a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014; amma kusan shekaru goma bayan haka, har yanzu ana ganin cokali a ƙasa. An yi niyyar fara ginin ne a cikin bazara na 2023, amma daukaka kara ga Babban Kotun ya nuna cewa ginin bai fara ba. Babban Kotun ta yi watsi da roko game da hanyar wucewa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023. Wani kalubale na karshe na shari'a ga hanyar wucewa ya gaza a watan Afrilu na 2024, ya bar National Highways kyauta don fara gina hanyar. Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 2025. == Tarihi == Hanyar A628 ta yanzu ta haɗa M67 daga [[Manchester]] zuwa M1 a Kudancin Yorkshire. Hanyar mota guda ɗaya ta ƙauyukan Mottram a Longdendale, Hollingworth da Tintwistle kuma ta hanyar Gundumar Peak National Park, yawancin Motocin kaya masu nauyi suna amfani da ita. Magoya bayan shirin sun ce A628 yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin A-hanya mafi yawa a cikin kasar, tare da babbar zirga-zirga (gami da HGVs) ta amfani da hanyar da ba ta dace da girma da yanayin zirga-zarge da yake ɗauka ba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109101323/http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ |archive-date=9 January 2008 |access-date=2008-01-20 |publisher=Longdendale Siege Committee website}}</ref> kuma babu wani zaɓi mai yiwuwa ga hanyar wucewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suggested Alternative Solutions? |url=http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Suggested_alternatives_Nov_05.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820071500/http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Suggested_alternatives_Nov_05.htm |archive-date=20 August 2008 |access-date=2008-01-20 |publisher=Longdendale Siege Committee website}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekara ta 2010 ya gano cewa mahaɗar A57 da M67 ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a Manchester. An nuna damuwa cewa shirin ba zai inganta aminci a kan Woodhead Pass ba, inda yawancin manyan hatsarori ke faruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain's Most Dangerous Roads |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/dangerous_roads.shtml |website=Radio 4}}</ref> == Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita == Shirin ya yi la'akari da sabon titin mota guda biyu wanda zai tafi arewa maso gabas daga ƙarshen gabashin M67, ya wuce a ƙarƙashin A6018 Roe Cross Road, Old Road da Old Hall Lane a cikin ramin mita 170 (558 kusan mita 120 (394 arewacin inda waɗannan hanyoyin suka haɗu. A gabashin wannan yanki hanyar za ta ci gaba a kan wani zagaye wanda ke ba da hanyar haɗi zuwa A57 a Mottram Moor. A gabashin zagaye, hanyar da aka fi so za ta ci gaba da arewa maso gabas ta hanyar ajiyar yanayi na Swallows Wood, sannan ta karkata kudu maso gabas don shiga A628 na yanzu a gabashin Tintwistle kusa da Townhead Farm. Wata hanyar hukuma ta gari da aka tsara, 'Glossop Spur', za ta haɗa da A57 a Woolley Bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-26 |title=Exhibition on spur takes to the road |url=http://www.glossopadvertiser.co.uk/news/s/505464_exhibition_on_spur_takes_to_the_road |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107121721/http://www.glossopadvertiser.co.uk/news/s/505464_exhibition_on_spur_takes_to_the_road |archive-date=7 January 2009 |access-date=2008-01-22 |website=Glossop Advertiser}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta buga taswirar yankin da ke kusa <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Preferred Route of the bypass |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/5515_map.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217180737/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/5515_map.gif |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> da kuma wata hanyar da ke nuna hanyoyin da ke fadin Gundumar Peak da kuma wurin Flouch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flouch location map |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/flouch_location.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322014307/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/flouch_location.gif |archive-date=2009-03-22 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Highways Agency}}</ref> waɗanda aka tsara don samun ayyukan zirga-zirga. == Tarihi == Tun daga shekara ta 1971 mazaunan Tameside suna aiki da lobbying, tare da 'yan siyasa na cikin gida, don mafita mafi kyau don haɗin A57/A628 na Manchester da Sheffield zuwa M67 - ta hanyar ƙauyukan Mottram da Hollingworth, da kuma shafar waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. An mayar da tsare-tsaren a cikin takardar farar fata ta gwamnatin Conservative a cikin 1989 biyo bayan tsarin shawarwarin jama'a. An zaɓi hanyar da aka fi so a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993 amma an dakatar da aikin a shekara ta 1996 biyo bayan ƙarin sake dubawa na gwamnati game da aikin aikin aikin gine-ginen hanya na kasa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 an amince da shirin. A watan Yulin 1998 gwamnatin Labour mai ci gaba ta buga sakamakon bincikenta a Aiki takardar A New Deal for Trunk Roads in England <ref>{{Cite web |title=A new deal for trunk roads in England: Understanding the new approach |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/economics/rdg/multimodal/anewdealfortrunkroadsinengla5492 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717023950/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/economics/rdg/multimodal/anewdealfortrunkroadsinengla5492 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref> kuma ta haɗa da bypass a matsayin makirci da za a ci gaba ta hanyar matakan shirye-shirye. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2002, Hukumar Hanyar ta gabatar da rahoto ga hukumomin tsara yanki (North West, East Midlands, Yorkshire da Humber). Shirin ya sami tallafi daga al'ummomin da ke fama da hanyar wucewa ta hanyar takarda tare da sa hannu 9,000 wanda aka isar da shi zuwa Downing Street a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2003.<ref name="petition">{{Cite web |last=Salter |first=Alan |date=1 April 2003 |title=Mottram bypass to go ahead |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/55/55236_mottram_bypass_to_go_ahead.html |website=[[Manchester Evening News]]}} Retrieved on 6&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> A cikin wannan gabatarwar, sun kammala cewa babu wani zaɓi na gaskiya ga ƙauyuka don magance matsalolin da ke akwai. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 hanyar ta shiga Shirin Ingantawa, ta fahimci yiwuwar karuwar zirga-zirga tare da hanyar da kuma hada da shawarwari don hana masu amfani da hanya daga sauyawa daga wasu hanyoyin ƙetare-Pennine.<ref name="HA_Mott">{{Cite web |title=A57/A628 Mottram in Longdendale, Hollingworth and Tintwistle Bypass |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5515.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026033235/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5515.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref> A karkashin shirin Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) Hukumar Hanyar ta nada Mowlem don ci gaba da shirin. ECI tana ba da damar aiwatar da cikakken aikin tsarawa yayin da makircin ke motsawa ta hanyar hanyoyin doka.<ref name="HA_next">{{Cite web |title=What happens next? |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/16360.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201143041/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/16360.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006 Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri ya wallafa shawarwari na yau da kullun a cikin nau'ikan Dokokin Tsarin Mulki don gina hanyar wucewa, inganta tsofaffin hanyoyi, da kuma gabatar da 'matakan hana hanya'. An ba da izinin jama'a da sauran kungiyoyi masu sha'awar makonni 13 har zuwa 5 ga Mayu 2006 don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da shawarwarin.<ref name="HA_next" /> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006 Hukumar Hanyar ta fitar da bayanai a karkashin [[Dokar ƴancin bayani ta 2000|Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai]] na duk kadarorin da suka saya dangane da makircin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, kuma an sake fitar da kwafin sabuntawa a watan Agustan shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-31 |title=Mottram Tintwistle Bypass – Properties Purchased by the HA |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201343/http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2006 |title=A57/A628 Mottram Tintwistle Bypass – Properties Purchased by the HA |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535(update).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201658/http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535%28update%29.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref> By the end of the consultation period 1,400&nbsp;people had written letters expressing their objection to the scheme, with a further 1,000&nbsp;in favour. Stephen Ladyman, then Minister of State for Transport, stated that "life for people in Mottram, Tintwistle and Hollingworth should be greatly improved by this bypass. Getting traffic out of the villages will make them a safer and healthier place to live". Objections were also received from the [[Hukumar Kula da Karkara|Countryside Agency]], [[Yanayin Ingilishi|English Nature]], the Peak District National Park Authority and the [[Amincewa ta Kasa|National Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-06 |title=Response to the Highways Agency's Announcement Regarding the A628 Bypass |url=http://www.saveswallowswood.org.uk/news/2006-06-06.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017192530/http://www.saveswallowswood.org.uk/news/2006-06-06.htm |archive-date=17 October 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Save Swallow Wood}}</ref> The North West Regional Assembly had presented advice to ministers in January 2006 and then in June 2006 provided a revised sequencing of priority schemes.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2008}} A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri ya amsa wadannan jerin abubuwan da aka sake sabuntawa kuma ya tabbatar da cewa za a iya samar da kudade don hanyar wucewa ta Longdendale bayan 2010/11. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 Rebecca Lush, mai zanga-zangar hanya mai tsawo kuma wanda ya kafa Road Block, ya yi iƙirarin cewa shirin "musamman bai dace ba kuma yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lush |first=Rebecca |year=2006 |title=The rise and rise of the movement against road building |url=http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203184007/http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html |archive-date=3 December 2008 |access-date=2008-01-23 |website=[[Peace News]]}}</ref> {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}A watan Janairun 2007 Stephen Ladyman ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran aikin gini zai fara a cikin bazara na 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Written answers Thursday 25 January 2007, Transport: Road Building and Improvements |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2007-01-25c.110625.h |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=They work for you}}</ref> Canjin zuwa lokacin da aka gabatar da kuma farashin ya buƙaci sake dubawa game da bayanin muhalli, wanda aka sake bugawa tare da umarnin da ke tattare da shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2007. An bi lokacin shawarwari na makonni shida a lokacin da hukumomin Peak District suka amsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-09 |title=Briefing on revised Draft Orders for the A628 Tintwistle – Mottram Bypass (A811/ED) |url=http://resources.peakdistrict.gov.uk/ctte/authority/reports/2007/070309Item6-1.pdf |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Peak District}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan an kiyasta shi a £ 90 miliyan a shekara ta 2003, farashin tayin an kiyasta ya tashi zuwa £ 240m-£ 315m a shekara ta 2008. <ref name="petition" /><ref name="costs080716">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Highways Agency Major Roads Programme:Updated Scheme Cost Estimates |url=http://child.of.lewin.googlepages.com/costestimates.pdf |access-date=2 November 2008 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref>&nbsp; A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta saka hannun jari na £ 170 m a kan hanyar A57, A628 da A628 ta hanyar wucewa ta ƙauyen Mottram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2014 |title=Mottram bypass announced in roadwork scheme |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-30286736 |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Shugaban kasa na Exchequer a lokacin, George Osborne, ya ba da izini don shirin farko na akalla fam miliyan 170 don warware matsalar zirga-zirga ta hanyar Mottram da kuma gina hanyar haɗi zuwa Glossop. Gwamnati za ta kuma tuntubi ko za a tsawaita shirin da aka tsara don sauƙaƙa matsin lamba a kan Tintwistle. Baya ga ayyukan da aka sanar, akwai kuma karatu da shawarwari game da yiwuwar rami a ƙarƙashin Gundumar Peak don haɗa Manchester da Sheffield, tare da wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara ta amfani da hanyar M67 da ke akwai don haɗa manyan hanyoyi na M60 da M1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2014 |title=Major roads investment in the north east and Yorkshire |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-roads-investment-in-the-north-east-and-yorkshire |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=Department for Transport, HM Treasury}}</ref> An nuna shirye-shiryen hanyar wucewa ta biyu da ke ɗaukar hanya daban a cikin 2020. A wannan lokacin, an bayyana cewa aikin zai fara a 2023. An tsara shirye-shiryen a £ 228 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Industry |first=Highways |date=2020-11-13 |title=How Mottram's new £228m bypass could look |url=https://www.highwaysindustry.com/how-mottrams-new-228m-bypass-could-look/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Highways Industry |language=en-US}}</ref> == Binciken jama'a == An sanar da cikakkun bayanai game da binciken jama'a a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2007. <ref name="INQ_news">{{Cite web |title=The Mottram/Tintwistle Bypass and Glossop Spur Public Inquiry – News |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/news.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622120537/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/news.htm |archive-date=22 June 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Persona}}</ref> Persona Associates ne za su gudanar da shi tare da John Watson a matsayin Sufeto.<ref name="INQ_news" /> An ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon bincike na jama'a yana ba da labarai, rubuce-rubuce da takardu don saukewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mottram/Tintwistle Bypass and Glossop Spur Public Inquiry |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518000102/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/ |archive-date=18 May 2009 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> An buɗe binciken ne a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2007. <ref name="INQ_news" /> A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007 an dakatar da binciken har zuwa 4 ga watan Satumba tare da lokacin ƙarshe don gabatar da shaidu na ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2007. <ref name="INQ_news" /> A ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2007 an sake dakatar da binciken har zuwa 19 ga watan Satumba don ba da damar Hukumar Hanyar ta sake duba shaidar zirga-zirga, <ref name="INQ_news" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-12 |title=Inquiry into bypass halted |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1016108_inquiry_into_bypass_halted |access-date=2008-01-21 |website=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> tare da ƙarin jinkiri har zuwa 18 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-11-07 |title=By-pass hearing delayed, again |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1016108_inquiry_into_bypass_haltedhttp://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1023141_bypass_hearing_delayed_again |access-date=2008-01-22 |website=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 Hukumar Hanyar Hanyar Halitta ta buga Matakan Hanyar Hadin Gizo - Bayani na Canjin Canji a cikin Hasashen Hanyar Hoto kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa ba za a sami wannan bayanan ba har sai Easter 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HA Document Reference: HA/73 – Explanation of the Further Change in the Traffic Forecasts |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-73.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530183643/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-73.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2009 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref> Binciken ya sake nazarin wannan sabon bayani a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2007 a lokacin da aka dakatar da shi don ba da damar Hukumar Hanyar don gyara tsarin zirga-zirgar su. Mai binciken ya yi sharhi cewa "shi ne karo na biyar na tsarin zirga-zirga tun lokacin da aka sanar da shi a watan Fabrairun 2006". Binciken ya kasance "An dakatar da shi ba tare da iyaka ba don jiran bugawa na Shaidar da aka sake dubawa ta Hukumar Hanyar da Tameside MBC".<ref name="INQ_news" /> A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 Hukumar Hanyar ta amsa tambayoyin daga mai binciken da ke nuna cewa tana sa ran sake duba shaidar da ke akwai a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Response to Inspector's Questions of Clarification of the Highways Agency 3rd March 2008 Ref X/7/5 |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Responses/Inspector/HA-CLA-18-INSP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090219004836/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Responses/Inspector/HA-CLA-18-INSP.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-19 |access-date=2008-03-26}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2008 Hukumar Hanyar ta nuna cewa bayanan da aka sake sabuntawa za su kasance don tuntubar jama'a a watan Mayu 2009 kuma binciken jama'a na iya sake farawa a cikin kaka na 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HA Document Reference: HA/80 – Communication Plan September 2008 |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530183526/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-80.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2009 |access-date=2008-11-10 |publisher=Persona}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 Kamfen don Mafi Kyawun Sufuri ya ba da rahoton cewa ba za a sami kudade don shirin hanya ba kafin shekara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park saved from damaging road |url=http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/1736 |access-date=2009-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310064247/http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/1736 |archive-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 Hukumar Hanyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana janyewa daga binciken jama'a, tana mai da hankali ga shawarar Taron Shugabannin Yankin, 4NW, don jinkirta fara shirin da akalla shekaru hudu. Sanarwar manema labarai da ta biyo baya ta bayyana cewa "tsawon lokaci tsakanin bugawa da shawarwarin da aka gabatar don makircin a cikin 2007 da kuma ranar da za a iya sake kiran binciken" wani abu ne na yanke shawara don janyewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-24 |title=Highways Agency to withdraw from current A57/A628 bypass public inquiry |url=http://nds.coi.gov.uk/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=396374&NewsAreaID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090326125753/http://nds.coi.gov.uk/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=396374&NewsAreaID=2 |archive-date=2009-03-26 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref> == Masu goyon baya da masu adawa == === Masu ba da shawara === * Hukumomi: Gwamnatin Burtaniya, Hanyoyi na Kasa da Ma'aikatar Sufuri, AGMA (Ƙungiyar Hukumomin Manchester) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the GMCA & AGMA Web Site : AGMA Policy and Research Unit<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.agma.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=1149007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725174423/http://www.agma.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=1149007 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=13 October 2006}}</ref> * Kungiyar kamfen: Kwamitin Siege na Longdendale * Mutanen: <nowiki>''</nowiki>Yan majalisa: na Aiki gida: Andrew Bingham da Robert Largan (High Peak, Conservative), da Jonathan Reynolds (Stalybridge da Hyde, Labour), Tom Levitt da James Purnell (tsoffin' yan majalisa na Labour don mazabar da aka ambata a sama), Roy Oldham (Majalisar Tameside), Hukumomin yankin Tameside da Longdendale, Chris Webster (Old Glossop Ward Councillor) <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=Bypass needed for Longendale and Glossop |url=http://www.andrewbingham.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:bypass-needed-for-longendale-and-glossop&catid=3:local-news&Itemid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103033259/http://www.andrewbingham.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:bypass-needed-for-longendale-and-glossop&catid=3:local-news&Itemid=4 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |publisher=Andrew Bingham MP}}</ref> === Masu adawa === * Hukumomi: Yunkurin Kare Karkara Ingila, [[Hukumar Kula da Karkara]], Ingilishi Yanayi, Hukumar Kulawa ta Muhalli, [[Amincewa ta Kasa]], Hukumar Kulawar Gundumar Kasa, Ƙungiyar Ramblers * Ƙungiyoyin kamfen: Sauran shawarwari don Sufuri, Ceton Swallows Itace da Woodhead akan Ƙarin Traffic (WAIT) * Kowane mutum: Michael Clapham (tsohon dan majalisa na Barnsley West da Penistone), Daraktocin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Greater Manchester == Sauran matakai == Masu adawa da shirin suna tallafawa shirin Way to Go daga Kamfen don Kare Karkara ta Ingila (CPRE), wanda ke kira ga 'yan majalisa, 'yan majalisun, da kuma Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Peak da su ƙi shirin wucewa. Kungiyar kamfen ɗin tana tallafawa wasu matakan da ta ɗauka za su inganta sufuri na cikin gida ba tare da haifar da lalacewar muhalli ba. Wannan madadin tsarin yana buƙatar: * Ƙuntatawa na nauyi a kan A57/628, yana tilasta zirga-zirgar kayayyaki masu nauyi a kan hanyar sadarwa ta M1/M62 da ke akwai kuma daga filin shakatawa na Peak District. (Wannan yana da matsala cewa hanyar M1/M62 ta hanyar West Yorkshire ta riga ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi a Burtaniya, ban da sakamakon muhalli na kusan ninka nisan Sheffield zuwa Manchester. ) * Ƙuntatawa na nauyi a kan A57/628 amma kawai a lokacin rush-hour lokutan. (A ƙarƙashin irin wannan la'akari kamar yadda yake a sama.) * Kudin haraji a kan hanyar A57/628. * Rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙauyuka a kan A628 da A57 don hana 'tsuntsu gudu'. * Shirin 'Streets for People' a duk wuraren zama don ƙarfafa tafiya da keke. * Hanyoyi masu aminci na nahiyar zuwa makaranta. * Shirye-shiryen tafiye-tafiye zuwa aiki. * Haɗin sabis na bas da jirgin ƙasa a duk faɗin Gundumar Peak da ingantaccen wurare don masu tafiya da masu keke. * Tafiya ta ragi ta hanyar sufuri na jama'a. * Inganta hanyoyin sufuri na jama'a da hanyoyin keke masu aminci zuwa tashoshin jirgin ƙasa na gida. * Sabuwar tashar jirgin kasa a Gamesley da inganta ayyukan a tashoshin da ke akwai. Wasu masu adawa da shirin sun kuma ba da shawarar 'Translink' a matsayin madadin shawara, wanda ke la'akari da ba da damar (ta hanyar sake buɗe Woodhead Tunnel) haɗin dogo kai tsaye tsakanin Glossop da [[Sheffield]] da bayan. Translink ya yi iƙirarin cewa "hanya mai juyawa" zai zama hanya mai sauri, mai aminci da tsada don ɗaukar kaya a fadin Pennines, wani zaɓi mai inganci don amfani da hanyar A616 / A628. Motocin HGV za su mirgine kuma su mirgine motocin ƙasa. == Adadin zirga-zirga == Yayinda magoya bayan shirin ke jayayya game da hanyar wucewa bisa ga cewa za ta sauƙaƙa ƙauyuka uku daga tarwatsa zirga-zirga, adadi na Hukumar Hanyar ba su goyi bayan wannan gardama ba. A cikin sanarwar muhalli da Hukumar Hanyar ta samar, ƙididdigar zirga-zirga da aka yi hasashen suna tallafawa raguwar wucin gadi a cikin zirga-girke ta 2010: * raguwa na dindindin '''100%''' tare da ɓangaren yammacin A57 bayan haɗuwa da A6018 - wannan saboda wannan ɓangaren hanya za a toshe shi kuma a sanya shi cikin titin hanya ɗaya, yana sa ba zai yiwu a isa A628. * raguwar '''13%''' a cikin zirga-zirga tare da titin Kasuwanci (A628), Hollingworth (ƙara zuwa '''5%''' ta 2025). * raguwar '''8%''' a cikin zirga-zirga tare da Mottram Moor (A57) (ƙasa zuwa '''4%''' ta 2025). Duk sauran hanyoyin suna nuna karuwar zirga-zirga, nan da nan kuma a tsawon lokaci: * Brookfield (A57) - '''Ƙaruwar kashi 18%'''% a shekara ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa kashi 21% a shekara ta 2025). * M67 - '''Ƙaruwar kashi 17%'''% a shekara ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa 24% a shekara ta 2025). * Back Moor (A6018) - karuwar 9% ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa 23% ta 2025). * Ashworth Lane (B6174) - karuwar kashi 6% ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa kashi 36% ta 2025). * Roe Cross Road (A6018) - karuwar kashi 6% ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa kashi 36% ta 2025). Manufar hanyar wucewa ita ce rage yawan zirga-zirga tare da (aƙalla) A57 da kuma bayanin muhalli da aka sake dubawa na Fabrairu 2007 ya ba da tsinkayen zirga-zane daban-daban ga asalin da aka taƙaita a sama. Musamman, sabon hasashen ya nuna cewa za a sami motoci sama da 26,000 a kowace rana da ke tafiya tare da Back Moor. &nbsp;Dangane da bayanan da Hukumar Hanyar ta gabatar, wannan adadin zirga-zirga ya fi na yanzu ta amfani da babbar hanyar A57 Hyde ta Mottram. == Tasirin canjin yanayi == Binciken da gwamnati ta gudanar ta hanyar Ingilishi Nature ya gano cewa shirin da aka tsara zai kara gurɓataccen iskar [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] a yankin da tan 15,840 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, farashin gurɓataccen CO<sub>2</sub> ba a haɗa shi a cikin binciken farashin riba na Hukumar Hanyar ba. A cikin taƙaitaccen Bayanan Muhalli da aka sake bugawa, Hukumar Hanyar ta yarda cewa shirin zai haifar da "ƙarin karuwa na 9% a cikin hayaki na iskar gas mai guba". {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}Koyaya, a cikin Sanarwar Adireshin Yankin a ranar <sub>2</sub> ga Nuwamba 2006, Shugaban Majalisar Tameside ya ba da sanarwar cewa an riga an dasa bishiyoyi 4,500, suna ƙaruwa zuwa 10,000 don rama asarar bishiyoyi lokacin da aka gina hanyar wucewa da kuma taimakawa rage karuwar hayakin CO2. &nbsp;Shugaban majalisa ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa kowane itace da aka dasa zai rage kilo 75 na CO<sub>2</sub> a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of the Area Address 2006<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.tameside.tv/textonly/state06text.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191024/http://www.tameside.tv/textonly/state06text.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> &nbsp;Wannan adadi - don itatuwan da za a dasa a arewacin Ingila - ya ninka sau 3.5 fiye da na itatuwan da aka dasa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.&nbsp; A cikin wani madadin tsari ga hanyar wucewa, Translink ya yi iƙirarin cewa cire HGVs daga A6<sub>2</sub> zuwa layin jirgin kasa na ƙetare-Peak zai adana kusan tan 100,000 na CO2 a kowace shekara.&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4a4rgkqoi4cj6grehnwngtiorep3gwg Ikon Wayar Wayar Way 0 175387 966687 962160 2026-10-11T23:42:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966687 wikitext text/x-wiki   Phone Power kamfani ne na kasuwanci mai zaman kansa na Amurka akan IP (VoIP), wanda ke zaune a Winnetka, California wanda ke ba da sabis na tarho akan Intanet ta hanyar haɗin band. == Tarihi == Kamfanin mai zaman kansa wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2005, Phone Power yana ba da sabis na sadarwa a cikin jihohi 48 a cikin Amurka. Sabis ɗin abokin ciniki na Phone Power yana cikin Amurka. Abokan ciniki na Phone Power sun bambanta daga sabis na zama guda ɗaya zuwa cibiyoyin kira na kamfanoni da SIP Trunking. Kamfanin yana inganta kansa tare da taken "sadarwa ta samo asali" a Amurka. An kafa shi a Canoga Park, CA, Phone Power yanzu yana cikin Winnetka, CA. Kamfanin a halin yanzu yana ba da sabis a duk faɗin Amurka da Kanada. A Amurka yana daya daga cikin shahararrun masu samarwa, mafi girman mai ba da VoIP mai zaman kansa da kuma gasa kai tsaye ga masu aiki. A Kanada Phone Power yana da ƙaruwa mai biyan kuɗi, tare da ƙaruwa a cikin shahararren Phone Power. == A cikin labarai == A watan Satumbar 2009, Phone Power ta ba da sanarwar sayen duk abokan cinikin Broadvox Direct VoIP. Tare da wannan saye, Phone Power ya fadada ɗaukar hoto zuwa Kanada. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 Best Buy da Phone Power sun ba da sanarwar samun Phone Power Retail Combo Pack a duk shagunan Best Buy a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-23 |title=Phone Power Expands Brand into Best Buy Stores Nationwide |url=http://www.voipmonitor.net/2009/11/23/Phone+Power+Expands+Brand+Into+Best+Buy+Stores+Nationwide.aspx |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=VoIP Monitor}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2010 Phone Power da Fry's Electronics sun ba da sanarwar yarjejeniyar rarrabawa don rarraba samfuran Phone Power a cikin shagunan Fry a duk faɗin ƙasar <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Phone Power Expands Coast-to-Coast by Partnering with Fry's Electronics |url=http://www.telephonyworld.com/news/phone-power-expands-coast-to-coast-by-partnering-with-frys-electronics |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Telephony World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001133454/http://www.telephonyworld.com/news/phone-power-expands-coast-to-coast-by-partnering-with-frys-electronics |archive-date=2011-10-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Acme Packet ya ambaci Phone Power a matsayin daya daga cikin abokan ciniki na gaba da ke amfani da masu kula da iyakar Net-Net 4250 a cikin Q4 2009 Earnings Call tare da masu saka hannun jari.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Acme Packet Inc. Q4 2009 Earnings Call Transcript |url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/186170-acme-packet-inc-q4-2009-earnings-call-transcript |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Seeking Alpha}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2010, Acme Packet ta ba da rahoton cewa Phone Power ta tura manyan masu kula da iyakar Net-Net 4500 don kauce wa sauyawar Class 4 na gargajiya. A watan Agustan 2010, Metaswitch ya nuna Phone Power a matsayin daya daga cikin abokan cinikin IP na farko <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Power Energizes Broadband Voice Revolution |url=http://www.metaswitch.com/news/phone-power-energizes-broadband-voice-revolution.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061815/http://www.metaswitch.com/news/phone-power-energizes-broadband-voice-revolution.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Metaswitch.com}}</ref> kuma ya nuna su a daya daga cikin bidiyon talla na farko na "Built On Metaswitcher". A watan Oktoban 2010, kamfanin Phone Power ya sanar da karɓar kwastomomin VOIP.com. Alamar kasuwanci ta VOIP.com tana ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zaman kanta tare da alamar Phone Power. A watan Agustan 2011, Innomedia ta ba da sanarwar babban sayan kayan aikin VoIP daga Phone Power . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-16 |title=Innomedia Announces Large Purchase Order |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/InnoMedia-Announces-Large-bw-110507337.html |access-date=2011-08-16 |publisher=Finance.yahoo.com}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2012, Phone Power ta faɗakar da abokan ciniki cewa suna fuskantar wani hari na Denial-of-service a shafin yanar gizon su. An katse sabis ɗin na ɗan lokaci ga abokan ciniki, amma an dawo da shi gaba ɗaya a wannan rana. Sun bayar da rahoton a shafin su na [[Twitter]] cewa matsalar ta ruwaito wa FBI. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Fasahar Obihai ta shawarci abokan ciniki ta amfani da masu daidaita tarho na Obihai analog tare da Google Voice cewa ya kamata su sauya zuwa masu siyar da wayar waya ko [[Anveo]] a karkashin OBiTALK da aka amince da shi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obihai Announces OBiTALK Approved Service Provider Program |url=http://blog.obihai.com/2014/03/obihai-announces-obitalk-approved_18.html |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029192849/http://blog.obihai.com/2014/03/obihai-announces-obitalk-approved_18.html |archive-date=2014-10-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kamar yadda cire Google na tallafin XMPP zai rushe amfani da ATA tare da wannan sabis ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obihai Offers New Low-Cost Home Phone Options as Technology Change at Google Ends Free Service |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/18/obihai-offers-new-low-cost-home-phone-options-as-technology-change-at-google-ends-free-service/}}</ref> Tallafin hukuma na Obihai don Google Voice ya dawo Satumba 11, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Voice and Obihai Update |url=http://blog.obihai.com/2014/09/google-voice-and-obihai-update.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914003651/http://blog.obihai.com/2014/09/google-voice-and-obihai-update.html |archive-date=2014-09-14 |access-date=2014-11-03}}</ref> == Kayayyakin == A cikin shekara ta 2009, Phone Power ta gabatar da "minti 60 na kira na kasa da kasa kyauta" don zaɓar wuraren da ke cikin kowane shirin da ya ba da minti 3,000 ko fiye. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Phone Power ta gabatar da shirin Global Plus Add On don kiran kasa da kasa. Wannan ya ba da damar ƙarin minti 1200 ga waɗannan ƙasashe. A watan Janairun 2011, Phone Power ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen iPhone kyauta, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=PCWorld AppGuide |url=http://www.pcworld.com/appguide/app.html?id=805538 |access-date=2011-06-14 |publisher=PC World}}</ref> yana bawa kwastomomi damar amfani da kiran da aka haɗa na duniya akan wayoyin hannu. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya ba da "Zippy" USB adapter wanda za'a iya amfani dashi ban da na gida, yana ba da damar amfani da sabis ɗin yayin tafiya (An dakatar da "Zeppy" USB adaftan). An maye gurbin mai daidaita USB na "Zippy" tare da Softphone mai zaman kansa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi daga kowane kwamfuta na Windows ko Apple tare da makirufo da masu magana. Wayar taushi kyauta ce. == Bukatar VoIP == Don amfani da gida, abokan ciniki suna amfani da "Phone Power" "VoIP router" (ko kayan aikin da suka bayar) wanda ke haɗawa da babban mai ba da hanya ko modem mai zurfi. Saurin lodawa na 128 kbps da saurin saukewa na 768 kbit / s shine mafi ƙarancin buƙata don ingancin sabis ba tare da ingancin kira ba.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Samun lambar tarho da ɗaukar hoto == Masu biyan kuɗi suna zaɓar lamba a Amurka don layin farko, a cikin lambar yanki da ba ta da alaƙa da ainihin wurin zama. Masu biyan kuɗi na iya samun ƙarin "lambobin kama-da-wane" don kuɗin wata-wata. Duk da cewa kamfanin yana goyon bayan jigilar lambar wayar Amurka ta hanyar ɗaukar lambar gida ta Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta Amurka, ba kowace lambar waya ake samu a kowace lambar yanki ba. Mazauna Amurka da Kanada na iya yin rajista don Wayar Salula ta katin kiredit, katin zare kuɗi, ko katin kiredit da aka riga aka biya. == Kira na gaggawa == Bambanci ɗaya tsakanin Sabis ɗin Wayar Salula na Tsohon Zamani (POTS), da kuma Voice Over IP shine yadda ake yin rijistar su don Ayyukan Gaggawa na 9-1-1. Tare da POTS, lambar wayar tana da alaƙa da adireshi ɗaya har abada kuma wannan adireshin an yi masa rijista da rumbun adana bayanai na yanki mai dacewa na 9-1-1. Voice Over IP yana ba da damar motsi fiye da POTS, tunda lambar ku za a iya haɗa ta da ƙaramin kayan aiki ko software wanda zai iya tafiya daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ana magance wannan motsi tare da E911, ko Enhanced 9-1-1. Wutar Lantarki tana ba abokin ciniki damar canza adireshin su don 9-1-1 ta intanet, wanda ke ba da damar kusan sabunta rumbun adana bayanai na yanki na 9-1-1 nan take. Ikon Wayar yana da fasalin Lambar Rashin Tsaro wanda zai tura kira mai shigowa zuwa lambar Wayar Wayar Wayara zuwa wani lamari na daban a yayin da tsarin su ba zai iya aika waɗannan kiran zuwa na'urar Wayar Wayarta ba. (misali, kashe Intanet na abokin ciniki, kashe wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu) == Dubi kuma == * SIP Trunking * Wayar hannu * Wayar IP * G711 * G.722 * T.38 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g2fb69fv7s0jw36qmdw3c245ckddj1c Cutar huhu ta Hantavirus 0 175435 966255 949178 2026-10-11T16:15:41Z Activist Nasir Abubakar 47404 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364318176|Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]" 966255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | synonym = | image = Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | pronounce = | specialty = <!--from Wikidata; can be overwritten--> | symptoms = Fever, cough, shortness of breath, headaches, muscle pains, lethargy, nausea, diarrhea | onset = | duration = | causes = [[Hantavirus]]es spread by rodents | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = Rodent control | treatment = Supportive, including mechanical ventilation | medication = None | prognosis = Poor, 30–60% case fatality rate | frequency = | deaths = }} o4cc8iqf62snya6t7lx3j80ndg732cb Hennie Daniller 0 175615 966586 949653 2026-10-11T18:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hendrik Joseph Daniller''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1984) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Afirka ta Kudu wanda kwanan nan ya taka leda a matsayin fullback na Boland Cavaliers . == Ayyuka == Daniller ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a [[Pretoria]] tare da Bulls kuma bayan ya haskaka da wuri kuma ya buga wasanni 7 a kakar Super 2012 ta 2004 aikinsa ya fara raguwa. Ya koma kudu don shiga Boland Cavaliers a shekara ta 2006, kuma ya taimaka musu samun ci gaba zuwa Currie Cup Premier Division a kakar wasa ta farko. Nuni mai ban sha'awa a Wellington ya ba shi damar zuwa Cheetahs. Da farko ya yi gwagwarmaya don samun lokacin wasa kuma ya yi aro a Griffons a cikin 2008. Koyaya, tun daga lokacin ya zama dan wasa mai dogaro ga Cheetahs kuma a halin yanzu yana alfahari da jimlar sama da 130 a duk gasa.<ref name="Hennie Daniller itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics">{{Cite web |title=Hennie Daniller itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics |url=http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_2944.html |access-date=25 July 2013 |website=itsrugby.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309232555/http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_2944.html |archive-date=9 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa Daniller zai koma kungiyar Zebre ta Pro12 ta Italiya don kakar Pro12 ta 2014-15. <ref name="Daniller off to Italy">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=Daniller off to Italy |url=http://www.ofm.co.za/article/146460/Daniller-off-to-Italy |access-date=18 May 2014 |publisher=OFM}}</ref> Ya taka leda a can na kakar wasa daya kafin ya koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya koma Boland Cavaliers. <ref name="Il club saluta i giocatori che lasciano il XV del Nord-Ovest">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2015 |title=Il club saluta i giocatori che lasciano il XV del Nord-Ovest |url=http://www.zebrerugby.eu/le-zebre-salutano-i-giocatori-che-lasciano-il-xv-del-nord-ovest/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521044944/http://www.zebrerugby.eu/le-zebre-salutano-i-giocatori-che-lasciano-il-xv-del-nord-ovest/ |archive-date=21 May 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 |website=Zebre |language=it}}</ref> == Kasa == Daniller ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a karkashin 19 a 2003 IRB Under 19 World Championship da Afirka ta Kudu Under 21 a 2004 da 2005 IRB Under 21 World Championships. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6atkh8w3ql1dgypxwgxxbxubfowe51l Hakkin EuroMed 0 175652 966138 962083 2026-10-11T13:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} EuroMed Rights, tsohuwar Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean cibiyar sadarwa ce ta [[Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam|Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam]] 68 zuwa 80, cibiyoyi da mutane da ke zaune a kasashe 30 a [[Turai]] da yankin Bahar Rum. An kafa shi a cikin 1997 (ko 1995) don mayar da martani ga Sanarwar Barcelona, wanda ya haifar da kafa Haɗin gwiwar Euromediterranean . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-24 |title=EuroMed Rights |url=https://ngo-monitor.org/ngos/euro_mediterranean_human_rights_network_emhrn_/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[NGO Monitor]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Euro-Med Rights |url=http://hrdn.eu/euro-med-rights/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201204402/https://www.hrdn.eu/euro-med-rights/ |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=Human Rights Defense Network}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-10-27 |title=Lobbying by Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN) |url=https://ngo-monitor.org/reports/lobbying_by_euro_mediterranean_human_rights_network_emhrn_/,%20https://ngo-monitor.org/reports/lobbying_by_euro_mediterranean_human_rights_network_emhrn_/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[NGO Monitor]] |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mambobin 'Yancin EuroMed sun yarda da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya kuma sun gamsu da darajar hadin kai da tattaunawa a fadin da kuma cikin iyakoki. 'Yancin EuroMed suna inganta sadarwar, hadin kai da ci gaban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, masu gwagwarmaya da kuma jama'a da yawa. == Manufofin da nasarorin == An kirkiro 'yancin EuroMed dangane da kasancewar Haɗin gwiwar Euromediterranean (EMP), kuma musamman, Tsarin Barcelona da EMP ta gabatar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th Anniversary of the Barcelona Process: Has the Mediterranean Vision Come True? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/barcelona-process/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=INSS |language=en-US}}</ref> Matsayin EuroMed Rights shine da farko a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Ya sami mafi yawan kudadensa a cikin shekaru na farko daga tushen gwamnati kuma yana da alaƙa da Taron Jama'a na EuroMed wanda ya zama madadin da ke da alaƙa ta gwamnati ga Taron Bahar Rum na Ƙasa wanda aka shirya a 1995. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008, 'Yancin EuroMed sun zama sanannun cibiyoyin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga sadarwa tsakanin mambobin kungiyar ba da agaji da masu fafutuka har zuwa lobbying na cibiyoyin.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Agustan 2026, kungiyar ta soki hanyoyin dawo da baƙi marasa takardun shaida daga ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai, a ƙarƙashin abin da aka shirya kafa cibiyoyin dawowa a kasashe da yawa na Afirka, tare da Uganda da Rwanda da aka ruwaito a matsayin wuraren da za a iya samu. Daraktan Advocacy na EuroMed, Sara Prestianni, ya bayyana cewa an rubuta take hakkin dan adam a cikin kasashen da ake la'akari da su. A watan Yunin 2026, Yarjejeniyar Shige da Fice ta EU ta shiga aikace-aikace, a karkashin abin da alhakin bincika aikace-aikacen mafaka gabaɗaya yana da ƙasar EU ta hanyar da mai neman mafaka ya fara shiga. Firayim Ministan Italiya Giorgia Meloni ya goyi bayan sabon yarjejeniyar yayin da yake inganta ƙa'idodin ƙaura masu tsauri, wanda ya jawo zargi daga Sara Prestianni, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa baƙi da ke neman isa wata ƙasa ta EU na iya fuskantar rashin tabbas na doka mai tsawo daga watanni da yawa zuwa shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-24 |title=Meloni made migrant 'returns' popular in the EU. Now it's backfiring |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/08/24/meloni-made-migrant-returns-popular-in-the-eu-now-the-policy-is-backfiring-on-her |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> EuroMed Rights ya bayyana kansa a matsayin taron yanki na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin dan adam da kuma kwararru kan ingantawa, kariya da karfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam. Laburaren yanar gizo yana da muhimmiyar tarin sakonnin manema labarai, maganganu, wasikun budewa da rahotanni game da yankin Yuro-Mediterranean. Ya bayyana cewa yana kawo mutane tare a cikin saitunan al'adu don inganta tattaunawa da fahimta, tare da damuwa a kan batutuwa masu zuwa: <ref name="emhrn_aims">{{Cite web |title=17 Avril: La journée internationale des prisonniers palestiniens marquée par l'augmentation de torture, mauvais traitements et de détention administrative |url=https://euromedrights.org/fr/publication/17-avril-la-journee-internationale-des-prisonniers-palestiniens-marquee-par-laugmentation-de-torture-mauvais-traitements-et-de-detention-administrative/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * fafutukar '''Hanyoyin kare hakkin dan adam''' a cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) da kuma Haɗin gwiwar Euromediterranean, musamman game da Yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da hadin gwiwoyin Bahar Rum da Manufofin Makwabta na Turai * tallafawa tsarin sake fasalin a Duniyar Larabawa ta hanyar karfafa tsarin Dimokuradiyya wanda ya samo asali daga al'ummar farar hulajama'a * aiki don canza yankin Bahar Rum wanda ba na Turai ba zuwa '''jihohin doka''', musamman ta hanyar tallafawa ƙungiyoyi don aiwatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da [[Yancin taro|taron]] * kawo dabi'u da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma haƙƙin mata da ra'ayin ilimin jama'a ga jama'a don cimma babban sa hannun jama'a wajen canza yanayin rayuwa inda ake cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan'uwa ko hana shi * aikawa da '''wakilan da masu kallo''', da kuma buga gargadi na gaggawa a lokuta na lalacewar haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma lokacin da membobin ke cikin haɗari ko a kurkuku * sa ido na kusa da mahimmanci na '''kokarin EU''' EU ke yi * '''bayani''' game da take hakkin dan adam a [[Arewacin Afirka]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ta hanyar buga rahotanni, takardun manufofi da jaridu * '''bincike da horo''' ta hanyar horo da bita == Tarihi == * '''Disamba 1997''': An kafa Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean a lokacin wani taro a Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Denmark (DHRC) a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] ta ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam daga Arewa da Kudancin Bahar Rum. Mutanen da suka kafa su ne darektan DHRC, Morten Kjærum, da Said Essoulami daga kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Morocco ''[[Centre for Media Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa|CMF-MENA]]'' . <ref>{{Citation|journal=Aron}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategy 2012-2018 |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Strategy2012_FINAL_EN.pdf |website=EuroMed Rights}}</ref> Ƙarin mahalarta taron kafa (amma babu membobin EMHRN) sune [[Dutch Council for Refugees|Majalisar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Dutch]], [[Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta kasar Masar.|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Masar]], da Majalisar Turai kan 'Yan Gudanarwa da Masu Furewa. * '''1999''': Cibiyar sadarwa ta shirya taron EuroMed Civil Forum a [[Stuttgart]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Verifying your browser |url=https://collections.fes.de/publikationen/content/titleinfo/443650 |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=collections.fes.de}}</ref> * '''2000''': EMHRN ta sami kwangilar tallafin Tarayyar Turai. A Babban Taronsa na huɗu a [[Marseille]], an karɓi sabon shirin aiki, wanda ya ga cibiyar sadarwa ta ninka ayyukanta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://euromedrights.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an buɗe ofishi a Brussels kuma an shirya shirye-shiryen ofisoshi a [[Rabat]] da [[Amman]]. An dauki karin ma'aikata ban da Babban Darakta.<ref name="vanhullen_general">{{Cite web |last=van Hüllen |first=Vera |date=November 2008 |title=Transnationalising Euromediterranean Relations: The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network as an Intermediary Actor |url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/18610/2008-9_vanHuellen.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230124901/https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/18610/2008-9_vanHuellen.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2010-06-28}} ([http://www.euromedalex.org/node/11270 cover page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306185454/http://www.euromedalex.org/node/11270 |date=2012-03-06 }})</ref> * '''2004''': An kafa Gidauniyar Yuro-Mediterranean don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (EMHRF). <ref name=":1" /> * '''2006''': A lokacin [[European Ministerial Conference|Taron Ministocin Turai]] a [[Istanbul]] an karɓi shirin shekaru biyar don inganta rawar mata a cikin al'umma, wanda ya haɗa da shawarwarin da EMHRN ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-6-2006-11-15_EN.html |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendix 4: Annual Report of Activities 2006-2007 (and first half of 2008) |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Annual_Report_of_Activities_2006_2007_EN.pdf |website=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights}}</ref> * '''2015''': Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean (EMHRN) ta zama Hakkin YuroMed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work Programme 2015-2017 |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REMDH-WorkProgram-EN-Final.pdf |website=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network}}</ref> * '''2017''': Yankin YuroMed ya yi bikin cika [https://euromedrights.org/publication/euromed-rights-20-years-anniversary/ Shekaru ashirin da haihuwa] * '''2018''': Babban Taron 11 na 'Yancin EuroMed ya zabi Wadih Al-Asmar, Shugaban Cibiyar' Yancin Dan Adam ta Lebanon, a matsayin [https://euromedrights.org/publication/wadih-al-asmar-elected-new-president-of-euromed-rights/ sabon shugabanta]. * '''2024''': Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Tunisia Monia EL Jemia, tsohon shugaban kungiyar mata ta Tunisia (ATFD), ya zama shugaban cibiyar sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EuroMed Rights Annual Report 2024 |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EuroMed-Rights-2024-Annual-Report-EN.pdf |website=EuroMed Rights}}</ref> * A watan Agustan 2026, Moataz El Fegiery, masanin kimiyya da mai fafutuka na Masar wanda ya taba aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, ya hau gadon shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-18 |title=The Triumph of Politics over Professionalism in the Arab World |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2008/08/the-triumph-of-politics-over-professionalism-in-the-arab-world |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moataz El Fegiery, New President of EuroMed Rights |url=https://euromedrights.org/publication/moataz-el-fegiery-new-president-of-euromed-rights/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == EuroMed Rights (wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean) tana da mambobi masu zuwa: <ref name="emhrn_members">{{Cite web |title=Members Archive |url=https://euromedrights.org/members/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size: 100%; width:85% align" |+ |- bgcolor="lightgrey" ! width="20%" |Kasar ! class="unsortable" width="40%" |Shirye-shiryen |- |{{Flag|Algeria}} |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090430121125/http://www.algerie-disparus.org/cfda/index.php Haɗin gwiwar iyalai na waɗanda suka ɓace a Aljeriya (CFDA)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100602185843/http://www.algerie-laddh.org/ Kungiyar Aljeriya don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (LADDH)] Kungiyar ma'aikatan gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta (SNAPAP) <br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20170826072854/http://www.world-psi.org/fr/syndicat-national-autonome-des-personnels-de-ladministration-publique-snapap Ƙungiyar masu cin gashin kansu ta ƙasa ta ma'aikatan gwamnati (SNAPAP)] |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |Gidauniyar Bruno Kreisky don 'Yancin Dan Adam |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708134900/http://centerforlegalaid.com/index.html Cibiyar taimakon shari'a - murya a Bulgaria] An adana shi 2017-07-08 a |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |[http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/ Cibiyar Nazarin Jima'i ta Bahar Rum] a Jami'ar Nicosia Aiki don daidaito, tallafi, adawa da wariyar launin fata (KISA) <br />[http://kisa.org.cy/ Ayyuka don daidaito, tallafi, adawa da wariyar launin fata (KISA)] |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |[https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/en Mutanen da ke Bukata] |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Cibiyar Danish don 'Yancin Dan Adam Darajar Cibiyar Dansh don bincike da bayanai game da jinsi, daidaito da bambancin (KVINFO) <br /><br />[http://kvinfo.org/frontpage Cibiyar Danish don bincike da bayanai game da jinsi, daidaito da bambancin (KVINFO)] |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} |[http://www.andalusitas.net/ Cibiyar Andalus don haƙuri da nazarin rigakafin tashin hankali (AITAS)] |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |[http://www.uta.fi/yky/en/research/tapri/index.html Cibiyar Binciken Zaman Lafiya ta Tampere] a Jami'ar Tampere |- |{{Flag|France}} |Tarayyar Tunisiya don bankuna biyu 'yan kasa Human Rights League (Faransa) Tarayyar kasa hadin kai tare da mata (FNSF) Ilimi League<br /><br /><br />[http://www.laligue.org/ Kungiyar Ilimi] |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |Kwamitin Girka na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyya ta Duniya Majalisar Girka ta 'yan gudun hijira (GCR) <br />[http://www.gcr.gr/index.php/en/ Majalisar Girka don 'yan gudun hijira (GCR)] |- |{{Flag|Ireland}} |[http://www.8020.ie/ 80:20 Ilimi da Ayyuka don Duniya Mai Kyau] |- | {{Flag|Israel}}<br />{{Flag|Occupied Palestinian Territories}} |Cibiyar Shari'a ta 'Yancin Ƙananan Larabawa a Isra'ila (ADALAH) Ƙungiyar Larabawa ta 'YanYancin Dan Adam B'Tselem Kwamitin Jama'a na Kan azabtarwa a Isra'ilawa Cibiyar Al Mezan ta 'Yanci Dan Adam Cibiyar Falasdinawa ta 'Yan Adam Cibiyar Taimako da Ba da Shawara (WCLAC) An adana 2017-07-10 a <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |ARCI Association [https://web.archive.org/web/20090526232719/http://cir-onlus.org/index.htm Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Italiya]<br /> |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |Cibiyar Amman don Nazarin 'Yancin Dan Adam Sisterhood ita ce Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ARDD - kungiyar taimakon shari'a Mizan ta 'Yancin dan Adam<br /><br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003544/http://www.mizangroup.jo/index_en.php Kungiyar shari'a ta Mizan don 'Yancin Dan Adam] |- |{{Flag|Lebanon}} |Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Falasdinawa a Lebanon Cibiyar 'Yancin dan Adam (IHR) - Beirut Bar Association Cibiyar 'Yanci ta Lebanon (CLDH) <br /><br />[http://www.rightsobserver.org/ Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Lebanon (CLDH)] |- |{{Flag|Malta}} |[http://www.um.edu.mt/medac Kwalejin Nazarin diflomasiyya ta Bahar Rum] a Jami'ar Malta |- | {{Flag|Morocco}}<br />{{Flag|Western Sahara}} |Kungiyar Demokradiyya ta mata daga Maroko (ADFM) Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Maroko Kungiyar 'Yanci ta Maroko [http://www.justicemaroc.org Adala]<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |[http://direitoshumanos.pt/ Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Portugal - civitas (LPDHC)] |- |{{Flag|Spain}} |[https://www.cear.es/ CEAR - kwamiti na Mutanen Espanya don 'yan gudun hijira] Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Catalonia Tarayyar ƙungiyoyi don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam (FADPHR) SUDS - internationalisme solidaritat feminismes<br /><br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20171023071900/https://suds.cat/es/ SUDS - kasa da kasa hadin kai mata] |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090401052630/http://www.kvinnatillkvinna.se/english/index.html Kvinna har zuwa Kvinna] |- |{{Flag|Syria}} |[http://www.cdf-sy.org/statement/statement2008/en.pdf Kwamitocin Tsaro na Dimokuradiyya 'Yanci da' Yancin Dan Adam a Siriya] Cibiyar Nazarin' Yancin Adam Damascus Cibiyar Nazari da' Yanayin Dan Adam Ƙungiyar Siriya don' Yancin 'Yancin Dan Adam (SWASIAH) Cibiyar Siriya don Media da' Yanci na Magana (SCM) <br /><br /><br /><br />[https://scm.bz/en/ Cibiyar Suriya don Media da 'Yancin Magana (SCM)] |- |{{Flag|Tunisia}} |Kungiyar Mata ta Tunisiya ta Jam'iyyar Dan Adam ta Tunisiya Kwamitin Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Tunisiya Forum for Economic and Social Rights (FTDES) <br /><br /><br />[http://ftdes.net/ Taron Tunisiya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a (FTDES)] |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam (Turkey) Majalisar Jama'a<br />[http://www.hyd.org.tr/?sid=17 Taron Jama'a] |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[http://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/ Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Ingila da Wales (BHRCEW)] [http://www2.essex.ac.uk/human_rights_centre/ Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam] a Jami'ar Essex Solicitors kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya (SIHRG) <br /><br />[http://www.sihrg.org Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa (SIHRG)] |- |Mambobin Yankin |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090727213651/http://www.aedh.eu/ Ƙungiyar Turai don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (AEDH)] An adana shi 2009-07-27 a Arabic network for human rights information (ANHRI) Cibiyar Larabawa don haƙƙin ɗanɗano (AIHR) Collectif 95 - Maghreb Egalité Cibiyar Alkahira don nazarin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa (CIHRS) Taimako ga 'yan gudun hijira ta Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (AMERA) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />African and Middle East refugee assistance (AMERA) |- |Abokan hulɗa |[[Amnesty International]] (Offic of the EU) Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam Watch Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Kan Torture Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da' Yanci (WILPF) Ƙungiyar lauyoyin ɗan adam ta Duniya (IBAHRI) Kwamitin Helsinki na Norway [www.apt.ch Ƙungiyar don hana azabtarwa (APT) ]<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |} == Dubi kuma == * Mai Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Yuro da Bahar Rum == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] id81eraih9smltjoly4mzav9lnngf9g Jan de Villiers 0 175667 966726 949790 2026-10-12T07:04:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De Villiers tana da digiri na farko a fannin nazarin bil'adama daga [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] . <ref name="Parl">{{Cite web |title=Mr Jan Naudé De Villiers |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/43 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=Parliament of South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607184546/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/43 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Kafin zabensa zuwa majalisa, De Villiers ya kasance wakilin DA kuma memba na kwamitin magajin gari a cikin Gundumar Stellenbosch . <ref name="Parl" /> De Villiers ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar majalisa na DA daga Yammacin Cape a Zaben kasa na 2019, kuma daga baya aka zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]] kuma ya rantsar da shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 2019. A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2019, shugaban majalisa na DA, Mmusi Maimane, ya nada shi a matsayin Ministan Inuwa na Auditor-General, wanda ya gaji [[Alan McLoughlin (politician)|Alan McLoughlin]], wanda ya yi ritaya daga majalisa. Daga baya a wannan watan, ya zama memba na Kwamitin Dindindin na Auditor-General. Maimane ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban DA a watan Oktoba 2019 kuma an zabi John Steenhuisen a matsayin magajinsa na wucin gadi a watan Nuwamba 2019. [1] Ya riƙe ma'aikatar inuwa ta Maimane na ɗan lokaci. Bayan da aka zabi Steenhuisen a matsayin jagora na cikakken lokaci a Majalisar Tarayyar Jam'iyyar Democrat Alliance ta 2020, ya sanar da majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2020, inda aka nada De Villiers a matsayin Ministan Inuwa na Ci gaban Kasuwanci, wanda ya gaji Zakhele Mbhele.[2] A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, ya zama memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙananan Kasuwanci.[3] A cikin 2020 Register of Members" Interests, de Villiers ya bayyana cewa shi darektan kamfanonin saka hannun jari ne guda biyu. Ya kuma bayyana cewa ya kasance mai mallakar Eikestad Mall a Stellenbosch kuma yana da fa'idar filin ajiye motoci kyauta a cibiyar cin kasuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPs moonlighting, getting money from churches, and even free mall parking. Find out what else they have declared |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/mps-moonlighting-getting-money-from-churches-and-even-free-mall-parking-find-out-what-else-they-have-declared-e72849a7-53ed-42ef-8a34-baf724a3cd49 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Bayan an sake zabarsa a majalisar dokoki a Babban zaben 2024, an zabe shi ya zama shugaban kwamitin fayil na sabis na jama'a da gudanarwa a watan Yulin 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Emsie |date=2024-07-10 |title=DA MPs to chair water and public administration portfolio committees |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2024-07-10-da-mps-to-chair-water-and-public-administration-portfolio-committees/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An nada De Villiers a matsayin mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, bayan nadin [[Willie Aucamp]] zuwa majalisar ministoci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DA appoints new National Spokesperson, Jan de Villiers |url=https://www.polity.org.za/article/da-appoints-new-national-spokesperson-jan-de-villiers-2025-11-17 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.polity.org.za |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fmxal4z61r5f0b1dvjwdb636wcvreyt Jerin jarumai na gargajiya 0 175695 966751 949951 2026-10-12T10:19:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wannan jerin jarumai ne na gargajiya, na ainihi, almara - tare da sunayen su, mutuntakar su da ayyukan da aka saka a cikin sanannen mutane, wanda aka ambata a cikin Waƙoƙin gargajiya, [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]] gargajiya da sauran al'adun gargajiya; kuma tare da matsayi na zamani a cikin adabi, fasaha da fina-finai. == Tarihin tarihi == === Tsohon zamani (har zuwa 450 AD) === * Scipio Africanus – Italy, Roman general and later consul who is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders and strategists of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=L'eredità romana nell'Africa antica. Scipione e la provincia di Cartagine |url=https://www.tempoitalia.it/2024/09/magazine/leredita-romana-nellafrica-antica-scipione-e-la-provincia-di-cartagine/ |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> * Ambiorix – [[Beljik|Belgium]], was, together with Cativolcus, prince of the Eburones, leader of a Belgic tribe of north-eastern Gaul (Gallia Belgica). * [[Augustus]] – Italy, he was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first [[Sarakunan Romawa|Roman emperor]] from 27&nbsp;BC until his death in AD&nbsp;14. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult, as well as an era of imperial peace (the {{Lang|la|[[Pax Romana]]}} or {{Lang|la|[[Ara Pacis|Pax Augusta]]}}) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. * [[Attila the Hun|Attila]] – Central and Eastern Europe, leader of an empire consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans, Gepids, and others. * [[Boudica]] – Great Britain, the warrior queen who led an uprising against the Roman Empire in Britain.<ref name="Vandrei HT">{{Cite web |title=Queen Boudica, A Life in Legend {{!}} History Today |url=https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/queen-boudica-life-legend |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=www.historytoday.com}}</ref> * Ducetius – Italy, he was a Hellenized leader of the Sicels and founder of a united [[Sisiliya|Sicilian]] state and numerous cities. * Hermocrates – he was an ancient Syracusan general during the [[Athens|Athenians]]' Sicilian Expedition in the midst of the Peloponnesian War. * Jugurtha – [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], the Numidian king that managed to defeat the Roman Empire. * [[Julius Caesar]] – Italy, he was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the [[Yakin Gallic|Gallic Wars]] before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. * [[Dauda|King David]] – Kingdom of Judah, second Biblical king of Israel, founder of the Davidic dynasty. * Decebalus – Romania, King of Dacia who managed to defend the kingdom against the Roman Empire. * Guan Yu (Yunchang) – China, military general during the late Eastern Han dynasty. One of East Asia's most popular paradigms of loyalty and righteousness. * [[Hannibal]] – Tunisia, Spain and Lebanon, was a [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthaginian]] general and statesman who is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Hannibal: The Last Hero of The Free World of Antiquity |url=https://carthagemagazine.com/hannibal-barca/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=Carthage Magazine}}</ref> * Bar Kokhba – [[Rafin Judah|Judea]], leader of a failed rebellion against the Roman Empire. * Judas Maccabaeus – [[Rafin Judah|Judea]], leader of a successful rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. * Vercingetorix – France, chief of the [[Arverni]] tribe, who united the Gauls in a revolt against the Roman forces of Julius Caesar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} * Viriathus – Portugal, the leader of the freedom fighters of the confederated Iberian tribes who resisted colonial Rome.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} * Zhuge Liang – China, chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han, is recognized as the most accomplished strategist of the Three Kingdoms period. === Zamanin Tsakiya (450-1500) === * [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] - [[Muhammad]]’s cousin and son-in-law, regarded as his legitimate successor by [[Shi'a|Shia Muslims]], Fourth [[Khalifofi|Caliph]], who was able to destroy the fort of Khaybar by one hand. * Anawrahta – founder of the Pagan Empire and considered the father of the Burmese nation.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} * [[Antarah ibn Shaddad]] – Pre-Islamic Arabia, an [[Larabawa|Arab]] slave who became a knight, famous for his bravery, pride and poetry. * Buluggin Ibn Ziri – [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], the first leader of the Zirid Dynasty and founder of the city of [[Aljir|Algiers]] on the site of the ancient Roman Icosium in 960. * Shin Arahan – Myanmar, credited with converting King Anawrahta to [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] and religious adviser to four Pagan kings. * Jan Breydel – Belgium, butcher and resistance fighter during the Franco-Flemish War. * [[Charlemagne]] – Europe, was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe. * [[Christopher Columbus]] – Italy, he was an explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European [[Age of Discovery|exploration]] and [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|colonization of the Americas]]. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America. * Pieter de Coninck – Belgium, weaver and resistance fighter during the Franco-Flemish War. * Lekë Dukagjini – Albania, was a medieval Albanian prince, leader of the Albanian resistance against the [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman Empire]] after Skanderbeg's death and the author of the well-known Kanun. * Eleanor of Arborea – Italy, she was one of the most powerful and important, and one of the last, judges of the Judgedom of Arborea in [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], and Sardinia's most famous heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donne di Firenze. / Broadsides and Ephemera Collection / Duke Digital Repository |url=https://repository.duke.edu/dc/broadsides/bdsit05099 |access-date=2018-07-01 |publisher=Repository.duke.edu}}</ref> * Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson – Sweden, rebel and temporary regent in the 15th century. * Leif Erikson – Norse: Icelandic, Viking explorer who is thought to have been the first European to set foot on continental America. * Fujiwara no Hidesato – Japanese aristocrat and samurai, famed for his legendary and military exploits. * Eppelein von Gailingen – Germany, robber baron. * Gajah Mada – [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], unified the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara in the 13th century for Majapahit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majapahit Story : The History of Gajah Mada |url=http://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/gajah.html |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=Memory of Majapahit}}</ref> * [[Genghis Khan]] – Mongolian ruler of the Steppe during the 13th century, founder of the Mongolian empire. * Owain Glyndŵr – [[Wales]], nobleman who led a rebellion against the Kingdom of England. * [[Godfrey na Bouillon|Godfrey of Bouillon]] – France and Belgium leader of the First Crusade, established the Kingdom of Jerusalem as her first king. * Guo Ziyi – China, Tang dynasty general who ended the An Lushan Rebellion, respected by the Uyghur chieftains and greatly weaken Tibetan Empire. * [[Hildegard of Bingen|Hildegard von Bingen]] – Germany, Saint Hildegard, Christian mystic, founder of scientific nature history. * [[Joan of Arc]] – France, a peasant girl who led the French in the Hundred Years' War after she claimed saints told her it was God's will. Burned as a heretic she became a martyr, folk hero, and eventually a saint. She is now one of the patron saints of France. * John the Blind – Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is considered a national hero in [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]], partly because of his sacrifice at the Battle of Crécy in 1346. * [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] - A 7th-century Arab military commander. * Lazar of Serbia – Serbia, medieval Serbian ruler, who fought and perished at the Battle of Kosovo (1389). * Liu Bowen – China, key advisor to the Hongwu Emperor of Ming dynasty, also well known for his prophecies and has been described as the "Divine Chinese Nostradamus". * Prince Marko – Serbia, better known as Kraljević Marko, a medieval prince active during the fall of the Serbian Empire and Ottoman invasion, a hero in Serbian epic poetry. * Minamoto no Yorimitsu – Japanese samurai and legendary figure, famed for military exploits and monster slaying. * Miloš Obilić – Serbia, a knight who killed Ottoman Sultan Murad I at the Battle of Kosovo (1389), regarded as a national hero. * Constantine XI Palaiologos – Greece, the last emperor of the ([[Daular Rumawa|Eastern]]) Roman Empire, who died leading his troops in the Fall of Constantinople. * [[Marco Polo]] – Italy, he was a Venetian merchant,<ref>Stephen Feinstein; (2009) ''Marco Polo: Amazing Adventures in China (Great Explorers of the World)'' p. 23–24; Enslow Pub Inc, {{ISBN|1-59845-103-0}}</ref><ref>John H. Stubbs, Robert G. Thomson; ''Architectural Conservation in Asia: National Experiences and Practice'' p. 30; Routledge, {{ISBN|1-138-92610-8}}</ref> explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. * Mir Chakar Rind – Pakistan, a 15th-century Baloch chieftain and folklore hero found in the Hani and Sheh Mureed tale. * Robert the Bruce – Scottish king who defeated the English invaders at the Battle of Bannockburn. * Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, ''el Cid'' – Castillian knight who battled in the times of Reconquista * Roger I of Sicily – Italy, he was a Norman nobleman and founder of the County of Sicily. In the Sicilian folklore he is considered the liberator of the island. * Sejong the Great – Korean king, personally responsible for creation of the Hangul alphabet and many scientific, humanitarian and literary advances. * Sheikh Bedreddin – Ottoman Empire, theologian and revolutionary. * Skanderbeg – Albanian national hero who led the resistance of Albanian people against the Ottoman Empire. * Everard t'Serclaes – Belgium, recaptured Brussels from the Flemings during the War of the Brabantian Succession. * Tanush Thopia – Albania, medieval Albanian prince from the noble Thopia family who defended the castle of Krujë during its third siege in 1466–1467. * Wat Tyler – Leader of the Peasant's Revolt, or the Great Rising of 1381 against the imposition of a Poll Tax in England. Killed by agents of King Richard II during parley. * Ulubatlı Hasan – Ottoman Empire, martyr of the Fall of Constantinople. * Urška Dolinarka – Slovenia, a farmeress who lead people from Davča against the Ottoman Turks in 1478 and won. * Jacob van Artevelde – Belgium, statesman and political leader during the Hundred Years' War. * Vlad the Impaler – Romania, a [[Wallachia|Wallachian]] prince who defended his country from the Ottomans, with fictionalised identity as a vampire. * Vytautas – Lithuania and Poland, led the Battle of Grunwald along with Władysław II Jagiełło against the Teutonic Order. * [[William Wallace]] – Scotland, knight who led a rebellion against England in the early 14th century. * Wen Tianxiang – Chinese Duke of Xinguo, refuse to yield to the Mongol invaders despite being captured and tortured, enable him to become a symbol of patriotism and righteousness. * Lady Xian – China, warrior, politician, queen of the Hsien. * Xuanzang – China, prominent Buddhist monk in early Tang dynasty who traveled to India in the seventh century. * Yue Fei – China, famous Song dynasty general, best known for leading Southern Song forces against Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty in the 12th century.{{Rp|686}} * Zhang Xun – China, general of Tang Dynasty who is best known for defending Yongqiu and Suiyang during the An Shi Rebellion. * Jan Žižka – Czech knight, commander of Hussite armies in the 15th century. === Farkon zamani (1500-1800) === * Bayinnaung - Myanmar, sarkin Daular Toungoo, ya tara abin da mai yiwuwa shine mafi girman daular a tarihin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. * Dulla Bhatti - Jarumi ne na karni na 16 daga Punjab, wanda aka sani da tawaye da [[Mughal Empire|Hukumomin Mughal]] saboda tsarin harajin da ba daidai ba. * Daniel Boone - Amurka, ɗan asalin Amurka ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19. * Yuan Chonghuan - China, Ming janar wanda aka fi sani da kare Liaoning daga masu mamaye Jurchen a lokacin mamayewar Jin na Ming kuma ya ci Nurhaci. * Stefan Czarniecki - Poland, mai daraja, ɗan siyasa, kwamandan soja; ya jagoranci Poland ta hanyar yakin Russo-Polish, Khmelnytsky da Rigyawa. * Nils Dacke - Sweden, shugaban tawaye na manoma na karni na 16. * [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] - Afghanistan, wanda ya kafa Daular Durrani ta Afghanistan . * [[Guy Fawkes]] - Ingila, Roman Katolika mai gyarawa daga Ingila wanda ya shirya Gunpowder Plot . * Wojciech Bartosz Głowacki - Poland, ya zama jarumin kasar Poland a lokacin yakin Racławice a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1794, lokacin da ya kama wani canon Rasha ta hanyar fitar da fuse tare da hularsa. * Ishikawa Goemon - Japan, jarumin ɗan fashi wanda ya shahara da satar masu arziki da ba da kyauta ga matalauta, kodayake wasu asusun sun nuna cewa yana iya adana yawancin nasarorin da ya samu. Kafin a tafasa shi da mai, ya ceci jaririnsa a kan kudin rayuwarsa. * Nathan Hale - Amurka, kyaftin a cikin Sojojin Continental a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Amurka . * Piet Hein - Netherlands, ya kama rundunar dukiyar Mutanen Espanya. * Juraj Jánošík - ɗan fashi na Slovak da ke zaune a cikin tsaunukan Tatra, yana kare manoma na Carpathian daga zalunci na masu mallakar ƙasar Hungary. * Koxinga - Mai biyayya da Ming na kasar Sin wanda ya yi tsayayya da Cin nasarar Qing a kasar Sin a karni na 17 kuma ya ci Dutch a [[Yanayin Taiwan|Formosa]]. * Lapulapu - Philippines, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Mactan wanda ya faru da asuba a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1521, inda shi da sojojinsa suka ci mai binciken Portuguese [[Ferdinand Magellan]] . * Ngawang Namgyal Mai haɗawa da yankuna daban-daban masu yaƙi don ƙirƙirar ƙasar [[Bhutan]]. * Blas na Lezo - [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], ya kasance jami'in sojan ruwa na Spain wanda aka fi tunawa da shi don Yaƙin Cartagena de Indias (1741) a Colombia ta zamani, inda sojojin mulkin mallaka na Spain a ƙarƙashin umurninsa suka kayar da babban mamayewar Burtaniya. * Sebastián Lemba - Jamhuriyar Dominica, mai gwagwarmayar adawa da bautar da kuma jagoran [[Maroons|Maroon]] a [[Amurka]]. * Lempira - Honduras, ya kasance shugaban juyin juya halin da aka yi wa Mutanen Espanya. * Ram Singh Malam - Indiya, mai ba da hanya da masu sana'a daga yankin Kutch na ƙarni na 18. An gabatar da sana'o'in Turai a yankin. * Louis Mandrin - Faransa, ɗan fashi na ƙarni na 18 da jama'a ke so saboda ya kai farmaki ga masu karɓar haraji. * Kuzma Minin - Rasha, ya zama jarumi na kasa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kare kasar daga mamayar Poland a farkon karni na 17 tare da Dmitry Pozharsky . * Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette - Amurka, mashahurin Faransa, wanda aka girmama a Amurka don hidima a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, mai bautar, mai goyon bayan mulkin mallaka, tare da gado mai gauraye a Faransa. * Miyamoto Musashi - Japan, ƙwararren ɗan takobi, soja, masanin falsafa da marubuci. * Naresuan - Thailand, daya daga cikin sarakuna masu daraja kamar yadda aka sani da kamfen dinsa don 'yantar da Ayutthaya daga mulkin mallaka na Taungoo. * Redmond O'Hanlon - Irish, rapparee na karni na 17. * Maharana Pratap - Indiya, mai mulkin Hindu na ƙarni na 16 kuma jarumi na Rajput. * Pocahontas - Amurka, yarima Powhatan wacce ta ceci rayuwar John Smith kuma daga baya ta auri John Rolfe. * Dmitry Pozharsky - Rasha, ya zama jarumi na kasa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kare kasar daga mamayar Poland a farkon karni na 17 tare da Kuzma Minin . * Paul Revere - masanin azurfa na Amurka kuma mai kishin kasa a juyin juya halin Amurka wanda 'Midnight Ride' ya gargadi 'yan tawaye masu kishin kasa game da isowar sojojin Burtaniya. * Betsy Ross - Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da yin daya daga cikin tutar Amurka ta farko. * Rob Roy - Scotland, mai laifi wanda maganarsa ita ce jingina. * Deborah Sampson - Amurka, Soja mace wacce ta yi kama da mutum don yin yaƙi a Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. * Daniel Shays - Amurka, manomi wanda ya jagoranci Shays' Rebellion a ƙarshen karni na 18 kan bashin da haraji. * Shivaji - Indiya, wanda ya kafa daular Maratha kuma shugaban adawa da mulkin [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]. * Ivan Susanin - Rasha, manomi na Rasha wanda ya ceci tsar a farkon karni na 17 Lokaci na Matsala. * Taksin - Thailand, sarkin Masarautar Thonburi, 'yancin Siam daga mamayar Burma bayan Fall na biyu na Ayutthaya a cikin 1767, da kuma hadin kan Siam. * Yermak Timofeyevich - Rasha, shugaban Cossack na Rasha wanda ya fara mamayar Rasha a Siberia. * [[George Washington]] - Amurka, mai binciken Amurka, jami'in sojojin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, kwamandan Sojojin Continental a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, shugaban Amurka na farko. * Dun Mikiel Xerri - Malta, Firist na Roman Katolika wanda ya kasance shugaban tawaye da ya gaza a kan Faransanci a lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Malta kuma daga baya aka kashe shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-17 |title=Bħal-lum Dun Mikiel Xerri u sħabu nqatlu mill-Franċiżi fil-Belt - ONE |url=https://one.com.mt/bhal-lum-dun-mikiel-xerri-u-shabu-nqatlu-mill-francizi-fil-belt/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216163738/https://one.com.mt/bhal-lum-dun-mikiel-xerri-u-shabu-nqatlu-mill-francizi-fil-belt/ |archive-date=2024-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Lin Zexu - China, jami'in Qing mai kishin kasa wanda ya nuna cutar opium wanda ya haifar da Halakar opium a Humen. === Zamanin zamani (1800-yanzu) === * [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] – Thailand, ninth monarch of Chakri dynasty, involved in many social and economic development projects, and highly revered by the people in Thailand. * Albert I, Belgium, King of the Belgians during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]]. * Johnny Appleseed (Johnathan Chapman) – United States, introduced the apple to large parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. * Neil Armstrong – United States, naval aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut, who became the first person to set foot on the [[Wata|Moon]]. * [[Asari-Dokubo]] – Nigeria, a political figure who currently fights against western oil companies in the [[Neja Delta|Niger Delta]]. * [[Mustafa Kamal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] – Turkey, he was a revolutionary statesman, successful General and beloved figure who is revered in Turkey. * Stepan Bandera – Ukraine, leader of the nationalist and independence movement of Ukraine. * Cesare Battisti – Italy, patriot, [[Masanin yanayin ƙasa|geographer]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenboim |first=Or |date=2021 |title=The Spatiality of Politics: Cesare Battisti's Regional and International Thought, 1900–1916 |journal=Modern Intellectual History |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=397–420 |doi=10.1017/S1479244321000159 |issn=1479-2443 |s2cid=236675931 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> socialist politician and journalist of Austrian citizenship, who became a prominent Italian irredentist at the start of World War I. * Billy the Kid – United States, a 19th-century American frontier outlaw and gunman. * Black Hawk – Midwestern United States, a Sauk Indian warrior who resisted white settlement. * Isa Boletini – Albania, Military commander and revolutionary. * [[Simón Bolívar|Simon Bolivar]] – Venezuelan military and political leader who led the secession of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama. * Andrés Bonifacio – Philippines, "The Father of the Philippine Revolution". * Bonnie and Clyde – United States, Depression-era gangster couple known for bank robberies and multiple murders. * Subhas Chandra Bose – India, revolutionary who led the Indian National Army in an attempt to liberate India from British rule. * Hristo Botev – Bulgarian folk hero, poet, revolutionary. * Mohamed Bouazizi – Tunisian fruit vendor who immolated himself in protest of government mistreatment and sparked a successful revolution in that country and the Arab Spring. * John Brown – United States, attempted to lead a slave revolt in the south by raiding Harper's Ferry, helped spark the American Civil War. * Antonio Canepa – Sicily, founder of the Volunteer Army for the Independence of Sicily, he is considered a hero by the Sicilian nationalists. * Butch Cassidy – United States, outlaw and train robber. * Kakutsa Cholokashvili – Georgia, anti-Soviet guerrilla fighter who led the August uprising, national hero of Georgia. * [[Chulalongkorn]] – Thailand, fifth monarch under the House of Chakri, all his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siam's survival in the face of Western colonialism. * Joseph Cinqué – [[Afirka ta Yamma|West African]] man of the Mende tribe, leader of the ''Amistad'' slave rebellion. * Gregorio Cortez – Mexican-American folk hero. * Davy Crockett – United States, an Indian-fighter and Congressman; died fighting at the Alamo. * [[George Armstrong Custer]] – United States, general who died during The Battle of Little Bighorn. * Daaga – Trinidad, leader of the St. Joseph Mutiny against British rule.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saillant |first=John |year=2019 |title=Dâaga the Rebel on Land and at Sea: An 1837 Mutiny in the First West India Regiment in Caribbean and Atlantic Contexts |journal=The CLR James Journal |volume=25 |pages=165–194 |doi=10.5840/clrjames20202767 |s2cid=213407808}}</ref> * Adolf Daens – Belgium, clergyman, politician, and founder, along with his brother Piet, of Daensism. * Zerai Deres – Eritrea, Eritrean-born man lionized for his act of vengeance against the Italian Fascists in Rome during an imperial celebration. * John Dillinger – United States, gangster and bank robber. Robbed dozens of banks, escaped from jail multiple times. * [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] – Leader of the Haitian slave rebellion and the first president of Haiti. * Anton Docher – United States, Roman Catholic missionary and defender of the Native Americans. * Juan Pablo Duarte – Dominican revolutionary who was the primary leader of Dominican War of Independence and a leader in the Dominican Restoration War. In [[New Mexico]], he fought for five years in the French colonial army. * Wyatt Earp – United States, western lawman in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. * Mike Fink – United States, the toughest boatman on the Mississippi River and a rival of Davy Crockett. * [[Mahatma Gandhi]] – India, the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule, employing non-violent civil disobedience. * José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia – Paraguay, first consul of [[Paraguay]]. * Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italy, he was a general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini.<ref>Bouchard, Norma (2005). ''Risorgimento in Modern Italian Culture: Revisiting the Nineteenth-Century Past in History, Narrative, and Cinema''. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 76. {{ISBN|9780838640548}}.</ref> Garibaldi is also known as the "''Hero of the Two Worlds''" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe. * Hendrik Geeraert – Belgium, skipper and World War I resistance fighter known for opening the Ganzepoot after the Battle of the Yser, flooding the polders and halting the German advance. * Geronimo – United States, Apache military leader and medicine man, fought the United States army during the late 19th century, defending his homeland and people. * Gauchito Gil – Argentina, legendary outlaw gaucho. * Salvatore Giuliano – Sicily, the historian Eric Hobsbawm described him as the last of the "people's bandits" (à la Robin Hood). * Husein Gradaščević – Bosnia, called "Dragon of Bosnia", led the resistance of Bosnians and uprising for autonomy of Bosnia against the Ottoman Empire. * Zeng Guofan – China, best known for organizing the Xiang Army to suppress the Taiping Rebellion and restored the stability of the Qing Empire. * Simo Häyhä – Finland, a legendary sharpshooter in the Winter War with 505 confirmed kills. * Hekimoğlu – Turkish folk hero who led a campaign against feudal lords. * Wild Bill Hickok – United States, lawman, gunfighter, gambler, scout, Civil War soldier, stage coach driver, performer, abolitionist. * Hōne Heke – Māori chief who chopped down British flagpole three times. * Joe Hill – United States, union leader and songwriter wrongfully convicted of murder in 1915. * Andreas Hofer – Austrian and particularly Tirolian hero who resisted the Bavarians and Napoleon. * Doc Holliday – United States, dentist, gambler, and gunfighter in the American West of the late 1800s. * Huo Yuanjia – China, famous Chinese martial artist who defeated foreign fighters at highly publicised matches and established the first civil martial arts association in China. * Ip Man – China, he was the first man teaching martial artist liberally; his most famous student was [[Bruce Lee]]. * Jambe-de-Bois – Belgium, revolutionary whose participation in the Belgian Revolution, despite being an amputee, was widely praised for his role in the fighting near Brussels Park. * Jesse James – United States, Wild West outlaw who supposedly robbed from the rich and gave to the poor (in reality his crimes only profited himself and his gang). * Calamity Jane – United States, a frontierswoman, sharpshooter, and storyteller in the American West of the late 19th century. * Jigger Johnson – United States, a legendary lumberjack, trapper, and fire warden for the U.S. Forest Service who was known throughout the Eastern United States for his many exploits. * Casey Jones – United States, railroad engineer who remained in his locomotive and died in a collision while braking to save his passengers and sounding the whistle to warn the crew of the other train. * Konstanty Kalinowski – Belarus, leader of Belarusian, Polish, and Lithuanian national revival and the leader of the January uprising. * Kaluaiko'olau – Hawaii, Hawaiian man who evaded deportation for leprosy by hiding in the Hawaiian rain forests. * Karađorđe – Serbia, leader of the Serbian Revolution. * Voivode Micko – Macedonia, Serb revolutionary who fought in the Serbo-Turkish wars, Kumanovo uprising, Brsjak Revolt and the Macedonian Struggle. * Ustym Karmaliuk – Ukrainian counterpart of Robin Hood, who led a peasant rebellion. * Ned Kelly – Australia, bushranger and leader of the Kelly Gang who fought against a corrupt government system; most famous for crafting bullet-proof armor. * Giuseppe Musolino – Italian brigand who escaped prison and committed a string of murders while on the run from 1899 to 1901 against those who testified against him at his first trial; became a hero in [[Calabria]] and is the subject of numerous songs and movies. * Ibrahim Nasir - the Maldives, he was prime minister and later president of the Maldives, led the Maldives to independence from the British, officially abolished the monarchy and dogmatic laws, founded the local tourism industry and rapidly developed and modernized the country. * Józef Piłsudski – First Marshal of Poland, Winner of Battle of Warsaw (1920) * [[Ogedengbe of Ilesa]] – Nigeria, [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] chief and hero of the 1877-1893 Kiriji War. * Sundance Kid – United States, outlaw and train robber. * [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] – United States, African American activist and leader of the [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil Rights Movement]], who promoted nonviolent resistance in an effort to end policies of racial segregation. * Theodoros Kolokotronis – Greek general during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. * Tadeusz Kościuszko – Belarus/Poland, military leader. * [[Paul Kruger]] – South African Boer leader and President of the South African Republic (Transvaal). * Rani Lakshmibai – India, warrior Queen of Jhansi, fought and was martyred as the first revolutionary for Indian Independence. * Lam Sai-wing – China, Hung Gar martial artist and student of Wong Fei Hung, primarily responsible for popularizing Hung Gar style in the 20th century. * Lampião – Brazilian outlaw, leader of a Cangaço band in Northeast Brazil. * [[Abraham Lincoln]] – United States president during the Civil War. * Francisco Solano López – [[Paraguay]], president during the [[Yaƙin Paraguay|Paraguayan War]]. * Ned Ludd – Britain, leader of the Luddites in the 1810s. * [[Nelson Mandela]] – South Africa, [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist who became president on apartheid's end. * José Martí – Cuban revolutionary, one of its greatest national heroes. * Jack Mary Ann – north Wales, a folk hero from the Wrexham area whose fictionalised exploits continue to circulate in local folklore. * Chris McCandless – United States, an adventurer whose nomadic exploits under the pseudonym "Alexander Supertramp" earned him notoriety in life, and who would posthumously become a symbol of transcendentalism. * James Mckenzie – New Zealand, outlaw and inspiration to landless immigrants in early colonial New Zealand. * Juan Moreira – legendary Argentine outlaw, famed as a skillful knife fighter. He is considered one of the most important figures in Argentine history. * Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino – Italy, judges and prosecuting magistrates. From their office in the Palace of Justice in [[Palermo]], [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], they spent most of their professional life trying to overthrow the power of the Sicilian Mafia. After a long and distinguished careers, culminating in the Maxi Trial in 1986–1987, Falcone was assassinated by the Corleonesi Mafia in the Capaci bombing, while Borsellino was killed by a car bomb in Via D'Amelio. They were named as heroes of the last 60 years in the 13 November 2006 issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ISRAELY |first=JEFF |date=24 October 2006 |title=Giovanni Falcone & Paolo Borsellino |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829095322/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |via=content.time.com}}</ref> * Joseph Montferrand – Canada, a larger than life French Canadian woodsman popularly known as Big Joe Mufferaw. * Audie Murphy – United States, hero of WWII, Medal of Honor recipient * George S. Patton – United States, general, commanded the Third United States Army during [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]], image popularized by the 1970 award-winning epic biographical war film ''Patton''. * Pedro I of Brazil – hero of Brazilian independence and hero of the Portuguese Civil War. * Pemulwuy – Australia, an Aboriginal resistance leader. * Philippe Petit – France, tightrope artist who walked between the two towers of the World Trade Center. * [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] – Bangladesh, led Bengali nation's decade long struggle for independence against then autocratic rule of Pakistan, finally resulting in the ''Bangladesh Liberation War'' and the independence of Bangladesh. * Pazhassi Raja – India, fought against British Raj in south India (Kerala) with guerrilla war tactics. * Bass Reeves – United States, the first black deputy U.S. marshal west of the Mississippi River. He worked mostly in Arkansas and the Oklahoma Territory. During his long career, he was credited with arresting more than 3,000 felons. He shot and killed 14 outlaws in self-defense. * Manfred von Richthofen – Germany, air force pilot known as the "Red Baron", ace-of-aces during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]]. * Manuel Rodríguez – Chile, lawyer and people's hero, who fought the Spanish with often nothing more than crafty disguises. * Louis Riel – Canada, founder of Manitoba, led two rebellions against the Dominion of Canada. * Dorus Rijkers – Netherlands, sailor and savior of over 500 men, women and children as the captain of a rescue-boat, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. * José Rizal – Philippines, a critic of the Spanish colonizers, was executed at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park). * [[Erwin Rommel]] – Germany, the "Desert Fox", field marshal, panzer commander during the African campaign in [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]]. * Nana Saheb Peshwa II – India, a leader in the First War of Indian Independence until his mysterious disappearance. * Juan Santamaría – Costa Rican national hero. * El Santo – Mexico, wrestler, with heavy fictionalised adventures in movies and comic books. * Laura Secord – Canada, heroine of the War of 1812. * Sitting Bull – United States, shaman leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota. * Crazy Horse – United States, Lakota military leader, known for defeating Custer at Little Bighorn. * Soapy Smith – United States, infamous 19th-century Colorado and Alaska con-man and gangster. * Claus von Stauffenberg – Germany, failed attempt to assassinate [[Adolf Hitler]] during the 20 July plot. * Samuel Steele – Canada, a Mountie who brought peace to the Canadian West and law and order to Yukon, preventing bloodshed between the First Nation peoples and the settler peoples of Canada. * Ludvík Svoboda – Czechoslovakia, general and politician who fought in both World Wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludvík Svoboda - Vláda ČR |url=https://www.vlada.cz/cz/clenove-vlady/historie-minulych-vlad/prehled-vlad-cr/1945-1960-csr/zdenek-fierlinger-1/ludvik-svoboda-42860/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=www.vlada.cz}}</ref> * Tamanend – United States, a Native American chief who became the source of many folk legends during the American Revolutionary War. * Tecumseh – United States, Shawnee chief who formed a Native American confederacy to combat the expansion of white settlers into Native American lands. * Ten Tigers of Canton – China, group of ten prominent fighters in Southern China. * Joseph Trumpeldor – Israel, leader of the Jewish forces at Tel Hai. * Nat Turner – America, leader of Nat Turner's Rebellion (also known as the Southampton Insurrection), a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia in August 1831. * Dick Turpin – England, highwayman. * Pancho Villa – Mexico, fought in the 1910s Mexican revolution with Emiliano Zapata. * Tudor Vladimirescu – Romania, leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821. * Wong Fei Hung – China, Chinese doctor, acupuncturist, Chinese martial artist, and revolutionary. * James Morrow Walsh – Canada, a Mountie who turned Sitting Bull and his peoples from enemies into friends in 1879. * Hannah Szenes – Jewish paratrooper who was sent to Yugoslavia to rescue Hungarian Jews during World War II. * Zuo Zongtang – China, military leader of the late Qing dynasty who crushed the Dungan Revolt and recaptured Xinjiang Province from rebel forces. * Ismail Kemal – Albania, Founding father and first head of state of the modern Albanian state. * Çerçiz Topulli – Albania, Military commander fought against the Ottoman, Greek and Serbian troops. * Richard "Beebo" Russell – a ground service agent for Horizon Airlines. Stole a jet from SEATAC airport August 10, 2018. Russell, the sole occupant, who described himself as "just a guy," and "broken guy, got a few screws loose, I guess." About 1 hour and 15 minutes after takeoff, Russell successfully executed a barrel roll before he crashed the aircraft on sparsely populated Ketron Island in Puget Sound, killing only himself. Posthumously dubbed "Sky King", Russell's history of depression and the happiness he apparently found during his final moments connected people to him and serves as a symbol for mental health and the desire for freedom. * Sully Sullenberger - A retired US airways pilot that is known for his actions on January 15, 2009, after US airways flight 1549 lost both engines because of a birdstrike. He ditched the plane in the Hudson river and saved all 155 lives onboard in an event nicknamed "Miracle on the Hudson" * Luigi Mangione – United States, perpetrator<ref name="liveupdatesmangione">{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2026 |title=Live Updates: Mangione Admits Shooting Health Care Executive as He Pleads Guilty in Federal Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/08/14/nyregion/luigi-mangione-plea-deal |access-date=August 14, 2026 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> in the killing of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson case, who has received praise and support from critics of the American health insurance industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suciu |first=Peter |date=2024-12-12 |title=Luigi Mangione Has Become A Social Media Folk Hero |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/petersuciu/2024/12/12/luigi-mangione-has-become-a-social-media-folk-hero/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarat |first=Austin |date=2024-12-18 |title=Why Luigi Mangione, Accused Killer of UnitedHealthcare CEO, Has Become A Folk Hero |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2024-12-18/why-luigi-mangione-accused-killer-of-unitedhealthcare-ceo-has-become-a-folk-hero |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=US News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Demby |first=Gene |date=2024-12-13 |title=Luigi Mangione & America's pent up pain : It's Been a Minute |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1219032782 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=NPR}}</ref> == Wataƙila apocryphal == * Samson - Isra'ila, ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai, wanda ya zama labari saboda ƙarfinsa na mutum. * Sarki Arthur - Burtaniya, mashahurin sarkin yaki 'Yan Burtaniya ya ce ya haɗa kan Britaniya a kan Masu mamaye Jamusanci, tare da goyon bayan Knights of Kamelot. * Beowulf - Scandinavia, jarumi mai suna Geatish daga baya ya zama sarki * Cúchulainn - Ireland, almara da kuma babban jarumi na Ulaid a cikin Ulster Cycle . * Dalbec * [[Moremi Ajasoro]] - Najeriya, Sarauniyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] kuma jarumiyar [[Ifẹ|Ife]] * Har zuwa Eulenspiegel ko Tijl Uilenspiegel - Jamus da Low Countries, trickster da jester. * Fionn mac Cumhaill - Ireland, jarumi, shugaban Fianna . Adadin farko a cikin zagaye na Oisin. * Fong Sai-Yuk - China, jarumi na zane-zane. * Yamato Takeru - yarima na Japan kuma sanannen jarumi. * Grettir Mai Ƙarfi - ɗan fashi na Iceland. * John Henry - Amurka, babban dan Afirka na Amurka. * Heracles - Girka, mai ƙarfi da rabin allah. * [[Homer]] - mawaki wanda aka yaba da shi a matsayin marubucin The ''Iliad'' da The ''Odyssey'' . * Robin Hood - Ingila, mai laifi yawanci ana danganta shi da taken "Sata daga masu arziki, ba wa matalauta". * Musketeers guda uku - Faransa, wasu ƙwararrun musketeers musamman Alexandre Dumas ya tsara su. * Hua Mulan - China, jarumi wanda ya yi kama da mutum don shiga soja. * Hung Hei-Gun - China, jarumi na zane-zane. * Maui (tatsuniyoyi) - Babban jarumi na al'adu kuma mai yaudara a cikin tatsuniyoyin Polynesia. * Ilya Muromets - Kievan Rus', jarumi jarumi daga bylinas na Rasha. * Merlin - Burtaniya, mafi girman Mage da ya taɓa wanzuwa, ba a san ko ya kasance na ainihi ba kuma idan ya kasance alchemist ko firist. * Nai Khanom Tom - Thailand, maigidan Muay Thai . * Nasreddin Hodja - Daular Seljuk, masanin falsafa Musulmi kuma mai hikima. * Miloš Obilić - jarumin Serbia, mai kisan kai na sultan Ottoman Murad I. * Odysseus - Girka, mashahurin sarki na Ithaca. * Ragnar Lodbrok ko Lothbrok - Tsohon Norse; Sweden da Denmark, mashahurin sarki na Viking. * Rummu Jüri - Estonia, mai laifi wanda ya sace daga masu arziki don ya ba da kyauta ga matalauta. * Molly Pitcher - Ba'amurke, Soja mace wacce ta ɗauki ruwa ga sojojin Amurka a yakin juyin juya hali * Siegfried - Jamus, jarumin kisan dragon a ''Nibelungenlied'' . * Sundiata Keita - Mali, wanda ya kafa Daular Mali kuma sarkin mutanen Mandinke. * {{Interlanguage link|Tardanak|ru|Тарданак}} - Altay, jarumi mai wayo kuma abokin adawar giants. * Sarauniya Vida - (yan tsiraru na Slovenia a Friuli, Italiya) sarauniya da jarumi, wanda ya ceci mutanenta daga Attila * William Tell - Switzerland, mafarauci wanda ya fara tawaye da Austrians. * Twm Siôn Cati - Wales, ɗan fashi da mai yaudara wanda ake kira Welsh Wizard. * Achilles - Girka, jarumi na Yaƙin Trojan, mafi girma daga cikin dukkan mayaƙan Girka * Arnold von Winkelried - [[Switzerland]], jarumi na Yaƙin Sempach . * Jára Cimrman - masanin ilimin Czech kuma mai basira na duniya. == Labarai ne na almara == * Alberto da Giussano - Italiya, sanannen hali na karni na 12 wanda zai shiga, a matsayin mai gabatarwa, a yaƙin Legnano a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1176. * Pier Gerlofs Donia - Frisia, almara jarumi, mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci kuma shugaban Arumer Zwarte Hoop . * Smith na Kochel - Jamus, sanannen jarumi na kasa, musamman a Bavaria. * Klaus Störtebeker - Jamus, sanannen ɗan fashi. * Pecos Bill - Amurka, babban cowboy wanda "ya mamaye Wild West". * Paul Bunyan - Amurka da Kanada, babban mai katako na Arewacin Woods. * Chen Zhen - China, mai zane-zane wanda ya yi yaƙi da mamayar Japan a China kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II. * Febold Feboldson - Amurka, manomi wanda zai iya yaki da fari. * Martín Fierro - Argentina, jarumi na waka mai suna Jose Hernandez . * Koba - Georgia, jarumi na gargajiya wanda labarinsa yayi kama da Robin Hood. * Joe Magarac - Amurka, ma'aikacin ƙarfe da aka yi da ƙarfe. * Kintarō - Japan, sanannen mutum sau da yawa ana nuna shi a matsayin ƙaramin yaro tare da ƙarfin mutum. * Momotarō - Japan, sanannen mutum daga zamanin Edo wanda ya kayar da ƙungiyar ogres [[kare]] da taimakon abokan dabbobi uku (karya, [[biri]] da pheasant). * Baron Münchausen - Jamus, "Baron na ƙarya", ya hau harsashi kuma ya tafi wata. * Juan Bobo - Puerto Rico, jarumi mai banƙyama. * Alfred Bulltop Stormalong - Amurka, babban ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa wanda jirginsa ya yi girma sosai har ya kwashe wata. * Väinämöinen - Finland, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tsoho kuma mai hikima tare da ikon sihiri mai ƙarfi. * Zorro - Mutanen Espanya California / Mexico-Amurka, mai tsaron gida mai rufe fuska. == Manazarta == jzqxipdjq3xkwsqz4eea6ubjwesr4sd Jean Deysel 0 175707 966732 949985 2026-10-12T08:01:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966732 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Databox}} Jean Roy Deysel (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris 1985 a Virginia, Free State, Afirka ta Kudu) tsohon dan wasan Ƙungiyar rugby ne wanda kwanan nan ya buga wa Ulster a Pro14. Deysel ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu don shiga kungiyar Toyota Verblitz ta Japan a ƙarshen kakar Super Rugby ta 2014. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa Deysel ya koma kungiyar Irish Pro12 ta Munster a kan rancen watanni uku a matsayin murfin rauni ga ɗan ƙasarsa Jean Kleyn . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2017 |title=Latest Contract Signings |url=http://munsterrugby.ie/2017/03/16/latest-contract-signings/ |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=munsterrugby.ie}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2017, Deysel ya fara bugawa Munster wasa lokacin da ya fara wasa da kungiyar Scotland ta Glasgow Warriors a wasan Pro12 na 2016-17. Munster ya lashe 10-7, tare da maye gurbin Deysel da Peter O'Mahony a minti na 42.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=Munster Win Cracking Cork Encounter |url=http://munsterrugby.ie/report/munster-win-cracking-cork-encounter/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=munsterrugby.ie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409142222/http://munsterrugby.ie/report/munster-win-cracking-cork-encounter/ |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2017, Deysel ya fara bugawa Turai lokacin da ya maye gurbin Tommy O'Donnell a wasan kusa da na karshe na Munster na 2016-17 a hannun masu kare Saracen a Filin wasa na Aviva, [[Dublin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Memorable European Run Comes To An End |url=http://munsterrugby.ie/report/memorable-european-run-comes-to-an-end/ |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=munsterrugby.ie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423165734/http://munsterrugby.ie/report/memorable-european-run-comes-to-an-end/ |archive-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2017, Deysel ya buga wasan karshe ga Munster lokacin da ya sauka daga benci a kan Scarlets a wasan karshe na Pro12 na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Munster Unchanged For Guinness PRO12 Final |url=http://munsterrugby.ie/preview/munster-unchanged-for-guinness-pro12-final/ |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=munsterrugby.ie}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Aviva Anguish In PRO12 Final |url=http://munsterrugby.ie/report/aviva-anguish-in-pro12-final/ |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=munsterrugby.ie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530011256/http://munsterrugby.ie/report/aviva-anguish-in-pro12-final/ |archive-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan kammala aikin rancensa a Munster, an ba Deysel izinin saki da wuri daga kwangilar Sharks kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da wani lardin Irish, a wannan lokacin yana komawa Ulster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Ulster's new signing will be very familiar to Munster fans |url=https://www.sportsjoe.ie/rugby/ulster-jean-deysel-125237 |access-date=10 June 2017 |website=sportsjoe.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Deysel injection! Ulster bring in Springbok on two-year deal after loan spell with Munster |url=http://www.the42.ie/jean-deysel-ulster-3416236-May2017/ |access-date=10 June 2017 |website=the42.ie}}</ref> Ulster ta sanar a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2018, Deysel zai yi ritaya daga wasan rugby na kwararru tare da sakamako nan take. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 6394gk53v8fk118778am5sfp1e3ad1a JP na Plessis 0 175758 966707 950155 2026-10-12T02:44:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Phillipus Jacobus Snyman 'JP' du Plessis (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayi na tsakiya na New Orleans Gold na Major League Rugby (MLR) a Amurka. Du Plessis a baya ya buga wa San Diego Legion a cikin MLR. <ref name="JP du Plessis Profile">{{Cite web |title=JP du Plessis Profile |url=http://www.melbournerebels.com.au/Team/Player/tabid/297/playerid/27/language/en-US/Default.aspx |access-date=24 February 2011 |website=Melbourne Rebels |publisher=Melbourne Rebels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409195608/http://www.melbournerebels.com.au/Team/Player/tabid/297/playerid/27/language/en-US/Default.aspx |archive-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="It's Rugby Player Profile JP du Plessis">{{Cite web |title=It's Rugby Player Profile JP du Plessis |url=http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_25683.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |website=It's Rugby}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Du Plessis ya kuma buga gasar rugby ga Sydney Roosters da Ƙungiyar rugby ga ƙungiyoyin Super Rugby Melbourne Rebels da Stormers, da kuma ƙungiyoyin Afirka ta Kudu Currie Cup na Yammacin Yammacin Lardin da Free State Cheetahs da Faransa Top 14 Montpellier. == Gasar Rugby == Du Plessis na ɗaya daga cikin matasa biyu na Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda suka koma Ostiraliya don shiga ƙungiyar rugby ta Sydney Roosters, ɗayan kuma Brian Skosana ne.<ref name="Roosters sign South African junior rugby star">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2009 |title=Roosters sign South African junior rugby star |url=http://www.sydneyroosters.com.au/?s=article-display&id=17767 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229181858/http://www.sydneyroosters.com.au/?s=article-display&id=17767 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |access-date=24 February 2011 |website=Sydney Roosters}}</ref><ref name="Melbourne Storm, Sydney Roosters collide on African poaching mission">{{Cite web |last=Massoud |first=Josh |last2=Phelps |first2=James |date=18 March 2010 |title=Melbourne Storm, Sydney Roosters collide on African poaching mission |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/nrl/melbourne-storm-sydney-roosters-collide-on-african-poaching-mission/story-e6frexnr-1225842083337 |access-date=6 July 2010 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Bai taba taka leda a tawagar farko ba, amma ya wakilci kungiyarsu ta kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin Kofin Toyota na 2010. == Ƙungiyar Rugby == === 'Yan tawayen Melbourne === A shekara ta 2010, Du Plessis ya koma kungiyar rugby, ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Rebels Super Rugby don kakar wasa ta farko a Super Rugby a shekara ta 2011. <ref name="Du Plessis signs with Rebels">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2010 |title=Du Plessis signs with Rebels |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/du-plessis-signs-with-rebels-20100706-zyqz.html |access-date=1 October 2010 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref name="Rebels Sign Junior South African">{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Doron |date=13 August 2010 |title=Rebels Sign Junior South African |url=http://www.sarugby.com/2010/08/13/rebels-sign-junior-south-african/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818030116/http://www.sarugby.com/2010/08/13/rebels-sign-junior-south-african/ |archive-date=18 August 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010 |website=SA Rugby}}</ref> Ya yi fitowar Super Rugby guda ɗaya ga Rebels, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi a wasan da suka yi da Hurricanes. === Yankin Yamma / Stormers === Du Plessis ya koma [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekara ta 2011 don sanya hannu a lardin Yammacin Cape Town. Ya buga wasanni bakwai a kungiyar U21 ta Yammacin Lardin a lokacin gasar zakarun kasa da shekaru 21 ta 2011, inda ya zira kwallaye biyar wadanda suka hada da hudu a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Golden Lions U21s a [[Johannesburg]]. An haɗa Du Plessis a cikin ƙungiyar Stormers ta 2012 Super Rugby . Ya buga musu wasanni biyu a kan benci, nasarar 23-13 a kan Reds a [[Brisbane]] da kuma nasarar 17-3 a kan Force a [[Perth]] mako guda bayan haka. Ya kuma buga wasanni bakwai a lardin Yamma a gasar cin kofin Vodacom ta 2012 kuma ya zira kwallaye a kan Sarakunan lardin Gabas. Har yanzu ya cancanci yin wasa a matakin 'yan kasa da shekara 21, ya buga wa kungiyar U21 ta Yammacin Lardin a lokacin gasar zakarun kasa da shekara 21 ta 2012 kuma ya zira kwallaye daya a wasan da suka yi da Leopards U21.[1] Daga nan aka kira shi zuwa kungiyarsu ta Currie Cup kuma ya buga musu wasanni tara a lokacin gasar cin Kofin Currie ta 2012. Ya zira kwallaye a wasanninsu da Griquas da Blue Bulls don taimaka musu su gama a matsayi na uku a kan rajista don samun cancanta ga wasan kusa da na karshe.[2] Koyaya, bai fito a wasan kusa da na karshe ba ko na karshe (wanda Yammacin Lardin ya ci ta hanyar doke Sharks 25-18) a maimakon haka ya koma kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21; ya taka leda a duka nasarar da suka samu a wasan kusa na 19-18 a kan Sharks U21 da kuma nasarar da suka yi da Blue Bulls U21 a 13-22 a wasan karshe.[3][4][5] === Sarakunan lardin Gabas === An ambaci Du Plessis a cikin tawagar Griquas don gasar cin kofin Currie ta 2015, amma bai nuna musu ba kwata-kwata, a maimakon haka ya shiga kungiyar Port Elizabeth ta Eastern Province Kings kafin kakar 2015 Currie Cup Premier Division. <ref name="EP sign two new players – and bid farewell to Van der Linde">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2015 |title=EP sign two new players – and bid farewell to Van der Linde |url=http://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-herald-south-africa/20150623/282183649693515/TextView |access-date=23 June 2015 |website=The Herald}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] otuyv6d91hvt7fecj7nm032gvbmgas4 Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Mexico) 0 176021 966603 951034 2026-10-11T20:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos; '''CNDH''') ita ce [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa]] (NHRI) da aka amince da ita a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] tare da matsayin "A" ta [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya|Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Duniya na NHRIs]] (ICC). Har ila yau memba ne mai jefa kuri'a na Cibiyar mai ba da shawara ta Duniya (IOI), kuma ana ɗaukar shugabanta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na ƙasa na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IOI members; Caribbean & Latin America |url=https://www.theioi.org/ioi-members#anchor-index-1704 |access-date=2021-10-24}}</ref> Yana cikin kungiyar Cibiyoyin Kasa a Amurka, ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi huɗu na yanki a cikin ICC. Hukumar cibiyar jama'a ce da ke jin daɗin shari'a, ƙungiya da kuma aiki mai cin gashin kanta daga gwamnatin tarayya. Tun daga ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Shugaban CNDH shine María del Rosario Piedra Ibarra . == Tarihi == A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1989, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida (Secretaría de Gobernación) ta kirkiro "Janar Ma'aikatu ta 'Yancin Dan Adam" a matsayin ofishin da ya dogara da shi a cikin tsarin ma'aikatun. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1990, ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa, an sake sunan Janar na Ma'aikatar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa kuma ta sami cikakken ikon cin gashin kanta daga ma'aikatarta ta iyaye. Ba har zuwa 1990, bayan wasu gyare-gyare na kundin tsarin mulki ba, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta zama cikakkiyar 'yanci daga gwamnati. === Shugabannin CNDH === Shugaban Jamhuriyar ne ya nada shugabannin CNDH. Tun daga shekara ta 1999 Majalisar Dattijai ce ta nada Shugaban CNDH. Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa yana da wakilcin shari'a na Hukumar kuma yana da alhakin tsara jagororin gaba ɗaya don ayyukan gudanarwa da kuma bayar da takamaiman matakan da aka ɗauka sun dace da mafi kyawun aikin ayyukan hukumar. Don zama Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, dole ne mutum ya kasance dan Mexico ta hanyar haihuwa, a cikin cikakken aikin siyasa da 'yancin bil'adama, ya wuce shekaru 35, yana da kyakkyawan suna, kuma ba a yanke masa hukunci ba saboda laifin da ya cancanci lokacin kurkuku. Yayinda suke ofis, ba za su iya riƙe wani matsayi ba, aiki, ko kwamiti a cikin gwamnatin tarayya, jihohi, kananan hukumomi, a cikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ko a cikin aikin aikinsu, sai dai don ayyukan ilimi. Shugabannin CNDH har zuwa yau sun kasance: {| class="wikitable" | bgcolor="#cccccc" |'''Sunan''' | bgcolor="#cccccc" |'''Ya hau mulki''' | bgcolor="#cccccc" |'''Ofishin hagu''' |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Jorge Carpizo MacGregor | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Yuni 6, 1990 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Janairu 4, 1993 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Jorge Madrazo Cuéllar | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Janairu 5, 1993 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Mayu 1994 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Carlos Rodríguez (na wucin gadi) | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Yuni 1994 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Disamba 1994 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Jorge Madrazo Cuéllar | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Janairu 1995 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |26 ga Nuwamba, 1996 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[José Luis Ramos Rivera]] (na wucin gadi) | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 27, 1996 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Janairu 7, 1997 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Mireille Roccatti Velásquez | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Janairu 8, 1997 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 13, 1999 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |José Luis Soberanes Fernández | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 16, 1999 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 15, 2009 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |{{Interlanguage link|Raúl Plascencia Villanueva|es}} | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 16, 2009 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 15, 2014 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[Luis Raúl González Pérez]] | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 16, 2014 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 15, 2019 |- | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |María del Rosario Piedra Ibarra | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Nuwamba 16, 2019 | bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |yanzu |} === Rikici na kan iyaka a shekara ta 2006 === A watan Janairun shekara ta 2006 CNDH, tare da hadin gwiwar Humane Borders na Amurka, sun shirya rarraba taswirar iyaka 70,000 don taimakawa baƙi da ke ƙoƙarin ƙetare iyakar Amurka da Mexico ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan matakin ya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani a cikin gwamnatin Amurka, musamman a cikin sashen Tsaro na Gida. A ƙarshe, CNDH, don mayar da martani ga zargin cewa irin waɗannan taswirar za su jagoranci kungiyoyin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar Minuteman Project zuwa ƙetare kan iyaka na yau da kullun, sun bar shirin. Yayinda Humane Borders da CNDH ke ƙoƙarin rarraba taswirar a ƙoƙarin hana daruruwan raunin da mutuwar da ke faruwa a kan iyaka a kowace shekara, kungiyoyi da yawa a cikin Amurka sun ki amincewa da wannan a matsayin ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa shige da fice ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin agaji sun yi iƙirarin cewa taswirar ba a nufin karfafa sabon shige da fice ba amma a maimakon haka an yi niyyar tabbatar da amincin mutanen da za su haye iyaka ba tare da taswira ba. Taswirar, waɗanda har yanzu suna samuwa ta hanyar dijital don saukewa, suna tsara sanya alamun ceto da tashoshin ruwa tare da hanyoyin ƙaura masu shahara. Har ila yau, suna nuna yawan mutuwar da aka rubuta don nuna yadda tashoshin ruwa ke taimakawa wajen rage asarar rayuka. Tare da taswirar, kungiyar ta kuma kirkiro hotunan gargadi na bakin haure mai taken "Kada ku yi shi! Yana da wahala! Babu isasshen ruwa!"''"Kada ku yi haka! Yana da wuya! Babu isasshen ruwa!"'', waɗanda aka rarraba a ko'ina a gefen iyakar Mexico. Wadannan hotunan, wadanda aka yi niyya ga masu baƙi, suna nuna haɗarin ƙetare ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin hamada, duk da abin da masu safarar mutane zasu iya gaya musu. Hotunan suna ba da ƙididdigar lokacin tafiya daga wuraren shigarwa kuma suna nuna shafukan tashoshin ruwa da mutuwar da aka rubuta.<ref name="humaneborders">{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2009 |title=Humane Borders Water Station Maps And Warning Posters |url=http://www.humaneborders.org/news/news4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611193536/http://www.humaneborders.org/news/news4.html |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> === Rikici a cikin 2019 === A zaben na uku, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2019, María del Rosario Piedra Ibarra, 'yar Rosario Ibarra, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na dogon lokaci, Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar ta zabe ta a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa. Daga cikin kuri'u 114 da aka jefa, Piedra Ibarra yana da 76 (66.67%), Arturo Peimbert yana da 24, José de Jesús Orozco Henríquez yana da 8, kuma akwai masu kada kuri'a shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 7, 2019 |title=Senado elige a Rosario Piedra Ibarra como presidenta de la CNDH |trans-title=Senate elects Rosario Piedra Ibarra as president of the CNDH |url=https://noticieros.televisa.com/ultimas-noticias/rosario-piedra-ibarra-nueva-presidenta-cndh-senado/ |website=NOTICIEROS TELEVISA |language=es}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mambobin Jam'iyyar National Action Party sun nace cewa bai kamata a ba da izinin Rosario Piedra Ibarra ya rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban Hukumar ba tunda ya kamata su ƙidaya kuri'u 116, gami da biyu da aka bayar a madadin sanatocin da ba su nan. Bidiyo na Sanata Xóchitl Gálvez ta amfani da tashin hankali a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba don hana rantsuwar Ibarra a cikin kafofin sada zumunta. An rantsar da Rosario Piedra Ibarra a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horacio Jiménez |date=Nov 14, 2019 |title=En duda, si Rosario Piedra cumple con lo que dice la ley para encabezar la CNDH |trans-title=In doubt, whether Rosario Piedra fulfills what the law says to lead the National Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/en-duda-si-rosario-piedra-cumple-con-lo-que-dice-la-ley-para-encabezar-la-cndh |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> Alberto Manuel Athie Gallo, wani memba na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa.<ref name="athie">{{Cite web |date=Nov 13, 2019 |title=Renuncia el consejero Alberto Manuel Athie Gallo la CNDH |trans-title=Alberto Manuel Athie Gallo, member of the Human Rights Commission, resigns |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/renuncia-el-consejero-alberto-manuel-athie-gallo-la-cndh |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> Mata huɗu masu ba da shawara sun yi murabus a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba. <ref name="informador">{{Cite web |date=Nov 14, 2019 |title=Renuncian cuatro consejeras honorarias de la CNDH |trans-title=Four honorary councilors resign from National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) |url=https://www.informador.mx/mexico/Renuncian-cuatro-consejeras-honorarias-de-la-CNDH-20191114-0079.html |website=Informador |language=es}}</ref> == Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na CNDH == [[File:Luis_Raúl_González_Pérez.jpg|thumb|Luis Raúl González Pérez, shugaban hukumar, a cikin 2018]] CNDH tana da majalisa mai mambobi goma, waɗanda Majalisar Dattijai ta nada. Majalisar tana da alhakin kafa jagororin CNDH, amincewa da dokokin cikin gida na hukumar da kuma kula da kasafin kudin ta. Za a maye gurbin manyan mambobi biyu a kowace shekara sai dai idan an tabbatar da su don wa'adi na biyu.<ref name="estructura">{{Cite web |title=Titular: Mtro. Luis Raúl González Pérez |url=https://www.cndh.org.mx/cndh/estructura |access-date=Nov 14, 2019 |website=CNDH, Estructura |language=es}}</ref> Mambobin Majalisar (Nuwamba 2019) sune: <ref name="estructura" /> * Luis Raúl González Pérez, Shugaban kasa (har zuwa Nuwamba 15, 2019) * Joaquín Narro Lobo, Sakataren Fasaha * Mariclaire Acosta Urquidi (Ya yi murabus a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2019). <ref name="informador" /> * María Ampudia González (Ta yi murabus a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2019). <ref name="informador" /> * Alberto Manuel Athié Gallo * Michael William Chamberlin Ruiz. * Dokta Angélica Cuéllar Vázquez (An yi murabus a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2019). <ref name="informador" /> * Dokta Mónica González Contró. * Dokta David Kershenobich Stalnikowitz. * Carmen Moreno Toscano. * María Olga Noriega Sáenz (Ta yi murabus a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2019). <ref name="informador" /> * Dokta José de Jesús Orozco Henríquez. == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka * Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka '''Janar:''' * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Mexico]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a5ylr49pboznycwyxir513qn63ototu Hans Heinrich Hattingh 0 176300 966160 952392 2026-10-11T15:03:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hans Heinrich Hattingh''' (c.1662 - 1729), <ref>{{Cite web |title=person page |url=https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/hans-heinrich-hattingh-24-1z710l |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=Ancestry.com}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da '''Hans Hendrik Hattingh''', ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne a Yankin Dutch Cape Colony . Ya kasance mai zaman kansa na Kamfanin Dutch East India.<ref name="crown"> {{Cite web |last=Ominira-Bluejack, 'Shèun |date=December 31, 2024 |title=Of Old Renown |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/sheun-ominira-bluejack-old-renown/ |access-date=July 27, 2025 |website=africanwriter.com}} </ref> An haifi Hans Heinrich Hattingh a cikin kimanin shekara ta 1662 a Speyer, Jamus.<ref name="HansHeinrich">{{Cite web |last=Delia Robertson |title=First Fifty Years Project |url=https://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/g6/p6379.htm |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=e-family.co.za |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124231648/https://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/g6/p6379.htm |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Afirka a shekara ta 1692, ya fara noma a wani wuri da za a san shi da La Motte . A wannan lokacin, Hattingh ya auri matarsa ta farko Marie de Lanoy . Baya ga La Motte, ya kuma mallaki gonakin Goede Hoop da Lekkerwijn a wannan lokacin. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Hattingh ta zama gwauruwa. Daga nan sai ya sayar da La Motte ga Pierre Joubert, wani mazaunin Huguenot, wanda ya ci gaba da sanya masa suna bayan gidan kakanninsa a Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of wine in South Africa |url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/phas/People/Faculty/bio_estreicher/HoW-SouthAfrica.pdf |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=depts.ttu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Gem In The Visitors' Book |url=https://www.heinonwine.com/blog/a-gem-in-the-visitors-book/ |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=heinonwine.com}}</ref> Hattingh daga baya ya auri Susannah Visser, 'yar ɗan'uwansa Jan Coenraad Visser da kuma baiwar Indiya Maria van Negapatnam . <ref name="Susanna">{{Cite web |last=Joanne Gibson |date=23 July 2019 |title=SA wine history: a "rough" start to Blauuwklippen |url=https://winemag.co.za/wine/opinion/sa-wine-history-a-rough-start-for-blaauwklippen/ |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=winemag.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joanne Gibson |date=14 August 2018 |title=SA wine history: On some of the 'invisible' people of early Cape wine |url=https://winemag.co.za/wine/opinion/joanne-gibson-on-some-of-the-invisible-people-of-early-cape-wine/ |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=winemag.co.za.}}</ref> A lokacin wannan auren, ya mallaki gidan Spier a Stellenbosch, wanda aka ce ya sanya masa suna bayan asalinsa a Turai.<ref name="crown" /> Ya samo shi ne sakamakon matsin da aka matsa masa don tallafawa Gwamna Willem Adriaan van der Stel a cikin rikici da 'yan mulkin mallaka. Bayan ya rubuta wasika ta goyon baya ga Van der Stel, gwamnan ya ba shi dukiya - daya daga cikin mafi kyawun Cape. Wannan gaskiyar ce da ta haifar da fushi mai yawa daga bangaren 'yan tawaye masu 'yanci, yayin da suka dauki Hattingh a matsayin mai cin amana ga manufar su sakamakon hakan. A lokacin mutuwarsa, Spier zai kasance mai mahimmanci cewa farashin bayinsa kadai zai isa ya sayi gonar daban. Kodayake bai bar lissafin gine-ginen da ke kan dukiyar ba, an yi la'akari da cewa suna da yawa a lokacin.[1][2] Hattingh yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa ta farko, da goma tare da ta biyu. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1729.<ref name="HansHeinrich" /> == Manazarta == agdv8849jw9p2ep6de7yrxwv9gt3qcr Houston, Renfrewshire 0 176579 966601 962119 2026-10-11T20:10:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Houston'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wonderful vintage video of Paisley 'Discover Renfrewshire District' |url=https://www.facebook.com/PaisleyHeritage/videos/482885217750570/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Paisley Heritage [[Scottish charitable incorporated organisation|SCIO]]}}</ref><ref name="Kirk-2024">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Moving Forward: Houston & Killellan Kirk |url=https://www.facebook.com/houstonkillellankirk/videos/851918356824240/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Houston & Killellan Kirk}}</ref> [[ƙauye]] ne a yankin majalisar [[Renfrewshire]] kuma babban gundumar tarihi mai suna iri ɗaya a yammacin tsakiyar yankin Lowlands na [[Scotland]]. Houston tana cikin [[Strathgryffe|kwarin Gryffe]] a bakin Kogin Gryffe, {{Convert|6|mi|km|0}} arewa maso yamma da Paisley kuma ita ce mafi girman mazauni a cikin cocin farar hula na Houston da Killellan, wanda ya mamaye ƙauyen Crosslee da ke makwabtaka da wasu ƙananan matsugunai a cikin karkarar ƙauyuka. Ƙauyen ya girma ne a kusa da wani katafaren coci da cocin coci da aka keɓe wa Saint Peter a ƙarni na 16, wanda ya ba wa yankin sunan tsohon '''Kilpeter''' ( ''Cille Pheadair'' a cikin Gaelic na Scotland ). Tsohon ƙauyen na yanzu ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 18 kuma an tsara shi ne don maye gurbin gine-ginen da suka gabata. A tarihi, tattalin arzikin ya dogara ne akan noma, kuma, kamar sauran ƙauyukan Renfrewshire, saka auduga. An sanya tsohon ƙauyen a matsayin [[Yankin kariya|yankin kiyayewa]] a shekarar 1968. Daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wani yanki mai girma na matsugunan zama ya faɗaɗa ƙauyen zuwa yankunan da ke kusa kamar Craigends masu tsada, wanda ya kawar da ƙasar da ke tsakanin Houston da Crosslee. Waɗannan ƙarin da aka samu a ƙauyen sun faɗaɗa yawan jama'arsa sosai, inda suka canza halayensa musamman zuwa matsugunin kwana na [[Glasgow]] da Paisley da ke kusa, waɗanda galibi ke da tattalin arziki bisa ga hidima. == Tarihi == === Sunan mai suna Toponym === [[File:Houston_House_in_Renfrewshire,_Scotland.jpg|thumb| Gidan Houston.]] Asalin sunan Houston shine Kilpeter. A tsakiyar karni na 12, Baldwin na Biggar, Sheriff na Lanark, ya ba Hugh na Pettinain kuɗin Kilpeter. Daga Hugh, daga ƙarshe filayen sun zama sanannun Houston (ma'ana " ''garin'' Hugh ko gidan sarauta"). A cikin bijimin Paparoma Honorius a cikin 1225-27, an ambaci majami'u na Kilmacolm da Houston a matsayin "ecclesiae de Kilmacolme et de Villa Hugonis". A cikin wani jawabi na Paparoma Clement na IV a shekara ta 1265, an lissafa majami'un Paisley Abbey, ciki har da cocin "Howston". === Tarihin farko === Houston ta daɗe tana zama wurin da mutane ke zama. A shekarun 1970, an gano wani kabari [[Zamanin Tagulla|a zamanin]] Tagulla a South Mound a gefen yamma na ƙauyen. A arewa maso gabas akwai Tudun Barochan, wurin da sansanin Romawa yake. <ref name="survey">{{Cite web |last=[[BAE Systems]] and Redrow Housing |date=2006-05-01 |title=Royal Ordnance Bishopton: Site Gazetteer |url=http://ilwwcm.renfrewshire.gov.uk/pdfs/pt/ROFApplication1/pt-SiteGazetter0606.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722011954/http://ilwwcm.renfrewshire.gov.uk/pdfs/pt/ROFApplication1/pt-SiteGazetter0606.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> An gano wani sansanin soja na zamanin Antonine daga baya a wata gona kusa da Bishopton, ƙasa da mil 2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishopton Roman Fort |url=http://roman-britain.co.uk/places/bishopton.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812193754/http://roman-britain.co.uk/places/bishopton.htm |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=Roman Britain}}</ref> An gina ƙauye na farko a Houston a kusa da Cocin cocin St Peter da Castle na Houston, yanzu haka cocin cocin da kuma Houston House - galibi gine-ginen ƙarni na 19. Gidan Houston da gidan sarautar da aka haɗa wani ɓangare a cikin gininsa sun samo asali ne tun zamanin Hugh na Pettinain kuma sun kasance a hannun iyalansa waɗanda daga baya suka zama ' yan Houston na Houston . <ref name="communitywebsite">{{Cite web |title=Renfrewshire Community Website – Houston |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-els-Houston(OurHistoryandHeritage)Homepage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301035602/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-els-Houston%28OurHistoryandHeritage%29Homepage |archive-date=1 March 2007 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> Gidan sarautar ya ci gaba da kasancewa mallakar iyalin har zuwa 1740 lokacin da shugaban taba [[Glasgow|na Glasgow]] Alexander Speirs na Elderslie ya saya shi. <ref name="visionofbritain.org.uk">{{Cite web |title=Houston - As described in F.H. Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland (1882-4) |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp;jsessionid=39753DBEB127C8CF32E951C389579B8A?text_id=120230&word=NULL |website=www.visionofbritain.org.uk}}</ref> Bayan mallakar zuriya biyar na dangin Speirs, Houston House ya koma hannun Manjo David Crichton Maitland a shekarar 1959 sannan ya koma hannun ɗansa Mark Crichton Maitland a shekarar 1995 kafin a raba shi zuwa gidaje da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elderslie Estates &#124; About |url=http://www.elderslie.org/ee_about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701094550/http://www.elderslie.org/ee_about.php |archive-date=2011-07-01 |access-date=2010-09-28}}</ref> [[File:NorthStreetHouston.JPG|thumb| Titin Arewa, a tsohon ƙauyen]] Abokin mahaifinsa, James MacRae, ne ya bai wa James McGuire MacRae kyautar kadarorin. Ya koma ga ɗansa, wanda ya rushe gidan sarautar ya kuma gina ɗakunan saka da duwatsu. Saboda haka, da wannan sauyi na mallakar ƙasar a ƙarni na 18, an share 'tsohon ƙauyen' daga kewayen gidan sarauta ta hanyar gidan sarauta . Sabon ƙauyen mai gidaje talatin da biyar da aka gina a yamma a shekarar 1781 daga dutsen Gidan Sarauta, wanda daga baya aka rikide zuwa gidan ƙauye . Wannan sabon ƙauyen - wanda shine tushen ƙauyen na zamani - al'umma ce da aka tsara wacce aka gina a kan manyan tituna biyu: Titin Arewa da Titin Kudu kuma misali ne na Motsin Kauye na Tsara a ƙarni na 18. Tsarin, wanda ya ratsa Houston [[Ƙonewa (ƙasa)|Burn]], ya samar da wuraren wanke-wanke ga mutanen yankin da kuma tallafawa ƙananan masana'antar [[Saƙa|saka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf/$FILE/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919121604/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf/$FILE/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2011 |access-date=13 October 2010}}</ref> Hukumomin [[Renfrewshire]] sun sanya wannan 'sabon ƙauyen' a matsayin [[Yankin kariya|ƙauyen kiyayewa]] . <ref name="communitywebsite" /> <ref name="conservation">{{Cite web |title=Renfrewshire Community Website – Houston Conservation Area |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/PT-AB-Houston-Conservation-Area |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428025938/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/PT-AB-Houston-Conservation-Area |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> Wani abin lura da ya rage daga wannan motsi shine gicciyen ƙauyen na Mercat, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa tun ƙarni na 14. Saboda ƙaura daga wurin da aka saba gani a kan titin Kirk, da kuma kasancewar yana ɗauke da babban agogon rana, an sanya shi a wani kusurwa da ba a saba gani ba a tsakiyar ƙauyen 'sabon'. Gicciyen Mercat ya zama alama ga ƙauyen. === Tarihin zamani === Duk tashoshin jirgin ƙasa (a layuka daban-daban) da aka gina a cikin cocin a ƙarni na 19, Houston da Crosslee Station da kuma Georgetown Station (dukansu biyun an rufe su yanzu), sun kewaye ƙauyen da kanta. Sakamakon haka, Houston ba ta fuskanci karuwar layin dogo na ƙauyukan da ke kusa kamar Gadar Weir da Kilmacolm ba, wanda hakan ya faɗaɗa a hankali har zuwa ƙarshen rabin ƙarni na 20 lokacin da ya zama sanannen wurin zama na masu yawon buɗe ido . <ref name="communitywebsite" /> Babban masana'antar Houston tsakanin ƙarni na 17 da 19 ita ce [[Saƙa|saka]] . Daga baya Kogin Gryffe ya samar wa masana'antar jujjuya auduga tare da ƙirƙirar injin niƙa auduga na Crosslee tare da wasu ƙananan matsalolin masana'antu, kamar ɗinki, wanda daga baya aka buɗe shi a ƙauyen. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> A watan Yulin 2007, Houston ta shahara a rahotannin labarai a faɗin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] bayan an gano cewa mazauna wani gida a ƙauyen suna da alaƙa da harin da aka kai a Filin Jirgin Sama na Glasgow na 2007 a ranar 30 ga Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Comb House Near Glasgow -Sky News-UK News<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30100-1273143,00.html?f=rss}}</ref> Majalisar Al'umma ta Houston ta lura cewa "abin mamaki ne cewa irin wannan yanayi na iya faruwa a bakin ƙofarmu, kuma ko da a cikin yanayi mai natsuwa, kamar namu, za a iya samun mutane da ke da niyyar wargaza daidaiton yanayi ta hanyar tashin hankali." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.houstoncommunitycouncil.co.uk/assets/literature/NOVEMBER%20AGM%202007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006214106/http://www.houstoncommunitycouncil.co.uk/assets/literature/NOVEMBER%20AGM%202007.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=20 October 2008}}</ref> == Shugabanci == [[File:Houston_Village_Hall.JPG|thumb| Zauren Ƙauyen Houston]] === Gwamnatin ƙananan hukumomi === Houston da cocin ta suna cikin yankin majalisar [[Renfrewshire]] . A zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na 2007 a Scotland, an shigar da Houston cikin sabuwar [[Mazaba|gunduma]] mai kujeru huɗu, Ward 9, tare da Crosslee da garin Linwood ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20090321075553/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-cs-Ward9HomePage Ward 9] ). Iyakokin cocin farar hula na Houston da Kilellan sun biyo bayan ƙirƙirar cocin coci mai haɗin gwiwa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan Houston a ƙarni na 18. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston and Killellan Kirk<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124721/http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=9 April 2008}}</ref> Ikklesiya ta bazu a cikin wani yanki mai faɗi na karkara, ciki har da wasu ƙauyuka da ke kusa, mafi mahimmanci sune Crosslee, Craigends da Barochan. Tare da raguwar mahimmancin cocin farar hula a cikin ƙananan hukumomi, wannan yanki ya zama ɓangare na yankin Majalisar Al'umma ta Houston [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523042737/http://www.houstoncommunitycouncil.co.uk/] . Majalisar al'umma galibi ƙungiya ce ta ba da shawara, wadda ke mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin jama'a, kuma ba ta da ikon doka na kanta. === Gwamnatin tsakiya === Houston ta kasance wani ɓangare na mazabar Paisley da Renfrewshire ta Arewa don zaɓen ' yan majalisar tarayya a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya . Dan majalisar dokoki na yanzu (MP) na wannan yanki shine Gavin Newlands . An ƙirƙiri mazabar a shekarar 2005 bayan sauye-sauyen kan iyaka inda Houston ta kasance wani ɓangare na mazabar West Renfrewshire. Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi raba iko, Houston wani ɓangare ne na mazabar Majalisar Dokokin Scotland ta Renfrewshire ta Arewa da Yamma, wadda ta ratsa iyakar da ke tsakanin yankunan majalisar Inverclyde da [[Renfrewshire]] . Tun daga shekarar 2011, Natalie Don MSP, 'yar majalisar mazabar Scotland ce. Mazabar Renfrewshire ta Arewa da Yamma ta ƙunshi yankin zaɓe na Majalisar Dokokin Scotland ta Yamma . An sake zaɓen wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki bakwai a wannan yanki ta hanyar tsarin zaɓen ƙarin membobin Majalisar Dokokin Scotland. == Alamomin ƙasa == [[File:Houston_mercat_cross.JPG|thumb| Gicciyen jirgin ruwan Houston, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman alamar ƙauyen.]] Cibiyar ƙauyen tarihi ta Houston, wacce ke gefen arewa maso yamma na ƙauyen, yanki ne da aka keɓe don kiyayewa. Yankin yana da manyan mashaya na ƙauyen, ƙananan shaguna da Ofishin Wasiƙa na ƙauyen. Titin North da titin South Street suna da gidajen gargajiya na fararen fata, wasu kuma sun samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 17. Tsohon ƙauyen wani yanki ne da aka tsara na gidaje da aka gina galibi a kusa da Houston Burn, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da wuraren wanke-wanke ga jama'a. Wasu ragowar ginin Houston Castle na ƙarni na 16 har yanzu suna nan a harabar gidan Houston na yanzu. Yankin yana kusa da Houston da Killellan Kirk, cocin cocin da aka kafa ( Cocin Scotland ). Yana yiwuwa Ubangiji Darnley, mijin Maryamu, Sarauniyar Scotland ya zauna a gidan sarauta na tsawon shekaru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Craigends Yew-www.ourlocalhistory.co.uk<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.ourlocalhistory.co.uk/yew.html |access-date=2026-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729192214/http://www.ourlocalhistory.co.uk/yew.html |archive-date=2023-07-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Giciyen Barochan, wani gini mai lamba 11&nbsp;Gicciyen Kirista na Celtic mai tsayi ƙafa (mita 3.4) wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 8, wanda a da yake kudu da Mill of Barochan a cikin cocin. A ƙarni na 19, an mayar da shi wani tudu da ke gaban Corsliehill kusa da ƙauyen kafin a ƙarshe a mayar da shi a ƙarni na 20 zuwa Paisley Abbey inda yanzu yake domin kare shi daga ƙarin yanayi. <ref name="survey" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeology in Renfrewshire |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsArchaeology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310094522/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsArchaeology |archive-date=10 March 2010 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> Craigends Yew wani tsohon bishiyar yew ne a cikin cocin, wanda ake kyautata zaton shine mafi tsufa a cikin Renfrewshire, mai yuwuwar shekaru kusan dubu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Renfrewshire Community Website - Houston |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-pt-Houston(VisitingRenfrewshire) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210003121/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-pt-Houston(VisitingRenfrewshire) |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> Akwai tsoffin rijiyoyi guda biyu a Houston, waɗanda a da ake ɗauka a matsayin suna da ikon warkarwa. Rijiyar St Fillan tana cikin gonaki kusa da Kilallan Kirk da kuma Rijiyar St Peter, wanda kuma aka sanya masa suna ga wani giya da aka yi a yankin. Cocin cocin, wanda taron Cocin Scotland ne, yana gabashin tsohon ƙauyen. Cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman Katolika]] na ƙarni na 19, St Fillan's, yana kudu da Babban Titin. == Addini == [[File:Houston_Kirk.jpg|right|thumb| Houston da Killellan Kirk (cocin cocin), a filin Houston House. Dutsen ya ɓoye.]] [[File:St_Peter's_Well,_Houston_-_view_from_the_east_&_opening.jpg|thumb| Rijiyar St Peter, rijiya mai tsarki ta tarihi kusa da ƙauyen.]] Yankin Houston yana da dogon tarihi da St Peter, wanda hakan ya ba ƙauyen suna Kilpeter. Cocin cocin da take a yanzu, Houston da Killellan Church ko Kirk, yana cikin harabar Houston House. An gina Kirk a shekarun 1870, inda aka maye gurbin cocin da ke wurin da aka gina a shekarar 1775, kuma aka keɓe shi ga Archibald Alexander Speirs na Elderslie . Bayan rasuwarsa yana da shekaru 28 a lokacin da yake zama ɗan majalisar dokoki na West Renfrewshire, mahaifiyarsa ta samar da kuɗin ginin a matsayin abin tunawa. Ikklisiyar da ake da ita a yanzu ta samo asali ne daga shekarar 1771, lokacin da aka haɗa Ikklisiyar Houston da Killellan. An san tsohuwar cocin cocin da ke kusa da ƙauyen Killellan da Cocin St Fillan, wanda sunan mazaunin ya samo asali. An bar tsohon ginin cocin a wuri ɗaya saboda haɗin kai kuma an yi watsi da shi. Katangar, wacce aka yi ta a shekarar 1635 amma ana kyautata zaton ta samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 10 ko 11, <ref name="elderslie.org">{{Cite web |title=Kilallan Kirk &#124; About |url=http://www.elderslie.org/kilallankirk.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055900/http://www.elderslie.org/kilallankirk.php |archive-date=19 November 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008}}</ref> har yanzu tana da nisan {{Convert|4|mi|km|0}} yamma da tsakiyar Houston a kan Titin Barochan Cross . Kamfanin Kilallan Kirk Preservation Trust ne ke riƙe da wannan cocin yanzu bayan gudummawar da Elderslie Estates ta bayar a shekarar 2005 kuma wani abin tarihi ne da aka tsara zai kasance. <ref name="elderslie.org" /> Ana gudanar da hidimar dare ta shekara-shekara a tsakanin baraguzan ginin a watan Yuli ta ƙungiyar cocin da ke da haɗin kai. Gidan cocin, wanda ke kusa da shi, yana kuma samun ci gaba da amfani da shi a matsayin gidan zama na sirri kuma ana tsammanin shine gidan zama mafi tsufa da ke akwai a Renfrewshire. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> Rijiyar St Fillan da Kujerar St Fillan suna kusa da tsohon Kirk. Rijiyar St Peter tana tsaye a wani fili a ƙarƙashin Greenhill Farm a kan titin Chapel kusa da wurin da aka gina cocin kafin gyarawa kuma misali ne mai wuya na rijiyar tsarki da aka rufe ko kuma ta gida, wadda a da ake tunanin ruwanta zai tabbatar da dawowar matafiya lafiya kamar mahajjata. An gina zauren cocin Houston da Kilellan da ke kan titin Main nan take bayan wargajewar 1843 a matsayin coci daban da ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Free Church of Scotland, daga baya kuma aka san United Free Church of Scotland a wannan lokacin da West Kirk. Bayan sake hade cocin United Free da kuma cocin Scotland da aka kafa a shekarar 1929, West Kirk ta kasance a matsayin cocin Scotland na biyu a ƙauyen har sai da gobara ta lalata yawancin ginin a watan Maris na 1941. Rashin gini ya sa majami'u biyu suka sake yin ibada a cocin cocin guda. An gyara ginin West Kirk gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1953, inda ya zama zauren cocin da har yanzu yake a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston and Killellan Kirk |url=http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124721/http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=9 April 2008}}</ref> An kafa [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] na St. Fillan, wanda shi ma yake kan titin Main, a shekarar 1841 a wani fili mai suna "Four Windings" wanda yanzu ake tunawa da shi da sunan titin da ke makwabtaka da shi. == Tattalin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arzikin yankin Houston shine [[noma]], inda wasu kamfanoni na manyan kamfanoni kamar shagunan gida da gidajen jama'a ke yi wa mazauna da baƙi hidima. Akwai wasu shaguna da mashaya da yawa a tsohon ƙauyen, da kuma shaguna da dama da ke kan iyaka da [[Crosslee]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crosslee from The Gazetteer for Scotland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst1158.html |website=www.scottish-places.info}}</ref> === Gidajen jama'a da kuma giya === Ikklesiyar tana da gidajen jama'a da dama, inda biyu ke cikin tsakiyar ƙauyen tarihi: Fox da Hounds da ke kan titin South da kuma Houston Inn da ke kan titin North, wanda aka kafa a 1779 da 1784 bi da bi. Har zuwa shekarar 2010, wani gini na uku, Cross Keys Inn, yana kan titin Main Street, tare da suna da aka samo daga alamar maɓallan da aka haɗa ta St Peter a matsayin ambaton sunan ƙauyen na asali, Kilpeter. Tun daga lokacin yake aiki a matsayin gidan cin abinci. Wani gidan cin abinci da gidan jama'a, River Inn, yana cikin Crosslee kuma a da shine Crosslee Inn da Pine Trees. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> Ƙauyen yana gudanar da bikin giya na yau da kullun/ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beer Festival: Fox and Hounds Houston (Fox & Hounds Pub, Houston) {{!}} The List |url=http://www.list.co.uk/event/178765-beer-festival-fox-and-hounds-houston/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724051255/http://www.list.co.uk/event/178765-beer-festival-fox-and-hounds-houston/ |archive-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Wani kamfanin giya mai ƙananan giya, Kamfanin Houston Brewing, wanda kuma a da yake aiki daga wani gini kusa da Fox and Hounds. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> == Al'adu da al'umma == Akwai ƙungiyoyi da taruka da dama na al'umma da ke faruwa a ƙauyen. Babban wurin shakatawa na ƙauyen, Houston Public Park, yana kusa da tsohon ƙauyen, tare da wasu a titin South Street da Ardgryffe Park a cikin ci gaban gidaje na zamani. Filin shakatawa na jama'a na Houston shine wurin da za a gudanar da bikin baje kolin noma na shekara-shekara na ƙauyen, wanda za a gudanar a lokacin bazara kuma ƙungiyar manoma ta Houston da Killellan ta shirya. Wani muhimmin taron yankin shi ne Kirk Carnival, wanda cocin cocin ya shirya kuma ya mayar da hankali a zauren cocin da Cibiyar Carrick da ke kan titin Main, wanda ya ƙunshi faretin da kuma wasu rumfuna da nishaɗi da suka haɗa da makarantun firamare na yankin. A shekarar 1992, ƙungiyar Strathgryffe Tennis Squash and Fitness Club, wacce aka buɗe tare da tallafi daga Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Lawn da Asusun Wasannin Lottery na Ƙasa, ita ma tana cikin ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=https://www.strathgryffe.net/club/club-history |website=Strathgryffe Tennis, Squash and Fitness Club}}</ref> Ƙungiyar dawaki, Kilmacolm da Kilallan Riding Club, suna kan iyakar cocin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilmacolm and Kilallan Riding Club |url=http://www.kilmacolmridingclub.org.uk/ |website=www.kilmacolmridingclub.org.uk}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani farautar tsuntsayen Foxhunt, Lanarkshire da Renfrewshire Foxhounds, yana aiki daga gidajen haya a ƙauyen tun daga shekarar 1850. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanarkshire & Renfrewshire Foxhounds |url=http://lanarkandrenfrew.com/ |website=lanarkandrenfrew.com |access-date=2026-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923013114/http://lanarkandrenfrew.com/ |archive-date=2023-09-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙauyen kuma yana ɗauke da ƙungiyar wasan kwano na ciyawa, John G. Fleming Bowling Club, wanda aka kafa mai filayen yankin wanda sunansa ke ɗauke da bikin cikar [[Sarauniya Victoria]] lu'u-lu'u. <ref>{{Cite web |title=J.G. Fleming Bowling Club – About Us |url=http://www.jgflemingbc.co.uk/aboutus.html |website=www.jgflemingbc.co.uk}}</ref> == Ilimi == Makarantar Sakandare ta Gryffe makarantar sakandare ce ta jiha wacce ba ta da alaƙa da addini, wadda ke kula da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye, musamman ma maƙwabtan [[Babbar gada ta Weir|Gadar Weir]] . <ref name="HMIE">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.hmie.gov.uk/documents/inspection/8633436GryffeHS1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325211205/http://www.hmie.gov.uk/documents/inspection/8633436GryffeHS1.html |archive-date=25 March 2010 |access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref> Makarantar tana da kyakkyawan suna a fannin ilimi, kuma a shekarar 2009 an sanya ta a matsayin makarantar sakandare ta bakwai mafi kyau a [[Scotland]] ta hanyar jadawalin gasar jaridar The Times . Haka kuma a shekarar 2009, an yaba wa makarantar a cikin wani rahoto da ƙungiyar Inspectorate of Education ta fitar. <ref name="HMIE" /> Akwai [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantun firamare]] guda biyu a Houston. Makarantar Firamare ta Houston makaranta ce da ba ta da addini, yayin da Makarantar Firamare ta St Fillan [[Makarantar Bangaskiya|makarantar addini]] ce [[Cocin katolika|ta Roman Katolika]] . Dukansu makarantun jiha ne masu ilimi tare. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Makarantar Sakandare ta Gryffe ita ce makarantar sakandare ba ta addini ba ga ƙauyen yayin da Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Benedict ita ce makarantar sakandare ta Roman Katolika da ke hidima a Houston tare da Bridge of Weir (wanda St. Fillan's ma ke hidima). An mayar da 'tsohon gidan makaranta' da ke arewacin Babban Titin a tsohuwar cibiyar ƙauyen zuwa masaukin cin abinci na kansa, kuma tsohuwar makarantar da ke kudu da Babban Titin yanzu tana nan a matsayin ginin al'umma da aka sani da Cibiyar Carrick. == Ayyukan jama'a == Rundunar 'yan sandan yankin da ke kewaye da Houston ita ce Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Scotland . Yana cikin ɓangaren Renfrewshire da Inverclyde da kuma rundunar yankin Renfrew. Ofishin ' yan sanda mafi kusa yana Johnstone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston, Crosslee and Linwood - Police Scotland |url=https://www.scotland.police.uk/your-community/renfrewshire-and-inverclyde/renfrew/houston-crosslee-and-linwood/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115024738/http://www.scotland.police.uk/your-community/renfrewshire-and-inverclyde/renfrew/houston-crosslee-and-linwood/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> Akwai ofishin 'yan sanda da gidan 'yan sanda a ƙauyen da aka buɗe a tsakiyar shekarun 1940, wanda aka rufe a shekarar 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion: Strathclyde Joint Police Board v the Elderslie Estates Limited and Others |url=http://www.lands-tribunal-scotland.org.uk/decisions/LTS.LO.2000.42.html}}</ref> Don dalilai na shari'a, Houston ta kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin shari'a na North Strathclyde kuma gurfanar da jama'a a gaban kuliya ne ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Mai Kula da Harkokin Shari'a na North Strathclyde. Hukumar Kashe Gobara da Ceto ta Scotland ita ce hukumar kashe gobara da ceto da ta shafi ƙauyen kuma tana kula da tashoshin kashe gobara guda uku a Renfrewshire tare da mafi kusa a Johnstone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FourOhFour |url=https://www.firescotland.gov.uk/media/1239511/renfrewshire_local_fire_and_rescue_plan_2018.pdf}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde) ita ce Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa wadda ke ba da [[Kula da lafiyar jama'a|kulawar lafiyar jama'a]] . Manyan asibitoci mafi kusa da ke da wuraren haɗari da gaggawa sune Asibitin Royal Alexandra da ke Paisley. Akwai wata cibiyar likitanci a ƙauyen, wadda ke da alaƙa da wani tiyata a Bridge of Weir. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NHSGGC : Strathgryffe Medical Practice |url=https://www.nhsggc.org.uk/locations/gp-surgeries/strathgryffe-medical-practice/#}}</ref> Hukumar ruwa ta Scottish Water, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati ke samar da ruwa da najasa, kuma ana karɓar kuɗin ruwa da najasa tare da harajin majalisar daga Majalisar Renfrewshire, hukumar yankin, a madadinta. Majalisar Renfrewshire ita ma tana da alhakin samar da [[Gudanar da sharar gida|sharar gida]] a yankin. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na yankin, wanda aka ba shi lasisin watsa wutar lantarki daga National Grid ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki, shine Scottish Power.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Electricity Distribution Network Operators |url=http://www.energylinx.co.uk/distribution_network_operators.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114055937/http://www.energylinx.co.uk/distribution_network_operators.htm |archive-date=14 January 2008 |access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=energylinx.co.uk}}</ref> Akwai reshen Ofishin Wasiƙa a ƙauyen kuma garin gidan waya, wanda ke da babban cibiyar isar da kaya, shine Johnstone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Branch Finder &#124; Post Office |url=https://www.postoffice.co.uk/branch-finder/1178598/houston}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rv5frfobchnv8u1bo1dn91mx4uqyvc9 Jerin marubutan Afirka ta ƙasa 0 176686 966782 955545 2026-10-12T10:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin sunayen fitattun marubuta ne daga nahiyar[[Afirka]]. Ya haɗa da mawaƙa, marubuta, marubuta yara, marubuta da malamai, waɗanda aka jera ta ƙasa su ne kamar haka: == Aljeriya == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Masar'' ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Aljeriya'' == Benin == * [[Christine Adjahi Gnimagnon]], kuma tana da alaƙa da Senegal * Stanislas Adotevi (1934-2024), masanin ilimin Faransanci kuma masanin falsafa [Gikandi] [Jahn] * [[Berthe-Evelyne Agbo|Berte-Evelyne Agbo]], mawaki na harshen Faransanci kuma yana da alaƙa da [[Senegal]] * [[Colette Sénami Agossou Houeto|Colette Senami Agossou Houeto]] (1939-) * Julien Alapini (1906-1971), masanin ilimin lissafi da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Gikandi] [Jahn] * [[Ryad Assani Razaki|Ryad Assani-Razaki]] (1981-) * Francis Aupiais (1877-1945), ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2007 |title=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/benin/aupiais-francis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218144616/http://www.dacb.org/stories/benin/aupiais-francis.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=2011-11-11 |publisher=Dacb.org}}</ref> * Olympe Bhêly-Quenum (1928-), marubuci kuma ɗan jarida[Gikandi] [Jahn] * Florent Couao-Zotti (1964-), marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo da gajerun labaru * [[Félix Couchoro]] (1900-1968), marubuci, wanda ke da alaƙa da Togo[Gikandi] [Jahn] [Killam & Rowe] * Richard Dogbeh (1932-2003), kuma yana da alaƙa da Togo, Senegal da Côte d'Ivoire[Jahn] * [[Adelaide Fassinou]] (1955-), marubuciya * Dieudonné Gnammankou, marubuci kuma ɗan tarihi * Paul Hazoumé (1890-1980), marubuci[Gikandi] [Jahn] * Gisèle Hountondji (1954-), marubuciya ta harshen Faransanci <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 1997 |title=Gisèle Hountondji: an author from Benin writing in French |url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/HountondjiGiseleEng.html |access-date=2011-11-11 |publisher=Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au}}</ref> * [[Paulin J. Hountondji]] (1942-2024), masanin falsafa kuma ɗan siyasa * [[Béatrice Lalinon Gbado]], marubucin yara * Paulin Joachim (1931-2012), mawaki, ɗan jarida kuma edita[Jahn] * Lauryn, wanda kuma ke da alaƙa da Côte d'Ivoire da Togo, an haife shi a Faransa (1978-) * [Jahn]_Pliya" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jean Pliya">Jean Pliya (1931-2015), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin gajeren labari * [[José Pliva]] (1966-), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo == Botswana == == Burkina Faso == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Angola'' == Burundi == == Kamaru == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Burkinabe'' == Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya == == Chadi == == Kongo (Brazzaville) == == Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyya) - tsohon Zaire == * Léonie Abo (1945-), marubucin tarihin kansa * [[J'ongungu Lokolé Bolamba]] (1913-1990), mawaki[Gikandi] * Raïs Neza Boneza (1979-), mawaki kuma mai binciken zaman lafiya * [[Amba Bongo]], marubuci kuma mai ba da shawara ga 'yan gudun hijira * Maguy Kabamba (1960-), marubuci kuma mai fassara * Kama Sywor Kamanda (1952-), marubuci kuma mawaki[Killam & Rowe] * [[Charles Djungu-Simba Kamatenda]] (1953-), ɗan jarida, malami, mai bugawa, kuma marubuci[Gikandi] * Paul Lomami-Tshibamba (1914-1985), marubuci, an haife shi a Congo-Brazzaville[Gikandi] * Alain Mabanckou (1966 -), marubuci * [[Ngal Mbwil a Mpaang]] (1933-), marubuci[Gikandi] * [[Buabua wa Kayembe Mubadiate]] (1950-), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Gikandi] * V. Y. Mudimbe (1941-2025), masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya kuma marubuci[Gikandi] * Fiston Mwanza Mujila (1981-), marubuci [Métailié] * Jimi Yuma (1953-), marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin rubutun hoto * [[Kavidi Wivine N'Landu]], mawaki * [[Clémentine M. Faïk-Nzuji|Clementine Nzuji]] (1944-), mawaki[Gikandi] * Sony Labou Tansi (1947-1995), marubuci kuma mawaki [Killam & Rowe] * [[Samy Tshileu]] (1998-yanzu), masanin tauhidi, mai neman gafara, masanin falsafa kuma marubuci <ref>Samy Tshileu, ''The Boy in Red Shorts''. Purpose Spirit Publishing; 2020.{{ISBN|978-1-735-63810-2}}</ref> * Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙi * [[Lye M. Yoka]], marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin gajeren labari [Gikandi]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lye Yoka (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Time of the Writer Festival 2004 |url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/images/tow/TOW2004/Lye.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018020342/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/images/tow/TOW2004/Lye.htm |archive-date=18 October 2010 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref> * [[Batukezanga Zamenga]] (1933-2000), marubuci kuma marubuci[Gikandi] * Sinzo Aanza (1990-), marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai zane-zane * Sandra Uwiringiyimana (1994-), mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, marubucin How Dare The Sun Rise''Yadda Za Ka Yi Ƙarfi Rana Ta Fito'' == Ivory Coast == * [[Josette Abondio]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949), marubuciya, marubuciyar yara, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo * [[Marguerite Abouet]], an haife ta a [[Abidjan]] (an haife ta 1971), marubuciyar litattafan hoto * Francois-Joseph Amon d'Aby (1913-2007) [Jahn] * [[Raphael Atta Koffi]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942), marubuci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Jahn] * Séry Bailly (1948-2018), masanin kimiyya, ɗan siyasa kuma marubucin gajeren labari * [[Angèle Bassolé-Ouédraogo|Angèle Bassorá-Ouédraogo]], kuma tana da alaƙa da [[Burkina Faso]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967), mawaki da ɗan jarida * [[Joseph Miezan Bognini]] (1936-2017), mawaki[Jahn] * [[Fatou Bolli]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), marubuci * [[Tanella Boni]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954), mawaki kuma marubuci * [[Micheline Coulibaly]], an haife ta a Vietnam (1950-2003), marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin yara * [[Bernard Binlin Dadié]] (1916-2019), marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi kuma ɗan siyasa [Jahn] [Killam & Rowe] * [[Jeanne de Cavally]] (1926-1992), marubuciyar littafin yara * [[Gaston Demand Goh]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai lissafi[Jahn] * [[Henriette Diabaté|Henriette Diabate]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1935), 'yar siyasa kuma marubuciya * [[Mamadou Diallo (poet)|Mamadou Diallo]] (1920-1980), mawaki[Jahn] * Richard Dogbeh, wanda kuma ke da alaƙa da [[Benin]], Senegal da [[Togo]] (1932-2003), marubuci da kuma malami * [[Bertin B. Doutéo]] (1927-1990), mawaki[Jahn] * [[Fatou Fanny-Cissé]] (1971-2018), marubuci, marubucin gajeren labari, ɗan jarida da edita * [[Germain Coffi Gadeau]] (1913-2000), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Jahn] * Gaus (sunan marubucin Patrick Armand-Gbaka Brede, ya mutu a shekara ta 1971) * Werewere-Liking Gnepo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), kuma yana da alaƙa da [[Kamaru]], marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * Gilbert G. Groud (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), mai zane, mai zane-zane kuma marubuci * Josué Guébo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), mawaki kuma marubucin gajeren labari * Flore Hazoumé (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959), marubucin da aka sani da gajerun labaru * Simone Kaya (1937-2007), an dauke ta mace ta farko a matsayin marubuciya * [[Fatou Keïta|Fatou Kéita]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965) * Venance Konan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan jarida kuma marubuci * [[Maurice Koné]] (1932-1980), mawaki[Jahn] * [[Adjoua Flore Kouamé|Adjoua Flore Kouame]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), marubuci * Ahmadou Kourouma (1927-2003), marubuci [Jahn] [Killam & Rowe] * [[Ake Loba]] (1927-2012), marubuci[Jahn] * [[Michelle Lora]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), marubuciyar yara, masanin kimiyya * [[Charles Nokan]] (1936-2022), marubuci da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Jahn] * [[Véronique Tadjo]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1955), mawaki, marubuci kuma mai zane * Regina Yaou (1955-2017), marubuciya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regina N'Doufou Yaou |url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/YaouRegina.html}}</ref> * [[Zaourou Zadi]] (1938-2012), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Jahn] == Djibouti == == Misira == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Kamaru'' == Equatorial Guinea == == Eritrea == == Habasha == == Gabon == == Gambiya == * Janet Badjan-Young (1937-), marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo * William Conton (1925-2003), malami, masanin tarihi da marubuci, wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Saliyo]] <ref>Zell, Hans M., Helene Silver, ''A Reader's Guide to African Literature: to 1972'', Heinemann Educational, 1972, pp. 134–5, {{ISBN|0435919989}}.</ref> * Hassoum Ceesay (1971 -), masanin tarihi, mai kula, malami, masanin kimiyya da marubuci * [[Ebrima Ceesay]] (1966-), masanin kimiyya, marubuci, masanin kimiyya kuma tsohon edita * [[Lamin Ceesay]] (1990-), marubuci kuma mai fassara. == Ghana == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Ghana'' == Guinea == * Kesso Barry (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), mai ba da labari game da rayuwarsa kuma yana da alaƙa da [[Senegal]][Gikandi] * Saïdou Bokoum (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945), marubuci[Gikandi] * Sory Camara, masanin ilimin ɗan adam[Gikandi] * [[Ahmed Tidjani Cissé]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Gikandi] * Koumanthio Zeinab Diallo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), mawaki kuma marubuci[Gikandi] * [[Alioum Fantouré]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), masanin tattalin arziki kuma marubuci[Gikandi] * [[Keita Fodeba]] (1921-1969), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan siyasa kuma marubuci[Jahn] * [[Lansiné Kaba]] (1941-2023), ɗan tarihi * Fodéba Keita (1921-1969), mawaki kuma mai rawa[Gikandi] * Siré Komara (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991), marubuci: Mes Racines <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2006 |title=Siré Komara An author from Guinea writing in French |url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/KomaraSireEng.html |access-date=2011-11-11 |publisher=Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au}}</ref> * Kamara Laye (1928-1980), marubuci: The Black Child [Gikandi] [Jahn] [Killam & Rowe] * Tierno Monénembo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947), marubuci: Tsohon Maraya, Les écailles du Ciel, ''[[Peulorihno]]'', ''[[Le Roi de Kahel|Sarkin Kahel]]''[Gikandi] * [[Condetto Nénékhaly-Camera]] (1930-1972), mawaki da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Jahn] * Djibril Tamsir Niane (1932-2021), marubuci kuma ɗan tarihi[Gikandi] * Williams Sassine (1944-1997), marubucin littafin Faransanci [Killam & Rowe] * [[Ahmed Sékou Touré|Sékou Touré]] (1922-1984), ɗan siyasa, marubucin siyasa kuma mawaki na lokaci-lokaci[Jahn] * [[Mamadou Traoré (poet)|Mamadou Traoré]], wanda aka fi sani da [[Ray Autra]] (1916-1991), malami da mawaƙi[Jahn] == Guinea-Bissau == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Kenya == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Kenya'' == Lesotho == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Laberiya == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Libya == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Madagascar == * Ny Avana Ramananto * Dox * Elie-Charles Abraham (1919-1989), mawaki[Gikandi] * [[Victor Georges Andriananjason]] (1940-), mawaƙi kuma marubucin da ba na almara ba[Jahn] * Lucile Allorge (1937-), masanin ilimin shuke-shuke * David Jaomanoro (1953-2014), mawaki, marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas C. Spear |date=26 November 2000 |title=David Jaomanoro |url=http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/jaomanoro.html |access-date=2011-11-11 |publisher=Lehman.cuny.edu |archive-date=2015-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005235702/http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/jaomanoro.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Lucien Xavier Michel Andrianarahinjaka (1929-1997), ɗan siyasa, marubuci, kuma mawaki * Esther Nirina (1932-2004), mawaki[Gikandi] * Hajasoa Vololona Picard-Ravololonirina (1956-), masanin kimiyya, ɗan siyasa kuma mawaƙi[Gikandi] * Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (1903-1937), mawaki da marubuci[Gikandi] [Jahn] [Killam & Rowe] * Jacques Rabemananjara (1913-2005), mawaki, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan siyasa [Jahn] [Killam & Rowe] * [[Raymond William Rabemananjara]] (1913-?), ɗan tarihi kuma marubuci[Gikandi] * [[Fidelis Justin Rabetsimandranto]] (1907-1966), marubuci da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Jahn] * Charlotte Arisoa Rafenomanjato (1936-2008), marubuciya kuma mai fassara[Gikandi] * Jean-Luc Raharimanana (1967-), marubucin harshen Faransanci * Elie Rajaonarison (1951-2010), mawaki * [[Régis Rajemisa-Raolison]] (1913-1990), mawaki kuma malami[Gikandi] [Jahn] * Michèle Rakotoson (1948-), marubuciya, marubuciyar gajeren labari kuma marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo[Gikandi] * Flavien Ranaivo (1914-1999), mawaki kuma marubuci[Gikandi] [Jahn] * Esther Razanadrasoa (1892-1931), mawaki, marubuciya kuma editan mujallar * Edmond Randriamananjara aka Randja Zanamihoatra (1925 - 1997), mawaki == Malawi == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Malawi'' == Mali == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Mauritania == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Mauritius == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Mauritius'' == Maroko == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Maroko'' == Mozambique == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Namibia == * Neshani Andreas (1964-2011), marubuci * Ndeutala Angolo (1952-), marubuci kuma marubucin da ba na almara ba * Joseph Diescho (1955-), marubuci * Dorian Haarhoff (1944-), mawaki kuma masanin kimiyya * [[Giselher Werner Hoffmann]] (1958-), marubucin littafin Jamusanci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sven Rosenow |title=Die Biographie von Gilselher W. Hoffmann |url=http://www.afrikaroman.de/autoren/autor.a_z/autor_hoffmann_g.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701193805/http://www.afrikaroman.de/autoren/autor.a_z/autor_hoffmann_g.php |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |access-date=November 11, 2011 |publisher=Afrikaroman.de}}</ref> * Anoeschka von Meck (1967-), ɗan jarida kuma marubucin yaren [[Afrikaans]] * Hans Daniel Namuhuja (1924-1998), mawaki * Cosmo Pieterse (1930-), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaki * Sylvia Schlettwein (1975-), marubuciya, mai fassara kuma mai sukar * Mvula ya Nangolo (1943-2019), mawaki kuma ɗan jarida == Nijar == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Najeriya == ''Dubi: [[Jerin Marubutan Najeriya|Jerin marubutan Najeriya]]'' == Rwanda == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Rwanda'' == São Tomé da Príncipe == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Senegal == ''Dubi: Jerin marubutan Senegal'' == Seychelles == == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Marubutan Afirka * Jerin marubuta * [[Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya akan Adabi da Al'adun Afirka|Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya kan Littattafan Afirka da Al'adu]] * Jerin marubutan Latin Amurka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://aalbc.com/authors/25_African_Women_Writers_You_Should_Read.php 25 Mata Marubutan Afirka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081224225758/http://www.africanwriter.com/authors Marubutan Afirka na zamani] / marubutan da aka adana 2008-12-24 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607073815/http://www.africaresource.com/component/option,com_ewriting/Itemid,91/func,selectcat/cat,3/ Bayanan bincike na Afirka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108184510/http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/aflit/FEMEChome.html Karanta mata - Marubutan mata na Afirka] 7mgoa9rl0ok88ibm9z6n5djvc1sx81s Hawan Duniya 0 176698 966582 962107 2026-10-11T17:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hawan Duniya''' (wanda a da aka sani da '''Ƙungiyar Hawan Wasanni ta Duniya''' ko '''IFSC''' ) ita ce hukumar da ke kula da wasannin hawa gasa, wadda ta ƙunshi fannoni daban- daban na hawa, hawa dutse, da hawan gudu . Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da sunan World Climbing a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2025, bayan amincewar da Tarayyar Turai ta yi da kuma gyare-gyaren dokokinta a watan Oktoba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2025 |title=World Climbing launches new global identity |url=https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/news/world-climbing-launches-new-global-identity |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=ifsc-climbing.org |publisher=World Climbing}}</ref> == Yarjejeniya == Hawan Duniya ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da alhakin dukkan fannoni na hawan gasar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ita ce hukumar ƙarshe ta duk wani abu da ya shafi hawan gasar ƙasa da ƙasa". Tana bayyana kanta a matsayin wacce ke da alhakin dukkan fannoni na fasaha na gasar hawa gasar, don amincewa da dukkan ƙungiyoyin membobi da gasannin da suka fafata, da kuma amincewa da kalanda da jadawalin abubuwan da aka gudanar a shekarar. <ref name="Charter" /> [[Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya|Kwamitin Olympics]] na Duniya ya amince da hawan dutse a duniya. <ref name="Charter" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=STATUTES INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORT CLIMBING |url=https://images.ifsc-climbing.org/ifsc/image/private/t_q_good/prd/yiz1otocwra9vwbvidh6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621020008/https://images.ifsc-climbing.org/ifsc/image/private/t_q_good/prd/yiz1otocwra9vwbvidh6.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=ifsc-climbing.org |page=3}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa IFSC a Frankfurt a ranar 27 ga Janairun 2007 ta ƙungiyoyin mambobi 57 a matsayin ci gaba da '''{{Interlanguage link|International Council for Competition Climbing|de|International Council for Competition Climbing}}''', wanda ya kasance tun daga 1997 zuwa 2007 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA). <ref name="ifschistory">{{Cite web |title=Climbing Competitions' History |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/what-is-the-ifsc/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033224/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/what-is-the-ifsc/history |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=12 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org}}</ref> <ref name="GrippedHistory">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=A History of Competition Climbing Since 1985 |url=https://gripped.com/events/a-history-of-climbing-competitions-since-1985/ |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, IOC ta ba wa IFSC amincewa ta wucin gadi, kuma ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin mambobi 80. <ref name="GrippedHistory" /> A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2010, IOC ta ba da izinin IFSC a hukumance, kuma a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2011, IOC ta ƙara hawa cikin jerin sunayen sabbin wasanni da za a iya yi wa Gasar Olympics ta Tokyo ta 2020, wanda aka tabbatar a shekarar 2016. <ref name="GrippedHistory" /> Saboda mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a shekarar 2022, IFSC ta dakatar da tarayyar Rasha da Belarus sannan ta soke dukkan abubuwan da za su faru a Rasha a shekarar 2022. <ref name="gearjunkie.com">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=Russian Climbing World Cup Rescheduled as IFSC Hands Out More Suspensions |url=https://gearjunkie.com/news/russia-climbing-world-cup-reschedule-ifsc-suspensions |website=gearjunkie.com}}</ref> == Gasassun gasa == Manyan gasannin da World Climbing ta shirya sune: === Jerin Hawan Duniya === Jerin Hawan Sama na Duniya jerin gasa ne da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara. 'Yan wasa suna fafatawa a fannoni uku: jagora, tsalle-tsalle, da kuma gudu. Adadin gasa da wuraren da ake yi ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSC rules book 2013 |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821145010/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org |pages=61–66}}</ref> Kafin shekarar 2026, ana kiran gasar hawa dutse ta duniya da gasar cin kofin duniya, wacce aka fara gudanarwa a karkashin kulawar UIAA a shekarar 1989, wacce ta kunshi fannoni daban-daban na gudu da jagoranci. Ba a ƙara Bouldering a matsayin fanni ba sai a shekarar 1999. <ref name="ifschistory" /> An gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin IFSC daga 2007 har zuwa 2026, lokacin da aka canza sunan zuwa World Climbing. === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya gasa ce da ake gudanarwa duk shekara biyu. Wannan taron yana tantance zakarun duniya maza da mata a fannoni kamar jagoranci a hawa dutse, hawa dutse da gudu da kuma hawa para-hawa. An kafa Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya a matsayin Gasar Duniya a shekarar 1991 kuma an gudanar da bugu na farko a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt, Jamus]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSC rules book 2013 |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821145010/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org |pages=67–72}}</ref> === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Matasa ta Duniya === Gasar Matasan Hawan Sama ta Duniya gasa ce da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara. Wannan taron yana tantance zakaran matasan duniya maza da mata a fannoni uku: jagoranci, gudu, da kuma tsalle-tsalle. Ga kowane fanni, an raba 'yan wasa zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku na shekaru: Matasa B, Matasa A da Matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSC rules book 2013 |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821145010/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org |pages=73–77}}</ref> An kafa Gasar Matasan Hawan Sama ta Duniya a matsayin Gasar Matasa ta Duniya a shekarar 1992, kuma an shirya bugu na farko a Basel, Switzerland . === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya ta Turai === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya gasa ce da ake gudanarwa duk shekara biyu a cikin shekaru da ba a gudanar da Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya ba. Wannan gasar tana tantance zakaru maza da mata na Turai a fannoni uku na hawa dutse, hawa dutse, da kuma gudu. === Jerin Matasan Hawan Duniya Turai === Jerin Gasar Matasa ta Duniya da ake gudanarwa duk shekara, wato World Climbing Europe Youth Series. 'Yan wasa suna fafatawa a fannoni uku: jagora, gudu, da kuma tsalle-tsalle, kuma an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku na shekaru: Matasa B, Matasa A, da Matasa. == Shugabanni == [[File:Marco_Scolaris_IFSC_2017-08-19_2340.jpg|thumb| Marco Scolaris, Shugaban IFSC, a shekarar 2017]] * 2007- : Marco Maria Scolaris == Membobi == A cikin waɗannan tebura an lissafa membobin ƙungiyoyin tarayya na ƙasa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Federations |url=http://egw.ifsc-climbing.org/?category_id=186 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006005957/http://egw.ifsc-climbing.org/?category_id=186 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Federations |url=https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/9-about-ifsc/41-honorary-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517190529/https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/9-about-ifsc/41-honorary-members |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=26 May 2019 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org}}</ref> === Cikakken membobi === {| class="wikitable" !Country !Federation !Acronym |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |Federación Argentina de Ski y Andinismo |FASA |- |{{Flag|Australia}} |Sport Climbing Australia |SCA |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |Kletterverband Österreich |[https://www.austriaclimbing.com/ KVÖ] |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |Air and Extreme Sports Federation of Azerbaijan |FAIREX |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |Climbing and Mountaineering Belgium |CMBEL |- |{{Flag|Bolivia}} |Federación Boliviana de Ski y Andinismo |FEBSA |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} |Associação Brasileira de Escalada Esportiva |ABEE |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |Bulgarian Climbing and Mountaineering Federation |BCMF |- |{{Flag|Cameroon}} |Association des Sport de Montagne et d'Escalade |ASME |- |{{Flag|Canada}} |Climbing Escalade Canada |CEC |- |{{Flag|Chile}} |Federación de Andinismo de Chile |FEACH |- |{{Flag|China}} |Chinese Mountaineering Association |CMA |- |{{Flag|Chinese Taipei}} |Chinese Taipei Alpine Association |CTAA |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} |Federación Colombiana de Escalada Deportiva |FCED |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} |Federación costarricense de Deportes de Montaña |FECODEM |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} |Hrvatski Planinarski Savez (Croatian Mountaineering Association) |HPS |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Cyprus Mountaineering and Climbing Federation |CMCF |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |Cesky horolezecky svaz (Czech mountaineering association) |[http://horosvaz.cz CHS] |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Dansk Klatreforbund/Danish Climbing Federation |DKF/DCF |- |{{Flag|Ecuador}} |Federación Ecuatoriana de Andinismo y Escalada |FEDAN |- |{{Flag|El Salvador}} |Federación Salvadoreña de montañismo y escalada |FSME |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |Finnish Climbing association |FCA |- |{{Flag|France}} |Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade |FFME |- |{{Flag|Georgia}} |Georgian Climbing National Federation |GCNF |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |Deutscher Alpenverein |DAV |- |{{Flag|Great Britain}} |British Mountaineering Council |BMC |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |Hellenic Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing |HFMCU (EOOA) |- |{{Flag|Guatemala}} |Federación Nacional de Andinismo de Guatemala |FNAG |- |{{Flag|Honduras}} |Federación Hondurena de Deportes de Montana y Escalada |FEHDME |- |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} |Hong Kong Mountaineering Union |HKMU |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} |Hungarian Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Federation |[https://mhssz.hu/ MHSSz] |- |{{Flag|India}} |Indian Mountaineering Foundation |[https://www.indmount.org IMF] |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |Federasi Panjat Tebing Indonesia |[http://www.fpti.or.id/ FPTI] |- |{{Flag|Iran}} |Iran Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Federation |IRI MF |- |{{Flag|Ireland}} |Mountaineering Ireland |MI |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |Israel Climbers' Club |ILCC |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |Federazione Arrampicata Sportiva Italiana |FASI |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |Japan Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Association |JMSCA |- |{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |Mountaineering and Climbing Federation of Republic of Kazakhstan |[https://web.archive.org/web/20260614155945/https://mountain.kz/en/ MCFRK] |- |{{Flag|Latvia}} |Latvian Alpinist Association |LAA |- |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |Lithuania Federation of Sport Climbing |LFSC |- |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |Fédération Luxembourgeoise d'Escalade, de Randonnée et d'Alpinisme |[https://flera.lu/ FLERA] |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |Persekutuan Mendaki Malaysia (Malaysia Mountaineering Federation) |PMM |- |{{Flag|Malta}} |Malta Sport for All |MSFA |- |{{Flag|Mauritius}} |Mauritius Sport Climbing Federation |MSCF |- |{{Flag|Mexico}} |Federación Mexicana de Deportes de Montana Y Escalada |FMDMYE |- |{{Flag|Mongolia}} |Mongolian National Climbing Federation |MNCF |- |{{Flag|Nepal}} |Nepal Mountaineering Association |NMA |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Koninklijke Nederlandse Klim- en Bergsportvereniging |NKBV |- |{{Flag|New Zealand}} |Climbing New Zealand |[http://www.climbing.nz CNZ] |- |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |Macedonian Sport Climbing Federation |MSCF |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |The Norwegian Climbing Federation |NCF |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |Alpine Club of Pakistan |ACP |- |{{Flag|Panama}} |Asociación Panameña de Escalada |APAES |- |{{Flag|Peru}} |Federación Deportiva Peruana de Escalada |FEDPE |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} |Pilipinas Climbing |PCI |- |{{Flag|Poland}} |Polski Zwiazek Alpinizmu (Polish Mountaineering Association) |PZA |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |Federação Portuguesa de Montanhismo e Escalada / Portuguese Mountaineering and Climbing Federation |FPME |- |{{Flag|Romania}} |Federația Română de Alpinism și Escaladă |[http://www.frae.ro/ FRAE] |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |Climbing Federation of Russia (suspended)<ref name="gearjunkie.com" /> |CFR |- |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |The Saudi Climbing and Hiking Federation |[https://web.archive.org/web/20220407230754/https://climbing.sa/ SCHF] |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} |United Sport Climbing Federation of Serbia |USCFS |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} |Singapore Mountaineering Federation |SMF |- |{{Flag|Slovakia}} |Slovak Mountaineering Union JAMES |SMU JAMES |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |Alpine Association of Slovenia |PZS |- |{{Flag|Republic of Korea}} |Korean Alpine Federation |KAF |- |{{Flag|Spain}} |Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada |FEDME |- |{{Flag|South Africa}} |South African National Climbing Federation |SANCF |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |Swedish Climbing Federation |SKF |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |Swiss Alpine Club |CAS |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} |The Sport Climbing Association of Thailand |SCAT |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Turkish Mountaineering Federation |TDF/TMF |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |Ukrainian Mountaineering and Climbing Federation |UMF |- |{{Flag|USA}} |USA Climbing |USAC |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |Federación Venezolana de Escalada Deportiva |FEVME |} === Membobin nahiya === {| class="wikitable" !Country !Federation !Acronym |- |{{Flag|Algeria}} |Fédération Algérienne de Ski et sports de Montagne |FASSM |- |{{Flag|Andorra}} |Federacio Andorrana de Muntanyisme |FAM |- |{{Flag|Armenia}} |Armenia Alpine Club |AAC |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |Belarus Alpine Federation (suspended)<ref name="gearjunkie.com" /> |BAF |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |Mountaineering Union of Bosnia - Herzegovina |PSBIH |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |Cambodia Climbing Federation |CCD |- |{{Flag|Estonia}} |Estonian Climbing Association |ECA |- |{{Flag|Fiji}} |Sport Climbing Fiji |SCF |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |Jordan Federation of Sport Climbing |JFSC |- |{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |Federation of Mountaineering Rock and Ice Climbing of Kirgiz Republic |FMRICK |- |{{Flag|Macau}} |Mountaineering Federation Macau China |MFMC |- |{{Flag|Rwanda}} |Rwanda Sports Climbing Federation |RSCF |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |National Association for Climbing and Mountaineering in Sri Lanka |NACMSL |- |{{Flag|Uganda}} |Uganda Sport Climbing Federation |USCF |- |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} |Federation of Mountaineering and Rock Climbing of Uzbekistan |FMCU |} === Na yanki === {| class="wikitable" !Ƙasa ! Tarayyar ! Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a jumla |- |{{Flag|New Caledonia}} | Comité Régional de la Montagne et de l'Escalade de la Nouvelle Calédonie | |} === Masu Lura === {| class="wikitable" !Ƙasa ! Tarayyar ! Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a jumla |- |{{Flag|Austria}} | Ƙungiyar Alpine ta Austria | ÖAV |- |{{Flag|Spain}} | Ƙungiyar Tsaunukan Basque (Eusko Mendizale Federazioa) | EMF |- |{{Flag|Spain}} | Federació d'Entitats Excursionites de Catalunya | FEEC |} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://www.worldclimbing.com/}} * [https://www.worldclimbing.com/calendar/index Calendar of World Climbing competitions] * [https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/world-competition/rules IFSC Rules] Archived 2020-06-04 at the Wayback Machine c3psh9fra3u5g0y7uq6x7s50fz3uuai Hare-haren gaggawa 0 176838 966169 955590 2026-10-11T15:40:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hare-haren Swift na 2006 wani yunkuri ne da aka tsara ta Amurka Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) don tsare da kuma fitar da ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun shaida a masana'antun nama na Swift & Company. A ranar Talata, 12 ga watan Disamba, a shekarar 2006, ICE ta kai hari kan shuke-shuke shida na Swift & Company a tsakiyar yamma da kudu maso yammacin Amurka. An tsare ma'aikata a tsakiyar wuraren wadannan shuke-shuke, inda aka bincika su kuma aka yi musu tambayoyi. Kimanin ma'aikata 1,300, wadanda ake zargi da keta doka da kuma satar shaida, an kama su kuma an kai su wuraren tsare-tsare; an fitar da mafi yawansu. ICE ta Operation Wagon Train, wanda ya ƙare a cikin hare-haren Swift, ya wakilci sabon mataki na tilasta shige da fice. Wannan aikin ya nuna farkon karuwar ayyukan wurin aiki, da kuma niyya ta musamman ga baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba waɗanda aka zarge su da laifuka.<ref name="PressConferenceDec13">{{Cite journal |date=2006-12-13 |title=Remarks by Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff, Immigration and Customs Enforcement Assistant Secretary Julie Myers, and Federal Trade Commission Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras at a Press Conference on Operation Wagon Train [December 13, 2006] |url=http://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=475833 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Aldana2008">{{Cite journal |last=Aldana |first=Raquel |year=2008 |title=Of ''Katz'' and 'Aliens': Privacy Expectations and the Immigration Raids |url=http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/41/3/rights-remedies/41-3_Aldana.pdf |journal=UC Davis Law Review |volume=41 |issue=3 |access-date=20 August 2012 |quote=ICE's new worksite enforcement strategy, begun in eleven major U.S. cities, adopts a comprehensive approach focusing on how illegal workers enter the country and obtain identity documents, as well as targeting employers who knowingly hire such workers.76 As a result of this strategy, the number of persons arrested in the workplace for being unable to prove legal immigration status jumped nearly tenfold since 2002 to 4,385 in fiscal year 2006. [...] n fact, ICE today is effectively, even if deceivingly,79 appealing to identity theft concerns, as well as to the image of foreigners as potential terrorists.}}</ref> Wannan shi ne mafi girman hari na shige da fice a wurin aiki a tarihin Amurka.<ref name="RMN 2011">{{Cite journal |date=January 2011 |title=Enforcement: Swift Fallout, Mismatches |url=http://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=1180_0_4_0 |journal=Rural Migration News |volume=13 |issue=1 |access-date=23 August 2012 |quote=ICE said the Swift raid was the largest workplace raid ever conducted by immigration authorities...}}</ref> == Tarihi == Baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba sun kai kimanin kashi 4.6 cikin dari na ma'aikatan ƙasar Amurka. A Swift & Co. namapackers (wanda JBS S.A. ta saya ba da daɗewa ba bayan hare-haren), waɗanda aka kama a lokacin harin sun kasance 10% na ma'aikatan kamfanin. Saboda kawai baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne aka kama daga sauyawa ta farko, ainihin rabo na iya zama mafi girma.<ref name="Kammer 2009">{{Cite web |last=Kammer |first=Jerry |date=March 2009 |title=The 2006 Swift Raids: Assessing the Impact of Immigration Enforcement Actions at Six Facilities |url=http://cis.org/2006SwiftRaids |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=Backgrounder |publisher=Center for Immigration Studies}}</ref> [[File:Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_(US)_badge_-_Special_Agent.jpg|left|thumb|141x141px|Alamar wakili ta ICE]] ICE, reshe na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida (DHS), ta binciki Swift na watanni goma kafin harin. ICE ta kira bayanan ma'aikacin Swift a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. <ref name="Aldana2008" /> Ya tabbatar da cewa wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan Swift sun yi amfani da bayanan Tsaro na Jama'a da takardar shaidar haihuwa na wasu don samun aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba. Swift a bayyane ya san cewa suna karkashin bincike, kuma sun riga sun yi ƙoƙari don rage dogaro da ma'aikatan da ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="Kammer 2009" /> Kamfanin ya zubar da ma'aikata kusan 400 ba bisa ka'ida ba tsakanin Maris da Disamba 2006.<ref name="Aldana2008" /> Koyaya, bisa buƙatar DHS, Swift ba ta sanar da ma'aikatanta game da hare-haren da ke zuwa ba.<ref name="PressConferenceDec13" /> A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2006, Swift ta nemi umarni game da aikin tilasta ICE, tana jayayya cewa suna ba da hadin kai kamar yadda za su iya. A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, Alkalin Gundumar Mary Lou Robinson ya ki amincewa da umarnin.<ref name="Dalton2007">{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Dan |date=23 October 2007 |title=Swift & Company v. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |url=http://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10274 |access-date=20 August 2012 |website=Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse |publisher=University of Michigan |quote=A closed hearing was held on December 6, 2006. On December 7, 2006, the District Court (Judge Mary Lou Robinson) denied Swift's request for a preliminary injunction.}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, ICE ta sami takardar izinin bincike, wanda ya zama hujja ta doka don harin.<ref name="Aldana2008" /><ref name="Myers">{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Julie L. |author-link=Julie L. Myers |date=18 December 2006 |title=RESPONDENT'S MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN RESPONSE TO THE ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE |url=http://www.legalactioncenter.org/sites/default/files/docs/lac/clearinghouse_122106_Dresponse.pdf |access-date=19 August 2012 |website=RINALDO YARRITO, et al. v. JULIE L. MYERS, Assistant Secretary for Homeland Security, et a. |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Colorado |quote=This Court should deny the applicants' petition for a writ of habeas corpus because this Court does not have proper jurisdiction over respondent and because the petitioner Union does not have standing as next friend, and applicants and the Union have failed to exhaust administrative remedies. Further, even if the Court finds it has jurisdiction and the Union has standing as a next friend, the applicants fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, as the government provided applicants with the requisite due process protections. In any event, the Court should make clear in its disposition that the petition applies only to the thirteen named applicants, as the applicants do not seek to certify a class, and the action cannot be maintained as a class action in any case. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919014135/http://www.legalactioncenter.org/sites/default/files/docs/lac/clearinghouse_122106_Dresponse.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tushen wannan takardar shaidar shine shari'o'i 133 da ake zargi a Swift & Co. == Manazarta == 9nijy27xu6yp104i4wps8m9hpbra8t4 Hauwa'u Arden 0 176952 966581 958351 2026-10-11T17:33:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Eve Arden (an haife ta '''Eunice Mary Quedens''', Afrilu 30, 1908 - Nuwamba 12, 1990) 'yar fim ce ta Amurka, rediyo, mataki da kuma 'yar wasan talabijin. &nbsp;Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora da goyon baya kusan kusan shekaru sittin. Da farko aikin fim dinta a 1929 kuma a Broadway a farkon shekarun 1930, babban rawar Arden ta farko ita ce a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na RKO Radio Pictures Stage Door (1937) a gaban Katharine Hepburn, sannan ya biyo bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Having Wonderful Time (1938) da At the Circus (1939). Ta sami Kyautar Kwalejin don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau don rawar da ta taka a ''Mildred Pierce'' (1945). Duk da rawar da ta taka a cikin fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, Arden ta fito a cikin fina'finai da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan lakabi kamar ''Mildred Pierce'', The Unfaithful (1947), The Arnelo Affair (1947), ''Whiplash'' (1948), da Anatomy of a Murder (1959). Daga baya a cikin aikinta, Arden ta koma talabijin, tana wasa da malamin makarantar sakandare mai ban dariya amma mai shiga tsakani a Our ''Miss Brooks'', wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Primetime Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Drama Series. Ta kuma taka rawar ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin Bewitched da kuma shugaban makarantar a cikin fina-finai na Grease (1978) da Grease 2 (1982). == Rayuwa ta farko == [[File:Anthony_George_Eve_Arden_Checkmate_1961.JPG|thumb|Anthony George da Arden a cikin "Mutuwa ta hanyar Design", Checkmate (1961) ]] An haifi Hauwa'u Arden Eunice Mary Quedens a Mill Valley, California, mafi yawan zuriyar Jamusanci, ga Charles Peter Quedens, ɗan Charles Henry Augustus Quedens da Eunice Meta Dierks, da Lucille Frank, 'yar Bernard Frank da Louisa Mertens. Lucille, mai yin gyare-gyare, ta saki Charles saboda caca kuma ta shiga kasuwanci don kanta. Ko da yake ba Katolika ba ne, an tura matashiyar Eunice zuwa makarantar Dominican a San Rafael, California. Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tamalpais, makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a a Mill Valley, har zuwa shekara 16. Bayan barin makaranta, ta shiga kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Henry "Terry" Duffy . == Ayyuka == === Fim din === Ta yi fim dinta na farko a karkashin sunanta na ainihi a cikin waƙoƙin Song of Love (1929), a matsayin mai ba da shawara, mai nuna gida wanda ya zama abokin hamayya ga tauraron fim din, mawaƙa Belle Baker . {{Sfn|Ware|Braukman|2005}}Fim din yana daya daga cikin nasarorin farko na Columbia Pictures. A 1933, ta koma Birnin New York, inda take da sassan tallafi a cikin shirye-shiryen Broadway da yawa.{{Sfn|Ware|Braukman|2005}}A shekara ta 1934, an jefa ta a cikin ''Ziegfeld Follies'' revue, rawar farko inda aka ba ta lambar yabo a matsayin Hauwa'u Arden . Lokacin da aka gaya mata ta karɓi sunan mataki don wasan kwaikwayon, Arden ta kalli kayan shafawa kuma "ta sace sunana na farko daga Evening in Paris, kuma na biyu daga Elizabeth Arden". Tsakanin 1934 da 1941, ta bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Broadway na Parade, Very Warm for May, Two for the Show, da Let's Face It!. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eve Arden |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/eve-arden-vault-0000080930 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |website=Playbill |publisher=Playbill, Inc.}}</ref> Ayyukan fim na Arden ya fara da gaske a 1937 lokacin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da RKO Radio Pictures kuma ta bayyana a fina-finai Oh Doctor da Stage Door .{{Sfn|Tucker|2011}} Hoton ta na Stage Door na mai saurin magana, mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa ya sami Arden sanarwa mai yawa kuma ya kasance samfurin ga yawancin ayyukan Arden na gaba.<ref name="tcm">{{Cite web |title=Eve Arden |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/5233%7C49968/Eve-Arden |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818040059/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/5233%7C49968/Eve-Arden/ |archive-date=August 18, 2011 |access-date=June 13, 2011 |publisher=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> [[File:Eve_Arden_in_Comrade_X_trailer.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Arden in ''[[Comrade X]]'' (1940)}}]] A shekara ta 1938, ta taka rawar gani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Having Wonderful Time, tare da Ginger Rogers da Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.{{Sfn|Tucker|2011}}Wannan ya biyo bayan rawar da ta taka a fim din aikata laifuka The Forgotten Woman (1939), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Marx Brothers A Circus (1939), rawar da ta buƙaci ta yi wasan kwaikwayo. {{Sfn|Tucker|2011}}{{Sfn|Tucker|2011}} A shekara ta 1940, ta bayyana don tallafawa Clark Gable da [[Hedy Lamarr]] a Comrade X, sannan ta biyo bayan tallafi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Manpower (1941) a gaban Marlene Dietrich, Edward G. Robinson da George Raft. {{Sfn|Ware|Braukman|2005}}Ta kuma sami goyon baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Red Skelton Whistling in the Dark (1941) da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya Obliging Young Lady (1942). {{Sfn|Tucker|2011}}{{Sfn|Tucker|2011}} Matsayinta da yawa da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba sun haɗa da rawar goyon baya a matsayin abokiyar Joan Crawford mai hikima a cikin ''Mildred Pierce'' (1945), wanda ta sami gabatarwa ta Kyautar Kwalejin a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau; a matsayin dan uwan da ya zama mai zaman lafiya a cikin The Unfaithful (1947); kuma a matsayin sakataren James Stewart mai ban tsoro amma mai ban tsoro a cikin Otto Preminger's mystery Anatomy of a Murder (1959) (wanda kuma ya nuna mijinta, Brooks West). A shekara ta 1946, masu baje kolin sun zabe ta a matsayin ta shida mafi kyawun "tauraron gobe". Arden ta zama sananne ga sabon tsara na ''Mai'' kallon fina-finai lokacin da ta buga Principal McGee a Grease (1978) da Grease 2 (1982). Arden an san ta da gabatarwar ta na ban dariya. === Rediyo da talabijin === [[File:Groucho_Marx-Eve_Arden_in_At_the_Circus_trailer.jpg|left|thumb|Groucho Marx da Hauwa'u Arden a cikin wani yanayi daga At the Circus (1939) ]] Ikon Arden tare da rubutun basira ya sa ta zama ƙwarewa ga rediyo. Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na Danny Kaye amma abin tunawa da wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya a cikin 1946, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi jagoran ƙungiyar Harry James da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Lionel Stander . <ref name="deli">{{Cite web |title=The Danny Kaye Show |url=http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Danny-Kaye-Show.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106215433/http://digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Danny-Kaye-Show.html |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2011 |publisher=The Digital Deli Too}}</ref> Ƙarin fallasawar ƙwarewar Arden mai ban dariya a wasan kwaikwayon Kaye ya haifar da rawar da aka fi sani da ita, ta malamin Turanci na Madison High School Connie Brooks a cikin Our ''Miss Brooks'' . Arden ya nuna halin a rediyo daga 1948 zuwa 1957, a cikin shirin talabijin na shirin daga 1952 zuwa 1956, kuma a cikin fim din 1956. Halin ta ya yi karo da shugaban makarantar, Osgood Conklin (wanda Gale Gordon ya buga) kuma ya kula da wani sha'awar da ba a biya shi ba a kan malamin Philip Boynton (wanda tauraruwar fim din nan gaba Jeff Chandler ya buga da farko; kuma daga baya a rediyo da talabijin ta Robert Rockwell). Sai dai Chandler, duk masu aikin rediyo na Arden, Gordon, Richard Crenna (Walter Denton), Robert Rockwell (Mista Philip Boynton), Gloria McMillan (Harriet Conklin) da Jane Morgan (mai gida Margaret Davis) sun taka rawar iri ɗaya a talabijin. Hoton Arden na Miss Brooks ya shahara sosai har aka sanya ta memba mai daraja na Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa, ta sami lambar yabo ta 1952 daga Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Kwalejin Connecticut "don jin daɗin malamin Amurka", har ma ta sami tayin koyarwa. Halin da aka kafa sosai, halin da ba shi da kyau ya zama mutuntakarta ta jama'a a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="LAtimes" /> [[File:Eve_Arden.jpg|thumb|Tare da sabis na rediyo na Sojoji, 1940s]] Ta lashe zaben masu sauraro ta mujallar Radio Mirror a matsayin babban dan wasan kwaikwayo na 1948-1949, ta karɓi lambar yabo a ƙarshen watsa shirye-shiryen Our ''Miss Brooks'' a wannan Maris. "Tabbas zan yi ƙoƙari a cikin watanni masu zuwa don in cancanci girmamawa da kuka ba ni, saboda na fahimci cewa idan na ci wannan (kyauta) shekaru biyu a jere, zan ci gaba da Mista Boynton, "ta yi ba'a. Ta kuma kasance mai bugawa tare da masu sukar: Wani zabe na hunturu na 1949 na masu gyara rediyo na jaridu da mujallu ta Motion Picture Daily ta ba ta suna mafi kyawun mai wasan rediyo na shekara. Arden ta yi taƙaitaccen baƙo a cikin wani labari na 1955 I Love Lucy mai taken "LA a Ƙarshe", inda ta buga kanta. Yayinda suke jiran abincin su a Brown Derby, Lucy Ricardo ([[Lucille ball|Lucille Ball]]) da Ethel Mertz (Vivian Vance) suna jayayya kan ko wani hoto a bangon da ke kusa shine Shelley Winters ko Judy Holliday. Lucy ta bukaci Ethel ta tambayi wata mace da ke zaune a ɗakin na gaba, wanda ya juya ya amsa, "Babu. Wannan Hauwa'u Arden ce.Kamar yadda Ethel ta fahimci cewa kawai ta yi magana da Arden kanta, Arden ta wuce teburin Lucy da Ethel don barin gidan cin abinci yayin da ma'aurata suka yi tafiya. [[File:Eve_Arden_1954_Emmy_Award.png|left|thumb|Arden tare da lambar yabo ta Emmy don Our ''Miss Brooks'', Fabrairu 11, 1954]] Desilu Productions, mallakar Desi Arnaz da Ball a lokacin aurensu, ita ce kamfanin samar da shirin talabijin na Our ''Miss Brooks'', wanda aka yi fim a cikin shekarun da I Love Lucy . Ball da Arden sun hadu lokacin da suka yi fim din Stage Door a 1937. Ball, a cewar masana tarihi da yawa na rediyo, ya ba da shawarar Arden don Our ''Miss Brooks'' bayan Shirley Booth ta yi sauraro amma ta kasa sauka da rawar kuma Ball - wanda aka yi a lokacin ga ''Mijina da na fi so'' - ba zai iya ba.<ref name="brooks">{{Cite web |title=Eve Arden as Connie Brooks |url=http://www.ourmissbrooks.com/connie-brooks-eve-arden-biography.html |access-date=December 5, 2011 |publisher=Ourmissbrooks.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022157/http://www.ourmissbrooks.com/connie-brooks-eve-arden-biography.html |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Arden ya gwada wani jerin ga [[CBS]] a cikin fall of 1957, The Eve Arden Show, amma an soke shi a cikin bazara na 1958 bayan 26 episodes. A shekara ta 1966, ta taka rawar ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin wani labari na Bewitched da kuma masanin kimiyya a cikin wani labarin The Man from U.N.C.L.E..Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Kaye Ballard a matsayin makwabciyarta kuma surukarta, Hauwa'u Hubbard, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[NBC]] na 1967-1969 The Mothers-in-Law, wanda Arnaz ya samar bayan rushewar Desilu Productions . <ref name="Brians">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2011 |title=Eve Arden profile (1908-1990) |url=http://www.briansdriveintheater.com/evearden.html |access-date=June 13, 2011 |publisher=Brian's Drive-in Theatre}}</ref> A cikin aikinta na baya, Arden ta bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar ''Maude'', ''Alice'', Hart to Hart, da ''Falcon Crest'' . A shekara ta 1985, ta bayyana a matsayin muguwar mahaifiyar mahaifiyar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Faerie Tale na ''Cinderella'' . === Mataki === Arden na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa da suka ɗauki matsayi a cikin Hello, Dolly! da ''Auntie Mame'' a cikin shekarun 1960; a 1967, ta lashe Kyautar Sarah Siddons saboda aikinta a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chicago.<ref name="siddons">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=The Sarah Siddons Society Awardees |url=http://sarahsiddonssociety.org |access-date=June 13, 2011 |publisher=Sarah Siddons Society}}</ref> A shekara ta 1983, an jefa Arden a matsayin jagora a cikin abin da zai zama dawowarta ta Broadway, Moose Murders, amma ta janye kuma an maye gurbin ta da ƙarami Holland Taylor bayan wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya, yana mai ambaton "bambance-bambance na fasaha". Nunin ya ci gaba da buɗewa da rufewa a wannan dare, ya zama sananne a tarihin Broadway. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Arden ta auri Edward Grinnell "Ned" Bergen daga 1939 zuwa 1947 amma an ruwaito cewa tana da dangantaka mai tsawo da Danny Kaye a cikin shekarun 1940 (watakila farawa daga aikin su na Broadway a kan Let's Face It! a 1941). <ref>Martin Gottfried, ''Nobody's Fool'' (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 80–124; {{ISBN|9780743244763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Danny Kaye |url=https://masterworksbroadway.com/artist/danny-kaye/ |access-date=August 23, 2021 |website=Masterworks Broadway}}</ref> Arden ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Brooks West daga 1952 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1984 daga zubar da jini a kwakwalwa yana da shekaru 67. Ta karbi ɗanta na farko tare da Bergen da kuma na biyu a matsayin uwa ɗaya bayan ta sake shi. Ta karbi ɗanta na uku tare da West kuma ta haifi ƙarami (tare da West) tana da shekaru 46 a shekara ta 1954. Dukkanin yara huɗu sun tsira daga iyayensu. == Mutuwa == A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1990, Arden ya mutu a gida yana da shekaru 82. A cewar takardar shaidar mutuwarta, ta mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya da cututtukan zuciya. Manajanta, Glenn Rose, ya ce ita ma tana da ciwon daji. An binne Arden a Kabari na Westwood Village Memorial Park, Westwood, Los Angeles, California.{{Sfn|Tucker|2011}} == Kyauta == Arden ya wallafa tarihin kansa, The Three Phases of Eve, a shekarar 1985. Baya ga ga gabatarwa ta Kyautar Kwalejin, Arden tana da taurari biyu a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame: Rediyo da Talabijin (duba Jerin taurari a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame don adiresoshin). An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Rediyo na Kasa a shekarar 1995.<ref name="HOF">{{Cite web |title=Comedy: Eve Arden |url=http://www.radiohof.org/comedy/evearden.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526094027/http://www.radiohof.org/comedy/evearden.html |archive-date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=June 13, 2011 |publisher=Radio Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1929 |''Waƙar Ƙauna'' |Maisie LeRoy | |- |1933 |''Uwargidan rawa'' |Marcia |Ba a san shi ba |- |1937 |''Ya, Dokta'' |Shirley Truman | |- |1937 |''Ƙofar filin wasa'' |Hauwa'u | |- |1938 |''Gidan kwakwa'' |Sophie De Lemma | |- |1938 |''Kasancewa da Lokaci Mai Kyau'' |Henrietta | |- |1938 |''Wasikar Gabatarwa'' |Cora Phelps | |- |1939 |''Mata a cikin Iska'' |Kit Campbell | |- |1939 |''Babban Birni Czar'' |Susan Warren | |- |1939 |''Matar da aka manta da ita'' |Carrie Ashburn | |- |1939 |''Har abada naka'' |Gloria | |- |1939 |''A cikin Circus'' |Pauline marar daidaituwa | |- |1939 |''{{Sortname|A|Child Is Born|A Child Is Born (film)}}'' |Miss Pinty | |- |1939 |''Mai Girma'' |Miss Ater | |- |1940 |''Ba za ta iya cewa a'a ba'' |Alice Hinsdale | |- |1940 |''Aboki X'' |Jane Wilson | |- |1940 |''A'a, A'a'' |Kitty | |- |1941 |''Wannan Rashin Tabbatacce'' |Sally Aikens | |- |1941 |''Yarinyar Ziegfeld'' |Patsy Dixon | |- |1941 |''Ta San Duk Amsoshin'' |Sally Long | |- |1941 |''San Antonio Rose'' |Gabby Trent | |- |1941 |''Fitarwa a cikin Duhu'' |'Buzz' Baker | |- |1941 |''Ma'aikata'' |Mai baƙin ciki | |- |1941 |''Ƙarshe na Duanes'' |Kate | |- |1941 |''Raira waƙa don Abincin Ku'' |Barbara Stevens | |- |1941 |''Labarin Lokacin kwana'' |Virginia Cole | |- |1942 |''Yarinya Mai Ƙarfi'' |'Space' O'Shea - AKA Suwanee Rivers | |- |1943 |''Hit Parade na 1943'' |Belinda Wright |Sauran taken: ''Canjin Zuciya'' |- |1943 |''Bari mu fuskanci shi'' |Maggie Watson | |- |1944 |''Yarinya mai rufewa'' |Cornelia Jackson | |- |1944 |''{{Sortname|The|Doughgirls}}'' |Sgt. Natalia Moskoroff | |- |1945 |''Pan-Amurka'' |Helen 'Hoppy' Hopkins | |- |1945 |''Abubuwan banza na Earl Carroll'' |'Tex' Donnelly | |- |1945 |''Patrick Mai Girma'' |Jean Matthews | |- |1945 |''Mildred Pierce'' |Ida Corwin | |- |1946 |''Sunan da nake da shi'' |Ginna Abbott | |- |1946 |''{{Sortname|The|Kid from Brooklyn}}'' |Ann Westley | |- |1946 |''Dare da Rana'' |Gabrielle | |- |1947 |''{{Sortname|The|Unfaithful|The Unfaithful (1947 film)}}'' |Paula | |- |1947 |''{{Sortname|The|Arnelo Affair}}'' |Vivian Delwyn | |- |1947 |''Waƙar Sherazade'' |Uwargidan Talavera | |- |1947 |''{{Sortname|The|Voice of the Turtle|The Voice of the Turtle (film)}}'' |Olive Lashbrooke | |- |1948 |''Ɗaya daga cikin taɓawa na Venus'' |Molly Stewart | |- |1948 |''Whiplash'' |Chris Sherwood | |- |1949 |''Mafarki na Na Shi ne Na'' |Vivian Martin | |- |1949 |''{{Sortname|The|Lady Takes a Sailor}}'' |Susan Wayne | |- |1950 |''An biya shi sosai'' |Tommy Thompson | |- |1950 |''Kira na labule a Cactus Creek'' |Lily Martin | |- |1950 |''Sha don Biyu'' |Pauline Hastings | |- |1950 |''Maza Uku'' |Lucille McCabe | |- |1951 |''Barka da, Abin sha'awa'' |Miss 'Woody' Woods | |- |1951 |''Tikiti Biyu zuwa Broadway'' |Yarinya mai nunawa | |- |1952 |''Ba Mu Yi Aure ba!'' |Katie Woodruff | |- |1953 |''{{Sortname|The|Lady Wants Mink}}'' |Gladys Jones | |- |1956 |''Miss Brooks'' |Connie Brooks | |- |1959 |''Yanayin Kisan kai'' |Maida Rutledge | |- |1960 |''{{Sortname|The|Dark at the Top of the Stairs|The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (film)}}'' |Lottie Lacey | |- |1965 |''Sajan Deadhead'' |Laftanar Charlotte Kinsey | |- |1975 |''{{Sortname|The|Strongest Man in the World}}'' |Harriet Crumply | |- |1978 |''Mai'' |Babban McGee | |- |1981 |''A karkashin bakan gizo'' |Duchess | |- |1982 |''Yaduwar annoba'' |Mai kula da Yuni | |- |1982 |''Mai 2'' |Babban McGee | (bayyanar fim na ƙarshe) |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1951 |''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Starlight'' |Julie Todd |"Julie" |- |1952–1956 |''Miss Brooks'' |Connie Brooks |Babban rawar (130 episodes) |- |1955 |''Ina son Lucy'' |Shi da kansa (cameo) |"Hollywood a Ƙarshe" |- |1957–1958 |''{{Sortname|The|Eve Arden Show}}'' |Liza Hammond |Babban rawar (26 episodes) |- |1959–1967 |''{{Sortname|The|Red Skelton Show}}'' |Clara Appleby |Matsayin da ake yi akai-akai (6 episodes) |- |1961 |''Kasuwanci'' |Georgia Golden |"Mutuwa ta hanyar zane" |- |1962 |''<nowiki/>'Ya'yana Uku'' |Marisa Montaine |"Hutun hutu don yawo" |- |1964 |''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na hutu'' |Claudia Cooper |"Shi ne Maka" |- |1965 |''Laredo'' |Emma Bristow |"Wane ne suka tafi?" |- |1966 |''An yi masa sihiri'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya Kelton |"Kuma Sai akwai Uku" |- |1966 |''Ku gudu don Rayuwarku'' |Mahaifiyar Huston |"Wane ne ke kula da tukunyar nama?" |- |1966 |''{{Sortname|The|Man from U.N.C.L.E.}}'' |Farfesa Lillian Stemmler |"Matsalar Minus-X" |- |1967 |''{{Sortname|The|Danny Thomas Hour}}'' |Thelda Cunningham |"The Royal Follies na 1933" |- |1967–1969 |''{{Sortname|The|Mothers-in-Law}}'' |Hauwa'u Hubbard |Babban rawar da ya taka (56 episodes) |- |1969 |''A cikin Sunan Kawai'' |Aunty Theda Reeson |Fim din talabijin |- |1972 |''{{Sortname|A|Very Missing Person}}'' |Hildegarde Withers |Fim din talabijin |- |1972 |''Dukan 'ya'yana mata masu ƙauna'' |Miss Freeling |Fim din talabijin |- |1974 |''{{Sortname|The|ABC Afternoon Playbreak}}'' |Misis Owens |"Uwar amarya" |- |1974 |''{{Sortname|The|Girl with Something Extra}}'' |Aunty Fran |"Gwanin Aunty Fran" |- |1974 |''Owen Marshall, mai ba da shawara a shari'a'' |Dokta Lucille Barras |"Maganar: Sterilization na Judy Simpson" |- |1975 |''Harry da Maggie'' |Maggie Sturdivant |Jirgin saman talabijin |- |1975 |''Sarauniya mai suna Ellery'' |Vera Bethune / Miss Aggie |"The Adventure of Miss Aggie's Farewell Performance" |- |1977 |''Maude'' |Lola Ashburn |"Aunty na Maaude" |- |1978 |''{{Sortname|A|Guide for the Married Woman}}'' |Uwargidan aiki |Fim din talabijin |- |1978 |''Jirgin Sama'' |Clarissa 'Wedgie' Wedge |"Yana da Ɗaya daga cikin Waɗannan Kwanaki" |- |1979 |''Vega$'' |Sarah Bancroft |"Tsarin Mutuwa" |- |1980 |''{{Sortname|The|Dream Merchants}}'' |Coralee |Ministocin talabijin |- |1980 |''Alice'' |Martha MacIntire |"Alice a cikin TV Land" |- |1980 |''{{Sortname|The|Love Boat}}'' |Ms. Brenda Watts |"Matsalar: Sashe na 1 da 2" |- |1980 |''B. J. da Bear'' |Misis Jarvis |"The Girls of Hollywood High" |- |1980 |''Hart zuwa Hart'' |Sophie Green |"Shin Ta Ko Ba Ta?" |- |1981 |''Nuts da Bolts'' |Martha Fenton |Fim din talabijin |- |1983 |''Ayyuka Masu Girma'' |Sarauniyar Zuciya |"Alice a cikin Wonderland" |- |1983 |''Masquerade'' |Misis Woodman |"Diamonds" |- |1985 |''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Faerie Tale'' |Mahaifiyar da ta haifa |"Cinderella" |- |1986 |''Labarai masu ban mamaki'' |Mahaifiyar Jane |"Financi na Asirin" |- |1987 |''Falcon Crest'' |Lillian Nash |"Manhunt" (bayyanar TV ta ƙarshe) |} ==Fitattun shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa== {{div col|colwidth=14em}} *''[[Private Lives]]'' (1933) *''[[On Approval (play)|On Approval]]'' (1933) *''[[Ziegfeld Follies|Ziegfeld Follies of 1934]]'' (1934) *''[[Ziegfeld Follies|Ziegfeld Follies of 1936]]'' (1936) *''[[Very Warm for May]]'' (1939) *''[[Two for the Show (musical)|Two for the Show]]'' (1940) *''[[Let's Face It!]]'' (1941) *''[[Over 21]]'' (1950) *''[[Auntie Mame]]'' (1958) *''[[Goodbye Charlie]]'' (1960) *''[[The Marriage-Go-Round]]'' (1961) *''[[Hello, Dolly! (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'' (1966) *''[[Barefoot in the Park]]'' (1967) *''[[Cactus Flower (play)|Cactus Flower]]'' (1968) *''[[Butterflies Are Free (play)|Butterflies Are Free]]'' (1970) *''[[Applause (musical)|Applause]]'' (1975) *''[[Absurd Person Singular]]'' (1978) *''[[Little Me (musical)|Little Me]]'' (1980) {{div col end}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ===Madogara=== *{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=David C. |title=Eve Arden: A Chronicle of All Film, Television, Radio and Stage Performances |date=October 20, 2011 |publisher=[[McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers]] |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |isbn=978-0-7864-6131-8 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ONAgAAQBAJ}} *{{Cite book|title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century|volume=5|editor1=Ware, Susan|editor2=Stacy Braukman|date=February 9, 2005|publisher=[[Belknap Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-01488-6|ref={{SfnRef|Ware|Braukman|2005}}}} ==Karin Karatu== * {{cite book |last= Alistair |first= Rupert |title= The Name Below the Title : 65 Classic Movie Character Actors from Hollywood's Golden Age |chapter=Eve Arden |pages= 15–17 |date= 2018 |edition= First |type= softcover |publisher= Independently published |location= Great Britain |isbn = 978-1720038375}} *{{cite book|title=The Women Who Made Television Funny: Ten Stars of 1950s Sitcoms|author=Tucker, David C.|year=2007|isbn=978-0786429004|location=Jefferson, NC|publisher=[[McFarland & Co]]}} * {{cite book|title=Sitcom Queens: Divas of the Small Screen|author=Karol, Michael|year=2005|isbn=0595402518|publisher=[[iUniverse]]}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Arden, Eve|encyclopedia=Who's Who in the Theatre|volume=1|page=21|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=1981|editor=Herbert, Ian |issn=0083-9833}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== {{Commons}} * [https://evearden.net/ Official Website] * {{IMDb name}} * [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/8790/eve-arden Eve Arden] at Virtual History {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9axqd5n71q559scg055njcxpvlnfk8i Gwendolyn S. Cruzat 0 177211 966129 957878 2026-10-11T12:26:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gwendolyn Stiggins Cruzat''' (an haife ta {{Circa}} 1930) farfesa ce ta Emerita a Makarantar Bayanai da Nazarin Laburare ta Jami'ar Michigan . Koyarwarta da kuma tallafin karatunta sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin kula da ɗakunan karatu na likitanci. An nada Cruzat a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ma'aikatan laburare na likitanci 100 ta ƙungiyar kula da laburare ta likitanci a shekarar 1998. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gwendolyn Stiggins a [[Chicago]], Illinois. <ref name="Shedlock2015">{{Cite web |last=Shedlock |first=James |date=9 September 2015 |title=Cruzat, Gwendolyn S. (PhD, AHIP, FMLA) |url=https://www.mlanet.org/blog/cruzat,-gwendolyn-s.-(phd,-ahip,-fmla) |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Medical Library Association}}</ref> Ta girma a Midland, Pennsylvania. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> Ta sami digirin farko a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Fisk a shekarar 1951 da kuma digirin Master a fannin Kimiyyar Laburare daga Jami'ar Atlanta a shekarar 1954. <ref name="UMfindingaid">{{Cite web |title=Gwendolyn S. Cruzat papers |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-89160?view=text |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Bentley Historical Library |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> Takardar digirin digirin ta na 1954 mai taken "Nazarin Alaƙar da ke Tsakanin Littattafan da Yara Suka Zaɓa waɗanda Ke Kula da Reshen Ƙananan Ma'aikatan Laburaren Jama'a na Atlanta da Abubuwan da Suke Sha'awar Talabijin". A shekarar 1976, ta ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimi mai zurfi/kimiyyar bayanai daga Jami'ar Jihar Wayne, inda ta rubuta takardar neman digirinta kan ciniki da aiki tare a fannin laburare na ilimi. <ref name="UMfindingaid" /> <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> == Sana'a == Cruzat ita ce shugabar darakta a makarantar da ta yi karatu, Jami'ar Fisk, daga 1954 zuwa 1960. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> Ta koma [[Detroit]] a shekarar 1960, tana aiki a ɗakin karatu na asibitin Harper daga 1960 zuwa 1964. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> A shekarar 1964, an ba ta kuma ta karɓi aiki a matsayin mai kula da laburare na bincike a ɗakin karatu na makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Wayne State, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa 1970. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> <ref name="Shedlock2015list">{{Cite web |last=Shedlock |first=James |date=15 September 2015 |title=Cruzat, Gwendolyn S. (PhD) |url=https://www.mlanet.org/blog/cruzat,-gwendolyn-s.-(phd) |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Medical Library Association}}</ref> A wannan matsayin, ta jagoranci shirin horon aiki na makarantar a fannin kula da laburare na likitanci. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> A shekarar 1970, Cruzat ta shiga Makarantar Bayanai da Nazarin Laburare ta Jami'ar Michigan a matsayin malami. <ref name="UMmemoir">{{Cite web |title=Memoir: Gwendolyn S. Cruzat |url=http://faculty-history.dc.umich.edu/faculty/gwendolyn-s-cruzat/memoir |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Faculty History Project |publisher=University of Michigan}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta zama cikakkiyar farfesa a shekarar 1979. <ref name="UMmemoir" /> Cruzat ta kafa cibiyar kula da laburare ta likitanci a makarantar kuma ta jagoranci shirin digirin digirgir. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> Ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar dakin gwaje-gwaje na koyarwa ta yanar gizo inda ɗalibai za su iya samun ƙwarewa a binciken bayanai da tsara kundin bayanai. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> Cruzat ta yi ritaya daga aikin malanta a shekarar 1993. <ref name="UMmemoir" /> == Sabis ga al'ummar ɗakin karatu == Cruzat ta kasance mamba a fannin malamai a jami'o'i da dama kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga hukumomi kamar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka, Laburaren Magunguna na Ƙasa, da Laburaren Majalisa. <ref name="UMmemoir" /> Baya ga ayyuka na musamman a [[Hawaii]] da [[Puerto Rico]], ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Brazil]], tana koyar da bita kan wallafe-wallafen gwamnati da kuma aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Laburaren Kiwon Lafiya na Yankin Brazil. <ref name="UMmemoir" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1980 |title=[News] |journal=LJ/SLJ Hotline |volume=9-10 |page=3}}</ref> Cruzat ta kasance mai himma a Ƙungiyar Laburaren Likitanci, tare da mukaman shugabanci ciki har da shugabantar Sashen Ilimi na Laburaren Likitanci da kuma Sashen Binciken Laburare. [1] Ta kuma kasance mai himma a matsayin shugabanni a Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amurka (ALA). Daga 1978 zuwa 1980, ta jagoranci Kwamitin Tallafin ALA kan Tattaunawar Gaggawa. [2] Cruzat ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Amincewa na ALA daga 1984 zuwa 1986, tana fafutukar ganin an sami bambancin al'adu a cibiyoyin da ke koyar da kimiyyar ɗakin karatu. [3] Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Ƙasa daga 1981 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> == Gado == An ba Cruzat lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1977; <ref name="UMfindingaid" /> ita ce mutum ta farko a makarantar ɗakin karatu ta jami'ar da ta sami lambar yabo. <ref name="AmLib1978">{{Cite journal |date=February 1978 |title=Gwendolyn S. Cruzat: Doubly "Distinguished" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25623216 |journal=American Libraries |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=81 |jstor=25623216 |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> An zaɓe ta don yin karatun Janet Doe na Ƙungiyar Laburaren Likitoci a shekarar 1979, inda ta gabatar da jawabi mai taken "Laburaren Likitanci: Ra'ayin Tsarin". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Janet Doe Lectureship |url=https://www.mlanet.org/page/janet-doe-lectureship |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Medical Library Association}}</ref> An karrama ta a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar har abada a shekarar 1993. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1994 |title=Proceedings, Ninety-third Annual Meeting Medical Library Association, Inc. Chicago, Illinois May 14-20, 1993. |journal=Bulletin of the Medical Library Association |volume=82 |issue=1 |page=122 |pmc=225879 |pmid=16018035}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Laburaren Likitanci ta kuma amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ma'aikatan laburaren likitanci 100 a shekarar 1998. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> A shekarar 1989, ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman daga Makarantar Nazarin Bayanai da Laburare ta Jami'ar Atlanta. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> A lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1993, Jami'ar Michigan ta naɗa Farfesa Cruzat a fannin Ilimi da Nazarin Laburare. <ref name="UMmemoir" /> Jami'ar Fisk ta ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Humane Letters a shekarar 2006. <ref name="Shedlock2015" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgi96esckcm47qco7lkvpuonitx68a8 J. V. Pawar 0 177309 966706 958173 2026-10-12T02:40:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jayram Vitthal Pawar''' Aka '''JV Pawar''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Yuli 1943) mawaki ne kuma marubuci wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Dalit Panthers tare kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=From Migrant Boy to Dalit Panthers: JV Pawar -Author & Activist |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbaimirrored/episodes/jv-pawar}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == A matsayinsa na marubuci kuma mawaƙi, Pawar ya fi shahara da littafinsa na 1969 mai suna 'Balidaan' da kuma 'Naakebandi' wanda ya rubuta a shekarar 1976, tun lokacin da aka fassara shi aka buga shi da Turanci a matsayin 'Blockade'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2019 |title=The history of Marathi Ambedkarite Literature |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2019/04/the-history-of-marathi-ambedkarite-literature/}}</ref> Daga cikin littattafansa da yawa, ya sadaukar da kansa wajen rubutawa da kuma nazarin ƙungiyoyin bayan Ambedkar Dalit a cikin littattafai da dama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambedkarite Movement After Ambedkar |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36349534-ambedkarite-movement-after-ambedkar}}</ref> Pawar, wanda ya rayu tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin Ambedkarite, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa da dama na Dalitbahujan a [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Conversation: J. V. Pawar |url=https://www.dalitarchives.com/archives/xmjmp0ba9dztkp2qj4n23c6gfuu4s8 |access-date=2026-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007143407/https://www.dalitarchives.com/archives/xmjmp0ba9dztkp2qj4n23c6gfuu4s8 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2018 |title=JV Pawar interview: 'The government is saying that anyone who supports Dalits will be jailed' |url=https://scroll.in/article/893326/interview-the-government-is-saying-that-anyone-who-supports-dalits-will-be-jailed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=Dalit Panthers: An Authoritative History book review — JV Pawar documents facts, fanaticism and a movement against caste oppression |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/dalit-panthers-an-authoritative-history-book-review-jv-pawar-documents-facts-fanaticism-and-a-movement-against-caste-oppression-4431545.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=50 Years of Dalit Panther: India's First Aggressive Dalit Youth Movement |url=https://www.newsclick.in/50-years-dalit-panther-indias-first-aggressive-dalit-youth-movement}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Dalit Panthers * Uwar Indiya: Aikin Miss Catherine Mayo da aka fi so * Dalit Panthers: Tarihi Mai Iko * Motsin Ambedkarite Bayan Ambedkar * Toshewa * Juyin Juya Halin Jama'a na Dr. BR Ambedkar == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pxtflp7ehjyo7eg1jk98lo4b447mg7s Hawan farashi 0 177378 966583 958808 2026-10-11T17:40:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    {{Blockquote|From 1988 until 2006 the achievement levels have risen by about an average of 2 grades in each subject. Exceptionally, from 1988 the rise appears to be about 3.5 grades for Mathematics.}} '''Hauhawar darajar maki''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''sassaucin darajar maki''' ) shine bayar da mafi girman maki ga irin ingancin aikin da aka yi a tsawon lokaci, wanda ke rage darajar maki. <ref name="Arenson 2004">{{Cite web |last=Arenson, Karen W. |date=18 April 2004 |title=Is It Grade Inflation, or Are Students Just Smarter? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/18/weekinreview/is-it-grade-inflation-or-are-students-just-smarter.html |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> Duk da haka, matsakaicin maki mafi girma a kansu ba ya tabbatar da hauhawar farashin maki. Domin wannan ya zama hauhawar farashi mai daraja, ya zama dole a nuna cewa ingancin aiki bai cancanci babban maki ba. <ref name="Arenson 2004" /> Ana tattauna hauhawar farashi akai-akai dangane da ilimi a Amurka, da [[Kanada]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[New Zealand]], [[Faransa]], [[Poland]], [[Jamus]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Japan]], [[Sin|China]], da [[Indiya]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobczak |first=Anna |date=2020 |title=Inflacja dyplomu akademickiego w społeczeństwie współczesnym. Studium z socjologii edukacji |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10593/25788 |journal=AMU}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kıratlı |first=Arzu |last2=Demirkasımoğlu |first2=Nihan |date=2024-12-10 |title=Grade Inflation in Turkish Higher Education: Insights from Faculty at Public and Private Universities |url=http://johepal.com/article-1-982-en.html |journal=Journal of Higher Education Policy And Leadership Studies |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=82–94 |doi=10.61186/johepal.5.4.82 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tattaunawar == === Hujjoji kan ɗaukar mataki kan hauhawar farashin kaya === * Yana rage kwarin gwiwar ɗalibai masu hazaka su yi fice, tunda matsakaicin aiki yana ƙara cancantar samun maki mafi kyau. * Yana rage aikin gyara martanin da ake bayarwa na maki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leef |first=George |author-link=George Leef |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Grades Just Keep on Inflating; Why Does It Matter? |url=https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2016/04/grades-just-keep-on-inflating-why-does-it-matter/ |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=[[James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal]]}}</ref> * Ba a yin tsari tsakanin makarantu. Wannan yana sanya ɗaliban da ke makarantu da sassan da aka fi nuna maki a kansu cikin rashin adalci, sai dai idan ma'aikata sun yi la'akari da matsayin makaranta . * Ba iri ɗaya ba ne a tsakanin fannoni daban-daban. * Yana sa ya fi wahala a kwatanta ɗaliban da suka yi jarrabawarsu a lokuta daban-daban. * Masu neman aiki dole ne su dogara da wasu alamomi banda maki, kamar horon aiki da gogewar aiki, domin a auna matakin ƙwarewa da halayen wanda ya kammala karatun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=December 2012 |title=The Role of Higher Education in Career Development: Employer Perceptions |url=https://chronicle.com/items/biz/pdf/Employers%20Survey.pdf |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]}}</ref> * Digiri ya zama ƙasa da daraja. * Zai iya ba wa ɗalibai fahimtar ilimi da nasarorin da suka samu idan ba su fahimci cewa ba su cancanci babban maki ba. * A cikin yanayi inda ake buƙatar takamaiman ƙwarewa don tabbatar da aminci, hauhawar farashi na iya haifar da lahani.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} === Hujjoji kan ɗaukar mataki kan hauhawar farashin kaya === * Manyan maki a wasu makarantu na iya nuna kyakkyawan aiki fiye da wasu (kodayake ba tare da wani mizani na ƙasa ba, babu yadda za a kwatanta wata makaranta da wata ta hanyar maki). * Duk da cewa hauhawar farashin maki ba ta yaɗuwa daidai gwargwado ta sassa, ana iya jayayya saboda yanayin maki na mutum ɗaya, cewa ayyukan tantancewa tsakanin sassa ba su yi daidai ba tun farko (misali ta yaya ake tsammanin mutum zai tantance daidai matakin darasin Turanci zuwa ''A'' a fannin kimiyyar lissafi?) * Yana iya ƙarfafa ɗaliban da ke da matsakaicin ƙwarewa su saka hannun jari a fannin digiri na ilimi, maimakon koyon [[Mai ciniki|sana'a ta ƙwararru]] a makarantar koyon sana'o'i . == Kumburin ƙima == Hauhawar darajar wani misali ne na wani abu mai faɗi na ƙima ko hauhawar suna inda mutane ke yanke shawara kan ƙima. Wannan yana faruwa a cikin ayyukan peer-to-peer kamar [[Uber]] . == A Amurka == === A matakin sakandare === Bayanai daga ACT sun nuna cewa, tun daga shekarar 2016, musamman a lokacin takunkumin COVID-19, hauhawar farashin maki a makarantun sakandare ya karu sosai. Yawancin ɗaliban da suka yi karatun ACT sun yi iƙirarin cewa makarantun sakandare suna yi musu lakabi da ɗaliban "A". Duk da cewa akwai kyakkyawan sakamako a jarrabawar GPA a cikin fom ɗin rajista na ACT, matsakaicin maki ya faɗi tun daga shekarar 2012. Bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi, da kuma Ƙimar Ƙasa ta Ci Gaban Ilimi sun kuma gano ƙwaƙƙwaran shaida na hauhawar farashin kaya da raguwar nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barshay |first=Jill |date=16 May 2022 |title=Proof Points: New evidence of high school grade inflation |url=https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-new-evidence-of-high-school-grade-inflation/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Hechinger Report |quote=ACT study finds that the trend of rising GPAs accelerated after 2016 and intensified during the pandemic}}</ref> === A matakin bayan sakandare === Louis Goldman, farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Wichita, ya bayyana cewa an bayar da rahoton karuwar maki .404 daga wani bincike da aka gudanar a kwalejoji 134 daga 1965 zuwa 1973. Wani bincike na biyu a kwalejoji 180, ya nuna karuwar GPA .432 daga 1960 zuwa 1974, duk suna nuna hauhawar farashin maki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldman |first=Louis |date=1985 |title=The Betrayal of the Gatekeepers: Grade Inflation |journal=The Journal of General Education |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=97–121 |jstor=27797025}}</ref> Stuart Rojstaczer, farfesa mai ritaya a fannin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa a Jami'ar Duke, ya tattara bayanai na tarihi daga makarantu sama da 400 na shekaru huɗu, a wasu lokuta tun daga shekarun 1920, wanda ke nuna shaidar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a duk faɗin ƙasar a tsawon lokaci, da kuma bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin azuzuwan makarantu da sassan. Harvey Mansfield, farfesa a fannin gwamnati a Jami'ar Harvard, ya yi jayayya cewa kawai musanta wanzuwar hauhawar farashin kaya a Harvard yana tabbatar da cewa matsalar tana da tsanani. Ya bayyana cewa wasu farfesoshi suna ba wa ɗalibai maki mai sauƙi don su shahara, kuma za a manta da waɗannan farfesoshi; waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci ɗalibai ne kawai za a tuna da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masfield |first=Harvey |date=2001 |title=Grade Inflation: It's Time to Face the Facts |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |volume=47 |issue=30 |pages=B24}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyin tarihi da aka gano sun haɗa da: * bambancin matsakaicin maki tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, tun daga shekarun 1950; * karuwar maki mai yawa daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1970 (shekarun Yaƙin Vietnam ); * ɗan ƙaramin sauyi a ma'auni daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980; * raguwar maki daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa yanzu. Har zuwa kwanan nan, shaidar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Amurka ba ta da yawa, galibi labaran karya ne, kuma wani lokacin ma sun saba wa juna; bayanai masu inganci kan wannan batu ba su da yawa, kuma ba a iya samun su cikin sauƙi ko kuma a sauƙaƙe don yin nazari ba. Binciken ƙasa a shekarun 1990 ya nuna ƙaruwar maki a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka, amma wani bincike da Clifford Adelman, wani babban mai sharhi kan bincike a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka ya gudanar a shekarar 1995, ya gano cewa maki ya ragu kaɗan a shekarun 1970 da 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation in Higher Education |url=http://www.ericdigests.org/2005-1/grade.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407093846/https://www.ericdigests.org/2005-1/grade.htm |archive-date=2019-04-07 |access-date=2009-12-12 |publisher=ERIC Digest}}</ref> Ba a sami bayanai game da makarantun sakandare na Amurka ba. Bayanan da aka samu kwanan nan ba su nuna wata shakka ba cewa maki na ƙaruwa a kwalejoji, jami'o'i da makarantun sakandare na Amurka. Wani bincike da aka yi kan hanyoyin tantance makin da ake samu a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka a shekarar 2003, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Trends in Grade Inflation, American Colleges and Universities |url=http://www.gradeinflation.com |website=www.gradeinflation.com}}</ref> ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarun 1960, maki a Amurka sun karu da kashi 0.15 a kowace shekara goma a kan ma'aunin 4.0. Binciken ya ƙunshi cibiyoyi sama da 80 tare da jimillar ɗalibai sama da 1,000,000 da suka shiga. Wani bincike na ƙasa da aka gudanar kowace shekara kan ɗaliban jami'a na farko ya nuna cewa ɗalibai ba sa karatu sosai a makarantar sakandare, duk da haka adadi mai yawa yana nuna cewa maki A− ko mafi kyau. Ana yin bincike domin tantance wanda zai fi iya ƙara yawan maki, da kuma dalilin da yasa malami zai ƙara yawan maki. <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=95–109}}</ref> Wani bincike da Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasa ya gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa an samu raguwa sosai a yawan kammala karatun tsakanin shekarun 1970 da 1990, musamman tsakanin ɗalibai maza. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa yanzu, binciken ya gano cewa an samu ci gaba sosai a yawan kammala karatun. Duk da haka, ɗaliban shekarar farko ba su da shiri sosai don karatun jami'a fiye da waɗanda suka gabace su daga shekarar 1990. Hakazalika, ingancin koyarwa da kwalejoji ke bayarwa bai ga wani ci gaba ba tun daga shekarar 1990. Bayani mai gamsarwa game da ingantaccen ƙimar kammalawa shine hauhawar farashin maki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2021 |title=Why Have College Completion Rates Increased? An Analysis of Rising Grades |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28710/w28710.pdf |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022 ya danganta hauhawar farashin maki da hauhawar adadin kammala karatun digiri a Amurka tun daga shekarun 1990 saboda GPA ta yi hasashen kammala karatun digiri sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denning |first=Jeffrey T. |last2=Eide |first2=Eric R. |last3=Mumford |first3=Kevin J. |last4=Patterson |first4=Richard W. |last5=Warnick |first5=Merrill |date=2022 |title=Why Have College Completion Rates Increased? |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1257/app.20200525 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==== Jami'ar Princeton ==== A wani yunƙuri na yaƙi da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya zama ruwan dare a manyan cibiyoyi da dama na Amurka, Princeton ta fara aiki a kaka ta 2004 don amfani da ƙa'idodi don rarrabawa a sassa daban-daban. A ƙarƙashin sabbin jagororin, an ƙarfafa sassan su sake tantancewa da kuma fayyace manufofinsu na tantance ma'auni. Hukumar ta ba da shawarar cewa, idan aka kwatanta da shekaru da dama a kowane sashe, maki na A-range ya kamata ya zama kashi 35% na maki a cikin aikin aji, da kuma kashi 55% na maki a cikin aikin da ba na kai tsaye ba kamar Babban Takaddun Shaida. Sashen ilimi ne ke aiwatar da waɗannan jagororin. Tun lokacin da aka fara wannan manufar, maki na A-range sun ragu sosai a sassan Humanities, yayin da suke kasancewa kusan babu canji a sassan Kimiyyar Halitta, waɗanda galibi suna kusa da ko kusa da jagorar 35%. A shekarar 2009, an tabbatar da cewa manufar da aka aiwatar a shekarar 2004 ta kawo maki a cikin jerin digirin da shirin ya yi niyya. A shekarar 2008–09, maki A (A+, A, A−) sun kai kashi 39.7% na maki a darussa na farko a jami'a, wannan shine karo na farko da maki A ya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 40% tun lokacin da aka amince da manufar. Sakamakon ya bambanta sosai da na shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003, lokacin da As ya kai matsayi mafi girma na kashi 47.9% na dukkan maki. Rage farashi ya bambanta ta hanyar rarrabuwa, inda kimiyyar zamantakewa da kimiyyar halitta suka kasance a kan gaba tsawon shekaru huɗu da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin, maki A sun kasance daga 37.1 zuwa 37.9% a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma daga 35.1 zuwa 35.9% a fannin kimiyyar halitta. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam da injiniyanci, inda raguwar hauhawar farashin kaya ta ragu, 2008-09 ya kawo gagarumin ci gaba. A's ya kai kashi 42.5% na maki a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a bara da kuma kashi 40.6% na maki a fannin injiniya, duka biyun sun faɗi da kashi biyu cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da 2007–08. <ref name="Princeton" /> A tsakanin kaka ta 2006 zuwa bazara ta 2009, shekaru uku da suka gabata a ƙarƙashin sabuwar manufar tantance matsayi, A's ta kai kashi 40.1% na maki a darussa na farko, ƙasa da kashi 47.0% a 2001–04, shekaru uku kafin malamai su amince da manufar. Sakamakon 2006–09 ya kuma nuna ci gaba da raguwar farashin kayayyaki idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka ruwaito shekara guda da ta gabata, lokacin da A ta kai kashi 40.4% na maki na farko a lokacin 2005–08. <ref name="Princeton" /> A sashen ilimin ɗan adam, A's ya kai kashi 44.1% na maki a darussa na farko a 2006–09, ƙasa da kashi 55.6% a 2001–04. A fannin ilimin zamantakewa, akwai maki 37.7% na A a 2006–09, ƙasa da kashi 43.3% a 2001–04. A fannin kimiyyar halitta, akwai maki 35.6% na A a 2006–09, idan aka kwatanta da 37.2% a 2001–04. A fannin injiniyanci, alkaluman sun kasance kashi 41.7% na A a 2006–09, ƙasa da kashi 50.2% a 2001–04. <ref name="Princeton" /> ==== Jami'ar Harvard ==== Sau da yawa hauhawar farashi yana daidai da rashin daidaiton ka'idojin ilimi. Misali, an yi amfani da wannan maganar game da ƙa'idodi marasa kyau daga rahoton [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a 1894 don da'awar cewa hauhawar farashi a maki ya kasance matsala ta daɗe: "Ana ba da maki A da B cikin sauƙi - Aji A don aikin da ba shi da ƙima sosai, da Aji B don aikin da ba shi da nisa da matsakaici. ... ɗaliban da ba su da gaskiya suna samun maki mai kyau ta hanyar aikin ƙarya." Matsalolin ƙa'idoji a fannin ilimin Amurka sun daɗe suna faruwa. Farfesa Harvey Mansfield, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Harvard, ya daɗe yana adawa da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a jami'arsa ta jami'a. A shekarar 2013, Mansfield, bayan ya ji daga wani shugaban jami'a cewa "maki mafi yawan lokuta shine A", ya yi iƙirarin bai wa ɗalibai maki biyu: ɗaya don takardar shaidar karatunsu, da kuma wanda yake ganin sun cancanta. Ya yi tsokaci, "Ban so a hukunta ɗalibana ta hanyar zama kaɗai waɗanda za su sha wahala saboda samun maki mai kyau ba". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Slavov |first=Sita |date=26 December 2013 |title=How to Fix College Grade Inflation: Inflated grades are a serious problem, but there are ways to fix them. |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2013/12/26/why-college-grade-inflation-is-a-real-problem-and-how-to-fix-it |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> A martanin da ya mayar, Nathaniel Stein ya buga wani rubutu mai ban dariya game da "ɓoyayyen" a cikin ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'', wanda ya haɗa da maki kamar A++ da A+++, ko "A+ tare da garlands". ==== Jami'ar Alabama ==== An ambaci Jami'ar Alabama a matsayin wani lamari na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki kwanan nan. A shekara ta 2003, Robert Witt, shugaban jami'ar, ya mayar da martani ga sukar da ake yi masa cewa gwamnatinsa ta ƙarfafa hauhawar farashin maki a harabar jami'ar ta hanyar rufe hanyoyin shiga bayanan Ofishin Bincike na Cibiyoyin, wanda har zuwa wannan shekarar, ya samar da bayanai kan rarraba maki kyauta. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana samunsa a gidan yanar gizon Girka. Ƙungiyar Masana Alabama, da jaridarta, ''Alabama Observer'', sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fallasa lamarin tare da ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Witt ta ɗauki matakan ɗaukar nauyin jama'a. Jaridar ta bayyana cewa sassa da dama sun bayar da sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na "A" a cikin darussa na gabatarwa, kuma wani sashe, Nazarin Mata, ya bayar da kashi 90 cikin 100 na "A" (mafi yawancin waɗanda suka kasance "A+").{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2012}} Maki ya ƙaru sosai a lokacin da aka yi wa jarrabawar, daga 1973 zuwa 2003.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2012}} ==== Harabar UC ==== UC Berkeley tana da suna don manufofi masu tsauri. Jagororin Kwalejin Injiniya ta UC Berkeley sun bayyana cewa ba za a iya ba da fiye da 17% na ɗalibai a kowane aji A ba, kuma cewa aji GPA ya kamata ya kasance a cikin kewayon 2.7 zuwa 2.9 daga matsakaicin maki 4.0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pardoe |first=Jan |date=14 June 2016 |title=Grading Guidelines for Undergraduate Courses |url=http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Policies/ugrad.grading.shtml}}</ref> Wasu sassan, duk da haka, ba sa bin irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu tsauri, kamar yadda bayanai daga Ofishin Binciken Dalibai na UCB ya nuna cewa matsakaicin GPA na digiri ya kasance kusan 3.25 a cikin 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UC Berkeley Undergraduate Fact Sheet&nbsp;– Fall 2006 |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/userresearch/charts/2006_Fall_UCB_Undergraduate_Fact_Sheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608110312/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/userresearch/charts/2006_Fall_UCB_Undergraduate_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=2012-02-21}}</ref> Sauran makarantun suna da ƙa'idodin ƙididdiga masu tsauri. Misali, matsakaicin GPA na UC San Diego shine 3.05, kuma ƙananan ɗalibai suna da GPA > 3.5 a cikin manyan kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Fall 2011 |title=STUDENT DIGEST 2011-2012 Enrollment and Academic Performance Statistics |url=http://studentresearch.ucsd.edu/_files/publications/digest/Digest2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906052145/http://studentresearch.ucsd.edu/_files/publications/digest/Digest2011.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-06 |access-date=2017-05-09 |publisher=UC San Diego Office of Student Research & Information}}</ref> Matsakaicin GPA na [[Jami'ar California, Irvine|UC Irvine]] shine 3.01.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=UCI Undergraduate Student Data Fall 2010 |url=http://www.assessment.uci.edu/undergraduate/documents/UCIUndergraduate_Student_Data_and_Trends_F10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120117203153/http://www.assessment.uci.edu/undergraduate/documents/UCIUndergraduate_Student_Data_and_Trends_F10.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-17 |publisher=UCI}}</ref> ==== Kwalejin Saint Anselm ==== Wata ƙaramar kwalejin fasaha ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi a [[New Hampshire]], Kwalejin Saint Anselm ta sami kulawa da karɓuwa daga ƙasa saboda yunƙurin rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ake gani a harabar jami'o'i da jami'o'in Amurka da yawa. A Saint Anselm, kashi 25% na manyan ajin suna da GPA 3.1; matsakaicin maki a kwalejin yana kusa da GPA 2.50. Wasu farfesoshi da masu gudanarwa suna ganin cewa ƙara yawan maki yana sa ya yi wa ɗalibai wahala su fahimci ƙarfinsu da rauninsu na ilimi kuma yana iya ƙarfafa ɗalibai su ɗauki azuzuwan bisa ga tsammanin maki. Wannan tsari yana kuma sa iyaye da ɗalibai su yi wahala su tantance ko an sami maki ko a'a. Saboda haka, a Kwalejin Saint Anselm, an kafa kwamitin manhaja a shekarar 1980 don ganawa da shugaban jami'a da kuma sake duba manufofin tantancewa a kowane wata. Wannan kwamiti yana yaƙi da tsarin hauhawar farashin kaya ta hanyar shiga cikin gwamnati da malamai don ƙoƙarin gyara su su zama ƙungiyar aiki don yaƙi da hauhawar farashin kaya. An ambato tsohon shugaban kwalejin, Father Jonathan DeFelice, yana cewa, "Ba zan iya magana a madadin kowa ba, amma idan zan nufi ɗakin tiyata, zan ɗauki likitan tiyata wanda ya sami "A" ta gaskiya," don tallafawa tsarin tantancewa mai tsauri na Saint Anselm. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fr. Jonathan DeFelice, O.S.B. |last2=President, Saint Anselm College |date=August 1, 2004 |title=Higher Education Must Reverse Trend of Grade Inflation |url=http://www.anselm.edu/administration/president/op-eds/gradeinflation.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122024533/http://www.anselm.edu/administration/president/op-eds/gradeinflation.htm |archive-date=November 22, 2008 |access-date=January 5, 2010 |publisher=[[New Hampshire Sunday News]]}}</ref> ==== Sauran cibiyoyin karatun sakandare ==== Sauran kwalejoji kamar Caltech, <ref name="a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=A Guide to Grade Inflation and Deflation |url=https://blog.collegevine.com/a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation/}}</ref> MIT, <ref name="a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation" /> Harvey Mudd College, <ref name="a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation" /> Washington da Lee University, Jami'ar Rochester, Middlebury College, Kwalejin William da Mary, Jami'ar Fordham, Kwalejin Swarthmore, Kwalejin Bates, [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Boston suma an san su da tsauraran matakan tantancewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2008}} Duk da haka, bayanai sun nuna cewa har ma makarantun da aka san su da tsauraran hanyoyin tantance maki sun fuskanci hauhawar farashin maki kuma waɗannan da'awar yanzu ana iya ƙara su. Washington da Lee suna da matsakaicin GPA na 3.27 a shekarar 2006 kuma ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun Swarthmore suna da matsakaicin GPA na 3.24 a shekarar 1997. Domin fayyace maki a kan takardun shaidar kammala karatunsu, Kwalejin Reed ta haɗa da kati, wanda bugu na yanzu ya ruwaito cewa "Matsakaicin GPA ga dukkan ɗalibai a 2013–14 shine 3.15 akan sikelin 4.00. Wannan adadi ya ƙaru da ƙasa da 0.2 na maki a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin, ɗalibai goma sha ɗaya ne kawai suka kammala karatunsu daga Reed tare da matsakaicin maki 4.00 cikakke." Kwalejin Wellesley ta aiwatar da matsakaicin iyaka na maki 3.33 ga kowane aji a shekara ta 2004, kodayake farfesoshi za su iya bayar da matsakaicin maki mafi girma ta hanyar gabatar da bayani a rubuce. An rage maki don bin ƙa'idar, kuma kimantawar ɗalibai na farfesoshi suma sun ragu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kristin F. Butcher |last2=Patrick J. McEwan |last3=Akila Weerapana |name-list-style=amp |date=Summer 2014 |title=The Effects of an Anti-Grade-Inflation Policy at Wellesley College |url=http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/gradeinflation.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1257/jep.28.3.189 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506032117/http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/gradeinflation.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2026-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Adadin ɗaliban da suka yi fice a fannin tattalin arziki ya ƙaru kuma sauran ilimin zamantakewa ya ragu duk da cewa wannan yana iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na manyan al'amuran gabaɗaya a lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Sep 2014 |title=Economists Examine Impact Of Grade Inflation At Wellesley |url=http://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2014/09/02/the-lessons-of-grade-deflation}}</ref> === A matakin firamare/ƙaramin yaro/babba === Wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2009 a cikin ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' ya yi amfani da kalmar "kumburin maki" don bayyana yadda wasu mutane ke kallon manufar tantance matsayi a Gundumar Makarantar Pittsburgh . A cewar labarin, manufar ta sanya kashi 50% a matsayin mafi ƙarancin maki da ɗalibi zai iya samu a kowace aikin makaranta. Labarin ya kuma bayyana cewa wasu ɗalibai sun ce sun fi son samun maki 50% fiye da yin aikin makaranta. Wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2009 a cikin wannan jaridar ya ce an yi wa manufar kwaskwarima ta yadda ɗaliban da suka ƙi yin aikin za su sami maki sifili, kuma mafi ƙarancin maki na 50% zai shafi ɗaliban da suka yi "ƙoƙari nagari" ne kawai. Wani labari da aka buga a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2009 a cikin wannan jaridar ya ambato Bill Hileman, wakilin ma'aikatan kungiyar malamai ta Pittsburgh, yana cewa, "Matsalar farko da aka samu a mafi ƙarancin kashi 50 cikin ɗari ita ce mummunan tasirin da ke kan ɗabi'ar ɗalibai." Wannan labarin ya kuma ce gundumar makarantar na shirin ɗaukar sabon ma'aunin maki a akalla makarantu biyu kafin ƙarshen watan. Labarin ya bayyana cewa a ƙarƙashin ma'aunin ma'auni na asali, mafi ƙarancin maki da ake buƙata don samun A, B, C, D, ko F, sune, bi da bi, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, da 0%. A ƙarƙashin sabon ma'aunin maki 5, mafi ƙarancin maki da ake buƙata don samun A, B, C, D, ko F za a canza su, bi da bi, zuwa 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, da 0. == A Kanada == === A matakin makarantar sakandare === James Côté da Anton L. Allahar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=IVORY TOWER BLUES: A UNIVERSITY SYSTEM IN CRISIS |url=http://www.utppublishing.com/Ivory-Tower-Blues-A-University-System-in-Crisis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801200029/http://www.utppublishing.com/Ivory-Tower-Blues-A-University-System-in-Crisis.html |archive-date=2017-08-01 |access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref> dukkansu farfesoshi ne a fannin [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] a Jami'ar Western Ontario, sun gudanar da wani bincike mai zurfi kan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Kanada, musamman ma lardin Ontario . Har zuwa shekarun 1960, an samo maki a Ontario ne daga tsarin Birtaniya, inda ba a ba wa ɗalibai fiye da kashi 5% na maki As ba, kuma an ba su kashi 30% na maki Bs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Tower Blues |url=http://www.ivorytowerblues.com/?page_id=16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629012033/http://www.ivorytowerblues.com/?page_id=16 |archive-date=2008-06-29}}</ref> A shekarun 1960, matsakaicin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a Ontario ɗaliban C ne, yayin da ake ɗaukar ɗaliban A a matsayin waɗanda suka yi fice. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, kashi 90% na ɗaliban Ontario suna da matsakaicin maki B ko sama da haka. <ref name="Queens">{{Cite web |last=Michael Wood |date=September 19, 2008 |title=Making the grade - The Journal |url=http://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2008-09-19/features/making-the-grade/ |website=www.queensjournal.ca}}</ref> A Ontario, maki a makarantun sakandare ya fara ƙaruwa bayan soke jarabawar da aka tsara a duk faɗin lardin a shekarar 1967. A shekara ta 2004, [[Jami'ar McGill]] ta Quebec ta yarda cewa an bai wa ɗaliban Ontario maki mafi girma fiye da ɗaliban wasu larduna, saboda damuwa game da hauhawar farashin maki da ya samo asali daga gaskiyar cewa Ontario ba ta da gwajin lardunan da aka daidaita a matsayin muhimmin sashi na buƙatun kammala karatun sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When is an "A" not quite an "A"? University of Waterloo newmedia Journalism, Catherine Tylee |url=http://www.fims.uwo.ca/newmedia2006/default.asp?id=424 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065849/http://www.fims.uwo.ca/newmedia2006/default.asp?id=424 |archive-date=2011-07-22}}</ref> ==== Atlantic Canada ==== A shekara ta 2007, Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwa ta Atlantic ta fitar da wani rahoto kan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a yankin Atlantic Canada. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robert Laurie |date=May 3, 2007 |title=Setting them up to fail? Excellent school marks don't necessarily lead to excellent exam marks |url=http://www.aims.ca/library/Gradeinflationvfinal_cc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024012644/http://www.aims.ca/library/Gradeinflationvfinal_cc.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-24 |publisher=Atlantic Institute for Market Studies}}</ref> Maki na lissafi a makarantun sakandare na Faransa na New Brunswick sun nuna cewa an ƙara yawan maki da malamai suka bai wa fifiko idan aka kwatanta da maki da aka samu a jarrabawar larduna. An gano cewa matsakaicin maki na makaranta da matsakaicin jarrabawar larduna ba su da bambanci. Lokacin da aka duba maki na shekarun makaranta daga 2001–2002 zuwa 2003–2004, an gano cewa maki na makaranta a duk makarantun sakandare 21 sun fi maki na jarrabawa na larduna. Matsakaicin maki na lardunan makaranta shine kashi 73.7% yayin da matsakaicin maki na jarrabawa na larduna shine kashi 60.1% a cikin shekaru uku. Maki a dukkan makarantun sakandare 21 sun fi makin jarrabawar lardi. <ref name="Macleans">{{Cite web |title=Are we setting up students to fail? Maclean's, Robert Laurie, June 05, 2007 |url=http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070605_153207_13228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320052239/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070605_153207_13228 |archive-date=March 20, 2012}}</ref> Dangane da jarrabawar larduna da maki da malamai suka ba su, hauhawar maki ana bayyana shi a matsayin bambanci tsakanin maki da malami ya ba su da kuma sakamakon jarrabawar larduna don wannan kwas ɗin. An gano cewa hauhawar farashin maki yana nuna ƙarancin sakamakon jarrabawa na larduna. Daga cikin manyan makarantu 21, [[École Marie-Gaëtane]] yana da hauhawar farashi mafi girma, a 24.7%. Tare da matsakaicin jarrabawar lardi na kashi 52.3%, wannan makarantar ita ce makarantar da ba ta samu nasara sosai ba a lardin. Sabanin haka, makarantu Polyvalente [[Louis-J-Robichaud]], Polyvalente Mathieu-Martin, [[École Grande-Rivière]] da Polyvalente [[Roland-Pépin]] sun sami hauhawar farashi mafi ƙasƙanci tare da ƙima daga -0.7% zuwa 9.3%. Su ne manyan makarantu huɗu da suka fi samun nasara a jarrabawar lissafi ta lardin aji 11. <ref name="Macleans" /> An sami irin wannan sakamako ga makarantun sakandare na Anglophone New Brunswick, da kuma makarantun Newfoundland da Labrador. Duk da manyan maki da malamai suka bayar, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Atlantic Canadian ba su da matsayi mai kyau a cikin kimantawa ta Kanada da ta ƙasashen waje. <ref name="Macleans" /> ==== British Columbia ==== A shekarar 2008, a British Columbia, Jami'ar Victoria (UVic) da Jami'ar British Columbia (UBC) sun rage yawan jarrabawar lardunan aji 12 da ake buƙatar ɗaliban makarantar sakandare su rubuta domin samun shiga waɗannan jami'o'in. Kafin shekarar 2008, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da ke neman shiga UVic da UBC an buƙaci su rubuta jarabawa guda 4 na larduna, ciki har da Turanci na aji 12. A shekarar 2008, an rage wannan ma'auni ta yadda ɗalibai za su rubuta jarrabawar lardin kawai don Turanci na aji 12. Wani jami'in UVic ya yi iƙirarin cewa dalilin wannan rage darajar shi ne cewa yana ba jami'ar damar yin gogayya da jami'o'in tsakiyar Kanada (watau jami'o'in Ontario da Québec) ga ɗalibai, da kuma hana yin rajista daga faɗuwa. Jami'o'i a tsakiyar Kanada ba sa buƙatar ɗaliban makarantar sakandare su rubuta jarrabawar larduna, kuma suna iya bayar da izinin shiga da wuri bisa ga maki azuzuwa kawai. Wani shugaban makarantar sakandare a Vancouver ya soki sauyin da aka samu a buƙatu ta hanyar yin korafin cewa zai yi wuya a gano hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Shugaban Majalisar Shugabannin Jami'o'i ta British Columbia shi ma ya soki matakin kuma ya ce jarrabawar larduna ita ce "babban abin da ya daidaita". Ƙungiyar Malaman Burtaniya ta Columbia ta goyi bayan wannan sauyi saboda a baya wasu ɗalibai sun guji wasu darussa saboda tsoron cewa rashin sakamako mai kyau a jarrabawar larduna zai rage matsakaicinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Universities prepare to lower standards |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=e8acefaf-44d9-4de5-a9f2-3931557a580e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107150633/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=e8acefaf-44d9-4de5-a9f2-3931557a580e |archive-date=2012-11-07 |website=Vancouver Sun |publisher=CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc |via=Canada.com}}</ref> A cikin fall of 2009, Jami'ar Simon Fraser (SFU) ta canza bukatun ta don daliban makarantar sakandare kawai suna buƙatar wuce jarrabawar lardin Ingilishi 12. A baya, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su wuce jarrabawar lardin 4, gami da Turanci 12, don yin amfani. Wannan canjin ya kawo SFU cikin layi tare da UVic da UBC. Masu gudanarwa sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan raguwar ka'idoji ya zama dole don SFU ta iya yin gasa da UBC da UVic ga ɗalibai. An soki canjin a kan kasa cewa yana haifar da "tseren zuwa kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Shara |date=2008 |title=Provincial exams no longer required entrance into SFU |url=http://www.the-peak.ca/article/3844 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410173726/http://www.the-peak.ca/article/3844 |archive-date=2010-04-10 |website=The Peak Publications Society}}</ref> ==== Alberta ==== Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, kashi 40% na wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare na Ontario sun bar matsakaicin A - sau 8 kamar yadda za a ba su a cikin tsarin gargajiya na Burtaniya. &nbsp;A Alberta, tun daga shekara ta 2007, sama da kashi 20% na wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare sun bar matsakaicin A.<ref name="CoteAllahar" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan bambancin cewa duk daliban makarantar sakandare ta Alberta dole ne su rubuta jarrabawar da aka daidaita a lardin, jarrabawar difloma, a cikin manyan batutuwa, don kammala karatun. Gwaje-gwaje na difloma suna sake amfani da wasu tambayoyi daga shekara zuwa shekara don daidaita matsakaicin maki, tare da la'akari da cewa wasu shekaru na iya samun dalibai masu rauni ko masu ƙarfi kuma wannan ya kamata a nuna shi a cikin ƙananan ko mafi girma. Ana ba da jarrabawar Alberta Diploma a cikin aji na 12, wanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa kamar ilmin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, Turanci, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da nazarin zamantakewa. Gwaje-gwaje sun kai kashi 30 cikin 100 na alamar ƙarshe ta ɗalibai ta aji 12. Quebec kuma tana buƙatar ɗalibanta su rubuta jarrabawar difloma don ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu. Saskatchewan, Manitoba, da Nova Scotia suna da irin wannan gwaje-gwaje. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan larduna a halin yanzu suna cikin aiwatar da kawar da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, tare da Manitoba ta riga ta cire waɗannan gwaje'un lardin. British Columbia tana da gwajin ƙwarewar Ingilishi a cikin aji na 12, gwaje-gwaje na lardin a wasu batutuwa zaɓi ne.<ref name="Queens" /> Alberta ta mayar da hankali kan daidaitattun gwaje-gwaje yana kiyaye hauhawar farashi, amma zai iya sanya ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Alberta a cikin rashin amfani da ɗalibai a wasu larduna. Koyaya, Alberta tana da mafi girman ma'auni a Kanada kuma tana samar da ɗalibai waɗanda ke cikin mafi kyawun kwatancen ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta hanyar hana hauhawar farashi, makarantun sakandare na Albertan sun sami damar inganta matsalar matsawa dalibai da ke da ƙwarewa daban-daban a cikin wannan rukuni (watau hauhawar maki don dalibi a cikin kashi 98, alal misali, ba za a iya rarrabe shi daga ɗaya a cikin kashi 82). <ref name="CoteAllahar" /> === A matakin sakandare === Dangane da hauhawar farashi a matakin jami'a, binciken Farfesa Côté da Allahar da aka ambata a sama sun kammala cewa: "Mun sami muhimman shaidu na hauhawar farashin farashi a jami'o'in Kanada a cikin tarihin tarihi da kwatankwacin kalmomi, da kuma shaidar cewa yana ci gaba fiye da waɗannan matakan a wasu jami'oʼi don ya zama kwatankwacin matakan da aka samu a wasu jamiʼo'in Amurka. " Har ila yau da kullun, ko kuma a matsayin waɗanda ba su manta da shi ba, ta mutane da yawa, gami da farfesa da su san tsarin gargajiya ba. " Binciken 2000 na tsarin digiri sama da shekaru 20 a jami'o'i bakwai na Ontario (Brock, Guelph, McMaster, Ottawa, Trent, Wilfrid Laurier da Windsor) sun gano cewa matsakaicin maki ya tashi a cikin 11 na 12 na zane-zane da kimiyya tsakanin 1973-74 da 1993-94. Bugu da kari, an gano cewa mafi yawan dalibai sun sami As da Bs kuma kaɗan sun sami Cs, Ds da Fs. ==== Jami'ar Toronto ==== Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 da kungiyar binciken dalibai ta Kanada ta fitar a baya a shekara ta 2007 ya gano dalibai a Jami'ar Toronto Scarborough sun sami ƙananan maki a matsakaici fiye da takwarorinsu a Jami'a ta Carleton da Jami'ar Ryerson. Alamar, ba iyawa ba, an ƙaddara shi ne dalilin. ==== Jami'ar Waterloo ==== A shekara ta 2009 wani gabatarwa da Greg Mayer ya yi a kan ''Girman farashi a Jami'ar Waterloo'' ya ba da rahoton cewa hauhawar farashi tana faruwa a can. Binciken da farko ya bayyana cewa "babu wata yarjejeniya game da yadda aka bayyana Girman Farashin Farashi ... Zan ayyana GI a matsayin karuwar maki a cikin sassan ilimi ɗaya ko fiye a tsawon lokaci". Daga 1988/89 zuwa 2006/07 an ƙaddara cewa an sami karuwar 11.02% a cikin digiri na farko A, tare da yawan karuwar ya zama 0.656% a kowace shekara.<ref name="GMayer" /> A cikin matakin 100 Math na shekara ta 2006/07, rarraba darajar maki 11,042 da aka ba su shine: 31.9% A, 22.0% B, 18%C, 16.3% D, 11.8% F. A cikin darussan Fine Arts na matakin 400 na 2006/07, rabawa na maki 50 da aka ba da shi shine: 100% A.<ref name="GMayer" /> Dangane da karuwar maki a cikin lissafi na shekara ta farko, babu wata shaida game da kyakkyawar shiri na ɗaliban UW. Wata hanyar da za a iya haifar da hauhawar farashi ta kasance matsin lamba daga masu gudanarwa don haɓaka maki. An rubuta wani shari'a wanda wani dan majalisa ya daidaita maki ba tare da yardar ko izinin malami ba.<ref name="GMayer" /> Lokacin da aka kwatanta shekarun makaranta na 1988-1993 da na shekarun daga 2002 zuwa 2007, an gano cewa kashi na Kamar yadda aka sanya a cikin matakan 400 a cikin Faculty of Arts ya tashi kamar haka ga kowane sashen (adadi na farko shine kashi na Kamar na shekarun 1988-1993, na biyu shine kashi na kamar yadda yake ga shekarun 2002-2007), Kiɗa 65%/93%, Fine Art 51%/84%, Sociology 54%/73%, Tarihi 66%/71%, Falsafa 63% / 69%, Kimiyya / 68%, Kimiyya na Siyasa 46% / / / / 1%/57%, Kimiyya Wannan binciken ya bincika darussan matakin 400 kawai da kuma yanke shawara game da hauhawar farashi bai kamata a haɗa su da darussan a wasu matakan ba. == A cikin Ƙasar Ingila == Hawan farashi na shekara-shekara ya kasance ci gaba da tsarin jarrabawar jama'a na Burtaniya na shekaru da yawa. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012 Glenys Stacey, babban zartarwa na Ofqual, mai kula da jarrabawar jama'a na Burtaniya, ya amince da kasancewarsa kuma ya sanar da jerin matakan da za su hana ci gaba da raguwar darajar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Hilary |date=12 August 2012 |title=Ofqual halts the 'A grade escalator' |url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/339187/Ofqual-halts-the-A-grade-escalator-}}</ref> === GCSE === Tun lokacin da aka fara karatun dubban shekaru yawan dalibai da ke samun GCSEs 5 ko fiye da haka ya karu da kusan 30%, yayin da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu da aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken OECD PISA da IES TIMSS sun ba da rahoton Literacy, Maths da Science a Ingila da Wales sun fadi da kusan 6%, bisa ga gwaje- gwaje-guwar kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerrim |first=John |date=December 2011 |title=England's plummeting PISA test scores between 2000 and 2009: Is the performance of our secondary school pupils really in relative decline? |url=http://www.ioe.ac.uk/Study_Departments/J_Jerrim_qsswp1109.pdf |publisher=Institute of Education, University of London |access-date=2026-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232012/http://www.ioe.ac.uk/Study_Departments/J_Jerrim_qsswp1109.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paton |first=Graeme |date=21 June 2012 |title=Teenagers 'worse at maths than in 1970s', figures show |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9344505/Teenagers-worse-at-maths-than-in-1970s-figures-show.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2012 |title=Are today's pupils worse at maths than those of the 1970s? |url=http://fullfact.org/factchecks/maths_GCSE_standards_schools_pupils-27460 |website=Full Fact}}</ref> Tsakanin 1975, tare da gabatar da maki na haruffa na kasa zuwa O-Level, da kuma maye gurbin duka O-Leval da CSE tare da GCSE, a cikin 1988, kusan kashi 36% na ɗalibai da suka shiga jarrabawar lissafi sun zauna O-Leve kuma 64% takarda na CSE. Tare da maki da aka rarraba bisa ka'ida tare da kusan ~53% (10% A, 15% B, 25-30% C) samun C ko sama a O-Level, da kuma 10% O-Leval C daidai da Grade 1 CSE; wani rabo da aka shigar don babu takarda. Kashi na yawan mutanen da ke samun akalla digiri "C" ko daidai a lissafi, a matakin O, ya kasance a cikin rukunin 22-26%. Lura: A tarihi an: * O Level '''A-C''' grade an ba da shi ga saman ~50-58% na kowane O-Level cohort, wanda ya ƙunshi saman ~28% na masu shekaru 16 * An ba da CSE Grade 1 ga saman ~10% na kowane rukunin CSE, wanda ya ƙunshi ~50-55% na masu shekaru 16, a cikin batutuwa na yau da kullun. * An ba da CSE Grade 4 ga 'yan takara na matsakaici / matsakaici. Tare da maye gurbin gwaje-gwaje da suka gabata tare da G'''C''' da kuma motsawa daga ka'ida zuwa tsarin ambaton darajar, wanda ya dogara da hukuncin mai jarrabawa, kashi da ke samun akalla digiri C, a cikin lissafi, ya tashi zuwa 58.4%, a cikin 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2007 |title=Tables Expose Truth of Grade inflation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1539138/Tables-expose-truth-of-grade-inflation.html |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Tim |date=6 February 2009 |title=GCSE where 18% was enough to get grade C |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/gcse-where-18-was-enough-to-get-grade-c-6905012.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125063933/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23636375-gcse-where-18-was-enough-to-get-grade-c.do |archive-date=2009-11-25 |access-date=2009-10-10 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Torrance |first=Harry |date=11 June 2002 |title=Can Testing Really Raise Educational Standards? |url=http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk/respapers/papers-pdf/Professorial%20Lecture.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318194217/http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk/respapers/papers-pdf/Professorial%20Lecture.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=14 September 2012 |publisher=[[Manchester Metropolitan University]]}}</ref> Binciken kyaututtuka na GCSE ga ɗalibai da suka sami matsakaicin ƙwarewar gwajin YELLIS na 45, tsakanin 1996 da 2006, sun gano karuwar gaba ɗaya a cikin kyaututtaka a cikin shekaru 10, daga 0.2 (Kimiyyar Kimiyya) zuwa 0.8 (Lattafai) na digiri na GC SE. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coe |first=Robert |date=April 2007 |title=Changes in Standards at GCSE and A-Level: Evidence from ALIS and YELLIS |url=http://www.cem.org/attachments/ONS%20report%20on%20changes%20at%20GCSE%20and%20A-level.pdf |access-date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring |page=4}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar cewa shigar da kyaututtuka na GCSE a cikin teburin gasar makaranta, da kuma saita manufofi na matakin Makarantar, a sama da matsakaicin matakan samun nasara na ƙasa, na iya zama direba na hauhawar farashin GCSE. A lokacin gabatarwa an yi niyyar '''E''' don daidaitawa da CSE grade 4, kuma don haka mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar dan takara na matsakaici / matsakaici; Sir Keith Joseph ya sanya Makarantu manufa don samun kashi 90% na ɗaliban su sami mafi ƙarancin digiri F (wanda shine 'ma'auni' da aka samu a cikin 1988), an cimma burin a cikin ƙasa a lokacin rani na 2005. David Blunkett ya ci gaba kuma ya kafa makarantu burin tabbatar da kashi 50% na yara masu shekaru 16 sun sami GCSEs 5 ko daidai a aji C da sama, suna buƙatar makarantu su tsara matsakaicin kashi 50% na ɗaliban su don cimma maki da aka samu a baya kawai ta saman 30%, wannan an cimma shi a lokacin rani na 2004 tare da taimakon daidaitattun ƙwarewar sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheldon |first=N |title=History examinations from the 1960s to the present day |url=http://www.history.ac.uk/history-in-education/sites/history-in-education/files/attachments/history_examinations_from_the_1960s_to_the_present_day.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126122506/http://www.history.ac.uk/history-in-education/sites/history-in-education/files/attachments/history_examinations_from_the_1960s_to_the_present_day.doc |archive-date=26 November 2013 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=history.ac.uk |ref=2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malnick |first=Edward |date=29 January 2015 |title=GCSE performance tables: Number of failing schools doubles in a year |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11375644/GCSE-performance-tables-Number-of-failing-schools-doubles-in-a-year.html |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Rahotanni da yawa sun kuma ba da shawarar lasisi ga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci masu fafatawa don ba da GCSEs na iya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar ƙimar wucewa, tare da makarantun da ke sauya masu ba da sabis da ke bayyana don samun fa'ida a cikin ƙimar wucewar jarrabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2012 |title=GCSEs - in need of reform? |url=http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6298 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=[[Institute for Fiscal Studies]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Niall |first=Oddy |date=13 September 2012 |title=When competition is bad |url=http://www.atthegrapevine.com/politics/when-competition-is-bad |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=At The Grapevine}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Croft |first=James |date=17 July 2012 |title=Exam boards competing on standards? |url=http://www.cmre.org.uk/node/29 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117184826/http://www.cmre.org.uk/node/29 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=The Centre for the Study of Market Reform of Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=School examiners filmed 'cheating' to boost grades |url=http://theday.co.uk/politics/school-examiners-filmed-cheating-to-boost-grades |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=The Day}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref> Dangane da zarge-zargen hauhawar farashi, makarantu da yawa sun sauya zuwa wasu gwaje-gwaje, kamar GCSE na Duniya, ko shirin Baccalaureate na tsakiya na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2009 |title=Independent schools top GCSE tables |url=http://www.tom-brown.com/articles/independent-schools-top-gcse-tables |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916120436/http://www.tom-brown.com/articles/independent-schools-top-gcse-tables/ |archive-date=16 September 2009 |access-date=10 October 2009 |website=tom-brown.com}}</ref> Tsakanin 1963 da 1986 an ba da maki na A-Level bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigal (A <= 10%, B = 15%, C = 10%, D = 15%, E = 20%, O/N = 20%, F/U >= 10% na 'yan takara). An yi tambaya game da ingancin wannan tsarin a farkon shekarun 1980 saboda, maimakon nuna ma'auni, ambaton al'ada na iya kiyaye takamaiman rabo na 'yan takara a kowane aji. '''A''' cikin ƙ'''A''' ƙungiyoyi wannan na iya haifar da maki wanda kawai ya nuna aikin dangi na ɗan takara akan wasu da ke zaune a wannan takarda, don haka ba za a iya kwatanta shi tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba (misali, idan shekara ɗaya, an shigar da 'yan takara 11 kawai don A-Level Turanci a ƙasa, kuma a shekara mai zuwa kawai 12, wannan zai haifar da shakku ko ɗayan A da aka ba shi a shekara ɗaya daidai yake da ɗayan A da an ba shi a cikin shekara biyu). A shekara ta 1984 Majalisar jarrabawar sakandare ta yanke shawarar maye gurbin al'ada da ke ambaton ka'idoji, inda za a ba da maki a kan "hukuncin mai jarrabawa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE BACKGROUND TO THE A LEVELS DEBATE |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmeduski/153/15304.htm |access-date=16 August 2015 |website=UK Parliament}}</ref> Ts'''A''' ambaton ka'idoji ya fara aiki a watan Yunin 1987, kuma tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, tar'''E''' da haɗuwa da maki na E da O / N da canji zuwa tsarin tsarin tsarin resitable daga Yuni 2002, ya karu da kashi na lambobin yabo na A daga 10 zuwa >25%, da lambobin yabo ta '''A-E''' daga 70 zuwa >98%. A cikin 2007 Robert Coe, na Jami'ar Durham, ya buga wani rahoto da ke nazarin lambobin yabo na A-Level na tarihi ga 'yan takarar da suka sami matsakaicin gwajin ALIS TDA / ITDA, ya lura:{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 8.1 : 8.2 : 7.9 : 7.6 : 8.2 : 8.2: 8.1 : 8.3 : 8.0 : 7.8 : 14.4 : 19.1 : 14.6 | group 2 = 10 : 11.4 : 11.7 : 11.9 : 12.8 : 13.8 : 14.8 : 15.8 : 16 : 16 : 16.8 : 17.5 : 17.8 : 18.6 : 20.7 : 21.6 : 22.4 : 22.8 : 24.1 : 25.3 : 25.9 : 26.7 : 18.9 : 18.8 : 18.7 : 18.7 : 17.8 : 17.7: 17.7 : 18.1 : 18.4 : 17.7 : 24.2 : 25.7 : 21.8 | group 3 = 15: 15.2 : 15.5 : 15.5 : 16.3 : 16.7 : 17.1 : 17.1 : 18 : 18.9 : 18.9 : 19 : 19.2 : 19.3 : 21.9 : 22.9 : 23.4 : 23.8 : 24 : 24.4 : 24.9 : 25.3 : 25.2 : 25.6 : 26 : 26.6 : 26.4 : 26.9: 27.1 : 26.8 : 26.6 : 26.1 : 27.5 : 25.5 : 26.3 | group 4 = 10 : 16.4 : 16.9 : 16.9 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.6 : 19 : 19.8 : 20.3 : 20.8 : 21 : 21.2 : 21.4 : 22.7 : 23 : 23.2 : 23.3 : 23.2 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.2 : 23.6 : 24 : 24.3 : 24.3 : 24.5: 24.7 : 24.3 : 24 : 24.2 : 21.8 : 18.2 : 19.8 | group 5 = 15 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.1 : 18 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.3 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 17.8 : 17.5 : 17.2 : 16.6 : 16 : 15.7 : 15.2 : 15.2 : 15.1 : 14.9 : 14.7 : 14.8 : 14.7: 14.6 : 14.5 : 14.5 : 15.2 : 9.1 : 7.8 : 11 | group 6 = 20 : 15.3 : 15.2 : 15.6 : 15.3 : 14.8 : 14.4 : 14.1 : 13.7 : 13.4 : 13 : 12.7 : 12.4 : 12.4 : 10.9 : 10.1 : 9.5 : 9.1 : 8.7 : 8.1 : 7.6 : 7.2 : 7 : 6.5 : 6.5 : 6.2 : 6.5 : 6.1 : 5.9 : 5.9 : 6.1 : 6.6 : 2.7 : 3.5 : 4.9 | group 7 = 20 : 10.9 : 10.7 : 10.5 : 9.8 : 9.3 : 8.8 : 8.4 : 7.8 : 7.4 : 7.2 : 6.9 : 6.6 : 6.3 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0: 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 | group 8 = 10 : 13.4 : 12.3 : 11.5 : 10.4 : 9.6 : 8.1 : 7.5 : 6.4 : 5.5 : 5 : 4.6 : 4.3 : 3.9 : 5.7 : 4.6 : 4 : 3.8 : 3.4 : 3.1 : 2.8 : 2.5 : 2.4 : 2.2 : 2 : 1.9 : 2 : 1.9: 1.9 : 2.1 : 2.4 : 2.4 : 0.3 : 0.2 : 1.6 | colors = red : yellow : lime : brown : orange : gold : blue : purple | x legends = norm* : : 1990 : : : : : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : : : : : 2020 : : | width = 1100 | group names = A*: A: B: C: D: E: N/O: F/U | units suffix = % awarded }}Wannan '''A*/A''' n'''U''' '''C''' dan takarar da aka ƙi tare da rarrabuwa ta U a cikin lissafi a cikin 1988 mai yiwuwa za a ba shi digiri na B / C a cikin 2012, yayin da a duk batutuwa dan takarar C na 1980 za a ba da kyautar A * / A.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coe |first=Robert |title=Changes in standards at GCSE and ALevel: Evidence from ALIS and YELLIS |url=http://www.cem.org/attachments/ONS%20report%20on%20changes%20at%20GCSE%20and%20A-level.pdf |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=cem.org |publisher=CEM Centre, Durham University}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2009 |title=A-level results: grade inflation is just a cruel confidence trick |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6063012/A-level-results-grade-inflation-is-just-a-cruel-confidence-trick.html}}</ref> OECD ta lura a cikin 2012, cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci masu gasa suna da lasisi don ba da A-Levels a matsayin GCSEs (duba sama). Kowace shekara ana tura wasu sama amma kusan babu wani ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da sauyawa mai zurfi na shekara-shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Levels 2011, by Alan Smithers |url=http://www.buckingham.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/AL2011.pdf}}</ref> Yana yiwuwa cewa daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa aka samu karuwar yawan matakan A da aka ba su maki mafi girma shine buƙatar tabbatar da kusan ninki biyu na yawan ɗaliban da ke halartar jami'a sakamakon jujjuya dukkan polytechnics zuwa jami'o'i a ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Ci gaba da Ilimi mafi girma ta 1992. {| class="wikitable" |+Burtaniya: An ba da maki na A-level (%'age) ! !A* !A (A*+A) !B !C !D !E !O/N !U/F !A-E !shigarwa |- |1951 | | | | | | | | |75.3 |103,803 |- |1963–1986 | |8–10 |15 |10 |15 |20 |20 |10 |68–70 |1975: 498,883 1980: 589,270 |- |1982 | |8.9 | | | | | | |68.2 | |- |1985 | | | | | | | | |70.5 |634,557 |- |1989 <ref name="1989-90Eng">{{Cite web |title=Provisional A-Level Results: England and Wales June 1990 |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF500318425&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=The Times}}</ref> | |11.4 |15.2 |16.4 |17.4 |15.3 |10.9 |13.4 |75.7 |682,997 |- |1990 <ref name="aLevel-1990-91">{{Cite web |title=Provisional A-Level Results-June 1991. |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF500098076&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=[[The Times]] |publisher=Times [London, England]}}</ref> | |11.7 |15.5 |16.9 |17.7 |15.2 |10.7 |12.3 |76.7 |684,065 |- |1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=How A-Level Candidates Fared. |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF503335683&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Times [London, England]}}</ref> | |11.9 |15.5 |16.9 |18.1 |15.6 |10.5 |11.5 |78.0 |699,041 |- |1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Provisional A-Level Results by Grade. |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF502003198&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Times [London, England]}}</ref> | |12.8 |16.3 |17.4 |18.0 |15.3 |9.8 |10.4 |79.8 |731,240 |- |1993 | |13.8 |16.7 |17.7 |18.1 |14.8 |9.3 |9.6 |81.1 |734,081 |- |1994 | |14.8 |17.1 |18.6 |18.1 |14.4 |8.8 |8.1 |83 |732,974 |- |1995 | |15.8 |17.1 |19 |18.1 |14.1 |8.4 |7.5 |84.1 |730,415 |- |1996 | |16 |18 |19.8 |18.3 |13.7 |7.8 |6.4 |85.8 |739,163 |- |1997 | |16 |18.9 |20.3 |18.5 |13.4 |7.4 |5.5 |87.1 |776,115 |- |1998 | |16.8 |18.9 |20.8 |18.3 |13 |7.2 |5 |87.8 |794,262 |- |1999 | |17.5 |19 |21 |18.3 |12.7 |6.9 |4.6 |88.5 |783,692 |- |2000 | |17.8 |19.2 |21.2 |18.5 |12.4 |6.6 |4.3 |89.1 |771,809 |- |2001 | |18.6 |19.3 |21.4 |18.1 |12.4 |6.3 |3.9 |89.8 |748,866 |- |2002 | |20.7 |21.9 |22.7 |18.1 |10.9 | |5.7 |94.3 |701,380 |- |2003 | |21.6 |22.9 |23 |17.8 |10.1 | |4.6 |95.4 |750,537 |- |2004 | |22.4 |23.4 |23.2 |17.5 |9.5 | |4 |96 |766,247 |- |2005 | |22.8 |23.8 |23.3 |17.2 |9.1 | |3.8 |96.2 |783,878 |- |2006 | |24.1 |24 |23.2 |16.6 |8.7 | |3.4 |96.6 |805,698 |- |2007 | |25.3 |24.4 |23.1 |16 |8.1 | |3.1 |96.9 |805,657 |- |2008 | |25.9 |24.9 |23.1 |15.7 |7.6 | |2.8 |97.2 |827,737 |- |2009 | |26.7 |25.3 |23.1 |15.2 |7.2 | |2.5 |97.5 |846,977 |- |2010 |8.1 |18.9 (27) |25.2 |23.2 |15.2 |7 | |2.4 |97.6 |853,933 |- |2011 |8.2 |18.8 (27) |25.6 |23.6 |15.1 |6.5 | |2.2 |97.8 |867,317 |- |2012 |7.9 |18.7 (26.6) |26 |24 |14.9 |6.5 | |2 |98 |861,819 |- |2013 |7.6 |18.7 (26.3) |26.6 |24.3 |14.7 |6.2 | |1.9 |98.1 |850,752 |- |2014 |8.2 |17.8 (26) |26.4 |24.3 |14.8 |6.5 | |2.0 |98 |833,807 |- |2015 |8.2 |17.7 (25.9) |26.9 |24.5 |14.7 |6.1 | |1.9 |98.1 |850,749 |- |2016 |8.1 |17.7 (25.8) |27.1 |24.7 |14.6 |5.9 | |1.9 |98.1 |836,705 |- |2017 |8.3 |18.1 (26.3) |28.8 |24.3 |14.5 |5.9 | |2.1 |97.9 |828,355 |- |2018 |8.0 |18.4 (26.4) |26.6 |24.0 |14.5 |6.1 | |2.4 |97.6 |811,776 |- |2019 |7.8 |17.7 (25.5) |26.1 |24.2 |15.2 |6.6 | |2.4 |97.6 |801,002 |- |2020[Lura 1] |14.4 |24.2 (38.6) |27.5 |21.8 |9.1 |2.7 | |0.3 |97.6 |781,029 |- |2021[Lura 1]<ref group="Notes" name="Note01" /> |19.1 |25.7 (45.8) |25.5 |18.2 |7.8 |3.5 | |0.2 |99.8 |824,718 |- |2022 |14.6 |21.8 (36.4) |26.4 |19.8 |11.0 |4.9 | |1.6 |98.4 |848,910 |- |2023 |8.9 |18.3 (27.2) |26.2 |22.5 |14.2 |7.1 | |2.7 |97.3 |867,658 |} Tushen: kididdig[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2190351.stm a] JCQ don: [https://web.archive.org/web/20251002160621/https://www.jcq.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/A-Level-Results-Summer-2023.xlsx 2023], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907081128/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/1713/GCE%20Results%202012.pdf 2012], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905012456/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/1575/JCQ%20RESULTS%2018-08-11.pdf 2011], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303151100/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/1297/JCQ%20GCE%20Results%202010.pdf 2010], [https://finalgrade-calculator.com], 2008, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006160441/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/392/A%20AS%20and%20AEA%20Results%202007.pdf 2007], [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008054418/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/256/A-Level%20Results%20Booklet%202006%20Password%20Protected.pdf 2006], da BBC News, da kuma Guardian, da [http://www.bstubbs.co.uk/a-lev.htm], da kuma [http://www.metro.co.uk/news/908712-a-level-results-record-drop-in-top-grades-as-fewer-get-university-places]  ==== Rarrabawar A-Level na Burtaniya daga Yuni 1989 zuwa 2021 ==== {{#invoke:Chart | bar chart | stack = 1 | group 1 = 7937 : 16687 : 17352: 18154 : 19613 : 20852 : 21920 : 24095 : 26455 : 28635 : 30175 : 32465 : 34825 : 40260 : 41150 : 43125 : 46830 : 53210 : 61605 : 69625 : 79435 : 81640 : 88895 : 100945 : 110475 : 114230 : 140285 | group 2 = 38077 : 95824 : 103049 : 105538 : 109409 : 112504 : 114660 : 118465 : 121240 : 123795 : 127935 : 132770 : 137235 : 149805 : 148265 : 148360 : 156950 : 166095 : 178425 : 187365 : 198405 :183680 : 186565 : 192395 : 192425 : 194600 : 189445 | group 3 = 26361 : 82898 : 89533 : 91534 : 90805 : 94036 : 91770 : 89750 : 86650 : 88260 : 90470 : 92605 : 94265 : 103340 : 95145 : 93030 : 96970 : 99210 : 100310 : 98145 : 96030 : 85250 : 81595 : 79515 : 76210 : 76345 : 60900 | group 4 = 9411 : 13770 : 13694 : 22877 : 22186 : 21824 : 21160 : 21150 : 19625 : 20670 : 20785 : 22285 : 22850 : 23195 : 23990 : 23800 : 24455 : 24825 : 23935 : 23470 : 21915 : 20340 : 19270 : 19025 : 17830 : 17330 : 11750 | group 5 = 12680 : 27874 : 29203 : 20125 : 19788 : 19210 : 20810 : 19205 : 20475 : 21010 : 22725 : 26235 : 26815 : 27880 : 26255 : 25325 : 25540 : 25535 : 26715 : 24920 : 26000 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 | colors = red : blue : green : orange : purple | x legends = : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : : : : : 2020 | width = 900 | group names = 1st awards: 2.1 awards: 2.2 awards: 3rd + Pass awards : unclassified | units suffix = _degrees awarded }}Lura: al'ada * - Yuni 1963 - 1986 maki da aka rarraba bisa ga al'ada-da aka ambata a sama kashi da aka '''Bayani''' a sama. === Ilimi mafi girma === Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ilimi ta Sama tana tattara kuma tana buga kididdigar shekara-shekara da ta shafi manyan cancanta da aka bayar a Burtaniya. Bayanan dalibai da masu cancanta sun nuna cewa kashi na "GOOD" digiri na farko ya karu a kowace shekara tun 1995. Misali, kashi 7% na dukkan daliban digiri na farko da suka kammala karatu a shekarar 1995/96 sun sami lambar yabo ta farko; a shekara ta 2008/09 wannan ya tashi zuwa 14%.<ref name="HESAfreeonlinedatatables">{{Cite web |title=HESA Free Online Data Tables |url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php/content/view/1973/239/ |access-date=17 April 2012 |publisher=Higher Education Statistics Agency}}</ref> Tsakanin 1995 da 2011, yawan girmamawa na aji na biyu da aka bayar don karatun digiri na farko ya karu daga 40.42% zuwa 48.38%, yayin da ƙananan girmamawa na biyu ya sauka daga 34.97% zuwa 28.9%. Adadin girmamawa na aji na uku, "na yau da kullun" (watau wucewa), da kyaututtuka marasa rarrabawa sun ragu sosai a wannan lokacin. A wannan lokacin, jimlar adadin digiri na farko da aka bayar a Burtaniya ya karu da kashi 56%, daga 212,000 zuwa 331,000. <ref name="HESAfreeonlinedatatables" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation in Irish Universities (1994 – 2004) by Martin O'Grady and Brendan Guilfoyle |url=http://www.stopgradeinflation.ie/Grade_Inflation_in_the_University_Sector.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810065209/http://www.stopgradeinflation.ie/Grade_Inflation_in_the_University_Sector.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-10 |access-date=2012-09-04}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |last=Richmond |first=Tom |date=June 2018 |title=A degree of uncertainty: An investigation into grade inflation in universities |url=http://www.reform.uk/publication/a-degree-of-uncertainty-an-investigation-into-grade-inflation-in-universities/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622010435/http://www.reform.uk/publication/a-degree-of-uncertainty-an-investigation-into-grade-inflation-in-universities/ |archive-date=22 June 2018 |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=[[Reform (think tank)|Reform]]}} </ref> Lura: ninka cibiyoyi da ninka lambobi na dalibai sau huɗu, biyo '''Bayani''' Dokar Ci gaba da Ilimi mafi girma ta 1992, ya sa duk wani kwatankwacin kai tsaye na kyaututtuka kafin da bayan 1995 ba mai mahimmanci ba, idan ba marar ma'ana ba. {| class="wikitable" |+Burtaniya: Kashi na lambar yabo ta aji na 1 ta Cibiyar ! !1980 !2000 !2010 !2011<ref name="TES2011-2016">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=Sharp increase in first-class degrees triggers standards debate |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sharp-increase-first-class-degrees-triggers-standards-debate |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=TES}}</ref> !2016 <ref name="TES2011-2016" /> !2017 <ref name="TES2016">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Universities with biggest shares of 2:1s and firsts revealed |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/universities-biggest-shares-21s-and-firsts-revealed |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=TES}}</ref> |- |Oxford | | | |29 |33.2 |33.9 |- |Cambridge |13 |29.8 |23 |26.4 |31.7 |33.5 |- |Warwick |3 |10.8 |23 |25.5 |28.7 |27.9 |- |Exeter |4 |10.5 |19 |19.4 |23.1 |25.3 |- |St. Andrews |7 |11.7 |20 |19.7 |28.7 |29.8 |} Tushen: [http://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php/content/view/1973/239/ Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ilimi Mafi Girma] Jami'o'in Kididdiga, 1972/73-1993/94: Rubuce-rubucen Digiri[http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=3456&type=Data%20catalogue Tarihin kididdigar jami'o'i, 1972/73-1993/94: Tarihin digiri ] {| class="wikitable" |+Burtaniya: Kashi na kyaututtuka masu kyau (1st da sama 2nd) ta Cibiyar<br /> ! !1983–4 !1984–5 !2006 !2008 !2012 !2017<ref name="TES2016" /> |- |Cambridge |57.2 |49.3 |84 |85 |87 |91.6 |- |Warwick |34 |42 |79 |76 |81 |84.4 |- |Exeter |41 |45.3 |75 |80 |83 |86.3 |- |Robert Gordon |9 |12 |53 |54 |55 |66.3 |} Tushen: [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/9011098/Warning-over-grade-inflation-as-first-class-degrees-double.html],[https://web.archive.org/web/20120719124259/http://specials.ft.com/universities2001/FT3HLLAN6LC.html] {{Blockquote|From 1988 until 2006 the achievement levels have risen by about an average of 2 grades in each subject. Exceptionally, from 1988 the rise appears to be about 3.5 grades for Mathematics.}}{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 8.1 : 8.2 : 7.9 : 7.6 : 8.2 : 8.2: 8.1 : 8.3 : 8.0 : 7.8 : 14.4 : 19.1 : 14.6 | group 2 = 10 : 11.4 : 11.7 : 11.9 : 12.8 : 13.8 : 14.8 : 15.8 : 16 : 16 : 16.8 : 17.5 : 17.8 : 18.6 : 20.7 : 21.6 : 22.4 : 22.8 : 24.1 : 25.3 : 25.9 : 26.7 : 18.9 : 18.8 : 18.7 : 18.7 : 17.8 : 17.7: 17.7 : 18.1 : 18.4 : 17.7 : 24.2 : 25.7 : 21.8 | group 3 = 15: 15.2 : 15.5 : 15.5 : 16.3 : 16.7 : 17.1 : 17.1 : 18 : 18.9 : 18.9 : 19 : 19.2 : 19.3 : 21.9 : 22.9 : 23.4 : 23.8 : 24 : 24.4 : 24.9 : 25.3 : 25.2 : 25.6 : 26 : 26.6 : 26.4 : 26.9: 27.1 : 26.8 : 26.6 : 26.1 : 27.5 : 25.5 : 26.3 | group 4 = 10 : 16.4 : 16.9 : 16.9 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.6 : 19 : 19.8 : 20.3 : 20.8 : 21 : 21.2 : 21.4 : 22.7 : 23 : 23.2 : 23.3 : 23.2 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.2 : 23.6 : 24 : 24.3 : 24.3 : 24.5: 24.7 : 24.3 : 24 : 24.2 : 21.8 : 18.2 : 19.8 | group 5 = 15 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.1 : 18 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.3 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 17.8 : 17.5 : 17.2 : 16.6 : 16 : 15.7 : 15.2 : 15.2 : 15.1 : 14.9 : 14.7 : 14.8 : 14.7: 14.6 : 14.5 : 14.5 : 15.2 : 9.1 : 7.8 : 11 | group 6 = 20 : 15.3 : 15.2 : 15.6 : 15.3 : 14.8 : 14.4 : 14.1 : 13.7 : 13.4 : 13 : 12.7 : 12.4 : 12.4 : 10.9 : 10.1 : 9.5 : 9.1 : 8.7 : 8.1 : 7.6 : 7.2 : 7 : 6.5 : 6.5 : 6.2 : 6.5 : 6.1 : 5.9 : 5.9 : 6.1 : 6.6 : 2.7 : 3.5 : 4.9 | group 7 = 20 : 10.9 : 10.7 : 10.5 : 9.8 : 9.3 : 8.8 : 8.4 : 7.8 : 7.4 : 7.2 : 6.9 : 6.6 : 6.3 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0: 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 | group 8 = 10 : 13.4 : 12.3 : 11.5 : 10.4 : 9.6 : 8.1 : 7.5 : 6.4 : 5.5 : 5 : 4.6 : 4.3 : 3.9 : 5.7 : 4.6 : 4 : 3.8 : 3.4 : 3.1 : 2.8 : 2.5 : 2.4 : 2.2 : 2 : 1.9 : 2 : 1.9: 1.9 : 2.1 : 2.4 : 2.4 : 0.3 : 0.2 : 1.6 | colors = red : yellow : lime : brown : orange : gold : blue : purple | x legends = norm* : : 1990 : : : : : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : : : : : 2020 : : | width = 1100 | group names = A*: A: B: C: D: E: N/O: F/U | units suffix = % awarded }} == A Faransa == == A Indiya == A cikin CBSE, kashi 95 cikin dari ya ninka sau 21 a yau kamar yadda yake a shekara ta 2004, kuma kashi 90 cikin dari kusan sau tara kamar yadda ya kasance. A cikin CISCE, kashi 95 cikin dari kusan sau biyu ne a yau kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012. CBSE ta kira taron dukkan allon makarantu 40 a farkon shekarar 2017 don roƙon su da su dakatar da "ƙaddamar da alamomi na wucin gadi". CBSE ta yanke shawarar jagorantar ta hanyar misali kuma ta yi alkawarin ba za ta kara yawan sakamakon ba. Amma kodayake sakamakon 2017 ya ga karamin gyara, kwamitin a bayyane bai watsar da aikin gaba ɗaya ba. Kusan kashi 6.5 cikin dari na masu jarrabawar lissafi a shekarar 2017 sun zira kwallaye 95 ko fiye - sau 10 fiye da 2004 - kuma kusan kashi 6 cikin dari na wadanda suka jarrabawar kimiyyar lissafi sun zira kwalanci 95 ko fiye, sau 35 fiye da 2004 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=6 June 2017 |title=When 90% comes too easy in CBSE exams |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/when-90-per-cent-comes-too-easy-cbse-board-exam-results-4689291/ |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Devi |date=11 July 2017 |title=Inflated marks: 100% and still galloping... |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/110717/inflated-marks-100-and-still-galloping.html |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |quote=Board examination results have lost their credibility in India.}}</ref> == Duba kuma == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.gradeinflation.com Hauhawar Matsayi A Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Amurka] * * * * Alfie Kohn : [https://web.archive.org/web/20060409113947/http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm Tatsuniyar Haɗari ta Kumburin Matsayi] * Sita Slavov: [https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2013/12/26/why-college-grade-inflation-is-a-real-problem-and-how-to-fix-it Yadda Ake Gyara Hauhawar Kumburin Jami'a: Hauhawar maki babbar matsala ce, amma akwai hanyoyin magance su.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015060240/http://alfiekohn.org/teaching/gisources.htm Tushen Kumburin Matsayi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060920233617/http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~manhire/grade/2004-22_Final.pdf Hauhawar darajar maki, Ɗabi'a da Ilimin Injiniya] * [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/07/26/scipipeline Shi ya sa suke barin (kimiyya) daga Cikin Babban Ed] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/02/AR2005060201593_pf.html A na kowa da kowa!] (Labarin jaridar ''Washington Post'' wanda [[Alicia Shepard]] ta rubuta) * [http://ssrn.com/abstract=531623 GPA na Nominal da GPA na Gaskiya: Sauƙin Sauƙi wanda ke rama hauhawar farashi] * [http://ssrn.com/abstract=2405629 GPA na Gaskiya da SET na Gaskiya: Magunguna Biyu Masu Magance Kwadayi, Rashin Sanyi, da Tsoro a Ajin Kwaleji] * [https://john-joseph-horton.com/papers/longrun.pdf Kumburin Suna] (Apostolos Filippas, John J. Horton, Joseph M. Golden) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == oee90z0jt8rt9d9sc1f2dwygv4nbyri Mukhtar Sani Saulawa 0 177804 966723 961606 2026-10-12T06:23:42Z Msani159 49950 966723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mukhtar Sani Saulawa | birth_date =3/2/1995 | birth_place = [[Gombe]], Najeriya | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | education = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]; [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] | occupation = Dan jarida; mai samar da abun cikin kafofin yaɗa labarai | employer = [[North-Eastern University]] | known_for = Ayyukan hulɗa da jama'a da sadarwa a jami'a | title = Public Relations Officer }} '''Mukhtar Sani Saulawa''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai aikin jarida, samar da abun cikin kafofin yaɗa labarai da hulɗar jama'a. Shi ma'aikacin sadarwa ne a [[North-Eastern University]] (NEU), Gombe, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin '''Public Relations Officer''' na jami'ar a shekarar 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=North-Eastern University Gombe announces up to 65% salary increase for staff |url=https://guardian.ng/education/north-eastern-university-gombe-announces-up-to-65-salary-increase-for-staff/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=1 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == Ba a samu isassun majiyoyi masu zaman kansu da suka tabbatar da cikakkiyar ranar haihuwarsa da wurin haihuwarsa ba. Saboda haka, ba a ƙara ranar haihuwa a cikin infobox domin kauce wa bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba. Bayanan iliminsa da aka wallafa sun nuna cewa ya yi karatun '''National Diploma (ND) a Mass Communication''' a [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] daga 2017 zuwa 2019. Daga baya ya yi karatun '''B.A. (Hons) Political Science''' a [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Indiya, daga 2022 zuwa 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukhtar Sani Saulawa |url=https://www.twine.net/Msani |website=Twine |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> Sunansa kuma ya bayyana a cikin takardar ɗaliban [[Aligarh Muslim University]] a cikin shirin karatun Political Science, inda aka lissafa shi da lambar ɗalibi DAD0394.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre for Distance and Online Education |url=https://www.amuonline.in/pdf/ba-I-learn-ii-sem-july22.pdf |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin jarida da kafofin yaɗa labarai == Saulawa ya yi aiki a fannin samar da abun cikin kafofin yaɗa labarai, gyaran bidiyo da aikin jarida. Bayanan ƙwararrunsa sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai samar da abun ciki, mai gyaran bidiyo da mai gudanar da kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukhtar Sani Saulawa's portfolio |url=https://www.twine.net/Msani |website=Twine |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> Daga shekarar 2019, ya kasance mai gabatar da labarai, mai shirya shirye-shirye da mai gyaran bidiyo a '''Radio Nigeria – Jewel FM'''. An bayyana cewa yana shirya da gabatar da labaran Hausa da kuma sauya wasu shirye-shiryen rediyo zuwa abun cikin kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukhtar Sani Saulawa's portfolio |url=https://www.twine.net/Msani |website=Twine |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma kafa '''Barewa Radio''', wani gidan rediyo na intanet, inda ya kasance Founder da Station Manager. Haka kuma ya kafa '''The Daily Fact''', wani dandalin labarai mai zaman kansa, inda ya kasance Founder kuma Editor-in-Chief.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukhtar Sani Saulawa's portfolio |url=https://www.twine.net/Msani |website=Twine |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin sadarwa a jami'a == Saulawa ya fara aiki a [[North-Eastern University]] a matsayin mai samar da hotuna da bidiyo da kuma abun cikin kafofin sada zumunta. Daga baya ya riƙe aikin '''Assistant Information Officer & Video Content Producer'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukhtar Sani Saulawa |url=https://www.twine.net/Msani |website=Twine |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> A cikin aikinsa a jami'ar, ya shiga samar da sanarwar jami'a, labaran ayyukan jami'a, bidiyoyi da sauran abubuwan sadarwa da ake yaɗawa ta kafofin sada zumunta. A shekarar 2026, majiyoyin jaridu sun bayyana Saulawa a matsayin '''Public Relations Officer (PRO) na North-Eastern University, Gombe'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=North-Eastern University Gombe announces up to 65% salary increase for staff |url=https://guardian.ng/education/north-eastern-university-gombe-announces-up-to-65-salary-increase-for-staff/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=1 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin hulɗa da jama'a a NEU == A matsayinsa na PRO na NEU, Saulawa ya kasance mai sanya hannu kan sanarwar jami'ar da ake aikawa kafafen yaɗa labarai. A ranar 1 Satumba 2026, ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta bayyana cewa [[North-Eastern University]] ta amince da ƙarin albashi tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 65 cikin 100 ga ma'aikatanta. Sanarwar ta kuma bayyana cewa wannan shi ne ƙarin albashi na uku da jami'ar ta aiwatar cikin shekaru uku.<ref>{{cite news |title=North-Eastern University Gombe announces up to 65% salary increase for staff |url=https://guardian.ng/education/north-eastern-university-gombe-announces-up-to-65-salary-increase-for-staff/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=1 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> A watan Satumba 2026, ya kuma sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta shafi ɗaukaka Dr Mohammad Sani Isyaka zuwa matsayin Farfesa na Organic and Natural Products Chemistry. Sanarwar ta bayyana cewa ɗaukakar za ta fara aiki daga 1 Oktoba 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=40-year-old becomes Gombe’s youngest professor |url=https://www.thestar.ng/40-year-old-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor/ |work=The Star Nigeria |date=30 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> == Kwarewa == Bayanan ƙwararrunsa sun nuna cewa Saulawa yana da ƙwarewa a fannin gyaran bidiyo, daukar hoto, samar da abun ciki na dijital, gudanar da kafofin sada zumunta da rubuce-rubucen labarai. Ya yi amfani da manhajoji kamar Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, Audition, Canva da CapCut wajen aikin samar da abun ciki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukhtar Sani Saulawa's portfolio |url=https://www.twine.net/Msani |website=Twine |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin mai iya [[Hausa]], [[Turanci]] da ɗan [[Larabci]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukhtar Sani Saulawa's portfolio |url=https://www.twine.net/Msani |website=Twine |access-date=1 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[North-Eastern University]] * [[Gombe]] * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin yaɗa labarai]] * [[Aligarh Muslim University]] * [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:’Yan jaridar Najeriya]] [[Category:’Yan jaridar Hausa]] [[Category:Masu samar da abun cikin dijital]] [[Category:Ma’aikatan jami’o’in Najeriya]] [[Category:North-Eastern University]] [[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Category:Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] lamm0vex8wh0yhu23dxvm4e5kkp4q1r I. M. Kadri 0 178147 966666 962708 2026-10-11T22:26:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iftikhar M. Kadri''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1929) ƙwararren mai zane ne na ƙasar Indiya, injiniyan gine-gine, kuma wanda ya kafa IMK Architects a birnin [[Mumbai]], Indiya. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Ornella |date=3 April 2016 |title=I don't like to name my buildings: IM Kadri |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-i-don-t-like-to-name-my-buildings-im-kadri-2197472 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":92">{{Cite web |title=Projects By Imk Architects |url=https://ebuild.in/imk-architects-projects |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615145049/https://ebuild.in/imk-architects-projects |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=ebuild.in}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mutum wajen bayar da gudummawa ga gine-ginen tarihi a biranen [[Indiya]] da dama, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Rasha]], [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], [[Hong Kong]] da sauransu. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi IM Kadri a [[Ahmedabad]] a shekarar 1929. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia da ke [[Delhi]] kuma ya kammala digirinsa na injiniyanci tare da girmamawa a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Jami'ar Pune a shekarar 1953. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Gentle Creator- I.M. Kadri : Pree1301 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/scrbokadri_2568 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya auri Vipula Kadri ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a daga Karachi, sannan ya zauna a [[New Delhi]] . Yana da ɗa 1, mai zane Rahul Kadri <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2015 |title=Rahul Kadri, Principal Architect & Partner, I.M. Kadri Architects |url=https://thepropertytimes.in/rahul-kadri-principal-architect-a-partner-imkadri-architects/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525050446/https://thepropertytimes.in/rahul-kadri-principal-architect-a-partner-imkadri-architects/ |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=Rahul Kadri - the Architecture of Sustainability |url=https://media.biltrax.com/rahul-kadri-the-architecture-of-sustainability/}}</ref> wanda kuma shine babban mai zane kuma darektan IMK Architects, da 'ya'ya mata 2, Isha Mehra <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trustees – PrideIndia |url=https://www.prideindia.org/category/trustees-team/trustees/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202223856/https://www.prideindia.org/category/trustees-team/trustees/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da [[Suniel Shetty|Mana Shetty]] (matar [[Suniel Shetty|Sunil Shetty]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=People still call me Amdavad no jamai all the time: Suniel Shetty - The Times Of India - Ahmedabad, 1/18/2018 |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIA/2018/01/18&entity=Ar01903&sk=52F98CCB&mode=text |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=epaper.timesgroup.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Malavika's Mumbaistan: Adrenaline Rush |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/malavika-s-mumbaistan-adrenaline-rush/story-D2b6z2Ee5kbjOXMo8uAxUP.html |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[File:Nehru_Centre_11.jpg|thumb| Cibiyar Nehru]] Kadri ya fara aikinsa na gine-gine a shekarar 1958 a Churchgate, [[Mumbai]] . A shekarar 1971, ya faɗaɗa kamfaninsa zuwa wani kamfani mai suna Kadri Consultants Private Limited, babban ofishinsa a [[Mumbai]] sannan ya biyo baya da rassansa a [[Bengaluru]] da [[Muskat|Muscat]]. In the 1960s, I.M. Kadri was selected by Hilton senior management as an architect to build the proposed Bombay Hilton hotel in Worli, Mumbai, and was sent on a world tour to study all of Hilton's hotels around the globe. However, the Bombay Hilton Hotel was never built, and instead, Kadri went on to design many Indian hotels in the 1970s and 1980s, including many Taj hotels built in that era like the Taj Mahal (Mansingh) and Taj Palace Hotels in New Delhi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Divan's Bungalow |url=https://www.cityshor.com/ahmedabad/divan-s-bungalow/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=www.cityshor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2011 |title=Hilton: Back with a bang |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hilton-back-with-a-bang/story-mWVtQJNLDPo1ETjkoQOqEK.html |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Wasu gine-gine masu ban sha'awa da Kadri ya tsara sun haɗa da Shivsagar Estate, <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Rupali Gupte |last2=Anuj Daga |last3=Karan Dalal |last4=Shivani Dave |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Modern |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-184549 |journal=ABE Journal |language=en |volume=01 |issue=9–10}}</ref> Nehru Center, Ceat Mahal, Farin Gida da Makaranta ga Makafi <ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Retrospective: The Unprecedented Architectural Contribution of IM Kadri |url=http://www.houzz.in/magazine/stsetivw-vs~94267299 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Houzz}}</ref> da Otter's Club <ref name=":82">{{Cite web |last=Karkare |first=Aakash |date=10 July 2016 |title='Mumbai is in worst shape': Architect IM Kadri speaks of his love and recent hate for the city |url=http://scroll.in/magazine/810781/mumbai-is-in-worst-shape-architect-im-kadri-speaks-of-his-love-and-recent-hate-for-the-city |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> a Mumbai. <ref name=":92" /> Gwamnatin Maharashtra, saboda godiya ga ayyukansa na zamantakewa mai yawa, ta naɗa IM Kadri a matsayin Sheriff na Bombay a wa'adin 1994.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2002 |title=Do you remember any of our sheriffs? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Do-you-remember-any-of-our-sheriffs/articleshow/8279245.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta kuma naɗa shi memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Ƙungiyoyin Talakawa<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mid Day 1982- I.M. Kadri: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/dsc-25091 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> a shekarar 1981, kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Hukumar Raya Yankin Babban Birni na Bombay a shekarar 1994.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 1995 |title=Minutes Of The 160th Meeting Of The Executive Committee of BMRDA |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/documents/10180/1163902/MINUTES+EXC+160+10031995_1.PDF/c552f7c0-1ab9-44bd-9007-448e8f8a9f1b?version=1.0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007033257/https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/documents/10180/1163902/MINUTES+EXC+160+10031995_1.PDF/c552f7c0-1ab9-44bd-9007-448e8f8a9f1b?version=1.0 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=PDF}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Kasa don Adalci da Zaman Lafiya (CJP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP) |url=https://cjp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/who.htm |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=cjp.org.in}}</ref> da aka kafa a shekarar 2002 don haɓaka zaman lafiya a Indiya. A shekarar 2016, Niyogi Publications ta buga littafinsa, ''The Architecture of IMKadri.'' === Tasirin Gine-gine === Tun yana ƙarami, IM Kadri ya fi samun rinjaye a cikin Bungalow na Diwan wanda yake zaune a ciki. Gidan yana da lambu, baranda da kuma hanyoyin gani iri-iri, kuma yana cikin wani tsohon gidan sarauta a yankin tarihi na [[Ahmedabad]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Exploring India: 3 Heritage Stays In Ahmedabad, Gujarat |url=https://www.femina.in/life/travel/3-heritage-stays-in-ahmedabad-165677-2.html |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=femina.in |language=en}}</ref> Kadri ya ambaci Mughal Architecture da kuma rubutun hannu a matsayin tasirinsu, wanda wataƙila za a iya gani a cikin dukkan ayyukansa. <ref name=":02" /> <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":82" /> == Manyan ayyuka == # Brighton, Mumbai, 1959 <ref name=":82" /> # Musulunci Gymkhana, Mumbai, 1963 <ref name=":42" /> # Gidan Shivsagar, Mumbai, 1967 <ref name=":42" /> # Jeevan Manek don Babban Gabashin Shipping Co. Ltd, Mumbai, 1968 <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2018 |title=Modern Heritage: Listing |url=https://thinkmatter.in/2018/12/18/modernheritage/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Matter |language=en}}</ref> # Otters Club, Mumbai, 1973 <ref name=":82" /> # Makarantar Gida Mai Farin Ciki don Makafi, Mumbai, 1971 <ref name=":72" /> # Otal din Lake Palace, Udaipur, 1972 <ref name=":72" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Yagnik |first=Bharat |date=15 December 2011 |title=I M Kadri: Giving Amdavadi touch to luxury world's razzmatazz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/I-M-Kadri-Giving-Amdavadi-touch-to-luxury-worldamp39s-razzmatazz/articleshow/11113995.cms |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> # [[Taj Hotels - Notable hotels|Gidan shakatawa na Fort Aguada Beach]], Goa, 1973 <ref name=":82" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The Fountainhead 1992 : The Fountainhead : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/scrbokadri_2590 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> # Taj Coromandel don Oriental Hotels Ltd, Chennai, 1974 <ref name=":82" /> <ref name=":4" /> # CEAT Mahal, Mumbai, 1974 <ref name=":72" /> # Gidan Hoechst, Mumbai, 1975 <ref name=":92" /> # Swapnalok, Mumbai, 1978 # Taj Mahal (Mansingh) Otal, New Delhi, 1979 <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> # Ayyukan Jami'ar Kashmir, Srinagar, 1980 <ref name=":92" /> # Cibiyar Nehru, Mumbai, 1982 <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":72" /><ref name=":5" /> # Otal din Taj Palace, New Delhi, 1982 <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> # Fadar Taj Krishna, Hyderabad, 1984 <ref name=":92" /> # Tata Fertilizers Ltd, Babrala, 1984 <ref name=":72" /> # [[Masallacin Kowloon da Cibiyar Musulunci|Masallacin Kowloon]], Hong Kong, 1984 <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Kowloon Mosque {{!}} General view over Kowloon Mosque |url=https://archnet.org/sites/508/media_contents/15320 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Archnet}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> # Otal din Oberoi, Bangalore 1986 &1996 <ref name=":72" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oberoi Hotel Bangalore in Indian Architect and Builder : Indian Architect and Builder : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/iab-kadri |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> # Gidan Haj, Mumbai 1987 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haj House Mumbai : The illustrated Weekly of India : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/haj-house-mumbai |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> # Gidan Haveli, Mumbai 1989 <ref name=":72" /> # Gidan Baƙi na Sahyadri, Mumbai 1991 <ref name=":82" /> <ref name=":5" /> # Asibitin Koyarwa na Owaisi, Hyderabad 1996 <ref name=":92" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=IMK Architects: Hospitals Then and Now |url=https://media.biltrax.com/imk-architects-hospitals-then-and-now/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en-US}}</ref> # Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sona, Salem 1997 <ref name=":92" /> # Asibitin Breach Candy &amp;amp; Cibiyar Bincike, Mumbai 1998 <ref name=":4" /> # Kwalejin Shari'a ta Kasa, Bhopal 2005 <ref name=":82" /><ref name=":72" /> # Otal din Ramada, Dubai 2006 <ref name=":102">{{Cite web |title=361degrees |url=https://www.361degrees.net.in/i_m_kadri.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100819/https://361degrees.net.in/i_m_kadri.html |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=www.361degrees.net.in}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Lambobin Yabo, Girmamawa da Karramawa == # 1970, Gwamnatin Iran ta gayyace shi don wakiltar Indiya a Kwamitin 'Taron Masu Gine-gine na Duniya' wanda aka gudanar a [[Isfahan]] . <ref name=":102" /> # Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa kan Gine-gine Masu Tsayi, Jami'ar Lehigh, Amurka a ƙarƙashin [[UNESCO]] . <ref name=":102" /> # 1979, Amincewa da Ƙasashen Duniya don shiga cikin''' '''Tarihin Rayuwar Duniya na "Who's Who a cikin Bugu na Huɗu na Duniya," wanda Marquis Who's Who Inc., Babban Mai Buga Littattafan Tarihi, [[Chicago]], ya buga. <ref name=":102" /> # A shekarar 1981, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta naɗa shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Ƙungiyoyin Talakawa. <ref name=":2" /> # Zane-zanen gilashi mafi tsayi a duniya, tsayin ƙafa 135, a Otal ɗin Ramada da ke Dubai, sun sa Kadri ta shiga cikin [[Guinness World Records|Littafin Tarihi na Guinness]] . <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramada Hotel Dubai by I.M. Kadri : Pree1301 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/dsc-2544 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> # Cibiyar Tarihin Rayuwa ta Duniya, Cambridge, Ingila, a cikin Bugun su na Bakwai a matsayin "Maza na Nasara". <ref name=":102" /> # A shekarar 1993, Cibiyar Injiniyoyi, Indiya, ta ba IM Kadri lambar yabo a matsayin Injiniyan Gine-gine Mai Kyau. <ref name=":92" /> <ref name=":102" /> # A shekarar 1994, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta naɗa shi Sheriff na Bombay saboda godiyarsa ga ayyukansa na zamantakewa. <ref name=":12" /> # A shekarar 1994, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta naɗa shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Hukumar Raya Yankin Babban Birni na Bombay . <ref name=":22" /> # Wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun zane a gasar kasa da kasa ta " [[Masallacin Kowloon da Cibiyar Musulunci|Masallacin Kowloon]] " da aka yi a [[Hong Kong]] . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":102" /> <ref name=":6" /> # 2021, An ba shi lambar yabo ta Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, kyautar nasarorin rayuwa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na CIDC Vishwakarma karo na 12 a shekarar 2021. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Construction Industry Development Council (CIDC) Vishwakarma Awards |url=http://www.cidc.in/support/12thVishwakarma/Awardees%20List_12th%20VKA%202021.pdf |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.cidc.in}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] ekyn1zafb8fa9hqf1pm1kr7w2404x6t Jerin dabbobi na gida 0 178496 966741 964430 2026-10-12T09:16:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966741 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin yana ba da '''jerin dabbobi na gida''', <ref name="Table of Domesticated Animals">{{Cite web |title=How did we ever manage to domesticate so many animals? |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075011/http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2009-04-23}}</ref> kuma ya haɗa da jerin dabba waɗanda suke ko suna iya kasancewa a halin yanzu suna fuskantar tsarin domestication da dabbobi waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai zurfi da mutane fiye da farauta mai sauƙi. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'o'in da aka yi amfani da su, ba a kula da su ba amma an tsara su a kan sikelin kasuwanci, ko kuma yawanci da aka kama a daji, aƙalla a wasu lokuta an tsare su, kuma ana iya sarrafa su. Don a dauke su akaisu cikin gidaje, yawancin jinsuna sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci na kwayoyin halitta, halayyar hali da yanayin halittan su daga kakanninsu na daji, yayin da wasu suka canza kadan daga kakanninsu na daji duk da daruruwan ko dubban shekaru na yiwuwar zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Abubuwa da yawa suna ƙayyade yadda saurin kowani canji zai iya faruwa a cikin jinsin, amma ba koyaushe akwai sha'awar inganta jinsin daga yanayin daji ba. Domestication tsari ne na sannu a hankali, don haka babu wani lokaci na ainihi a cikin tarihin jinsin da aka ba shi lokacin da za'a iya la'akari da shi ya zama cikakke. Zooarchaeology ya gano nau'o'i uku na dabbobin gida: [[File:Felis_catus-cat_on_snow.jpg|alt=A felis catus|thumb|Katin[[Kyanwa|cat]]]] # Dabbobi (dogs, [[Kyanwa|Cats]], ferrets, hamsters, da dai sauransu) # [[Dabbobin Kiwo|Dabbobi]] (kayan [[Saniya|shanu]], [[Rago|tumaki]], [[aladu]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], da dai sauransu) # Dabbobi masu aiki (dawakai, [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]], [[jaki]], da dai sauransu) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=Ofer |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S163–S174 |doi=10.1086/659964 |s2cid=128906192}}</ref> == Dabbobi na gida == {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" !Species and subspecies !Wild ancestor ! data-sort-type="number" |Date !Location of origin !Purposes !Image !Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes !Extent in the wild vs. captivity !Taxon group |- |[[Kare|Domestic dog]] (''Canis familiaris'')<ref name="Gentry2004">{{Cite journal |last=Gentry, A. |last2=Clutton-Brock, J. |last3=Groves, C. P. |author-link3=Colin Groves |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006}}</ref> |Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (''Canis lupus'' ssp.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fan |first=Zhenxin |last2=Silva |first2=Pedro |last3=Gronau |first3=Ilan |last4=Wang |first4=Shuoguo |last5=Armero |first5=Aitor Serres |last6=Schweizer |first6=Rena M. |last7=Ramirez |first7=Oscar |last8=Pollinger |first8=John |last9=Galaverni |first9=Marco |last10=Ortega Del-Vecchyo |first10=Diego |last11=Du |first11=Lianming |last12=Zhang |first12=Wenping |last13=Zhang |first13=Zhihe |last14=Xing |first14=Jinchuan |last15=Vilà |first15=Carles |year=2016 |title=Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=163–173 |doi=10.1101/gr.197517.115 |pmc=4728369 |pmid=26680994}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-29999" |13,000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sablin |first=Mikhail V. |last2=Khlopachev |first2=Gennady A. |year=2002 |title=The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=795–799 |doi=10.1086/344372 |s2cid=144574445}}</ref><ref name="thalmann2013" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Z.-L. |last2=Oskarsson |first2=M. |last3=Ardalan |first3=A. |last4=Angleby |first4=H. |last5=Dahlgren |first5=L.-G. |last6=Tepeli |first6=C. |last7=Kirkness |first7=E. |last8=Savolainen |first8=P. |last9=Zhang |first9=Y.-P. |date=May 2012 |title=Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA |journal=Heredity |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=507–514 |bibcode=2012Hered.108..507D |doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.114 |issn=1365-2540 |pmc=3330686 |pmid=22108628}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Guo-Dong |last2=Zhai |first2=Weiwei |last3=Yang |first3=He-Chuan |last4=Wang |first4=Lu |last5=Zhong |first5=Li |last6=Liu |first6=Yan-Hu |last7=Fan |first7=Ruo-Xi |last8=Yin |first8=Ting-Ting |last9=Zhu |first9=Chun-Ling |last10=Poyarkov |first10=Andrei D. |last11=Irwin |first11=David M. |date=January 2016 |title=Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world |journal=Cell Research |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1038/cr.2015.147 |issn=1748-7838 |pmc=4816135 |pmid=26667385}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crapon de Caprona |first=Marie-Dominique |last2=Savolainen |first2=Peter |date=2013 |title=Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs |journal=ISRN Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=2013 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.5402/2013/621836 |s2cid=56914841 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Turai|Europe]]<ref name="thalmann2013">{{Cite journal |last=Thalmann |first=O. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |last3=Cui |first3=P. |last4=Schuenemann |first4=V. J. |last5=Sawyer |first5=S. K. |last6=Greenfield |first6=D. L. |last7=Germonpré |first7=M. B. |last8=Sablin |first8=M. V. |last9=López-Giráldez |first9=F. |last10=Domingo-Roura |first10=X. |last11=Napierala |first11=H. |last12=Uerpmann |first12=H. -P. |last13=Loponte |first13=D. M. |last14=Acosta |first14=A. A. |last15=Giemsch |first15=L. |display-authors=29 |year=2013 |title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=871–4 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..871T |doi=10.1126/science.1243650 |pmid=24233726 |s2cid=1526260}}</ref> in different places in Asia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets |[[File:Pembroke_Welsh_Corgi_600.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame (with exceptions), significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well |Domestic and feral dogs both very common,<ref name="Coppinger, Ray 2001" /> ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Rago|Domestic sheep]] (''Ovis aries'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Possibly the Armenian mouflon (''Ovis gmelini gmelini'') | data-sort-value="-8900" |11 000 BCE to 9000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2008 |title=Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=105 |issue=33 |pages=11597–11604 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10511597Z |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801317105 |pmc=2575338 |pmid=18697943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Anatolia, [[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Aladu|Domestic pig]] (''Sus domesticus'') |Anatolian boar (''Sus scrofa libycus''),<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2017 |title=The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-domestication-of-pigs-170665 |access-date=26 July 2017 |publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]}}</ref> Northern Chinese boar (''Sus scrofa moupinensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2005 |title=Pig Domestication in Ancient China |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Research_work/Archaeological_sciences_and_tec/2013/1025/30259.html |access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-9005" |9400 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giuffra |first=E. |last2=Kijas |first2=J. M. |last3=Amarger |first3=V. |last4=Carlborg |first4=O. |last5=Jeon |first5=J. T. |last6=Andersson |first6=L. |year=2000 |title=The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression |journal=Genetics |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=1785–91 |doi=10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785 |pmc=1461048 |pmid=10747069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |last10=Willerslev |first10=Eske |last11=Rowley-Conwy |first11=Peter |last12=Andersson |first12=Leif |last13=Cooper |first13=Alan |year=2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–21 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frantz |first=Laurent A F. |last2=Schraiber |first2=Joshua G. |last3=Madsen |first3=Ole |last4=Megens |first4=Hendrik-Jan |last5=Cagan |first5=Alex |last6=Bosse |first6=Mirte |last7=Paudel |first7=Yogesh |last8=Crooijmans |first8=Richard P M A. |last9=Larson |first9=Greger |last10=Groenen |first10=Martien A M. |year=2015 |title=Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1141–1148 |doi=10.1038/ng.3394 |pmid=26323058 |s2cid=205350534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotchner |first=Tracie |date=October 14, 2014 |title=The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable? |url=http://www.radiopetlady.com/radio-pet-lady-blog/info/the-pig-pet-idea-project-plausible-or-unimaginable/ |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Radio Pet Lady Network |publisher=[[Radio Pet Lady Network]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073000/http://www.radiopetlady.com/radio-pet-lady-blog/info/the-pig-pet-idea-project-plausible-or-unimaginable/ |archive-date=23 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Sow_with_piglet.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Saniya|European cattle]] or taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cailey Rizzo |title=Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/animals/junkyard-bulls-spain |website=www.travelandleisure.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Govan |first=Fiona |date=26 October 2016 |title=Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20161026/bulls-replace-guard-dogs-at-scrap-yard-in-valencia |website=www.thelocal.es}}</ref> |Eurasian aurochs (''Bos primigenius primigenius'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wendorf |first=Fred |last2=Schild |first2=Romuald |year=1998 |title=Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=97–123 |doi=10.1006/jaar.1998.0319}}</ref><ref>Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626225631/http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-date=2009-06-26 |access-date=2009-04-17}}, {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131108091027.htm |access-date=2020-01-16 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, worship, show, pets |[[File:Koe_in_weiland_bij_Gorssel.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes. Some female breeds featuring larger, pronounced udder |Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Akwiya|Domestic goat]] (''Capra hircus'') |Bezoar ibex (''Capra aegagrus aegagrus'') | data-sort-value="-10000" |8000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S221–S235 |doi=10.1086/659307 |s2cid=8202907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vigne |first=Jean-Denis |year=2011 |title=The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009/ |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=334 |issue=3 |pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009 |pmid=21377611 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guard Goat |url=http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072222/http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets |[[File:Capra,_Crete_4.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (''Bos indicus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Indian aurochs (''Bos primigenius namadicus'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets |[[File:Female_zebu_cattle.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Kyanwa|Domestic cat]] or house cat (''Felis catus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Common North African wildcat (''Felis lybica lybica'')<ref name="Driscoll07">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=C. A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Roca |first3=A. L. |last4=Hupe |first4=K. |last5=Johnson |first5=W. E. |last6=Geffen |first6=E. |last7=Harley |first7=E. H. |last8=Delibes |first8=M. |last9=Pontier |first9=D. |last10=Kitchener |first10=A. C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=N. |last12=O'Brien |first12=S. J. |last13=Macdonald |first13=D. W. |date=2007 |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–523 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=5612713 |pmid=17600185}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-7900" |8000–7500 BCE<ref name="Driscoll07" /> | style="text-align:center;" |the Near East | style="text-align:center;" |meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets |[[File:Jammlich_crop.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Kaza|Domestic chicken]] (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') |Indian red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus murghi'') with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (''Gallus sonneratii'') | data-sort-value="-6000" |6000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Barbara |last2=Zhou |first2=Ben-Xiong |year=1989 |title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication |journal=World's Poultry Science Journal |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=205–218 |doi=10.1079/WPS19890012}}</ref>1650 to 1250 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]] and Southeast Asia/Thailand<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Poltava_chicken_breed_female.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes |Extremely common in captivity, common in the wild |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus'') |Montane guinea pig (''Cavia tschudii'') | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Caviaklein.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |[[Jaki|Domestic donkey]], domestic ass or burro (''Equus asinus'') |African wild ass (''Equus africanus''), including subspecies Nubian (''E. a. africanus'') and Somali wild ass (''E. a. somaliensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2010 |title=Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/identity-of-pompeii%E2%80%99s-mystery-horse-revealed |access-date=30 September 2017 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beja-Pereira, Albano |display-authors=etal |date=18 June 2004 |title=African Origins of the Domestic Donkey |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=1781 |page=1781 |doi=10.1126/science.1096008 |pmid=15205528 |s2cid=12783335 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Roger Blench, {{Cite web |title=The history and spread of donkeys in Africa |url=https://www.animaltraction.net/donkeys/donkeys-blench-history.pdf}}&nbsp;{{Small|(235&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Nubia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Donkey_1_arp_750px.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Gayal or Mithun (''Bos frontalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Gaur (''Bos gaurus'') with significant introgression from other ''Bos'' species<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu1 |first=Dong-Dong |last2=Ding |first2=Xiang-Dong |last3=Wang |first3=Sheng |last4=Wójcik |first4=Jan M. |last5=Zhang |first5=Yi |last6=Tokarska |first6=Małgorzata |last7=Li |first7=Yan |last8=Wang |first8=Ming-Shan |last9=Faruque |first9=Omar |last10=Nielsen |first10=Rasmus |last11=Zhang |first11=Qin |last12=Zhang |first12=Ya-Ping |date=July 2018 |title=Pervasive introgression facilitated domestication and adaptation in the Bos species complex |url=https://nielsen-lab.github.io/pdfs/papers/bos.pdf |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1139–1145 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1139W |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0562-y |pmid=29784979 |s2cid=29154258 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mohan |last2=Baruah |first2=K K |last3=Rajkhowa |first3=C |date=1 January 2014 |title=Mithun: An Animal of Indian Pride |url=https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/1/mond26006.html#:~:text=Mithun%20is%20considered%20as%20the,an%20individual%20in%20the%20society. |journal=Livestock Research for Rural Development |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=6 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Southeast Asia, Northeast India | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung |[[File:Bos_gaurus_(Gayal)_male.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic duck (''Anas platyrhynchos domesticus'') |[[Kwakkwa|Common mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pekin_Ducks_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Very common in captivity, widespread wild populations |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild water buffalo (''Bubalus arnee'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]], Mainland Southeast Asia, [[Filipin|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show |[[File:Water_Buffalo,_Phayao_Lake.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unchanged from the wild animal |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild, feral populations common in parts of Australia and South America |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Dromedary or Arabian camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2015 |title=This is why people drink camel urine |url=https://metro.co.uk/2015/06/11/bad-news-for-anyone-who-likes-to-drink-camel-urine-5240920/ |access-date=18 February 2020 |publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]}}</ref> |Unknown | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Yankin Larabawa|Arabia]], the Horn of Africa | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Camelcalf-feeding.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Western honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') including subspecies German (''A. m. mellifera''), Italian (''A. m. ligustica''), Carniolan (''A. m. carnica''), Caucasian (''A. m. caucasia''), Greek (''A. m. cecropia''), Saharan (''A. m. sahariensis'') and Egyptian honey bees (''A. m. lamarckii'') | align="center" | - | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE <small>(the modern era for ''A. m. mellifera'', the 1880s for ''A. m. ligustica'', uncertain for ''A. m. carnica'', ''A. m. caucasia'', ''A. m. cecropia'', ''A. m. sahariensis'' and ''A. m. lamarckii'')</small> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] (including [[Jamus|Germany]], [[Italiya|Italy]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] and the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]), [[Georgia]], [[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research |[[File:Bee-apis.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> |Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details |'''6a''' ''Hymenoptera'' |- |Domestic horse (''Equus caballus'') |Extinct unknown population of the wild horse (''Equus ferus''), possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (''E. f. ferus'')†<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2016 |title=The Genetic History of Horses |url=https://genestogenomes.org/the-genetic-history-of-horses/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=[[Genes to Genomes]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-3500" |4000-3500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warmuth |first=Vera |last2=Eriksson |first2=Anders |last3=Bower |first3=Mim Ann |last4=Barker |first4=Graeme |last5=Barrett |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Hanks |first6=Bryan Kent |last7=Li |first7=Shuicheng |last8=Lomitashvili |first8=David |last9=Ochir-Goryaeva |first9=Maria |last10=Sizonov |first10=Grigory V. |last11=Soyonov |first11=Vasiliy |last12=Manica |first12=Andrea |date=2012 |title=Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=21 |pages=8202–8206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111122109 |pmc=3361400 |pmid=22566639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] or [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, leather, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration |Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Bali cattle (''Bos javanicus domesticus'') |Banteng (''Bos javanicus'')<ref name="BaliCattle1" /> | data-sort-value="-3500" |3500 BCE<ref name="BaliCattle1">{{Cite journal |last=Mohamad |first=Kusdiantoro |last2=Olsson |first2=Mia |last3=van Tol |first3=Helena T. A. |last4=Mikko |first4=Sofia |last5=Vlamings |first5=Bart H. |last6=Andersson |first6=Göran |last7=Rodríguez-Martínez |first7=Heriberto |last8=Purwantara |first8=Bambang |last9=Paling |first9=Robert W. |date=2009-05-13 |title=On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=5 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5490M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005490 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2677627 |pmid=19436739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Bali, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show |[[File:Banteng_Domesticated_Bali_Bull.PNG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic silkmoth (''Bombyx mori'') |Wild silkmoth (''Bombyx mandarina'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, animal feed, pets |[[File:Silkworms3000px.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes, flightless |Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Eri silkmoth (''Samia ricini'') |Ailanthus silkmoth (''Samia cynthia'') and wild eri silkmoth (''Samia canningi'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |date uncertain | style="text-align:center;" |[[Indiya|India]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, pets |[[File:At_Mariposario_del_Drago_2022_006.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes |Common in captivity |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domestica'') |[[Tantabara|Rock dove]] (''Columba livia'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |the Mediterranean Basin | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Homing_pigeon.jpg|130x130px]] |Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds |Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (''Anser anser domesticus'' and ''A. cygnoides domesticus'') |Greylag goose (''Anser anser'') and swan goose (''A. cygnoides'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE for ''A. anser'', date uncertain for ''A. cygnoides'' | style="text-align:center;" |[[Misra|Egypt]] (''A. anser''), [[Sin|China]] (''A. cygnoides'') | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Neugierige_Hausgans.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic yak (''Bos grunniens'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild yak (''Bos mutus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |Tibet, [[Nepal]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:The_Yak.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic Bactrian camel (''Camelus bactrianus'') |Wild Bactrian camel (''Camelus ferus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] ([[Afghanistan]]) | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Temee.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Llama (''Lama glama'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Guanaco (''Lama guanicoe cacsilensis'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Pack_llamas_posing_near_Muir_Trail.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Alpaca (''Lama pacos'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Vicuña (''Lama vicugna mensalis'')<ref name="books.google" /> | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Corazon_Full.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic guineafowl (''Numida meleagris domesticus'') |West African helmeted guineafowl (''Numida meleagris galeatus'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea fowl |url=http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623052252/http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-date=2010-06-23 |access-date=2010-01-25 |website=www.thecozynest.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Domesticated_Guineafowl_-_geograph.org.uk_-_543901.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unaltered from the wild population |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog†<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrigh |first=Romina S. |last2=Fugassa |first2=Martín H. |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Molecular identification of a Fuegian dog belonging to the Fagnano Regional Museum ethnographic collection, Tierra del Fuego |url=http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=317 |pages=14–18 |bibcode=2013QuInt.317...14P |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121042/http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> |Culpeo or Andean fox (''Lycalopex culpaeus'') | data-sort-value="-9999" |date uncertain<ref>{{Cite book|last3=:fr:Louis-Ferdinand Martial}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Argentina]], [[Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, guarding, warmth, pets |[[File:Fuegian_dog_(1863).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Extinct |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic ferret (''Mustela furo'') |Common polecat (''Mustela putorius putorius'') and Mediterranean polecat (''M. p. aureola'') | data-sort-value="-1500" |1500 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=James |title=The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret |url=http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102407/http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2006-09-12 |publisher=PetPeoplesPlace.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]], Iberia | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Ferret_2008.png|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata domestica'') |Wild Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata sylvestris'') | data-sort-value="-690" |700–600 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:MuscovyDuck.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Common in captivity, feral populations rare |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (''Streptopelia risoria'') |African collared dove (''Streptopelia roseogrisea'') | data-sort-value="-500" |500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, show, pets |[[File:Feral_Barbary_Dove.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in both captivity and feral populations |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo domesticus'') |South Mexican wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo'') | data-sort-value="180" |180 CE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:White_turkeys.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') |Prussian carp ''(Carassius gibelio)'' | data-sort-value="300" |300 CE to 400 CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Gullfiskur.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |Domestic rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus'') |Iberian rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |title=New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits |url=https://phys.org/news/2014-08-reveals-wild-rabbits-genetically.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |publisher=[[Phys]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="600" |600 CE<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2005 |title=Interesting Rabbit Domestication History |url=http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153939/http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-date=Oct 5, 2023 |website=The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:EnglishSpotRabbitChocolate1(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Koi (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') |Amur carp (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Ojiya_Nishikigoi_no_Sato_ac_(3).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, considerable physical changes |Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |- |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') or Domesticated quail |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11~12th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, research, pets |[[File:Japanese_Quail.jpg|161x161px]] |considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Domestic canary (''Serinus canaria domestica'') |Wild canary (''Serinus canaria canaria'') | data-sort-value="1450" |the 15th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary Islands]], [[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |coal mining, fighting, research, show, pets |[[File:Zwei_Kanarienvögel.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Society finch or Bengalese finch (''Lonchura striata domestica'') |White-rumped munia or striated finch (''Lonchura striata swinhoei'') with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (''Euodice malabarica'') | data-sort-value="1717" |unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svanberg |first=Ingvar |year=2008 |title=Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (''Lonchura domestica'') |journal=Der Zoologische Garten |volume=77 |issue=5–6 |pages=334–344 |bibcode=2008DZGar..77..334S |doi=10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |pets, show, research |[[File:Rbruni.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; both parent species common in the wild |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Fancy mouse or laboratory mouse (''Mus musculus domestica'') |Western European house mouse (''Mus musculus domesticus''), Japanese house mouse (''Mus musculus molossinus'') | data-sort-value="1600" |1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=Feb 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Mice |url=https://www.afrma.org/historymse.htm |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association}}</ref> the 18th Century (Japan) | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Turai|Europe]], [[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, racing, research, show, pets |[[File:Minimouse.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Fancy rat or laboratory rat (''Rattus norvegicus domestica'') |Brown rat (''Rattus norvegicus'') | data-sort-value="1840" |the 19th century CE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=February 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Rats |url=https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313223915/https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |archive-date=Mar 13, 2024 |website=American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, research, show, pets |[[File:Ratte-Vache.jpeg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical and psychological changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Domestic mink (''Neogale vison domesticus'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decuypere |first=E. |title=Is the Mink Domesticated? |url=http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143748/http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2017}}</ref> |Eastern mink (''Neogale vison vison''), Kenai mink (''N. v. melampeplus'') and Alaskan mink (''N. v. ingens'') | data-sort-value="1845" |Early 1860s | style="text-align:center;" |Cassadaga Lakes, New York | style="text-align:center;" |fur, hunting, pest control, pets |[[File:Norka_amerykańska_(neovison_vison)_(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and psychological changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domesticated silver fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') |Red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') | data-sort-value="1951" |late 19th century to 20th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |Prince Edward Island/[[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] ([[Rasha|Russia]])<ref name="Statham2011">{{Cite journal |last=Statham |first=Mark J. |last2=Trut |first2=Lyudmila N. |last3=Sacks |first3=Ben N. |last4=Kharlamova |first4=Anastasiya V. |last5=Oskina |first5=Irina N. |last6=Gulevich |first6=Rimma G. |last7=Johnson |first7=Jennifer L. |last8=Temnykh |first8=Svetlana V. |last9=Acland |first9=Gregory M. |last10=Kukekova |first10=Anna V. |date=May 2011 |title=On the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of Russian silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes): THE ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN SILVER FOXES |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01629.x |pmc=3101803 |pmid=21625363}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |fur, pelts, research, pets |[[File:Silberfuchs_08.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |} == Tame, dabbobin da aka yi da su a gida, da kuma dabbobin == Saboda wasu siffofi da ba a bayyana su ba game da abin da ke tattare da domestication, akwai wasu nau'o'in da za a iya ko kuma ba za a iya zama cikakke ba. Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'in da mutane ke amfani da su sosai don kasuwanci, amma ba a canza su sosai daga nau'in dabbobi na daji ba. Dabbobi da yawa a kan wannan tebur na biyu aƙalla sun ɗan canza daga nau'ukan dabbobi na daji saboda hulɗarsu mai yawa da mutane, ko da yake ba har zuwa inda ake ɗaukar su a matsayin siffofi daban-daban ba (saboda haka, babu kakannin daji daban-daban da aka lura) ko kuma ba za su iya tsira ba idan an sake gabatar da su cikin daji. Kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shafi na rukuni na Taxon sune: * '''1a:''' ''Artiodactyla'' ban da ''Bovidae'', '''1b:''' ''Bovidae'', 3c: Carnivora, '''1d:''' Rodentia, 1e: ''Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa'' * 2a: Anseriformes, '''2b:''' Galliformes, '''2c:''' Columbiformes, '''2d:''' Passeriformes, na 2: ''Psittaciformes'', '''2f:''' ''Palaeognathae'', '''2g:''' Accipitridae, 2h: ''Sauran [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]'' * '''3a:''' Macizai, '''3b:''' ''[[Kadangare|Lacertilia]]'', '''3c:''' ''[[Afifiya|Testudines]]'', '''3d:''' ''Sauran Dabbobi masu rarrafe'' * '''4a:''' ''[[Kwaɗo|Anura]]'', '''4b:''' Sauran amphibians''Sauran dabbobi masu rai da ruwa'' * '''5a:''' ''Cyprinidae'', '''5b:''' ''Carangiforms'' ''', 5c:''' ''Anabantiforms'', '''5d:''' ''Salmonidae'', 5e: ''Sauran [[kifi]]'' * '''6a:''' ''Hymenoptera'', '''6b:''' ''Lepidoptera'', 7c: ''[[Kyankyaso|Blattodea]]'', '''6d:''' ''Sauran kwari'', 6e: Sauran arthropods''Sauran [[Arthropod|ƙwayoyin cuta]]'' * '''7a:''' ''Mollusca'', '''7b:''' ''Annelida'', '''7c:''' ''Sauran [[Dabba|Dabbobi]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Jerin shuke-shuke na gida * Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta == Bayanan da aka ambata == mp5pelt4gygkmya6rkjk1ss5umdmh3k Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a 0 178655 966712 965072 2026-10-12T03:32:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a''' jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|zamantakewar dimokuradiyya]] da dimokuradiyar <ref name="Africa Elects">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://africaelects.com/nigeria/ |website=africaelects.com}}</ref> a [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Kind Of A Political Party Is The PRP? |url=https://prpnigeria.ng/?page_id=1193 |publisher=Peoples Redemption Party |quote=The PRP shall be a radical transformative people-oriented social democratic party. |access-date=2026-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303122321/https://prpnigeria.ng/?page_id=1193 |archive-date=2024-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Na Biyu]] ta Kungiyar Progressive Union ta Arewa da kuma Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta irin wannan sunan, magoya bayan Mallam [[Aminu Kano]] ne suka kirkiro jam'iyyar bayan ya janye daga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mafi tsawo a tarihin Najeriya. An dakatar da jam'iyyar ta asali bayan [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1983|Juyin mulkin soja na 1983]] karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . A cikin Jamhuriyar Hudu, jam'iyyar da ke da wannan sunan ta sake fitowa a karkashin jagorancin [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa]] amma ba ta iya samun irin wannan matakin tallafi kamar yadda Jamhuriyarsa ta Biyu take ba. == Tarihi == Bayan da aka tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dawowa ga mulkin farar hula, manyan 'yan siyasa na Najeriya sun shirya jerin tarurruka na siyasa da nufin kirkirar jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta iya wuce iyakokin kabilanci, wannan ya ƙare a cikin kafa National Movement .<ref name=Feinstein>{{cite book|last=Feinstein|first=Alan|title=African Revolutionary, the life and times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 1978, duk da haka, rikici a daya daga cikin tarurruka na ƙarshe na motsi tsakanin Malam [[Aminu Kano]] (wanda ya kasance babban zakara na hagu) da wasu tsoffin mambobin [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa]] ya haifar da wani bangare na yawancin masu ilimi na Marxist da suka rabu, suna zargin ɓoyewar masu hagu a Najeriya. Wadannan 'yan hagu sun bayyana kafa PRP a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1978. <ref name="prp1">{{Cite journal |last=Peoples Redemption Party |year=1982 |title=Myth and Relities of our Struggle |journal=Myth and Realities of Our Struggle |series=1982 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> === Shekarun 1980 === A cikin shekarun 1980s, hadin gwiwar 'yan siyasa da ke kiran kansu "Progressives" sun yi kira ga wani bangare na kasa da ke adawa da NPN mai mulki kuma a shekarar 1981 wani taron gwamnonin adawa a Najeriya ya shirya a cikin 'Progressive Governors Forum'. Kasancewar gwamnonin PRP da 'yan majalisa a cikin waɗannan tarurruka waɗanda suka kasance a 1982 suna kira ga babbar jam'iyya mai ci gaba nan da nan ya haifar da rikici a cikin jam'iyyar.<ref name="prp1" /> A tsakiyar shekara ta 1982, dakatarwar Gwamnonin PRP ta hanyar masu goyon bayan Kano da kuma kin amincewa da dakatarwar da [[Michael Imoudu]] (Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar a lokacin) ya haifar da rarrabuwa ta hukuma. === Shugaban kasa === Bayan kafa PRP, an gayyaci [[Aminu Kano]] da sauran fitattun 'yan hagu, kuma nan da nan aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1979, jam'iyyar ta sami damar kama jihohi biyu daga cikin 19 kuma ta zo ta huɗu a zaben kasa.<ref name="Feinstein" /> Aminu Kano ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983, kafin zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar. Khalifa Hassan Yusuf ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa. == Jamhuriyar ta huɗu == Tare da dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a cikin 1999, wasu tsoffin mambobin PRP da suka mutu yanzu sun yi ƙoƙari su sake dawo da shi ba tare da samun nasara ba. Kodayake yawancin tsoffin mambobinta har yanzu suna da'awar wasu irin aminci ga ƙungiyar Sawabist, galibi sun kasance cikin wasu jam'iyyun siyasa. Alhaji [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa|Balarabe Musa]] shine shugabanta tun lokacin da aka sake haife ta a lokacin Jamhuriyar 4. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2018, Balarabe Musa ya bar siyasa saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kuma ya sauka daga mukamin shugabancin jam'iyyar don ba da damar matasa 'yan siyasa su karbe mulki. An sanar da Falalu Bello a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyyar. == Duba kuma ==   * [[Aminu Kano]] * [[Dandalin Gwamnonin Cigaba|Cibiyar Gwamnoni masu ci gaba (PGF)]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://prpnigeria.ng/}} 1iuz6xum42vinxjho12ytodj6pl3yud Jami'ar Perugia 0 178770 966721 965671 2026-10-12T06:00:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 966721 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jami'ar [[Perugia]]''' (Italian Università degli Studi di Perugia) jami'a ce ta jama'a a Perugia, Italiya . An kafa ta a cikin 1308, kamar yadda Bull da Paparoma Clement V ya bayar ya tabbatar da haihuwar Studium Generale . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-12 |title=Home - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/en/ |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=www.unipg.it |language=en}}</ref> Alamar jami'ar ta nuna Saint Herculan, daya daga cikin tsarkaka masu kula, da kuma griffin mai kambi, wanda shine alamar birni; suna wakiltar ikon coci da na farar hula, bi da bi, wanda ya haifar da jami'an a [[Zamanin Tsakiya]]. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in "kyauta" na Italiya, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa ''studium generale'' a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1308, ta hanyar Bull "Super specula" na Clement V. Makarantar zane-zane ta wanzu kusan 1200, inda aka koyar da magani da doka ba da daɗewa ba, tare da jajircewa mai ƙarfi da aka bayyana ta takardun hukuma na Majalisar Birnin Perugia Kafin 1300 akwai jami'o'i da yawa scholiarum. Jacobus na Belviso, masanin shari'a, ya koyar a nan daga 1316 zuwa 1321. Ta hanyar Bull a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1318, Yahaya XXII ya ba da damar ba da digiri a cikin dokar farar hula da canon, kuma a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1321, a cikin magani da zane-zane. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1355, sarki Charles na IV ya ba da bujimi wanda ya tabbatar da ɗaukaka papal kuma ya ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin jami'ar mulkin mallaka. An ba da wannan alamar ni'ima mai ban mamaki don taimakawa Perugia bayan mummunar annoba ta 1348-49. A cikin 1362 ne Kadanal Nicolò Capocci ya kafa ''Collegium Gregorianum'' (daga baya ake kira ''Sapienza vecchia'') don kula da matasa arba'in. Gregory XI, ta hanyar Brief na Oktoba 11, 1371, ya ba da dama na studium generale ga sabon ikon tauhidin. An dakatar da wannan baiwa kuma dukiyarta ta haɗu da jami'ar a cikin 1811. Benedetto Guidalotti, Bishop na Recanatias ne ya kafa ''Collegio di S. Girolamo'' kyauta ce ga baƙi marasa kudi waɗanda ke son karatun doka da magani a cikin 1426, tare da amincewar Martin V, kuma an canja su (a matsayin ''Sapienza nuova'') zuwa jami'a. Faransanci sun murkushe shi a cikin 1798, Pius VII ya sake buɗe shi a cikin 1807 a matsayin Collegio Pio . A cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 27 ga Agusta, 1824, Leo XII ya sanya wannan babban kwalejin jami'ar. Tare da hadin kan Italiya a 1860 an kafa Jami'ar Perugia a ƙarƙashin ikon shugaban da Majalisar Birnin, waɗanda suka ba da dokoki da gwamnati ta amince da su. Daga 1944 zuwa yanzu, Jami'ar Perugia ta sami kyakkyawan suna a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i a Italiya. Tun daga lokacin Napoleon I, jami'ar ta mamaye tsohuwar gidan ibada na Olivetan na Monte Morcino. Akwai fannin lissafi har zuwa 1884. Dokokin an tsara su ne a kan na Bologna. Adadin dalibai a lokuta daban-daban ya kasance 142 a 1339, 79 a 1881, 350 a 1911. == Ƙungiya == Jami'ar Perugia tana da fannoni 16 kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko, na biyu da na guda ɗaya. Yana ba da manyan darussansa a [[Perugia]] da Tuni, da ƙarin shirye-shirye a duk yankin Umbria a cikin biranen Assisi, Foligno, da Narni. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Kwalejin da aka raba jami'ar sune:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Abinci da Kimiyya ta Muhalli[[Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science|Aikin noma, Abinci da Kimiyya ta Muhalli]] * Ma'aikatar ilmin sinadarai, ilmin halitta da ilimin halitta[[Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology|Chemistry, Biology da Biotechnology]] * Ma'aikatar Injiniya da MuhalliInjiniyanci da na muhalli * Ma'aikatar [[Ikonomi|Tattalin Arziki]] * Ma'aikatar [[Injinia.|Injiniya]] * Ma'aikatar [[Humanities, Ancient and Modern Languages, Literature and Cultures|Humanities, Tsohon da na zamani, Littattafai da Al'adu]] * Ma'aikatar Shari'a[[Doka|Dokar]] * Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Aiki[[Medicine and Surgery|Magunguna da tiyata]] * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Magunguna * Ma'aikatar [[Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education|Falsafa, Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Ilimi]] * Ma'aikatar [[Physics and Geology|Physics da Geology]] * Ma'aikatar [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyya ta Siyasa]] * Ma'aikatar Kiwon LafiyaMagungunan dabbobi Shirye-shiryen bincikensa ana gudanar da su ta sassan 14 tare da jimlar ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci 1,200. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Ayyukan jami'ar sun hada da kungiyoyin sabis 25 da cibiyoyin bincike da kuma dakunan karatu 11 tare da tarin kayayyaki da kayan aiki. Tana da jimlar rajista na sama da dalibai 27,000 don shekara ta 2021-2022. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == Hukumomin ilimi == * Rector [[Prof. Maurizio Oliviero|Farfesa Maurizio Oliviero]] Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/rector Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] * Mai gabatar da kara [[Prof. Fausto Elisei|Farfesa Fausto Elisei]] Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/vice-rector Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] * Mataimakin Rectors Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/deputy-rectors Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] ** [[Prof. Luca Bartocci|Farfesa Luca Bartocci]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luca Bartocci - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/luca.bartocci}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Paolo Belardi|Farfesa Paolo Belardi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paolo Belardi - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/paolo.belardi}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Stefano Brancorsini|Farfesa Stefano Brancorsini]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stefano Brancorsini - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/stefano.brancorsini}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Gabriele Cruciani|Farfesa Gabriele Cruciani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabriele Cruciani - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/gabriele.cruciani |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Fausto Elisei|Farfesa Fausto Elisei]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fausto Elisei - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/fausto.elisei}}</ref> ** [[Prof.ssa Carla Emiliani|Farfesa Carla Emiliani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carla Emiliani - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/carla.emiliani |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Daniele Parbuono|Farfesa Daniele Parbuono]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniele Parbuono - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/daniele.parbuono}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Daniele Porena|Farfesa Daniele Porena]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniele Porena - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/daniele.porena |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Roberto Rettori|Farfesa Roberto Rettori]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roberto Rettori - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/roberto.rettori}}</ref> ** [[Prof.ssa Stefania Stefanelli|Farfesa Stefania Stefanelli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stefania Stefanelli - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/stefania.stefanelli}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Mario Tosti|Farfesa Mario Tosti]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mario Tosti - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/mario.tosti |access-date=2026-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815041923/https://www.unipg.it/personale/mario.tosti/ |archive-date=2022-08-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Helios Vocca|Farfesa Helios Vocca]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helios Vocca - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/helios.vocca}}</ref> == Shahararrun malamai da tsofaffi == Daga cikin fitattun malamai sune: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * [[Luca Pacioli]] (c. 1447-1517), mahaifin lissafi * Jacobus na Belviso (c. 1270-1335), lauya * [[Johannes Andreas]], marubucin littattafai * Cino da Pistoia, (1270-1336), mawaki kuma lauya * Bartolus na Saxoferrato, (1314-1357), sanannen lauyan farar hula * Baldus na Ubaldis (1327-1400), lauya, (an wakilce adadinsa a duk takaddun shaida na difloma) * Gentile da Foligno (ya mutu a shekara ta 1348), likita * Albericus Gentilis, wanda ya kafa kimiyyar dokar kasa da kasa * Francesco della Rovere Paparoma (Sixtus IV) * [[Annibale Mariotti]], likita * [[Annibale Vecchi]], likitan magani * Domenico Bruschi, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke * {{Interlanguage link|Bernardo Dessau|it}} masanin kimiyyar lissafi[it] * [[Giuseppe Antinori]], arcadian da classicist * Francesco Coppola, ɗan siyasa * Anita Seppilli, masanin ilimin al'adu Daga cikin ɗalibanta sun kasance: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * Nicholas na huɗu * Gregory XI (c. 1329-1378, r. 1370-1378) * Cesare Borgia (c. 1490-1491) * Innocent na bakwai * Martin na biyar * Pius na Uku * Julius na II * Julius na Uku * Urban VII * Gregory na goma sha huɗu * Clement na takwas * Bulus na biyar * Ruggero Oddi, likita * Michaëlle Jean, tsohon Gwamna Janar na Kanada kuma babban sakatare na yanzu na La FrancophonieSakatare Janar na La Francophonie * Monica Bellucci, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Suze Rotolo * Pier Paolo Pandolfi * Tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative Party na Burtaniya Iain Duncan Smith ya yi iƙirarin a cikin CV dinsa cewa ya kammala karatu a jami'ar amma, a zahiri, ya shafe ɗan gajeren lokaci yana karatu a [[Perugia]]" id="mwARg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University for Foreigners Perugia">Jami'ar Baƙi a Perugia, inda bai kammala karatunsa ba kuma bai sami cancanta ba.<ref name="newsnight2002">{{cite news |date=19 December 2002 |title=Newsnight reveals inaccuracies in Iain Duncan Smith's CV |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/12_december/19/newsnight_ids_cv.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092356/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/12_december/19/newsnight_ids_cv.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=8 December 2009 |work=BBC Press Office Release}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == * Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia, lambun tsire-tsire na jami'ar{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Fim din 1973 Torso, wani ''giallo'' wanda Sergio Martino ya jagoranta, wanda aka gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "fim din firamare" na farko, an saita shi a Jami'ar Perugia da wuraren da ke kewaye. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin jami'o'in Italiya * Jerin jami'o'i na zamani * [[Perugia]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 89qb6o7deg9y8b6dkcumrxadp8ehoou Cibiyar Nazarin Itacen inabi ta Martha 0 178778 966139 965756 2026-10-11T13:44:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar bazara ta Martha's Vineyard''' ita ce [[makarantar bazara]] ta farko ga malamai a [[Amurka]]. An fara makarantar a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1878 kuma aka rufe ta a watan Yunin shekarar 1906. Tana cikin Cottage City, [[Massachusetts]], Cottage City tana kusa da ƙarshen gabashin tsibirin Martha's Vineyard kuma {{Convert|6|miles}} daga Wood's Hole a babban ƙasar. Cibiyar ta yi amfani da nau'ikan azuzuwa guda uku, tana koyar da fannoni na musamman na ilimi, fasaha, da kuma koyarwa . Lokacin da aka fara aikinta, yanayin ra'ayin jama'a ya yi muni. Daga baya, wannan ra'ayi ya canza. == Tarihi == [[File:Homer_Baxter_Sprague_1916_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Homer B. Sprague]] [[File:Portrait_of_W.J._Rolfe.jpg|thumb| William James Rolfe]] [[Fayil:William_A._Mowry_(The_School_Journal,_1905).png|thumb| William Augustus Mowry]] Wanda ya kafa wannan kamfani shi ne Col. Homer B. Sprague, Ph.D., a wancan lokacin, babban malamin makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata da ke Boston. Tsawon shekaru da dama, ya tsara tsare-tsaren makarantar kuma ya sanya su cikin nasara a cikin aikin. Ya zaɓi wurin, yana sha'awar wasu a cikin shirin, ya fara aiki da shirin, sannan ya ci gaba da gudanar da makarantar har sai an kafa ta a ƙarƙashin dokokin Commonwealth of Massachusetts, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na dindindin na jihar. Ya gina wani gini, wanda ya isa ga manufar, inda za a iya yin karatun ayoyi goma sha shida a cikin awa ɗaya. Ya fara ne da wasu malamai kaɗan, galibi daga [[Boston]], da kuma ƙaramin adadin ɗalibai, waɗanda ke son ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman. A zaman farko, ɗalibai 75 ko 80 ne suka halarci. Gininsa na farko kuma mafi girma, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da girmamawa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta wanda ya fara kafa makarantar bazara a Tsibirin Penikese, "Agassiz Hall", an gina shi a shekarar 1882, kuma an fara gina shi ne a wannan shekarar. A wancan lokacin Sprague ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ƙasar ya tafi Turai. Sprague ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga 1878 zuwa 1882. Dr. William James Rolfe, masanin Shakespeare, ya gaje shi, wanda ya riƙe wannan muƙami daga 1882 zuwa 1887. Sai kuma William Augustus Mowry wanda ya biyo bayan Rolfe. Gina wani babban gini don amfanin cibiyar kawai ya hau kan Farfesa Benjamin W. Putnam, wanda tsawon shekaru da yawa ya kasance magatakardar cibiyar kuma babban manaja. A shekarar 1886, lokacin da Mowry ya fara koyarwa a cibiyar, ba ta cikin yanayi mai kyau na kuɗi. A ƙarshen zaman, ana bin ta bashin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa na wancan lokacin da na shekarun da suka gabata, har zuwa kimanin {{US$|2300}} . An rarraba takardar biyan kuɗi tsakanin malamai da wasu mutane, kuma an tara kimanin {{US$|1200}} don biyan wannan bashin. An biya dukkan bashin daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga na cibiyar a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ciki har da 1880-90. Jimillar malamai, cibiyar ta taimaka wa malamai tsakanin 7,500 zuwa 10,000. Amma a shekarar 1905, an fahimci cewa ba a buƙatar ayyukanta ba domin an buɗe makarantu masu kyau a duk sassan ƙasar, inda malamai za su iya samun koyarwa mai kyau a farashi mai rahusa fiye da tafiya zuwa Cottage City. A wannan shekarar, daraktocin da kamfanonin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don rufe makarantar. An naɗa Mowry wakili don sayar da kadarorin, na gaske da na sirri, da kuma biyan duk wasu kuɗaɗen da aka biya wa cibiyar. Ba a sami wani mai siye a wancan lokacin don kadarorin ba, kuma an mallaki bankin ajiyar kuɗi, wanda ke riƙe da jinginar gida a kai. A watan Yunin 1906, an sayar da kadarorin mutum, kuma an biya dukkan kuɗaɗen. Saboda haka, kasuwancin cibiyar ya rufe. == Malamai == [[Fayil:Andrew_W._Edson_(The_Journal_of_Education,_1902).png|left|thumb| Andrew W. Edson]] An yi gyaran tsarin gudanarwa a shekarar 1888, kuma an ƙara sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga makarantar. Sabuwar fasalin da ta fi shahara ita ce "Makarantar Hanyoyi", wadda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Andrew W. Edson]], wakilin hukumar ilimi ta Massachusetts. Wannan sashen, kowace shekara tun daga lokacin, yana gudanar da zaman makonni uku ko huɗu, tare da malamai 12-15 a fannin Hanyoyin Koyarwa a rassan makarantun gama gari na Amurka. Waɗannan fannoni sune: Lissafi, zane-zanen allo, zane, labarin ƙasa, tarihi, makarantar yara, harshe, ilimin halittar jiki, kimiyyar halitta, ilimin tarbiyya, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, aikin rubutu, motsa jiki, kula da makaranta, da kiɗan murya. Baya ga darussan firamare da sakandare da aka saba yi, Makarantar Hanyoyi ta kuma bayar da kwas na gaba ɗaya wanda ya haɗa da karatun yara, koyarwa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma tarurrukan teburi na yau da kullun kan aikin masu kula da makarantu da masu kula da su. == Gine-gine da kayan aiki == An gina wani ginin cafe mai kayan girki da ɗakin cin abinci mai kyau a shekarun 1880. A shekarar 1890, cibiyar ta ƙara ɗakin kwanan dalibai a sauran wuraren da take. A shekara mai zuwa, daraktocin sun yi muhimman gyare-gyare a gidan. An gina wani babban ƙari ga ɗakin girkin, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|25|x|25|ft}} . Duk gine-ginen - jimilla biyar - an yi musu fenti sosai kuma an yi musu tsari mai kyau, yayin da aka yi wa gidan shayin ado. An yi wa bankin tsakuwa da ke gefen kudu na cibiyar gwaji sannan aka shuka shi da hatsi da irin ciyawa. Gabaɗaya, tsakanin 1889 da 1894, an kashe kimanin {{US$|5000}} akan kadarar, wanda aka biya duka da wuri daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga. Ba a ware kuɗin makaranta don waɗannan gyare-gyare na dindindin ba. A shekarar 1894, an gina sabon babban ɗakin taro, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|50|x|65|ft}}, tare da ɗakunan ƙasa don dalilai na aji. == Rayuwar ɗalibi == Kowace shekara, makarantar ta faɗaɗa shirinta na aiki tare da ƙara yawan masu zuwa makaranta. Ci gaban kayayyakinta ya ci gaba da tafiya daidai da karuwar adadi. Ingancin malaman ya inganta sosai. A shekarar 1888, matsakaicin albashin malaman da suka halarci taron shekara-shekara bai kai {{US$|400}} ba a kowace shekara. Bayan haka, adadin malamai da ke karɓar ƙaramin albashi ya ƙaru, kamar yadda kuma waɗanda ke cikin manyan matsayi na aiki suka ƙaru, kamar malamai da shugabannin makarantun sakandare, makarantun horarwa, makarantun yau da kullun, da makarantu, farfesoshi a kwalejoji, da kuma shugabannin makarantu. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa matsakaicin albashin shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa sosai har a shekarar 1894, ya wuce {{US$|700}}, kuma a shekarar 1904, ya wuce {{US$|900}} . Matsakaicin ya kasance daga ƙasa da {{US$|167}} a shekara zuwa {{US$|3000}}, kuma a wani yanayi, {{US$|6000}}, mafi girma. A shekarar 1894, malamai sama da 700 ne suka halarci taron, wadanda suka wakilci jihohi da kasashe 35. An dakatar da azuzuwan kowace rana daga ƙarfe 11:30 na dare&nbsp;na safe har zuwa 2:00&nbsp;yamma don yin iyo da kuma lokacin cin abincin dare. == Manazarta == f6y1ywuymvhwuwgk8q37c3jlga6gojy 966140 966139 2026-10-11T13:45:34Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar bazara ta Martha's Vineyard''' ita ce [[makarantar bazara]] ta farko ga malamai a [[Amurka]]. An fara makarantar a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1878 kuma aka rufe ta a watan Yunin shekarar 1906. Tana cikin Cottage City, [[Massachusetts]], Cottage City tana kusa da ƙarshen gabashin tsibirin Martha's Vineyard kuma {{Convert|6|miles}} daga Wood's Hole a babban ƙasar. Cibiyar ta yi amfani da nau'ikan azuzuwa guda uku, tana koyar da fannoni na musamman na ilimi, fasaha, da kuma koyarwa . Lokacin da aka fara aikinta, yanayin ra'ayin jama'a ya yi muni. Daga baya, wannan ra'ayi ya canza. == Tarihi == [[File:Homer_Baxter_Sprague_1916_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Homer B. Sprague]] [[File:Portrait_of_W.J._Rolfe.jpg|thumb| William James Rolfe]] [[Fayil:William_A._Mowry_(The_School_Journal,_1905).png|thumb| William Augustus Mowry]] Wanda ya kafa wannan kamfani shi ne Col. Homer B. Sprague, Ph.D., a wancan lokacin, babban malamin makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata da ke Boston. Tsawon shekaru da dama, ya tsara tsare-tsaren makarantar kuma ya sanya su cikin nasara a cikin aikin. Ya zaɓi wurin, yana sha'awar wasu a cikin shirin, ya fara aiki da shirin, sannan ya ci gaba da gudanar da makarantar har sai an kafa ta a ƙarƙashin dokokin Commonwealth of Massachusetts, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin [[ilimi]] na dindindin na jihar. Ya gina wani gini, wanda ya isa ga manufar, inda za a iya yin karatun ayoyi goma sha shida a cikin awa ɗaya. Ya fara ne da wasu malamai kaɗan, galibi daga [[Boston]], da kuma ƙaramin adadin ɗalibai, waɗanda ke son ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman. A zaman farko, ɗalibai 75 ko 80 ne suka halarci. Gininsa na farko kuma mafi girma, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da girmamawa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta wanda ya fara kafa makarantar bazara a Tsibirin Penikese, "Agassiz Hall", an gina shi a shekarar 1882, kuma an fara gina shi ne a wannan shekarar. A wancan lokacin Sprague ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ƙasar ya tafi Turai. Sprague ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga 1878 zuwa 1882. Dr. William James Rolfe, masanin Shakespeare, ya gaje shi, wanda ya riƙe wannan muƙami daga 1882 zuwa 1887. Sai kuma William Augustus Mowry wanda ya biyo bayan Rolfe. Gina wani babban gini don amfanin cibiyar kawai ya hau kan Farfesa Benjamin W. Putnam, wanda tsawon shekaru da yawa ya kasance magatakardar cibiyar kuma babban manaja. A shekarar 1886, lokacin da Mowry ya fara koyarwa a cibiyar, ba ta cikin yanayi mai kyau na kuɗi. A ƙarshen zaman, ana bin ta bashin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa na wancan lokacin da na shekarun da suka gabata, har zuwa kimanin {{US$|2300}} . An rarraba takardar biyan kuɗi tsakanin malamai da wasu mutane, kuma an tara kimanin {{US$|1200}} don biyan wannan bashin. An biya dukkan bashin daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga na cibiyar a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ciki har da 1880-90. Jimillar malamai, cibiyar ta taimaka wa malamai tsakanin 7,500 zuwa 10,000. Amma a shekarar 1905, an fahimci cewa ba a buƙatar ayyukanta ba domin an buɗe makarantu masu kyau a duk sassan ƙasar, inda malamai za su iya samun koyarwa mai kyau a farashi mai rahusa fiye da tafiya zuwa Cottage City. A wannan shekarar, daraktocin da kamfanonin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don rufe makarantar. An naɗa Mowry wakili don sayar da kadarorin, na gaske da na sirri, da kuma biyan duk wasu kuɗaɗen da aka biya wa cibiyar. Ba a sami wani mai siye a wancan lokacin don kadarorin ba, kuma an mallaki bankin ajiyar kuɗi, wanda ke riƙe da jinginar gida a kai. A watan Yunin 1906, an sayar da kadarorin mutum, kuma an biya dukkan kuɗaɗen. Saboda haka, kasuwancin cibiyar ya rufe. == Malamai == [[Fayil:Andrew_W._Edson_(The_Journal_of_Education,_1902).png|left|thumb| Andrew W. Edson]] An yi gyaran tsarin gudanarwa a shekarar 1888, kuma an ƙara sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga makarantar. Sabuwar fasalin da ta fi shahara ita ce "Makarantar Hanyoyi", wadda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Andrew W. Edson]], wakilin hukumar ilimi ta Massachusetts. Wannan sashen, kowace shekara tun daga lokacin, yana gudanar da zaman makonni uku ko huɗu, tare da malamai 12-15 a fannin Hanyoyin Koyarwa a rassan makarantun gama gari na Amurka. Waɗannan fannoni sune: Lissafi, zane-zanen allo, zane, labarin ƙasa, tarihi, makarantar yara, harshe, ilimin halittar jiki, kimiyyar halitta, ilimin tarbiyya, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, aikin rubutu, motsa jiki, kula da makaranta, da kiɗan murya. Baya ga darussan firamare da sakandare da aka saba yi, Makarantar Hanyoyi ta kuma bayar da kwas na gaba ɗaya wanda ya haɗa da karatun yara, koyarwa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma tarurrukan teburi na yau da kullun kan aikin masu kula da makarantu da masu kula da su. == Gine-gine da kayan aiki == An gina wani ginin cafe mai kayan girki da ɗakin cin abinci mai kyau a shekarun 1880. A shekarar 1890, cibiyar ta ƙara ɗakin kwanan dalibai a sauran wuraren da take. A shekara mai zuwa, daraktocin sun yi muhimman gyare-gyare a gidan. An gina wani babban ƙari ga ɗakin girkin, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|25|x|25|ft}} . Duk gine-ginen - jimilla biyar - an yi musu fenti sosai kuma an yi musu tsari mai kyau, yayin da aka yi wa gidan shayin ado. An yi wa bankin tsakuwa da ke gefen kudu na cibiyar gwaji sannan aka shuka shi da hatsi da irin ciyawa. Gabaɗaya, tsakanin 1889 da 1894, an kashe kimanin {{US$|5000}} akan kadarar, wanda aka biya duka da wuri daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga. Ba a ware kuɗin makaranta don waɗannan gyare-gyare na dindindin ba. A shekarar 1894, an gina sabon babban ɗakin taro, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|50|x|65|ft}}, tare da ɗakunan ƙasa don dalilai na aji. == Rayuwar ɗalibi == Kowace shekara, makarantar ta faɗaɗa shirinta na aiki tare da ƙara yawan masu zuwa makaranta. Ci gaban kayayyakinta ya ci gaba da tafiya daidai da karuwar adadi. Ingancin malaman ya inganta sosai. A shekarar 1888, matsakaicin albashin malaman da suka halarci taron shekara-shekara bai kai {{US$|400}} ba a kowace shekara. Bayan haka, adadin malamai da ke karɓar ƙaramin albashi ya ƙaru, kamar yadda kuma waɗanda ke cikin manyan matsayi na aiki suka ƙaru, kamar malamai da shugabannin makarantun sakandare, makarantun horarwa, makarantun yau da kullun, da makarantu, farfesoshi a kwalejoji, da kuma shugabannin makarantu. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa matsakaicin albashin shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa sosai har a shekarar 1894, ya wuce {{US$|700}}, kuma a shekarar 1904, ya wuce {{US$|900}} . Matsakaicin ya kasance daga ƙasa da {{US$|167}} a shekara zuwa {{US$|3000}}, kuma a wani yanayi, {{US$|6000}}, mafi girma. A shekarar 1894, malamai sama da 700 ne suka halarci taron, wadanda suka wakilci jihohi da kasashe 35. An dakatar da azuzuwan kowace rana daga ƙarfe 11:30 na dare&nbsp;na safe har zuwa 2:00&nbsp;yamma don yin iyo da kuma lokacin cin abincin dare. == Manazarta == me9znxmk60uv2vh098g68lt5mxf04yu 966141 966140 2026-10-11T13:47:56Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar bazara ta Martha's Vineyard''' ita ce [[makarantar bazara]] ta farko ga malamai a [[Amurka]]. An fara makarantar a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1878 kuma aka rufe ta a watan Yunin shekarar 1906. Tana cikin Cottage City, [[Massachusetts]], Cottage City tana kusa da ƙarshen gabashin tsibirin Martha's Vineyard kuma {{Convert|6|miles}} daga Wood's Hole a babban ƙasar. Cibiyar ta yi amfani da nau'ikan azuzuwa guda uku, tana koyar da fannoni na musamman na ilimi, fasaha, da kuma koyarwa . Lokacin da aka fara aikinta, yanayin ra'ayin jama'a ya yi muni. Daga baya, wannan ra'ayi ya canza. == Tarihi == [[File:Homer_Baxter_Sprague_1916_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Homer B. Sprague]] [[File:Portrait_of_W.J._Rolfe.jpg|thumb| William James Rolfe]] [[Fayil:William_A._Mowry_(The_School_Journal,_1905).png|thumb| William Augustus Mowry]] Wanda ya kafa wannan kamfani shi ne Col. Homer B. Sprague, Ph.D., a wancan lokacin, babban malamin makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata da ke Boston. Tsawon shekaru da dama, ya tsara tsare-tsaren makarantar kuma ya sanya su cikin nasara a cikin aikin. Ya zaɓi wurin, yana sha'awar wasu a cikin shirin, ya fara aiki da shirin, sannan ya ci gaba da gudanar da makarantar har sai an kafa ta a ƙarƙashin dokokin Commonwealth of Massachusetts, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin [[ilimi]] na dindindin na jihar. Ya gina wani gini, wanda ya isa ga manufar, inda za a iya yin karatun ayoyi goma sha shida a cikin awa ɗaya. Ya fara ne da wasu malamai kaɗan, galibi daga [[Boston]], da kuma ƙaramin adadin ɗalibai, waɗanda ke son ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman. A zaman farko, ɗalibai 75 ko 80 ne suka halarci. Gininsa na farko kuma mafi girma, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da girmamawa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta wanda ya fara kafa makarantar bazara a Tsibirin Penikese, "Agassiz Hall", an gina shi a shekarar 1882, kuma an fara gina shi ne a wannan shekarar. A wancan lokacin Sprague ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ƙasar ya tafi Turai. Sprague ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga 1878 zuwa 1882. Dr. William James Rolfe, masanin Shakespeare, ya gaje shi, wanda ya riƙe wannan muƙami daga 1882 zuwa 1887. Sai kuma William Augustus Mowry wanda ya biyo bayan Rolfe. Gina wani babban gini don amfanin cibiyar kawai ya hau kan Farfesa Benjamin W. Putnam, wanda tsawon shekaru da yawa ya kasance magatakardar cibiyar kuma babban manaja. A shekarar 1886, lokacin da Mowry ya fara koyarwa a cibiyar, ba ta cikin yanayi mai kyau na kuɗi. A ƙarshen zaman, ana bin ta bashin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa na wancan lokacin da na shekarun da suka gabata, har zuwa kimanin {{US$|2300}} . An rarraba takardar biyan kuɗi tsakanin malamai da wasu mutane, kuma an tara kimanin {{US$|1200}} don biyan wannan bashin. An biya dukkan bashin daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga na cibiyar a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ciki har da 1880-90. Jimillar malamai, cibiyar ta taimaka wa malamai tsakanin 7,500 zuwa 10,000. Amma a shekarar 1905, an fahimci cewa ba a buƙatar ayyukanta ba domin an buɗe makarantu masu kyau a duk sassan ƙasar, inda malamai za su iya samun koyarwa mai kyau a farashi mai rahusa fiye da tafiya zuwa Cottage City. A wannan shekarar, daraktocin da kamfanonin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don rufe makarantar. An naɗa Mowry wakili don sayar da kadarorin, na gaske da na sirri, da kuma biyan duk wasu kuɗaɗen da aka biya wa cibiyar. Ba a sami wani mai siye a wancan lokacin don kadarorin ba, kuma an mallaki bankin ajiyar kuɗi, wanda ke riƙe da jinginar gida a kai. A watan Yunin 1906, an sayar da kadarorin mutum, kuma an biya dukkan kuɗaɗen. Saboda haka, kasuwancin cibiyar ya rufe. == Malamai == [[Fayil:Andrew_W._Edson_(The_Journal_of_Education,_1902).png|left|thumb| Andrew W. Edson]] An yi gyaran tsarin gudanarwa a shekarar 1888, kuma an ƙara sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga makarantar. Sabuwar fasalin da ta fi shahara ita ce "Makarantar Hanyoyi", wadda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Andrew W. Edson]], wakilin hukumar ilimi ta Massachusetts. Wannan sashen, kowace shekara tun daga lokacin, yana gudanar da zaman makonni uku ko huɗu, tare da malamai 12-15 a fannin Hanyoyin Koyarwa a rassan makarantun gama gari na Amurka. Waɗannan fannoni sune: Lissafi, zane-zanen allo, zane, labarin ƙasa, tarihi, makarantar yara, harshe, ilimin halittar jiki, kimiyyar halitta, ilimin tarbiyya, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, aikin rubutu, motsa jiki, kula da makaranta, da kiɗan murya. Baya ga darussan firamare da sakandare da aka saba yi, Makarantar Hanyoyi ta kuma bayar da kwas na gaba ɗaya wanda ya haɗa da karatun yara, koyarwa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma tarurrukan teburi na yau da kullun kan aikin masu kula da makarantu da masu kula da su. == Gine-gine da kayan aiki == An gina wani ginin cafe mai kayan girki da ɗakin cin [[abinci]] mai kyau a shekarun 1880. A shekarar 1890, cibiyar ta ƙara ɗakin kwanan dalibai a sauran wuraren da take. A shekara mai zuwa, daraktocin sun yi muhimman gyare-gyare a gidan. An gina wani babban ƙari ga ɗakin girkin, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|25|x|25|ft}} . Duk gine-ginen - jimilla biyar - an yi musu fenti sosai kuma an yi musu tsari mai kyau, yayin da aka yi wa gidan shayin ado. An yi wa bankin tsakuwa da ke gefen kudu na cibiyar gwaji sannan aka shuka shi da hatsi da irin ciyawa. Gabaɗaya, tsakanin 1889 da 1894, an kashe kimanin {{US$|5000}} akan kadarar, wanda aka biya duka da wuri daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga. Ba a ware kuɗin makaranta don waɗannan gyare-gyare na dindindin ba. A shekarar 1894, an gina sabon babban ɗakin taro, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|50|x|65|ft}}, tare da ɗakunan ƙasa don dalilai na aji. == Rayuwar ɗalibi == Kowace shekara, makarantar ta faɗaɗa shirinta na aiki tare da ƙara yawan masu zuwa makaranta. Ci gaban kayayyakinta ya ci gaba da tafiya daidai da karuwar adadi. Ingancin malaman ya inganta sosai. A shekarar 1888, matsakaicin albashin malaman da suka halarci taron shekara-shekara bai kai {{US$|400}} ba a kowace shekara. Bayan haka, adadin malamai da ke karɓar ƙaramin albashi ya ƙaru, kamar yadda kuma waɗanda ke cikin manyan matsayi na aiki suka ƙaru, kamar malamai da shugabannin makarantun sakandare, makarantun horarwa, makarantun yau da kullun, da makarantu, farfesoshi a kwalejoji, da kuma shugabannin makarantu. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa matsakaicin albashin shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa sosai har a shekarar 1894, ya wuce {{US$|700}}, kuma a shekarar 1904, ya wuce {{US$|900}} . Matsakaicin ya kasance daga ƙasa da {{US$|167}} a shekara zuwa {{US$|3000}}, kuma a wani yanayi, {{US$|6000}}, mafi girma. A shekarar 1894, malamai sama da 700 ne suka halarci taron, wadanda suka wakilci jihohi da kasashe 35. An dakatar da azuzuwan kowace rana daga ƙarfe 11:30 na dare&nbsp;na safe har zuwa 2:00&nbsp;yamma don yin iyo da kuma lokacin cin abincin dare. == Manazarta == pmiy4uys45hnpqg2e99d13wtj5q903v Rashin lafiya mai ban tsoro 0 178865 966125 2026-10-11T12:20:34Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369502711|Catastrophic illness]]" 966125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mummunan rashin lafiya''' cuta ce mai tsanani da ke buƙatar dogon lokaci a asibiti ko murmurewa. Misalan sun haɗa da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] ko [[bugun jini]] . Waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna haifar da tsadar kuɗi ga marasa lafiya da [[Inshorar lafiya|kamfanonin inshorar lafiya]] kuma suna iya hana mutumin yin aiki, wanda hakan ke haifar da matsala ta kuɗi. Su ne nau'in da aka yi niyya don a rufe su da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya masu cire kuɗi mai yawa . Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin tattalin arziki na rashin lafiya mai tsanani da ba a saba gani ba yana ƙarfafa amfani da hanyoyin magance cututtuka masu inganci. Medicare ya ƙunshi fa'ida ga rashin lafiya mai tsanani. kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in FY 2022-23 and its == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} c4xauwj41c94izsmcctpm98vtnt8y4t 966126 966125 2026-10-11T12:21:36Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369502711|Catastrophic illness]]" 966126 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar bala'i cuta ce mai tsanani da ke buƙatar ɗaurin asibiti na dogon lokaci ko warkewa. Misalan sun hada da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[ciwon zuciya]] ko [[bugun jini]]. Wadannan cututtuka yawanci suna da tsada mai yawa ga marasa lafiya da [[Inshorar lafiya|Kamfanonin inshora na kiwon lafiya]] kuma suna iya hana mutum aiki, suna haifar da wahalar kudi. Su ne nau'in da aka nufa don a rufe su da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya masu yawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin tattalin arziki mai ban mamaki na isar da kula da cututtukan bala'i yana ƙarfafa amfani da sababbin hanyoyin warkewa. Medicare ya ƙunshi fa'ida ga cututtukan bala'i. Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} pv1tdpoeuwwjp5pk28ty46fgl9fx8td 966127 966126 2026-10-11T12:22:24Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 966127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cutar bala'i cuta ce mai tsanani da ke buƙatar ɗaurin asibiti na dogon lokaci ko warkewa. Misalan sun hada da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[ciwon zuciya]] ko [[bugun jini]]. Wadannan cututtuka yawanci suna da tsada mai yawa ga marasa lafiya da [[Inshorar lafiya|Kamfanonin inshora na kiwon lafiya]] kuma suna iya hana mutum aiki, suna haifar da wahalar kudi. Su ne nau'in da aka nufa don a rufe su da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya masu yawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin tattalin arziki mai ban mamaki na isar da kula da cututtukan bala'i yana ƙarfafa amfani da sababbin hanyoyin warkewa. Medicare ya ƙunshi fa'ida ga cututtukan bala'i. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} t5hy3ajgq3npsgxtsyo619zb5dq9bgr 966151 966127 2026-10-11T14:19:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Manazarta */ 966151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cutar bala'i cuta ce mai tsanani da ke buƙatar ɗaurin asibiti na dogon lokaci ko warkewa. Misalan sun hada da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[ciwon zuciya]] ko [[bugun jini]]. Wadannan cututtuka yawanci suna da tsada mai yawa ga marasa lafiya da [[Inshorar lafiya|Kamfanonin inshora na kiwon lafiya]] kuma suna iya hana mutum aiki, suna haifar da wahalar kudi. Su ne nau'in da aka nufa don a rufe su da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya masu yawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin tattalin arziki mai ban mamaki na isar da kula da cututtukan bala'i yana ƙarfafa amfani da sababbin hanyoyin warkewa. Medicare ya ƙunshi fa'ida ga cututtukan bala'i. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hixlep85kdbiaxc3hzazh47un65hunq Nuna bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia 0 178866 966135 2026-10-11T13:30:28Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375103464|Gender bias on Wikipedia]]" 966135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a Wikipedia''' shine yawan ra'ayoyi da batutuwa na maza, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru cewa maza sun fi mata iya zama [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|masu ba da gudummawa ga aikin sa]] kai kuma su zama batun labaran [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] . {{As of|2024|6}} , Wikipedia ta Ingilishi tana da kusan tarihin rayuwar mata 400,000, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 20% na jimlar tarihin rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandek |first=Barbara |date=2023-03-01 |title=Closing the gender gap: Women in Red’s efforts to add more women to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/01/closing-the-gender-gap-women-in-reds-efforts-to-add-more-women-to-wikipedia/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Wikipedia ba ta da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a fannin masu karatu, duk da haka labaran batutuwa da daidaikun mutane suna karkata ga maza. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, kashi 80% na masu gyara Wikipedia a duniya maza ne, kashi 14% mata ne, kashi 5% kuma ba su da bambancin jinsi, kuma kashi 4% sun zabi kin bayyana jinsinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights 2024 Report |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/Community_Insights_2024_Report#Gender |access-date=8 September 2026 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 wanda ya shafi harsuna 12 na Wikipedia da wasu ayyukan [[Gidauniyar Wikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]], kashi 90% na masu amsa 3,734 sun bayar da rahoton jinsinsu a matsayin namiji, kashi 8.8% a matsayin mace, da kuma kashi 1% a matsayin sauran; daga cikin masu bayar da gudummawa ga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kashi 84.7% an gano su a matsayin maza, kashi 13.6% a matsayin mata, da kuma kashi 1.7% a matsayin sauran (jimillar masu amsa 88). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights/2018 Report/Contributors - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/2018_Report/Contributors |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, [[Katherine Maher]], shugabar Wikimedia Foundation a lokacin, ta ce aikin da ƙungiyarta ta yi shi ne mata sun kai kashi 15-20% na jimillar masu bayar da gudummawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa, a watan Afrilun 2017, kashi 41% na tarihin rayuwar da aka zaba domin a goge su mata ne duk da cewa kashi 17% ne kawai na tarihin rayuwar da aka buga mata ne. [1] Ganuwa da isa ga mata a Wikipedia yana da iyaka, inda wani rahoto na 2015 ya gano cewa shafukan mata galibi "suna da alaƙa da maza". [2] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] An gano harsunan da ake ɗauka a matsayin masu nuna bambancin jinsi, masu yawan magana, ko kuma waɗanda suka shafi jinsi a cikin labaran da suka shafi mata. [3] Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi yana ɗaya daga cikin sukar da aka fi yi wa Wikipedia, wani lokacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sukar da aka fi yi game da nuna bambanci a tsarin Wikipedia . A shekarar 2015, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar da cewa kundin tarihin ya gaza cimma burinsa na riƙe kashi 25% na mata a matsayin editoci. An ƙirƙiro shirye-shirye kamar [[Taron Gyaran Shafukan Wikipedia|edita-a-thons]] da kuma [[Women in Red]] don ƙarfafa editocin mata da kuma ƙara yawan labaran batutuwan mata. <ref name="tnw">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Cara |year=2019 |title=This physicist has written over 500 biographies of women scientists on Wikipedia |url=https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804235220/https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=thenextweb.com |publisher=[[The Next Web]]}}</ref> == Nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin shiga == === Kokarin auna bambancin jinsi === Binciken farko da aka yi kan kasancewar mutane a duk duniya a shekarar 2008 ya gano cewa kashi 13% na dukkan editocin mata ne, wanda bayan wani bincike na gaba a shekarar 2011, aka rage shi zuwa kashi 9% a duk duniya. A Amurka, wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa kashi 15% na masu bayar da gudummawa mata ne. <ref name="torres" /> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 6% na editocin da suka yi gyare-gyare sama da 500 mata ne, inda matsakaicin editan maza ke da gyare-gyare sau biyu. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+ style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-size: 80%" |Kwatanta sakamakon da aka samu na yawan masu karatu da editoci na Wikipedia daga binciken Pew da aka gudanar a duk fadin kasar da kuma binciken WMF/UNU-MERIT (UNU) na jerin masu canji daban-daban a cikin binciken biyu. Lambobin da aka gyara ga editoci suna ɗauka cewa son zuciya ga editoci iri ɗaya ne da son zuciya ga masu karatu, kuma, a cikin ginshiƙi mafi kyau, son zuciya ya tabbata ga editoci a wajen Amurka. An sake buga tebur daga wannan tushe. <ref name="PLOS">{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Benjamin Mako |last2=Shaw |first2=Aaron |last3=Sánchez |first3=Angel |date=26 June 2013 |title=The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=6 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865782H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065782 |pmc=3694126 |pmid=23840366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ! scope="col" | Mai canzawa ! scope="col" | Masu karatu a Amurka (Pew) ! scope="col" | Masu Karatu a Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka adj. ! scope="col" | Editocin (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin adireshi. |- ! scope="row" | Mace | 49.0 | 39.9 | 17.8 | 22.7 | 12.7 | 16.1 |- ! scope="row" | An yi aure | 60.1 | 44.1 | 30.9 | 36.3 | 33.2 | 38.4 |- ! scope="row" | Yara | 36.0 | 29.4 | 16.4 | 27.6 | 14.4 | 25.3 |- ! scope="row" | Baƙi | 10.1 | 14.4 | 12.1 | 9.8 | 8.2 | 7.4 |- ! scope="row" | Ɗalibi | 17.7 | 29.9 | 46.0 | 38.5 | 47.7 | 40.3 |} A shekara ta 2010, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da UNU-MERIT sun haɗu sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da sakamakon wani bincike na Wikipedia na duniya. [1] Wani labarin jaridar New York Times ya ambaci wannan haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, wanda ya nuna cewa ƙasa da kashi 13% na masu ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia mata ne. Sue Gardner, babbar darakta a gidauniyar a wancan lokacin, ta ce ƙara bambancin ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da sanya kundin tarihin ya zama "mai kyau gwargwadon iyawarsa". Abubuwan da labarin ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda ke hana mata yin gyara sun haɗa da "masana'antar son gaskiya mai cike da damuwa", alaƙa da "taron masu kutse masu himma", da kuma buƙatar kasancewa "a buɗe ga mutane masu wahala, masu rikici, har ma da masu son nuna wariya ga wasu". [2] A shekarar 2013, an daidaita sakamakon binciken don nuna son kai ga rashin amsawa ta hanyar Hill da Shaw ta amfani da dabarar kimanta maki don ba da shawarar gyara sama ga bayanan da aka samu daga binciken da kuma ba da shawarar sabuntawa ga kididdigar da ake bincike a kai, wanda ya ba da kashi 22.7% (17.8% ba a daidaita ba) ga manyan editocin mata na Amurka da kuma kashi 16.1% (12.7% ba a daidaita ba) ga duk editocin mata na Amurka. [3] A watan Fabrairun 2011, jaridar New York Times ta biyo bayan jerin ra'ayoyi kan batun a ƙarƙashin tutar, "Ina Matan Ke Cikin Wikipedia?" [1] Susan C. Herring, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar bayanai da harsuna, ta ce ba ta yi mamakin gibin jinsi da masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia ke da shi ba. Ta ce yanayin da ake yawan samun cece-kuce a shafukan "magana" na labarin Wikipedia, inda ake tattauna abubuwan da ke cikin labarin, ba shi da kyau ga mata da yawa, "idan ba tsoro ba ne kai tsaye". [2] Joseph M. Reagle ya mayar da martani makamancin haka, yana mai cewa haɗakar "al'adar ɗan damfara mai son ɓoye ra'ayi", tare da tasirin da ba shi da kyau na wasu tsirarun membobin da ke rikici a cikin al'umma, na iya sa ya zama ba shi da kyau. Ya ce, "za a iya amfani da akidar da maganganun 'yanci da budewa (a) don danne damuwa game da maganganun da ba su dace ba ko na batanci a matsayin 'takunkumi' da kuma (b) don yin la'akari da rashin shigar mata a matsayin kawai batun fifiko da zabi na kansu." [3] Justine Cassell ta ce duk da cewa mata suna da ilimi kamar maza, kuma suna iya kare ra'ayinsu, "har yanzu haka lamarin yake a cikin al'ummar Amurka cewa muhawara, jayayya, da kuma kare matsayin mutum sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matsayin maza, kuma amfani da waɗannan salon magana na iya haifar da ƙima mara kyau." [4] A watan Afrilun 2011, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar da bincikenta na farko na Wikipedia na rabin shekara. Ya nuna cewa kashi 9% na editocin Wikipedia mata ne. Ta kuma ruwaito cewa, "Sabanin ra'ayin wasu, bayananmu sun nuna cewa mata kaɗan ne suka fi yin rubutu game da editocinsu suna jin kamar an ci zarafinsu, kuma kaɗan ne kawai ke jin cewa Wikipedia yanayi ne na jima'i." <ref name="WES2011">{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Wikipedia Editors Study: Results From ''The Editor Survey, April 2011'' |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226041321/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |website=[[Wikipedia]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, wata takarda da aka buga a watan Oktoban 2011 a taron kasa da kasa kan Wikis da Open Collaboration ta gano shaidar da ke nuna cewa Wikipedia na iya samun "al'adar da za ta iya zama mai tsauri ga mata." Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa akwai kuma "gibin ƙwarewar intanet" dangane da editocin Wikipedia. Marubutan sun gano cewa mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa a Wikipedia maza ne masu ƙwarewa sosai kuma babu gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara marasa ƙwarewa, kuma sun kammala da cewa "gibin ƙwarewa" yana ƙara ta'azzara gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara. [1] A tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2014, mata sun kai kashi 61% na mahalarta kwasa-kwasan kwaleji da shirin Wiki Education Foundation ya shirya, wanda ya haɗa da gyara Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar karatu. An gano cewa gudummawar da suka bayar ta sauya abubuwan da ke cikin Wikipedia daga al'adun gargajiya da STEM zuwa kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma ilimin ɗan adam. [2] A shekarar 2015, Katherine Maher, wacce ta gaje Gardner a matsayin darakta ta Wikimedia Foundation, ta yi jayayya cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "yana nuna al'umma gaba daya". Misali, ta lura cewa Wikipedia ta dogara ne akan [[Tushen na biyu|wasu majiyoyi na biyu]] waɗanda ke da irin wannan son zuciya. Ta yarda cewa tsarin gyara Wikipedia yana gabatar da nasa son zuciya, musamman ganin cewa batutuwan da suka shahara a tsakanin editocinta maza galibi suna jawo ƙarin gyare-gyare. <ref name="kmaher">{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Katherine |date=18 October 2018 |title=Wikipedia is a mirror of the world's gender biases |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2018/10/18/wikipedia-mirror-world-gender-biases/ |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa mata da ke shiga cikin wani gwaji ta hanyar gyara wani shafi mai kama da Wikipedia suna kallon sauran editoci a matsayin maza, kuma suna kallon amsoshinsu a matsayin mafi mahimmanci fiye da idan ɗayan editan bai nuna bambancin jinsi ba . Binciken ya kammala da cewa: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shane-Simpson |first=Christina |last2=Gillespie-Lynch |first2=Kristen |date=January 2017 |title=Examining potential mechanisms underlying the Wikipedia gender gap through a collaborative editing task |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |url-status=live |journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]] |volume=66 |pages=312–328 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.043 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170109/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>   Wani bincike da Heather Ford da Judy Wajcman suka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya lura cewa bincike kan nuna wariya ga jinsi na ci gaba da nuna cewa matsalar na cikin gibin mata. Sabanin haka, babban hujjarsu ta nuna cewa nazarin kayayyakin more rayuwa a fannin fasahar mata yana ba da damar a ɗauki nazarin jinsi zuwa wani mataki. Yana duba batutuwa uku a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa: manufofin abun ciki, software, da kuma tsarin aiki na doka. Yana nuna cewa za a iya samun ci gaba ta hanyar canza wannan al'adar [[Tattalin arzikin ilimi|samar da ilimi]] ta hanyar ƙarfafa ilimi daban-daban, rage shingayen fasaha ga gyarawa, da kuma magance sarkakiyar manufofin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=Heather |last2=Wajcman |first2=Judy |date=2017 |title='Anyone can edit', not everyone does: Wikipedia and the gender gap |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |url-status=live |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=511–527 |doi=10.1177/0306312717692172 |pmid=28791929 |s2cid=32835293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228081909/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin kasidarsu ta watan Fabrairun 2018, "Bututun Rashin Daidaito a Shiga ta Intanet: Shari'ar Gyaran Wikipedia", Shaw da Hargittai sun kammala daga bincikensu cewa magance matsalolin rashin daidaito a shiga ciki har da nuna wariya ga jinsi yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan batutuwa banda rashin daidaito. [1] Sun ba da shawarar a mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa mahalarta daga dukkan fannoni na ilimi, matakan ƙwarewa, da kuma shekaru don taimakawa Wikipedia ta inganta. Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa sanar da ƙarin mata cewa Wikipedia kyauta ce ta gyarawa kuma a buɗe take ga kowa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kawar da nuna wariya ga jinsi. [1] A watan Maris na 2018, masanin lissafi Marie A. Vitulli ta rubuta a cikin ''Sanarwar Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka'', "Kashi na mata masu gyara a Wikipedia ya kasance ƙasa sosai." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vitulli |first=Marie A. |date=March 2018 |title=Writing Women in Mathematics into Wikipedia |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=330–334 |arxiv=1710.11103 |doi=10.1090/noti1650 |s2cid=119259241 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303142204/http://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Noopur Raval, wanda ya yi digirin digirgir a UC Irvine, ya rubuta a cikin littafin "The Encyclopedia Must Fail!– Notes on Queering Wikipedia" cewa "yin dandamali a bude ba ya fassara zuwa daidaiton shiga, sauƙin shiga, ko karɓar al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai." [1] A shekarar 2017, masu bincike Matthew A. Vetter da Keon Mandell Pettiway sun ce rinjayen mazan fararen fata da na jinsi-jinsi a tsakanin editocin Wikipedia ya haifar da "share jinsi da asalin jinsi marasa tsari", ban da mata masu jinsi-jinsi, kuma "maganganun da ke tsakanin androcentric da heteronormative" na gyaran Wikipedia bai isa ya ba da damar "jinsi da asalin jinsi-jinsi masu bambanci su shiga cikin amfani da harshe da gina ilimi ba." [2] === Dalilai === [[File:Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg|alt=Sue Gardner street portrait|left|thumb| Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation, [[Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner,]] ta bayar da rahoto kan dalilai tara, wadanda mata masu gyara Wikipedia suka bayar, a cikin wani rubutu kan rashin mata masu gyara a Wikipedia. <ref name="Gardner110219">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Sue |date=19 February 2011 |title=Nine Reasons Why Women Don't Edit Wikipedia, In Their Own Words |url=http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718103642/http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |archive-date=18 July 2015 |website=suegardner.org |type=blog}}</ref>]] Binciken Collier da Bear ya nuna cewa bambancin da ke tsakanin adadin gudummawar na iya faruwa ne saboda dalilai uku: (1) yawan rikice-rikice a cikin tattaunawa, (2) rashin son yanayi mai mahimmanci, da kuma (3) rashin kwarin gwiwa wajen gyara ayyukan wasu masu ba da gudummawa. <ref name="nytimes20jun2015">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Lih |date=20 June 2015 |title=Can Wikipedia Survive? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621032208/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=www.nytimes.com |quote=...the considerable and often-noted gender gap among Wikipedia editors; in 2011, less than 15 percent were women.}}</ref> Wani sharhi da aka buga kan gibin jinsi a Wikipedia ya gano manyan rukunoni uku na waɗannan abubuwan a cikin adabin ilimi: 'matsalar mata' (zargin halayen mata), 'tasirin madubi' (zargin al'umma amma uzuri Wikipedia), da kuma 'matsalar tsari' (zargin al'ummar edita ta asali da maza suka mamaye). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferran-Ferrer |first=Núria |last2=Boté-Vericad |first2=Juan-José |last3=Minguillón |first3=Julià |date=16 December 2023 |title=Wikipedia gender gap: a scoping review |url=https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/87476/63565 |journal=El Profesional de la información |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.3145/epi.2023.nov.17 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Jaridar New York Times ta nuna cewa yawan shigar mata a Wikipedia na iya yin daidai da sauran "dandalin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya nuna cewa kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata a Wikipedia sun shiga cikin harkar, wanda aka lura cewa ya kusa da kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata a sauran "dandalolin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] [2] Sarah Stierch, wata mai bincike a Wikipedia, ta yarda cewa "abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare" ga masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia su kasance ba sa bayyana jinsinsu. [3] Al'adar da ake ganin ba ta da maraba da ita da kuma jure wa kalaman tashin hankali da cin zarafi suma dalilai ne da aka gabatar na bambancin jinsi. [4] A cewar wani bincike na 2013, [5] wani dalili na gibin jinsi a Wikipedia shine gazawar jawo hankalin mata da kuma riƙe editocinsu, wanda hakan ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga labaran Wikipedia. Haka kuma, Wikipedia "...masu gyara da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin mata suna fuskantar cin zarafi" daga wasu editocin Wikipedia. [6] Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation [[Sue Gardner|, Sue Gardner,]] ta ambaci dalilai tara da ya sa mata ba sa gyara Wikipedia, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsokaci daga mata [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|editocin Wikipedia]] : <ref name="Gardner110219" /> # Rashin sauƙin amfani a cikin hanyar gyara . # Rashin isasshen lokacin hutu . # Rashin amincewa da kai . # Ƙiyayya ga rikici da rashin son shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsawo. # Imani da cewa gudummawar da suka bayar za ta yi yawa a mayar da ita ko a goge ta. # Wasu suna ganin yanayinsa gaba ɗaya yana nuna ƙiyayya ga wasu . # Al'adar Wikipedia ta jima'i ce ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. # Ana kiran namiji da suna ba daidai ba ne ga matan da harshensu na asali yake da jinsi na nahawu . # Damar da ake da ita ta hulɗa da jama'a kaɗan ne kuma salon maraba ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran shafuka. Duk da cewa adadin masu karatu mata da maza a Wikipedia ya yi daidai da kashi (47%), mata ba su da yawan masu karatu (16%). Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa akwai wata al'ada da aka kafa a Wikipedia wadda ke hana mata shiga. [1] [2] Lam da abokan aikinsa sun danganta wannan al'ada da rashin daidaito a cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci tsakanin maza da mata da aka wakilta kuma aka gyara, yanayin da mata masu amfani da su ke da shi na ƙara himma a fannoni na zamantakewa da al'umma na Wikipedia, da kuma ƙaruwar yiwuwar cewa sabbin editocin mata za su koma ga gyare-gyare, da/ko kuma cewa labaran da ke da yawan editocin mata sun fi zama masu jayayya. [1] An kuma danganta wannan batu da ra'ayoyin jama'a game da yadda bayanai da bayanai ya kamata su kasance. Tunda Wikipedia tana da tsammanin "ƙwararre", [ana buƙatar hujja] marubuta Joan Schwartz da Terry Cook sun ce ƙa'idodin ƙwararru galibi ana ƙirƙira su ne ta hanyar mizanin abin da ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu rinjaye ke jin daɗi, kuma suna shafar mata da mutanen launin fata fiye da maza. [1] Sau da yawa takaddama game da ikon hukumomi yana da mahimmanci a tattauna yayin tantance ko ya kamata a yi jayayya kan gabatarwa ko a'a. A shekarar 2019, Schlomit Aharoni Lir ta bayyana tsarin "mummunan da'irar", inda ta nuna yadda matakai biyar na mummunan suna, rashin suna, tsoro, wariya da kin amincewa - ke inganta juna, ta yadda mata ba za su iya bayar da gudummawa ga gidan yanar gizon ba. Domin mata da yawa su shiga Wikipedia, mai binciken ya bayar da shawarar dasa "Da'irar Nagarta" wacce ta ƙunshi rashin suna, alaƙa da kafofin sada zumunta, manufofin haɗa kai, gogewa mai laushi da cin zarafi mai nuna alama. [1] A cikin Rahoton Daidaito Jinsi na Wikimedia a shekarar 2018, kashi 14% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun gano rashin lafiyar al'umma {{Efn|A term meaning the opposite of [[community well-being]], with respect to the Wikipedia [[online community]].}} a matsayin babban ƙalubale wajen zama edita a Wikipedia. A cikin binciken, an bayyana lafiyar al'umma a matsayin [[Cin-zarafi|cin zarafi]], rashin goyon bayan aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma rashin bambancin shugabanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender equity report 2018/Barriers to equity - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gender_equity_report_2018/Barriers_to_equity |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> Bayan duba shaidun da suka kama daga ƙananan hare-hare zuwa hare-hare kai tsaye, Hukumar Amintattu ta Wikipedia ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a watan Mayu na 2020 don ɗaukar tsarin daidaitawa na yau da kullun don yaƙi da cin zarafi da kuma kiyaye ƙa'idodin al'umma na Wikipedia. An bai wa gidauniyar aikin kammala daftarin wannan shirin kafin ƙarshen shekarar 2020, kuma zai haɗa da haramtawa masu amfani da ke shiga cikin cin zarafin jinsi, samar da tallafi da al'ummomi ga dukkan jinsi, saka ƙarin albarkatu a cikin Ƙungiyar Amincewa da Tsaro, da ƙari. [1] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] Collier da Bear a shekarar 2012 sun taƙaita dalilin da yasa mata ke yin shinge a Wikipedia da kalmomi uku: rikici, suka da amincewa. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa "Idan al'umma ta jure wa al'adar rikici da maza ke ganin kawai 'masu gasa' ne ko kuma masu wayo da kuma yin barkwanci, to za su iya rasa fa'idodi da dama da mata masu bayar da gudummawa za su iya kawowa a teburin tattaunawa." [1] Suka tana nufin rashin son mata su gyara aikin wani da kuma barin wani ya gyara aikinsu; kwarin gwiwa yana nuna cewa mata galibi ba sa da kwarin gwiwa sosai game da ƙwarewarsu da iyawarsu wajen gyara da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga wani aiki. [1] Manufar Wikipedia ta kyauta don gyarawa tana ba wa masu amfani da dandamali mai buɗewa, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa yanayin gasa da mahimmanci na iya iyakance kwarin gwiwar mata na shiga. [1] Ta hanyar nazarin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Wikipedia, Ford da Wajcman sun nuna wani dalili da zai iya ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a Wikipedia. Gyara a Wikipedia yana buƙatar "takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwarewar zamantakewa da iko waɗanda suka ƙunshi ilimin ko tsarin ilimin halittu na Wikipedia". [1] Ana ɗaukar mutanen da ke da wannan ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a matsayin waɗanda za su iya samun matsayi mai ƙarfi a Wikipedia. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan galibi maza ne. [1] Bugu da ƙari, yayin da suke nazarin tsarin manufofin Wikipedia dalla-dalla, masu binciken sun kammala da cewa sarkakiyar da ke tattare da shi da kuma tushen shari'a suna ba wa wasu masu amfani babban tasiri a muhawarar abun ciki. Wannan rinjayen zai iya raba waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da waɗannan bayanai, musamman yana hana mata da sabbin mahalarta shiga. [1] Misali na asusun kai tsaye na nuna bambanci na jinsi ya fito ne daga mai amfani da Wikipedia Lightbreather, inda ta ba da labarin samun hotunan batsa da ke da alaƙa da sunanta na mai amfani a matsayin hanyar lalata gudummawar da ta bayar a Wikipedia.<ref name="PalingAtlantic">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=21 October 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai cin zarafi ga mutanen [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] . Waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'umma galibi ana cin zarafin su idan aka bayyana asalinsu a bainar jama'a. Misali, wani mai gudanarwa a shafin Wikipedia ya toshe wani edita, kawai saboda sunan mai amfani na mutumin ya nuna cewa shi wani ɓangare ne na al'ummar LGBT. == Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin abun ciki == A cikin 2016, Wagner da abokan aikinsa [1] sun gano cewa rashin daidaiton jinsi yana bayyana kansa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da rashin daidaiton iyaka don haɗa wani labarin kan mutum, son kai na yau da kullun, son kai na harshe, da rashin daidaiton tsari. Marubutan sun gano cewa mata masu tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia sun fi maza shahara, kuma sun gabatar da wasu bayanai guda uku da za a iya bayarwa game da bincike na gaba: 1) cewa editoci sun fi rubuta game da jinsinsu, 2) cewa maza sun fi rubuta labarai game da kansu, da kuma 3) cewa kafofin waje suna sa mata ba su bayyana ba. [1] Dangane da son zuciya a fannin yau da kullum, tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi iyali, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga tarihin rayuwar mata da aka haifa kafin shekarar 1900. Marubutan sun kuma gano bambance-bambancen tsari dangane da meta-data da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo, waɗanda ke da sakamako ga ayyukan neman bayanai. === Ƙirƙirar da goge labarin === Of the 1,960,452 biographical articles on the English Wikipedia in September 2023, only 385,236 or 19.65% were about women. A watan Yulin 2006, Stacy Schiff ta rubuta wani kasida ''a New Yorker'' game da Wikipedia mai taken "Ku San Duk". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |date=24 July 2006 |title=Know It All |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri labarin Wikipedia game da ita a ranar ɗaya. A cewar Timothy Noah, a bayyane yake ba ta shahara a ƙa'idodin Wikipedia ba, duk da lashe kyautar Guggenheim da Pulitzer Prize shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. An nuna rubutunta da labarinta game da ita a cikin WikiProject don magance son zuciya na tsarin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias#Selection_based_on_notability_of_article_topics |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Wikipedia |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Wikipedia ta Turanci da wasu bugu biyar na harsuna da masu bincike suka yi nazari a kansu, rabon labarai game da mata da labarai game da maza ya fi na sauran bayanai uku. Duk da haka, bincike da aka yi da ilimin harsunan kwamfuta ya kammala da cewa yadda aka bayyana mata da maza a cikin labaran yana nuna son kai, tare da labaran da suka shafi mata sun fi amfani da kalmomi da suka shafi jinsi da iyali. Masu binciken sun yi imanin cewa wannan alama ce da editocin Wikipedia ke ɗaukar namiji a matsayin "jinsi mara komai" (a wata ma'anar, ana ɗauka cewa "namiji" sai dai idan an ƙayyade shi ta wata hanya, misali na namiji a matsayin al'ada ). [1] Wani suka da aka yi wa tsarin Wikipedia, daga wani editan jaridar Guardian na 2014, shi ne cewa yana da wahalar yanke hukunci game da "abin da ke da muhimmanci". Domin kwatanta wannan batu, sun lura cewa shafin da ke nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na batsa ya fi tsari fiye da shafin da ke nuna mata marubuta . [2] Mujallar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta buga bincike da Reagle da Lauren Rhue suka yi wanda ya yi nazari kan labaran da aka bayar, wakilcin jinsi, da tsawon labarin dubban batutuwa na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi da Encyclopædia Britannica ta yanar gizo (har zuwa watan Yunin 2010). Sun kammala da cewa Wikipedia ta samar da ingantaccen bayani da kuma dogon labarai gabaɗaya, cewa Wikipedia yawanci tana da labarai da yawa kan mata fiye da Britannica a zahiri, amma labaran Wikipedia kan mata sun fi ɓacewa fiye da labaran maza dangane da Britannica . Wato, Wikipedia ta mamaye Britannica a tarihin rayuwarta, amma fiye da haka idan ana maganar maza. Hakazalika, mutum zai iya cewa Britannica ta fi daidaito a cikin waɗanda ta yi sakaci da rufewa fiye da Wikipedia. Ga dukkan ayyukan tunani, tsawon labarin bai bambanta ba dangane da jinsi. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2023 ta amfani da Wikidata don auna abubuwan da ke ciki ya gano cewa Britannica, wacce ta ƙunshi tarihin rayuwa 50,479, ta ƙunshi 5,999 daga cikinsu game da mata, kimanin kashi 11.88%. Binciken ya kwatanta adadi da kashi 18.22% na tarihin rayuwa a cikin ayyukan Wikimedia waɗanda mata ne, yana ambaton bayanan 2021. [2] Wani bincike da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Minnesota da wasu jami'o'i uku suka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa labaran da mata suka gyara, "wadanda ake kyautata zaton sun fi jan hankalin mata", sun "yi gajeru sosai" a matsakaici fiye da na maza ko kuma na maza da mata. [3] [4] [[File:A_side-by-side_comparison_of_the_portion_of_available_biographies_about_women_on_Wikipedia_versus_the_portion_of_women_biographies_nominated_for_deletion_from_January_2017_to_February_2020.gif|thumb| Kwatanta ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia idan aka kwatanta da ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa na mata da aka zaɓa don gogewa daga Janairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2020, Francesca Tripodi]] A watan Oktoban 2018, lokacin da Donna Strickland ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, rubuce-rubuce da dama sun ambaci cewa ba ta da shafin Wikipedia a baya. An gabatar da daftarin aiki, amma an ƙi amincewa da shi saboda rashin nuna "muhimman bayanai (ba kawai ambaton ambato ba) game da batun". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2 October 2018 |title=Nobel physics prize winners include first female laureate for 55 years – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226083859/https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da masanin ilimin zamantakewa Francesca Tripodi ya gudanar a shekarar 2021, an zabi tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a matsayin wadanda ba a san su sosai ba. <ref name="Tripodi2021">{{Cite journal |last=Tripodi |first=Francesca |year=2021 |title=Ms. Categorized: Gender, notability, and inequality on Wikipedia |journal=New Media & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=1687–1707 |doi=10.1177/14614448211023772 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=237883867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin 2024 na {{Interlanguage link|Khandaker Tasnim Huq}} da {{Interlanguage link|Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia}} A shafin Wikipedia da ke magana da Turanci, an kuma nuna cewa an samu nasarar share sunayen mata da kashi 34% cikin sauri bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar mata fiye da bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar maza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandaker Tasnim Huq |last2=Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia |date=20 June 2024 |title=Gender Gap in Wikipedia: Are Women Vanishing Soon? |url=https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/gender-gap-in-wikipedia-are-notable-women-vanishing-soon.pdf}}</ref> === Ganuwa ga labarin === Wani bincike da Claudia Wagner ta jagoranta a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a Turanci ba a bayyane yake ba kamar tarihin rayuwar maza, kuma ya kammala da cewa wannan bambanci ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa al'umma tana haɗa labaran maza da kyau. [1] A shekarar 2023, wani bincike da Akhil Arora, Robert West da Martin Gerlach suka gudanar ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi yawa a cikin labaran marayu (labaran da ba za a iya samun damarsu ta wasu labarai ba): a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, mata suna wakiltar kashi 19% na tarihin rayuwa, amma kuma suna wakiltar kashi 29% na tarihin rayuwa marayu. [2] Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa kayan marayu ba a ganinsu sosai fiye da sauran. [2] === Abubuwan da ke cikin labarin === Duk da cewa yawancin hankali ya ta'allaka ne akan gibin da ke tsakanin tarihin rayuwar maza da mata a Wikipedia, wasu bincike sun kuma mayar da hankali kan ilimin harsuna da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin batutuwan da aka tattauna. A shekarar 2020, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Harsunan Kwamfuta ta gudanar da nazarin rubutu game da nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin labaran Wikipedia. Binciken ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata sun ƙunshi ƙarin jimloli masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya mace" yayin da ake ambaton maza ta amfani da kalmomi masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya". Binciken ya kammala da cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi gaba ɗaya yana raguwa ga kimiyya da labarai masu da hankali kan iyali, yayin da yake ƙaruwa ga abubuwan fasaha da ƙirƙira. [1] [2] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa, a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kalmar "saki" ta bayyana fiye da sau huɗu a cikin labaran tarihin rayuwa game da mata fiye da maza. A cewar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, "Ba mu san dalili sosai ba, amma wataƙila abubuwa da yawa ne, ciki har da yadda ake bayyana rayuwar mata ta hanyar dangantakarsu da maza a tarihi". <ref name="kmaher" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2020 kan rahotannin shugabannin manyan kamfanoni na Fortune 1000 ya gano cewa akwai nuna wariya ga mata a fannin jinsi. Binciken ya binciki gudummawar da aka samu daga sabbin editoci da waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa kuma ya gano cewa sabbin editoci sun fi gabatar da bayanai da suka shafi mata, amma masu amfani da suka daɗe suna ramawa fiye da kima idan suka mayar da martani ga waɗannan gyare-gyaren. An gano cewa labaran da ƙungiyar editoci masu tasowa da suka bambanta suka rubuta sun fi nuna rashin daidaito. [1] Mutane masu canza jinsi da waɗanda ba su da bambancin jinsi biyu suna fuskantar cin zarafi kan bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. Misali, idan shahararrun mutane suka fito a matsayin masu canza jinsi, galibi ana nuna musu wariya kuma ana gabatar da karin magana a kansu don muhawara. Misalai masu kyau na waɗannan muhawara sun haɗa da Chelsea Manning a shekarar 2013 da Caitlyn Jenner a shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka lalata sunayensu da suka ayyana kansu kuma aka koma ga sunayensu na baya. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata masu canza jinsi da mutanen da ba su da jinsi biyu suna da kaso mafi girma na labarinsu da aka keɓe ga sashin "Rayuwar Kai", wanda galibi ke mai da hankali kan asalin jinsin mutumin: "Ma'anar cewa asalin jinsi wata siffa ce mai mahimmanci ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin wataƙila tana nuna 'ɓarɓarewa', inda ake bambanta mutane ko kuma ana yi musu lakabi da waɗanda ba su dace da ƙa'idar zamantakewa ba, wanda galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin mahallin jinsi ko yanayin jima'i". [2] A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022, an gano cewa labaran da maza suka rubuta sun fi yawa fiye da na mata. Bugu da ƙari, wallafe-wallafen da mata suka zama manyan marubuta ba su da yawa da za a iya ambaton su a Wikipedia. Bayanin da marubutan suka bayar game da wannan shine homophily, wanda shine ra'ayin cewa mutane suna fifita wasu mutane ko aiki irin nasu. Wannan na iya bayyana son zuciya da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ambato saboda galibin editocin Wikipedia maza ne, don haka suna iya fifita wallafe-wallafen maza. [1] == Martani == Wasu masana ilimi da 'yan jarida sun soki Wikipedia saboda kasancewarta mafi yawan maza masu bayar da gudummawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reagle |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Reagle |date=7 January 2013 |title='Free as in sexist?': Free culture and the gender gap |url=http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520205049/http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2013 |title=Joseph Reagle on the gender gap in geek culture |url=http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015917/http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=Surprisingly Free}}</ref> da kuma rashin samun labarai masu yawa game da mata ko batutuwa masu mahimmanci ga mata. A lokacin da take rubuta wa ''Slate'' a shekarar 2011, mai sharhi kan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Heather Mac Donald ta kira rashin daidaiton jinsi a Wikipedia a matsayin "ba matsala ba wajen neman mafita mara kyau". Mac Donald ya yi iƙirarin cewa, "Bayani mafi sauƙi game da bambancin yawan shiga cikin Wikipedia - da kuma wanda ya dace da ƙwarewar yau da kullun - shine, a matsakaici, maza da mata suna da sha'awa daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin da suka fi so na yin amfani da lokacin hutunsu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mac Donald |first=Heather |date=9 February 2011 |title=Wikipedia Is Male-Dominated. That Doesn't Mean It's Sexist. |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107205929/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |archive-date=7 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2015 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, [[Sue Gardner]], babbar darakta ta Gidauniyar Wikimedia a lokacin, ta ce game da gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta magance shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." <ref name="Huang130811">{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Keira |date=11 August 2013 |title=Wikipedia fails to bridge gender gap |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115195821/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2014, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar a wata hira da BBC game da shirin Gidauniyar Wikimedia na "ninki biyu" kan gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata a Wikipedia. Wales ta ce Gidauniyar za ta kasance a buɗe ga ƙarin masu amfani da ita da kuma ƙarin sauye-sauyen software. A cikin littafin Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men, Caroline Criado Perez ta lura cewa shafukan Wikipedia da yawa waɗanda ke nuni ga ƙungiyoyin maza ko ayyukansu an jera su a matsayin marasa jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Ingila ), yayin da shafukan ƙungiyoyi ko ayyuka makamantan su ga mata an yi su ne musamman ga jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta mata ta Ingila ).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Caroline Criado Perez}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an yi wa Wikipedia kallon "mai nuna son kai na editocinta na al'umma."  A shekarar 2025, Núria Ferran-Ferrer, Farfesa kuma Wakilin Rector na Jagorancin Sashen Daidaito na Jami'ar Universitat de Barcelona (UB), ta kira nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "tsari ne" kuma "tsawon shekaru goma", inda ta hada bincike don bayyana dalilin da ya sa irin wannan nuna wariya ta faru . Ferran-Ferrer ya gabatar da wasu abubuwa da za su iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar: ƙarin editocin mata, bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin masu ba da gudummawa, ingantaccen watsa labarai game da mata a manyan kafofin watsa labarai, jagororin edita masu sauƙin samu, da kuma al'adar maraba da ƙarfafawa ga sabbin editoci. [1] == Kokarin magance wariya tsakanin jinsi == [[File:Giants_in_the_field_of_Women_in_the_Arts_2.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb| Mahalarta taron gyara fasaha na mata na shekarar 2013 a Washington, DC]] === Gidauniyar Wikimedia === Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dage a hukumance, tun akalla shekarar 2011 lokacin da Gardner ke matsayin babban darakta, cewa akwai nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin aikin. An yi wasu yunƙurin magance matsalar amma Gardner ya nuna takaicinsa game da matakin nasarar da aka samu. Ta kuma lura cewa "a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin hutu da mata ke da shi, sun fi shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa maimakon gyara Wikipedia. 'Mata suna ganin fasaha a matsayin kayan aiki da suke amfani da shi don cimma ayyuka, maimakon wani abu mai daɗi a cikin kanta. ' [1] [2] A cikin 2011, Gidauniyar ta kafa burin samun kashi 25 cikin 100 na masu ba da gudummawa su gane a matsayin mata nan da 2015. [3] A watan Agusta na 2013, Gardner ya ce, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta warware shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." [1] A shekarar 2017, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ware tallafin dala $500,000 don gina yanayi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa ga bambancin ra'ayi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Fundraising Report - Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042716/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=foundation.wikimedia.org}}</ref> An ce VisualEditor, wani aiki da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa wanda ke ba da damar yin gyare-gyare irin na WYSIWYG a Wikipedia, an yi shi ne a wani ɓangare don rage gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata. <ref name="Slate Middleton">{{Cite journal |last=Bosch |first=Torie |date=13 July 2012 |title=Kate Middleton's wedding gown and Wikipedia's gender gap. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203174753/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Godiya ga tallafin Wikimedia Foundation, a watan Maris na 2021 an fitar da wani nau'in alpha na Humaniki, wanda ke ba da nau'ikan kididdigar gibin jinsi iri-iri bisa ga [[Wikidata]] . Ana sabunta kididdigar ta atomatik yayin da aka samar da sabbin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=Humaniki March Update: Public Launch of Alpha Release |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/15/humaniki-march-update-public-launch-of-alpha-release/ |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Wikimedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Asusun Bincike na Wikimedia ya ba da tallafin wani aiki na shekara guda mai suna " [[Cover Women]] ". Yana nazarin yadda ake nuna mata da ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a babban shafin Wikipedia. Mutane da yawa, musamman mata a fannin ilimi, suna ƙirƙirar muƙaloli na masana kimiyya mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Enhancing Representational Equity on Wikipedia {{!}} Omnia |url=https://omnia.sas.upenn.edu/story/heather-sharkey-enhancing-representational-equity-on-wikipedia |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=omnia.sas.upenn.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, masana ilmin halittu mata a cibiyoyin ilimi a Amurka yanzu sun fi samun damar shiga shafin Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia’s gender gap has flipped for one group of scientists |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/wikipedia-s-gender-gap-has-flipped-one-group-scientists |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> === Kokarin da masu amfani ke jagoranta === An shirya shirye-shiryen gyara na musamman don ƙara yawan labaran mata a Wikipedia da kuma ƙarfafa mata su gyara Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoeffel |date=11 February 2014 |title=Closing Wikipedia's Gender Gap – Reluctantly |url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902160836/http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Gidauniyar Wikimedia ce ke tallafawa waɗannan tarurrukan, wanda wani lokacin ke ba da masu ba da shawara da fasaha don taimakawa wajen jagorantar sabbin editoci ta hanyar wannan tsari. Wasu misalai na gyaran da aka mayar da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa sun haɗa da masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi mata 'yan Australiya da mata a tarihin Yahudawa . <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Wani shiri na farko na ƙirƙirar sararin "mata kaɗai" ga editocin Wikipedia a farkon 2015 ya fuskanci adawa sosai daga masu amfani da Wikipedia. <ref name="PalingAtlantic" /> Wasu masu amfani sun yi ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wannan wuri da maza suka mamaye ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin tallafi ga mata masu amfani da Wikipedia, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da WikiWomen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WikiWomen's User Group - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiWomen%27s_User_Group |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>  Wannan rukunin ba wai kawai ana amfani da shi don tallata mata wajen gyara da bayar da gudummawa a kan ƙarin shafuka ba, har ma don ƙara ƙarin shafuka game da mata waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga al'umma gabaɗaya. An ƙaddamar da aikin Wikipedia Teahouse da nufin samar da yanayi mai sauƙin amfani ga sabbin shiga, tare da takamaiman burin ƙara wa mata shiga cikin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Tea & Sympathy: Crafting Positive New User Experiences on Wikipedia |url=http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209213415/http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |website=washington.edu |publisher=Proc. CSCW '13, 23–27 February 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015, an ƙaddamar da WikiProject [[Women in Red]] a kan sigar Ingilishi ta Wikipedia, inda aka mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar sabbin labarai game da mata masu shahara. Galibi ta hanyar gyaran da ake yi a kowane wata ta hanyar intanet, Women in Red tana ƙarfafa editoci su shiga cikin faɗaɗa ayyukan Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Improving gender balance on Wikipedia |url=http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012125221/http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Godiya ga ƙoƙarin wannan aikin, zuwa watan Yunin 2018 an ƙara wasu sabbin tarihin rayuwar mata 17,000 a cikin Wikipedia. Yawancin Wikiprojects sun himmatu wajen tallata gudummawar editoci kan nazarin jinsi da mata, wanda ya haɗa da " mata WikiProject, WikiProject feminism, WikiProject nazarin jinsi, da kuma WikiProject da ke yaƙi da son zuciya/rabon jinsi ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=K. |year=2017 |title=Why women should be editing Wikipedia |journal=Women's Studies Journal |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=94–99 |issn=0112-4099 |oclc=14929028}}</ref> Faɗaɗawa fiye da jinsi biyu na maza/mata, Wikiproject LGBT yana ƙirƙirar sarari don "sake/rubuta haɗa da wakilcin al'adun LGBTQ cikin babban yankin Wikipedia". <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Matthew |first=Vetter |last2=Pettiway |first2=Keon |date=20 November 2018 |title=Hacking Hetero/Normative Logics: Queer Feminist Media Praxis in Wikipedia |url=https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |url-status=live |journal=Technoculture |volume=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014030646/https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |archive-date=14 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, wata mai shirya gyara-a-thon mai suna [[Sarah Osborne Bender]] ta yi wa ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' bayani kan yadda maza ke cire shafukan Wikipedia game da shugabannin mata. "Na rubuta wani labari a Wikipedia game da wata mace mai tallan kayan tarihi, washegari kuma na sami saƙo yana cewa an goge shi saboda ba 'mutum ce mai daraja' ba, amma wani a cikin al'ummarmu ya ba ni shawara kan yadda zan gyara shi don shafin ya ci gaba da kasancewa". Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Mayun 2026 wanda aka nuna a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society ya ruwaito cewa, a cikin ƙidayar masana ilmin halitta mata da maza waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sassan dukkan jami'o'in R1 na Amurka, mata ba su da "ƙarancin bayyanar su a dandamali fiye da takwarorinsu maza har zuwa 2018", amma yanayin ya koma baya a 2022, kuma "mata sun fi maza samun tarihin rayuwarsu da kashi 25%". Bugu da ƙari, tarihin rayuwar mata a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ya fi na maza tsayi. Marubutan wannan littafin sun lura cewa "daga cikin tarihin rayuwar mata 163 da aka ƙirƙira tun 2015, editocin Wikipedia 78 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red, editocin 16 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red (duk da haka, 14 daga cikinsu mutane ne suka ƙirƙira su waɗanda suma ɓangare ne na aikin Women in Red), kuma 13 daga cikinsu ɗalibai ne da aka yi wa rijista a matsayin ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a kwasa-kwasan jami'a waɗanda ke buƙatar/ƙarfafa gwiwa su ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia." [1] Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Agusta na 2026 ya mayar da hankali kan labaran masana Jamusawa a Wikipedia ta Jamus kuma ya gano cewa farfesoshi mata da alama suna da "damar samun tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza", tare da tasirin da aka mayar da hankali a fannin STEM . Marubutan sun kuma lura cewa "faɗaɗɗun hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙwararru na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia, yayin da suke ƙara yiwuwar a nuna su a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin gyara Wikipedia", yayin da suka lura cewa farfesoshi mata za su iya amfana daga shirye-shiryen da suka himmatu wajen rubuta tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia, gami da ayyukan FemNetz da WomenEdit a Berlin, da kuma ƙungiyar "Wanene ke rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa?" a Switzerland . [1] === Jess Wade === A shekarar 2022, wani labari a mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAz0">VICE</i></nowiki> ya yi cikakken bayani kan yadda Jessica Wade ta ƙirƙiri fiye da rubuce-rubuce 1,700 na Wikipedia kan mata masana kimiyya tun daga shekarar 2017 ga mata da yawa waɗanda ba a lura da gudummawarsu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=18 November 2022 |title=I've Made More Than 1,700 Wikipedia Entries on Women Scientists and I'm Not Yet Done |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wikipedia-pages-women-scientists-jessica-wade-stem/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref> Wade ya bayar da babbar gudummawa ga wani kamfen na Wikipedia wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙirƙirar labaran Wikipedia game da fitattun mata masu ilimi, domin haɓaka abin koyi ga mata a cikin STEM. <ref name="1Cxjc">{{Cite web |last= |year=2017 |title=Jess Wade – CSHL WiSE |url=http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820110414/http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=cshlwise.org |publisher=[[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] Harbour |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |last=Zdanowicz |first=Christina |year=2018 |title=A physicist has written more than 280 Wikipedia entries to elevate women in science |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123225217/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wade ya ƙirƙiri sabbin labarai na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia don ɗaga martabar mata a STEM. <ref name="tnw" /> <ref name="pride">{{Cite web |last=Zane |first=Zachary |date=2 January 2019 |title=This Scientist Is Updating Wikipedia with Women, POC, & LGBTQ+ History |url=https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820105152/https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=2 January 2019 |website=pride.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa sama da 900 a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=Physicist writes 900 Wikipedia entries to boost diversity in science |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527160929/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |archive-date=27 May 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> Zuwa watan Janairun 2021, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 1,200. Zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, ya wuce 2,100. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2019, jaridar Washington Post ta buga wani rubutu mai taken "Hoton ramin baƙi misali ne kawai na kare mata a kimiyya", [1] wanda Zaringhalam da Wade suka rubuta tare, suna fafutukar ganin an ƙara karrama matan da ke ba da gudummawa ga kimiyya. Bayan an fitar da hoton farko na wani ramin baƙi, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun yi bikin rawar da Katie Bouman ta taka wajen jagorantar ƙirƙirar tsarin sarrafa hotuna. [2] Jaridar ta jaddada ikon kafofin sada zumunta kamar Twitter da kuma rumbun adana bayanai na haɗin gwiwa kamar Wikipedia wajen yaba wa gudummawar kimiyya ta mata. A matsayin misali na rashin isasshen bayani a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi game da mata a fannin kimiyya, labarin ya nuna goge tarihin rayuwar Clarice Phelps . Wade ya ƙirƙiri wani ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Phelps a Wikipedia a watan Satumba na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=A deleted Wikipedia page speaks volumes about its biggest problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429091704/https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Fastcompany.com}}</ref> Share wannan labarin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2019 <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=What a Deleted Profile Tells Us About Wikipedia's Diversity Problem |url=https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162539/https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |archive-date=28 April 2019 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=Undark.org}}</ref> ya haifar da dogon tattaunawa kan edita da kuma sake maido da shi da kuma sake goge shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadeque |first=Samira |date=29 April 2019 |title=Wikipedia doesn't think this Black female scientist is notable enough for a page |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430042820/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=dailydot.com |publisher=The Daily Dot}}</ref> Katrina Krämer ta rubuta a cikin ''Duniyar Kimiyyar Halitta'' :   Wade ta shaida wa Chemistry World cewa ta yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashin tantancewar da masu binciken kimiyya suka yi daga rahoton da aka wallafa a Wikipedia abin takaici ne, tana mai bayyana ra'ayinta cewa tana karɓar bayanai daga ma fitattun mutane a kafofin watsa labarai. [1] Zuwa watan Janairun 2020, an cimma matsaya kan dawo da wannan labarin, domin a wancan lokacin sabbin majiyoyi sun fara samuwa. [2] Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, daga cikin kasidu 600 game da masana kimiyya mata da Wade ya rubuta, an goge guda 6 saboda rashin cika ka'idojin Wikipedia na shahara. [1] === Wasu kamfanoni === A shekarar 2013, FemTechNet ta ƙaddamar da "Wikistorming" a matsayin wani aiki da ke ba da tallafin karatu ga mata kuma yana ƙarfafa gyaran Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na koyarwar makaranta da kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=feminist wiki-storming – FemTechNet |url=https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401012841/https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2014, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta sanar da cewa za ta kashe dala $200,000 don nazarin bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322971 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322971&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322934 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322934&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, [[Jennifer C. Edwards]], shugabar sashen tarihi a Kwalejin Manhattan, ta bayyana cewa cibiyoyin ilimi za su iya amfani da ayyukan Wikipedia kamar nazarin gibin jinsi na kundin bayanai da kuma rufe batutuwan mata don zaburar da ɗalibai su canza rashin daidaiton jinsi na yanzu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |issn=0018-2745 |jstor=24810523}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Angela Fan, mai bincike a Meta Platforms, ta sanar da wani samfurin manhaja mai buɗewa wacce za ta iya ƙirƙirar daftarin tarihin rayuwa irin na Wikipedia wanda "wata rana zai taimaka wa editocin Wikipedia ƙirƙirar dubban rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa masu inganci ga muhimman mutane waɗanda ba sa cikin shafin", ciki har da mata. == Duba kuma == * Nuna wariya ga launin fata a Wikipedia * Bambancin yanki akan Wikipedia * Nuna bambancin jinsi na ƙarni na biyu * [[Wikipidiya|Tsarin son kai a cikin Wikipedia]] == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |jstor=24810523 |ref=none}} === Yaɗa labarai === * Bort, Julie (15 Fabrairu 2014) [http://www.businessinsider.com/growing-army-of-women-take-on-wikipedia-2014-2 "Ƙaruwar Rundunar Mata Suna Ɗauki Matsalar Launin Mata ta Wikipedia"] . Mai bincike a fannin kasuwanci. An dawo da shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2022. * * * * * * * * * * - Gabatarwa da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa ra'ayoyi takwas. * === Bincike da shawara === * {{Cite web |last=Glott |first=Ruediger |last2=Schmidt |first2=Philipp |last3=Ghosh |first3=Rishab |date=March 2010 |title=Wikipedia Survey: Overview Results |url=http://www.wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414165445/http://wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2010 |access-date=11 August 2014 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Maximilian |display-authors=etal. |date=10 February 2015 |title=Monitoring the Gender Gap with Wikidata Human Gender Indicators |url=http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119131203/http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Cornell University Library |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Tripp |first=Dawn Leonard |date=13 January 2015 |title=How to Edit Wikipedia: Lessons from a Female Contributor |url=http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209033907/http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=Anita Borg Institute |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hinnosaar |first=Marit |date=July 2019 |title=Gender Inequality in New Media: Evidence from Wikipedia |url=http://www.carloalberto.org/assets/working-papers/no.411.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |volume=163 |pages=262–276 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.020 |s2cid=182928068 |ref=none}} *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Cite web |title=Wiki Loves Women |url=https://www.wikiloveswomen.org/ |language=en-US}} {{Gender equality}}{{Wikipedia|state=expanded}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] frusjmbhoiosgqzzazmf8hn22ecu6f8 966136 966135 2026-10-11T13:31:35Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 966136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a Wikipedia''' shine yawan ra'ayoyi da batutuwa na maza, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru cewa maza sun fi mata iya zama [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|masu ba da gudummawa ga aikin sa]] kai kuma su zama batun labaran [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] . {{As of|2024|6}} , Wikipedia ta Ingilishi tana da kusan tarihin rayuwar mata 400,000, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 20% na jimlar tarihin rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandek |first=Barbara |date=2023-03-01 |title=Closing the gender gap: Women in Red’s efforts to add more women to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/01/closing-the-gender-gap-women-in-reds-efforts-to-add-more-women-to-wikipedia/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Wikipedia ba ta da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a fannin masu karatu, duk da haka labaran batutuwa da daidaikun mutane suna karkata ga maza. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, kashi 80% na masu gyara Wikipedia a duniya maza ne, kashi 14% mata ne, kashi 5% kuma ba su da bambancin jinsi, kuma kashi 4% sun zabi kin bayyana jinsinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights 2024 Report |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/Community_Insights_2024_Report#Gender |access-date=8 September 2026 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 wanda ya shafi harsuna 12 na Wikipedia da wasu ayyukan [[Gidauniyar Wikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]], kashi 90% na masu amsa 3,734 sun bayar da rahoton jinsinsu a matsayin namiji, kashi 8.8% a matsayin mace, da kuma kashi 1% a matsayin sauran; daga cikin masu bayar da gudummawa ga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kashi 84.7% an gano su a matsayin maza, kashi 13.6% a matsayin mata, da kuma kashi 1.7% a matsayin sauran (jimillar masu amsa 88). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights/2018 Report/Contributors - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/2018_Report/Contributors |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, [[Katherine Maher]], shugabar Wikimedia Foundation a lokacin, ta ce aikin da ƙungiyarta ta yi shi ne mata sun kai kashi 15-20% na jimillar masu bayar da gudummawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa, a watan Afrilun 2017, kashi 41% na tarihin rayuwar da aka zaba domin a goge su mata ne duk da cewa kashi 17% ne kawai na tarihin rayuwar da aka buga mata ne. [1] Ganuwa da isa ga mata a Wikipedia yana da iyaka, inda wani rahoto na 2015 ya gano cewa shafukan mata galibi "suna da alaƙa da maza". [2] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] An gano harsunan da ake ɗauka a matsayin masu nuna bambancin jinsi, masu yawan magana, ko kuma waɗanda suka shafi jinsi a cikin labaran da suka shafi mata. [3] Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi yana ɗaya daga cikin sukar da aka fi yi wa Wikipedia, wani lokacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sukar da aka fi yi game da nuna bambanci a tsarin Wikipedia . A shekarar 2015, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar da cewa kundin tarihin ya gaza cimma burinsa na riƙe kashi 25% na mata a matsayin editoci. An ƙirƙiro shirye-shirye kamar [[Taron Gyaran Shafukan Wikipedia|edita-a-thons]] da kuma [[Women in Red]] don ƙarfafa editocin mata da kuma ƙara yawan labaran batutuwan mata. <ref name="tnw">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Cara |year=2019 |title=This physicist has written over 500 biographies of women scientists on Wikipedia |url=https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804235220/https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=thenextweb.com |publisher=[[The Next Web]]}}</ref> == Nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin shiga == === Kokarin auna bambancin jinsi === Binciken farko da aka yi kan kasancewar mutane a duk duniya a shekarar 2008 ya gano cewa kashi 13% na dukkan editocin mata ne, wanda bayan wani bincike na gaba a shekarar 2011, aka rage shi zuwa kashi 9% a duk duniya. A Amurka, wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa kashi 15% na masu bayar da gudummawa mata ne. <ref name="torres" /> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 6% na editocin da suka yi gyare-gyare sama da 500 mata ne, inda matsakaicin editan maza ke da gyare-gyare sau biyu. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+ style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-size: 80%" |Kwatanta sakamakon da aka samu na yawan masu karatu da editoci na Wikipedia daga binciken Pew da aka gudanar a duk fadin kasar da kuma binciken WMF/UNU-MERIT (UNU) na jerin masu canji daban-daban a cikin binciken biyu. Lambobin da aka gyara ga editoci suna ɗauka cewa son zuciya ga editoci iri ɗaya ne da son zuciya ga masu karatu, kuma, a cikin ginshiƙi mafi kyau, son zuciya ya tabbata ga editoci a wajen Amurka. An sake buga tebur daga wannan tushe. <ref name="PLOS">{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Benjamin Mako |last2=Shaw |first2=Aaron |last3=Sánchez |first3=Angel |date=26 June 2013 |title=The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=6 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865782H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065782 |pmc=3694126 |pmid=23840366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ! scope="col" | Mai canzawa ! scope="col" | Masu karatu a Amurka (Pew) ! scope="col" | Masu Karatu a Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka adj. ! scope="col" | Editocin (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin adireshi. |- ! scope="row" | Mace | 49.0 | 39.9 | 17.8 | 22.7 | 12.7 | 16.1 |- ! scope="row" | An yi aure | 60.1 | 44.1 | 30.9 | 36.3 | 33.2 | 38.4 |- ! scope="row" | Yara | 36.0 | 29.4 | 16.4 | 27.6 | 14.4 | 25.3 |- ! scope="row" | Baƙi | 10.1 | 14.4 | 12.1 | 9.8 | 8.2 | 7.4 |- ! scope="row" | Ɗalibi | 17.7 | 29.9 | 46.0 | 38.5 | 47.7 | 40.3 |} A shekara ta 2010, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da UNU-MERIT sun haɗu sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da sakamakon wani bincike na Wikipedia na duniya. [1] Wani labarin jaridar New York Times ya ambaci wannan haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, wanda ya nuna cewa ƙasa da kashi 13% na masu ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia mata ne. Sue Gardner, babbar darakta a gidauniyar a wancan lokacin, ta ce ƙara bambancin ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da sanya kundin tarihin ya zama "mai kyau gwargwadon iyawarsa". Abubuwan da labarin ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda ke hana mata yin gyara sun haɗa da "masana'antar son gaskiya mai cike da damuwa", alaƙa da "taron masu kutse masu himma", da kuma buƙatar kasancewa "a buɗe ga mutane masu wahala, masu rikici, har ma da masu son nuna wariya ga wasu". [2] A shekarar 2013, an daidaita sakamakon binciken don nuna son kai ga rashin amsawa ta hanyar Hill da Shaw ta amfani da dabarar kimanta maki don ba da shawarar gyara sama ga bayanan da aka samu daga binciken da kuma ba da shawarar sabuntawa ga kididdigar da ake bincike a kai, wanda ya ba da kashi 22.7% (17.8% ba a daidaita ba) ga manyan editocin mata na Amurka da kuma kashi 16.1% (12.7% ba a daidaita ba) ga duk editocin mata na Amurka. [3] A watan Fabrairun 2011, jaridar New York Times ta biyo bayan jerin ra'ayoyi kan batun a ƙarƙashin tutar, "Ina Matan Ke Cikin Wikipedia?" [1] Susan C. Herring, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar bayanai da harsuna, ta ce ba ta yi mamakin gibin jinsi da masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia ke da shi ba. Ta ce yanayin da ake yawan samun cece-kuce a shafukan "magana" na labarin Wikipedia, inda ake tattauna abubuwan da ke cikin labarin, ba shi da kyau ga mata da yawa, "idan ba tsoro ba ne kai tsaye". [2] Joseph M. Reagle ya mayar da martani makamancin haka, yana mai cewa haɗakar "al'adar ɗan damfara mai son ɓoye ra'ayi", tare da tasirin da ba shi da kyau na wasu tsirarun membobin da ke rikici a cikin al'umma, na iya sa ya zama ba shi da kyau. Ya ce, "za a iya amfani da akidar da maganganun 'yanci da budewa (a) don danne damuwa game da maganganun da ba su dace ba ko na batanci a matsayin 'takunkumi' da kuma (b) don yin la'akari da rashin shigar mata a matsayin kawai batun fifiko da zabi na kansu." [3] Justine Cassell ta ce duk da cewa mata suna da ilimi kamar maza, kuma suna iya kare ra'ayinsu, "har yanzu haka lamarin yake a cikin al'ummar Amurka cewa muhawara, jayayya, da kuma kare matsayin mutum sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matsayin maza, kuma amfani da waɗannan salon magana na iya haifar da ƙima mara kyau." [4] A watan Afrilun 2011, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar da bincikenta na farko na Wikipedia na rabin shekara. Ya nuna cewa kashi 9% na editocin Wikipedia mata ne. Ta kuma ruwaito cewa, "Sabanin ra'ayin wasu, bayananmu sun nuna cewa mata kaɗan ne suka fi yin rubutu game da editocinsu suna jin kamar an ci zarafinsu, kuma kaɗan ne kawai ke jin cewa Wikipedia yanayi ne na jima'i." <ref name="WES2011">{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Wikipedia Editors Study: Results From ''The Editor Survey, April 2011'' |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226041321/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |website=[[Wikipedia]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, wata takarda da aka buga a watan Oktoban 2011 a taron kasa da kasa kan Wikis da Open Collaboration ta gano shaidar da ke nuna cewa Wikipedia na iya samun "al'adar da za ta iya zama mai tsauri ga mata." Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa akwai kuma "gibin ƙwarewar intanet" dangane da editocin Wikipedia. Marubutan sun gano cewa mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa a Wikipedia maza ne masu ƙwarewa sosai kuma babu gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara marasa ƙwarewa, kuma sun kammala da cewa "gibin ƙwarewa" yana ƙara ta'azzara gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara. [1] A tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2014, mata sun kai kashi 61% na mahalarta kwasa-kwasan kwaleji da shirin Wiki Education Foundation ya shirya, wanda ya haɗa da gyara Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar karatu. An gano cewa gudummawar da suka bayar ta sauya abubuwan da ke cikin Wikipedia daga al'adun gargajiya da STEM zuwa kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma ilimin ɗan adam. [2] A shekarar 2015, Katherine Maher, wacce ta gaje Gardner a matsayin darakta ta Wikimedia Foundation, ta yi jayayya cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "yana nuna al'umma gaba daya". Misali, ta lura cewa Wikipedia ta dogara ne akan [[Tushen na biyu|wasu majiyoyi na biyu]] waɗanda ke da irin wannan son zuciya. Ta yarda cewa tsarin gyara Wikipedia yana gabatar da nasa son zuciya, musamman ganin cewa batutuwan da suka shahara a tsakanin editocinta maza galibi suna jawo ƙarin gyare-gyare. <ref name="kmaher">{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Katherine |date=18 October 2018 |title=Wikipedia is a mirror of the world's gender biases |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2018/10/18/wikipedia-mirror-world-gender-biases/ |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa mata da ke shiga cikin wani gwaji ta hanyar gyara wani shafi mai kama da Wikipedia suna kallon sauran editoci a matsayin maza, kuma suna kallon amsoshinsu a matsayin mafi mahimmanci fiye da idan ɗayan editan bai nuna bambancin jinsi ba . Binciken ya kammala da cewa: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shane-Simpson |first=Christina |last2=Gillespie-Lynch |first2=Kristen |date=January 2017 |title=Examining potential mechanisms underlying the Wikipedia gender gap through a collaborative editing task |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |url-status=live |journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]] |volume=66 |pages=312–328 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.043 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170109/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>   Wani bincike da Heather Ford da Judy Wajcman suka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya lura cewa bincike kan nuna wariya ga jinsi na ci gaba da nuna cewa matsalar na cikin gibin mata. Sabanin haka, babban hujjarsu ta nuna cewa nazarin kayayyakin more rayuwa a fannin fasahar mata yana ba da damar a ɗauki nazarin jinsi zuwa wani mataki. Yana duba batutuwa uku a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa: manufofin abun ciki, software, da kuma tsarin aiki na doka. Yana nuna cewa za a iya samun ci gaba ta hanyar canza wannan al'adar [[Tattalin arzikin ilimi|samar da ilimi]] ta hanyar ƙarfafa ilimi daban-daban, rage shingayen fasaha ga gyarawa, da kuma magance sarkakiyar manufofin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=Heather |last2=Wajcman |first2=Judy |date=2017 |title='Anyone can edit', not everyone does: Wikipedia and the gender gap |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |url-status=live |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=511–527 |doi=10.1177/0306312717692172 |pmid=28791929 |s2cid=32835293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228081909/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin kasidarsu ta watan Fabrairun 2018, "Bututun Rashin Daidaito a Shiga ta Intanet: Shari'ar Gyaran Wikipedia", Shaw da Hargittai sun kammala daga bincikensu cewa magance matsalolin rashin daidaito a shiga ciki har da nuna wariya ga jinsi yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan batutuwa banda rashin daidaito. [1] Sun ba da shawarar a mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa mahalarta daga dukkan fannoni na ilimi, matakan ƙwarewa, da kuma shekaru don taimakawa Wikipedia ta inganta. Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa sanar da ƙarin mata cewa Wikipedia kyauta ce ta gyarawa kuma a buɗe take ga kowa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kawar da nuna wariya ga jinsi. [1] A watan Maris na 2018, masanin lissafi Marie A. Vitulli ta rubuta a cikin ''Sanarwar Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka'', "Kashi na mata masu gyara a Wikipedia ya kasance ƙasa sosai." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vitulli |first=Marie A. |date=March 2018 |title=Writing Women in Mathematics into Wikipedia |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=330–334 |arxiv=1710.11103 |doi=10.1090/noti1650 |s2cid=119259241 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303142204/http://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Noopur Raval, wanda ya yi digirin digirgir a UC Irvine, ya rubuta a cikin littafin "The Encyclopedia Must Fail!– Notes on Queering Wikipedia" cewa "yin dandamali a bude ba ya fassara zuwa daidaiton shiga, sauƙin shiga, ko karɓar al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai." [1] A shekarar 2017, masu bincike Matthew A. Vetter da Keon Mandell Pettiway sun ce rinjayen mazan fararen fata da na jinsi-jinsi a tsakanin editocin Wikipedia ya haifar da "share jinsi da asalin jinsi marasa tsari", ban da mata masu jinsi-jinsi, kuma "maganganun da ke tsakanin androcentric da heteronormative" na gyaran Wikipedia bai isa ya ba da damar "jinsi da asalin jinsi-jinsi masu bambanci su shiga cikin amfani da harshe da gina ilimi ba." [2] === Dalilai === [[File:Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg|alt=Sue Gardner street portrait|left|thumb| Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation, [[Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner,]] ta bayar da rahoto kan dalilai tara, wadanda mata masu gyara Wikipedia suka bayar, a cikin wani rubutu kan rashin mata masu gyara a Wikipedia. <ref name="Gardner110219">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Sue |date=19 February 2011 |title=Nine Reasons Why Women Don't Edit Wikipedia, In Their Own Words |url=http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718103642/http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |archive-date=18 July 2015 |website=suegardner.org |type=blog}}</ref>]] Binciken Collier da Bear ya nuna cewa bambancin da ke tsakanin adadin gudummawar na iya faruwa ne saboda dalilai uku: (1) yawan rikice-rikice a cikin tattaunawa, (2) rashin son yanayi mai mahimmanci, da kuma (3) rashin kwarin gwiwa wajen gyara ayyukan wasu masu ba da gudummawa. <ref name="nytimes20jun2015">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Lih |date=20 June 2015 |title=Can Wikipedia Survive? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621032208/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=www.nytimes.com |quote=...the considerable and often-noted gender gap among Wikipedia editors; in 2011, less than 15 percent were women.}}</ref> Wani sharhi da aka buga kan gibin jinsi a Wikipedia ya gano manyan rukunoni uku na waɗannan abubuwan a cikin adabin ilimi: 'matsalar mata' (zargin halayen mata), 'tasirin madubi' (zargin al'umma amma uzuri Wikipedia), da kuma 'matsalar tsari' (zargin al'ummar edita ta asali da maza suka mamaye). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferran-Ferrer |first=Núria |last2=Boté-Vericad |first2=Juan-José |last3=Minguillón |first3=Julià |date=16 December 2023 |title=Wikipedia gender gap: a scoping review |url=https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/87476/63565 |journal=El Profesional de la información |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.3145/epi.2023.nov.17 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Jaridar New York Times ta nuna cewa yawan shigar mata a Wikipedia na iya yin daidai da sauran "dandalin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya nuna cewa kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata a Wikipedia sun shiga cikin harkar, wanda aka lura cewa ya kusa da kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata a sauran "dandalolin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] [2] Sarah Stierch, wata mai bincike a Wikipedia, ta yarda cewa "abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare" ga masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia su kasance ba sa bayyana jinsinsu. [3] Al'adar da ake ganin ba ta da maraba da ita da kuma jure wa kalaman tashin hankali da cin zarafi suma dalilai ne da aka gabatar na bambancin jinsi. [4] A cewar wani bincike na 2013, [5] wani dalili na gibin jinsi a Wikipedia shine gazawar jawo hankalin mata da kuma riƙe editocinsu, wanda hakan ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga labaran Wikipedia. Haka kuma, Wikipedia "...masu gyara da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin mata suna fuskantar cin zarafi" daga wasu editocin Wikipedia. [6] Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation [[Sue Gardner|, Sue Gardner,]] ta ambaci dalilai tara da ya sa mata ba sa gyara Wikipedia, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsokaci daga mata [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|editocin Wikipedia]] : <ref name="Gardner110219" /> # Rashin sauƙin amfani a cikin hanyar gyara . # Rashin isasshen lokacin hutu . # Rashin amincewa da kai . # Ƙiyayya ga rikici da rashin son shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsawo. # Imani da cewa gudummawar da suka bayar za ta yi yawa a mayar da ita ko a goge ta. # Wasu suna ganin yanayinsa gaba ɗaya yana nuna ƙiyayya ga wasu . # Al'adar Wikipedia ta jima'i ce ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. # Ana kiran namiji da suna ba daidai ba ne ga matan da harshensu na asali yake da jinsi na nahawu . # Damar da ake da ita ta hulɗa da jama'a kaɗan ne kuma salon maraba ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran shafuka. Duk da cewa adadin masu karatu mata da maza a Wikipedia ya yi daidai da kashi (47%), mata ba su da yawan masu karatu (16%). Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa akwai wata al'ada da aka kafa a Wikipedia wadda ke hana mata shiga. [1] [2] Lam da abokan aikinsa sun danganta wannan al'ada da rashin daidaito a cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci tsakanin maza da mata da aka wakilta kuma aka gyara, yanayin da mata masu amfani da su ke da shi na ƙara himma a fannoni na zamantakewa da al'umma na Wikipedia, da kuma ƙaruwar yiwuwar cewa sabbin editocin mata za su koma ga gyare-gyare, da/ko kuma cewa labaran da ke da yawan editocin mata sun fi zama masu jayayya. [1] An kuma danganta wannan batu da ra'ayoyin jama'a game da yadda bayanai da bayanai ya kamata su kasance. Tunda Wikipedia tana da tsammanin "ƙwararre", [ana buƙatar hujja] marubuta Joan Schwartz da Terry Cook sun ce ƙa'idodin ƙwararru galibi ana ƙirƙira su ne ta hanyar mizanin abin da ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu rinjaye ke jin daɗi, kuma suna shafar mata da mutanen launin fata fiye da maza. [1] Sau da yawa takaddama game da ikon hukumomi yana da mahimmanci a tattauna yayin tantance ko ya kamata a yi jayayya kan gabatarwa ko a'a. A shekarar 2019, Schlomit Aharoni Lir ta bayyana tsarin "mummunan da'irar", inda ta nuna yadda matakai biyar na mummunan suna, rashin suna, tsoro, wariya da kin amincewa - ke inganta juna, ta yadda mata ba za su iya bayar da gudummawa ga gidan yanar gizon ba. Domin mata da yawa su shiga Wikipedia, mai binciken ya bayar da shawarar dasa "Da'irar Nagarta" wacce ta ƙunshi rashin suna, alaƙa da kafofin sada zumunta, manufofin haɗa kai, gogewa mai laushi da cin zarafi mai nuna alama. [1] A cikin Rahoton Daidaito Jinsi na Wikimedia a shekarar 2018, kashi 14% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun gano rashin lafiyar al'umma {{Efn|A term meaning the opposite of [[community well-being]], with respect to the Wikipedia [[online community]].}} a matsayin babban ƙalubale wajen zama edita a Wikipedia. A cikin binciken, an bayyana lafiyar al'umma a matsayin [[Cin-zarafi|cin zarafi]], rashin goyon bayan aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma rashin bambancin shugabanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender equity report 2018/Barriers to equity - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gender_equity_report_2018/Barriers_to_equity |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> Bayan duba shaidun da suka kama daga ƙananan hare-hare zuwa hare-hare kai tsaye, Hukumar Amintattu ta Wikipedia ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a watan Mayu na 2020 don ɗaukar tsarin daidaitawa na yau da kullun don yaƙi da cin zarafi da kuma kiyaye ƙa'idodin al'umma na Wikipedia. An bai wa gidauniyar aikin kammala daftarin wannan shirin kafin ƙarshen shekarar 2020, kuma zai haɗa da haramtawa masu amfani da ke shiga cikin cin zarafin jinsi, samar da tallafi da al'ummomi ga dukkan jinsi, saka ƙarin albarkatu a cikin Ƙungiyar Amincewa da Tsaro, da ƙari. [1] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] Collier da Bear a shekarar 2012 sun taƙaita dalilin da yasa mata ke yin shinge a Wikipedia da kalmomi uku: rikici, suka da amincewa. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa "Idan al'umma ta jure wa al'adar rikici da maza ke ganin kawai 'masu gasa' ne ko kuma masu wayo da kuma yin barkwanci, to za su iya rasa fa'idodi da dama da mata masu bayar da gudummawa za su iya kawowa a teburin tattaunawa." [1] Suka tana nufin rashin son mata su gyara aikin wani da kuma barin wani ya gyara aikinsu; kwarin gwiwa yana nuna cewa mata galibi ba sa da kwarin gwiwa sosai game da ƙwarewarsu da iyawarsu wajen gyara da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga wani aiki. [1] Manufar Wikipedia ta kyauta don gyarawa tana ba wa masu amfani da dandamali mai buɗewa, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa yanayin gasa da mahimmanci na iya iyakance kwarin gwiwar mata na shiga. [1] Ta hanyar nazarin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Wikipedia, Ford da Wajcman sun nuna wani dalili da zai iya ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a Wikipedia. Gyara a Wikipedia yana buƙatar "takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwarewar zamantakewa da iko waɗanda suka ƙunshi ilimin ko tsarin ilimin halittu na Wikipedia". [1] Ana ɗaukar mutanen da ke da wannan ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a matsayin waɗanda za su iya samun matsayi mai ƙarfi a Wikipedia. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan galibi maza ne. [1] Bugu da ƙari, yayin da suke nazarin tsarin manufofin Wikipedia dalla-dalla, masu binciken sun kammala da cewa sarkakiyar da ke tattare da shi da kuma tushen shari'a suna ba wa wasu masu amfani babban tasiri a muhawarar abun ciki. Wannan rinjayen zai iya raba waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da waɗannan bayanai, musamman yana hana mata da sabbin mahalarta shiga. [1] Misali na asusun kai tsaye na nuna bambanci na jinsi ya fito ne daga mai amfani da Wikipedia Lightbreather, inda ta ba da labarin samun hotunan batsa da ke da alaƙa da sunanta na mai amfani a matsayin hanyar lalata gudummawar da ta bayar a Wikipedia.<ref name="PalingAtlantic">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=21 October 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai cin zarafi ga mutanen [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] . Waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'umma galibi ana cin zarafin su idan aka bayyana asalinsu a bainar jama'a. Misali, wani mai gudanarwa a shafin Wikipedia ya toshe wani edita, kawai saboda sunan mai amfani na mutumin ya nuna cewa shi wani ɓangare ne na al'ummar LGBT. == Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin abun ciki == A cikin 2016, Wagner da abokan aikinsa [1] sun gano cewa rashin daidaiton jinsi yana bayyana kansa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da rashin daidaiton iyaka don haɗa wani labarin kan mutum, son kai na yau da kullun, son kai na harshe, da rashin daidaiton tsari. Marubutan sun gano cewa mata masu tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia sun fi maza shahara, kuma sun gabatar da wasu bayanai guda uku da za a iya bayarwa game da bincike na gaba: 1) cewa editoci sun fi rubuta game da jinsinsu, 2) cewa maza sun fi rubuta labarai game da kansu, da kuma 3) cewa kafofin waje suna sa mata ba su bayyana ba. [1] Dangane da son zuciya a fannin yau da kullum, tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi iyali, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga tarihin rayuwar mata da aka haifa kafin shekarar 1900. Marubutan sun kuma gano bambance-bambancen tsari dangane da meta-data da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo, waɗanda ke da sakamako ga ayyukan neman bayanai. === Ƙirƙirar da goge labarin === Of the 1,960,452 biographical articles on the English Wikipedia in September 2023, only 385,236 or 19.65% were about women. A watan Yulin 2006, Stacy Schiff ta rubuta wani kasida ''a New Yorker'' game da Wikipedia mai taken "Ku San Duk". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |date=24 July 2006 |title=Know It All |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri labarin Wikipedia game da ita a ranar ɗaya. A cewar Timothy Noah, a bayyane yake ba ta shahara a ƙa'idodin Wikipedia ba, duk da lashe kyautar Guggenheim da Pulitzer Prize shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. An nuna rubutunta da labarinta game da ita a cikin WikiProject don magance son zuciya na tsarin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias#Selection_based_on_notability_of_article_topics |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Wikipedia |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Wikipedia ta Turanci da wasu bugu biyar na harsuna da masu bincike suka yi nazari a kansu, rabon labarai game da mata da labarai game da maza ya fi na sauran bayanai uku. Duk da haka, bincike da aka yi da ilimin harsunan kwamfuta ya kammala da cewa yadda aka bayyana mata da maza a cikin labaran yana nuna son kai, tare da labaran da suka shafi mata sun fi amfani da kalmomi da suka shafi jinsi da iyali. Masu binciken sun yi imanin cewa wannan alama ce da editocin Wikipedia ke ɗaukar namiji a matsayin "jinsi mara komai" (a wata ma'anar, ana ɗauka cewa "namiji" sai dai idan an ƙayyade shi ta wata hanya, misali na namiji a matsayin al'ada ). [1] Wani suka da aka yi wa tsarin Wikipedia, daga wani editan jaridar Guardian na 2014, shi ne cewa yana da wahalar yanke hukunci game da "abin da ke da muhimmanci". Domin kwatanta wannan batu, sun lura cewa shafin da ke nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na batsa ya fi tsari fiye da shafin da ke nuna mata marubuta . [2] Mujallar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta buga bincike da Reagle da Lauren Rhue suka yi wanda ya yi nazari kan labaran da aka bayar, wakilcin jinsi, da tsawon labarin dubban batutuwa na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi da Encyclopædia Britannica ta yanar gizo (har zuwa watan Yunin 2010). Sun kammala da cewa Wikipedia ta samar da ingantaccen bayani da kuma dogon labarai gabaɗaya, cewa Wikipedia yawanci tana da labarai da yawa kan mata fiye da Britannica a zahiri, amma labaran Wikipedia kan mata sun fi ɓacewa fiye da labaran maza dangane da Britannica . Wato, Wikipedia ta mamaye Britannica a tarihin rayuwarta, amma fiye da haka idan ana maganar maza. Hakazalika, mutum zai iya cewa Britannica ta fi daidaito a cikin waɗanda ta yi sakaci da rufewa fiye da Wikipedia. Ga dukkan ayyukan tunani, tsawon labarin bai bambanta ba dangane da jinsi. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2023 ta amfani da Wikidata don auna abubuwan da ke ciki ya gano cewa Britannica, wacce ta ƙunshi tarihin rayuwa 50,479, ta ƙunshi 5,999 daga cikinsu game da mata, kimanin kashi 11.88%. Binciken ya kwatanta adadi da kashi 18.22% na tarihin rayuwa a cikin ayyukan Wikimedia waɗanda mata ne, yana ambaton bayanan 2021. [2] Wani bincike da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Minnesota da wasu jami'o'i uku suka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa labaran da mata suka gyara, "wadanda ake kyautata zaton sun fi jan hankalin mata", sun "yi gajeru sosai" a matsakaici fiye da na maza ko kuma na maza da mata. [3] [4] [[File:A_side-by-side_comparison_of_the_portion_of_available_biographies_about_women_on_Wikipedia_versus_the_portion_of_women_biographies_nominated_for_deletion_from_January_2017_to_February_2020.gif|thumb| Kwatanta ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia idan aka kwatanta da ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa na mata da aka zaɓa don gogewa daga Janairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2020, Francesca Tripodi]] A watan Oktoban 2018, lokacin da Donna Strickland ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, rubuce-rubuce da dama sun ambaci cewa ba ta da shafin Wikipedia a baya. An gabatar da daftarin aiki, amma an ƙi amincewa da shi saboda rashin nuna "muhimman bayanai (ba kawai ambaton ambato ba) game da batun". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2 October 2018 |title=Nobel physics prize winners include first female laureate for 55 years – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226083859/https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da masanin ilimin zamantakewa Francesca Tripodi ya gudanar a shekarar 2021, an zabi tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a matsayin wadanda ba a san su sosai ba. <ref name="Tripodi2021">{{Cite journal |last=Tripodi |first=Francesca |year=2021 |title=Ms. Categorized: Gender, notability, and inequality on Wikipedia |journal=New Media & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=1687–1707 |doi=10.1177/14614448211023772 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=237883867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin 2024 na {{Interlanguage link|Khandaker Tasnim Huq}} da {{Interlanguage link|Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia}} A shafin Wikipedia da ke magana da Turanci, an kuma nuna cewa an samu nasarar share sunayen mata da kashi 34% cikin sauri bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar mata fiye da bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar maza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandaker Tasnim Huq |last2=Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia |date=20 June 2024 |title=Gender Gap in Wikipedia: Are Women Vanishing Soon? |url=https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/gender-gap-in-wikipedia-are-notable-women-vanishing-soon.pdf}}</ref> === Ganuwa ga labarin === Wani bincike da Claudia Wagner ta jagoranta a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a Turanci ba a bayyane yake ba kamar tarihin rayuwar maza, kuma ya kammala da cewa wannan bambanci ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa al'umma tana haɗa labaran maza da kyau. [1] A shekarar 2023, wani bincike da Akhil Arora, Robert West da Martin Gerlach suka gudanar ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi yawa a cikin labaran marayu (labaran da ba za a iya samun damarsu ta wasu labarai ba): a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, mata suna wakiltar kashi 19% na tarihin rayuwa, amma kuma suna wakiltar kashi 29% na tarihin rayuwa marayu. [2] Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa kayan marayu ba a ganinsu sosai fiye da sauran. [2] === Abubuwan da ke cikin labarin === Duk da cewa yawancin hankali ya ta'allaka ne akan gibin da ke tsakanin tarihin rayuwar maza da mata a Wikipedia, wasu bincike sun kuma mayar da hankali kan ilimin harsuna da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin batutuwan da aka tattauna. A shekarar 2020, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Harsunan Kwamfuta ta gudanar da nazarin rubutu game da nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin labaran Wikipedia. Binciken ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata sun ƙunshi ƙarin jimloli masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya mace" yayin da ake ambaton maza ta amfani da kalmomi masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya". Binciken ya kammala da cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi gaba ɗaya yana raguwa ga kimiyya da labarai masu da hankali kan iyali, yayin da yake ƙaruwa ga abubuwan fasaha da ƙirƙira. [1] [2] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa, a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kalmar "saki" ta bayyana fiye da sau huɗu a cikin labaran tarihin rayuwa game da mata fiye da maza. A cewar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, "Ba mu san dalili sosai ba, amma wataƙila abubuwa da yawa ne, ciki har da yadda ake bayyana rayuwar mata ta hanyar dangantakarsu da maza a tarihi". <ref name="kmaher" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2020 kan rahotannin shugabannin manyan kamfanoni na Fortune 1000 ya gano cewa akwai nuna wariya ga mata a fannin jinsi. Binciken ya binciki gudummawar da aka samu daga sabbin editoci da waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa kuma ya gano cewa sabbin editoci sun fi gabatar da bayanai da suka shafi mata, amma masu amfani da suka daɗe suna ramawa fiye da kima idan suka mayar da martani ga waɗannan gyare-gyaren. An gano cewa labaran da ƙungiyar editoci masu tasowa da suka bambanta suka rubuta sun fi nuna rashin daidaito. [1] Mutane masu canza jinsi da waɗanda ba su da bambancin jinsi biyu suna fuskantar cin zarafi kan bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. Misali, idan shahararrun mutane suka fito a matsayin masu canza jinsi, galibi ana nuna musu wariya kuma ana gabatar da karin magana a kansu don muhawara. Misalai masu kyau na waɗannan muhawara sun haɗa da Chelsea Manning a shekarar 2013 da Caitlyn Jenner a shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka lalata sunayensu da suka ayyana kansu kuma aka koma ga sunayensu na baya. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata masu canza jinsi da mutanen da ba su da jinsi biyu suna da kaso mafi girma na labarinsu da aka keɓe ga sashin "Rayuwar Kai", wanda galibi ke mai da hankali kan asalin jinsin mutumin: "Ma'anar cewa asalin jinsi wata siffa ce mai mahimmanci ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin wataƙila tana nuna 'ɓarɓarewa', inda ake bambanta mutane ko kuma ana yi musu lakabi da waɗanda ba su dace da ƙa'idar zamantakewa ba, wanda galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin mahallin jinsi ko yanayin jima'i". [2] A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022, an gano cewa labaran da maza suka rubuta sun fi yawa fiye da na mata. Bugu da ƙari, wallafe-wallafen da mata suka zama manyan marubuta ba su da yawa da za a iya ambaton su a Wikipedia. Bayanin da marubutan suka bayar game da wannan shine homophily, wanda shine ra'ayin cewa mutane suna fifita wasu mutane ko aiki irin nasu. Wannan na iya bayyana son zuciya da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ambato saboda galibin editocin Wikipedia maza ne, don haka suna iya fifita wallafe-wallafen maza. [1] == Martani == Wasu masana ilimi da 'yan jarida sun soki Wikipedia saboda kasancewarta mafi yawan maza masu bayar da gudummawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reagle |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Reagle |date=7 January 2013 |title='Free as in sexist?': Free culture and the gender gap |url=http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520205049/http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2013 |title=Joseph Reagle on the gender gap in geek culture |url=http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015917/http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=Surprisingly Free}}</ref> da kuma rashin samun labarai masu yawa game da mata ko batutuwa masu mahimmanci ga mata. A lokacin da take rubuta wa ''Slate'' a shekarar 2011, mai sharhi kan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Heather Mac Donald ta kira rashin daidaiton jinsi a Wikipedia a matsayin "ba matsala ba wajen neman mafita mara kyau". Mac Donald ya yi iƙirarin cewa, "Bayani mafi sauƙi game da bambancin yawan shiga cikin Wikipedia - da kuma wanda ya dace da ƙwarewar yau da kullun - shine, a matsakaici, maza da mata suna da sha'awa daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin da suka fi so na yin amfani da lokacin hutunsu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mac Donald |first=Heather |date=9 February 2011 |title=Wikipedia Is Male-Dominated. That Doesn't Mean It's Sexist. |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107205929/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |archive-date=7 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2015 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, [[Sue Gardner]], babbar darakta ta Gidauniyar Wikimedia a lokacin, ta ce game da gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta magance shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." <ref name="Huang130811">{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Keira |date=11 August 2013 |title=Wikipedia fails to bridge gender gap |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115195821/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2014, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar a wata hira da BBC game da shirin Gidauniyar Wikimedia na "ninki biyu" kan gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata a Wikipedia. Wales ta ce Gidauniyar za ta kasance a buɗe ga ƙarin masu amfani da ita da kuma ƙarin sauye-sauyen software. A cikin littafin Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men, Caroline Criado Perez ta lura cewa shafukan Wikipedia da yawa waɗanda ke nuni ga ƙungiyoyin maza ko ayyukansu an jera su a matsayin marasa jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Ingila ), yayin da shafukan ƙungiyoyi ko ayyuka makamantan su ga mata an yi su ne musamman ga jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta mata ta Ingila ).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Caroline Criado Perez}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an yi wa Wikipedia kallon "mai nuna son kai na editocinta na al'umma."  A shekarar 2025, Núria Ferran-Ferrer, Farfesa kuma Wakilin Rector na Jagorancin Sashen Daidaito na Jami'ar Universitat de Barcelona (UB), ta kira nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "tsari ne" kuma "tsawon shekaru goma", inda ta hada bincike don bayyana dalilin da ya sa irin wannan nuna wariya ta faru . Ferran-Ferrer ya gabatar da wasu abubuwa da za su iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar: ƙarin editocin mata, bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin masu ba da gudummawa, ingantaccen watsa labarai game da mata a manyan kafofin watsa labarai, jagororin edita masu sauƙin samu, da kuma al'adar maraba da ƙarfafawa ga sabbin editoci. [1] == Kokarin magance wariya tsakanin jinsi == [[File:Giants_in_the_field_of_Women_in_the_Arts_2.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb| Mahalarta taron gyara fasaha na mata na shekarar 2013 a Washington, DC]] === Gidauniyar Wikimedia === Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dage a hukumance, tun akalla shekarar 2011 lokacin da Gardner ke matsayin babban darakta, cewa akwai nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin aikin. An yi wasu yunƙurin magance matsalar amma Gardner ya nuna takaicinsa game da matakin nasarar da aka samu. Ta kuma lura cewa "a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin hutu da mata ke da shi, sun fi shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa maimakon gyara Wikipedia. 'Mata suna ganin fasaha a matsayin kayan aiki da suke amfani da shi don cimma ayyuka, maimakon wani abu mai daɗi a cikin kanta. ' [1] [2] A cikin 2011, Gidauniyar ta kafa burin samun kashi 25 cikin 100 na masu ba da gudummawa su gane a matsayin mata nan da 2015. [3] A watan Agusta na 2013, Gardner ya ce, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta warware shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." [1] A shekarar 2017, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ware tallafin dala $500,000 don gina yanayi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa ga bambancin ra'ayi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Fundraising Report - Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042716/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=foundation.wikimedia.org}}</ref> An ce VisualEditor, wani aiki da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa wanda ke ba da damar yin gyare-gyare irin na WYSIWYG a Wikipedia, an yi shi ne a wani ɓangare don rage gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata. <ref name="Slate Middleton">{{Cite journal |last=Bosch |first=Torie |date=13 July 2012 |title=Kate Middleton's wedding gown and Wikipedia's gender gap. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203174753/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Godiya ga tallafin Wikimedia Foundation, a watan Maris na 2021 an fitar da wani nau'in alpha na Humaniki, wanda ke ba da nau'ikan kididdigar gibin jinsi iri-iri bisa ga [[Wikidata]] . Ana sabunta kididdigar ta atomatik yayin da aka samar da sabbin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=Humaniki March Update: Public Launch of Alpha Release |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/15/humaniki-march-update-public-launch-of-alpha-release/ |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Wikimedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Asusun Bincike na Wikimedia ya ba da tallafin wani aiki na shekara guda mai suna " [[Cover Women]] ". Yana nazarin yadda ake nuna mata da ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a babban shafin Wikipedia. Mutane da yawa, musamman mata a fannin ilimi, suna ƙirƙirar muƙaloli na masana kimiyya mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Enhancing Representational Equity on Wikipedia {{!}} Omnia |url=https://omnia.sas.upenn.edu/story/heather-sharkey-enhancing-representational-equity-on-wikipedia |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=omnia.sas.upenn.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, masana ilmin halittu mata a cibiyoyin ilimi a Amurka yanzu sun fi samun damar shiga shafin Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia’s gender gap has flipped for one group of scientists |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/wikipedia-s-gender-gap-has-flipped-one-group-scientists |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> === Kokarin da masu amfani ke jagoranta === An shirya shirye-shiryen gyara na musamman don ƙara yawan labaran mata a Wikipedia da kuma ƙarfafa mata su gyara Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoeffel |date=11 February 2014 |title=Closing Wikipedia's Gender Gap – Reluctantly |url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902160836/http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Gidauniyar Wikimedia ce ke tallafawa waɗannan tarurrukan, wanda wani lokacin ke ba da masu ba da shawara da fasaha don taimakawa wajen jagorantar sabbin editoci ta hanyar wannan tsari. Wasu misalai na gyaran da aka mayar da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa sun haɗa da masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi mata 'yan Australiya da mata a tarihin Yahudawa . <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Wani shiri na farko na ƙirƙirar sararin "mata kaɗai" ga editocin Wikipedia a farkon 2015 ya fuskanci adawa sosai daga masu amfani da Wikipedia. <ref name="PalingAtlantic" /> Wasu masu amfani sun yi ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wannan wuri da maza suka mamaye ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin tallafi ga mata masu amfani da Wikipedia, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da WikiWomen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WikiWomen's User Group - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiWomen%27s_User_Group |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>  Wannan rukunin ba wai kawai ana amfani da shi don tallata mata wajen gyara da bayar da gudummawa a kan ƙarin shafuka ba, har ma don ƙara ƙarin shafuka game da mata waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga al'umma gabaɗaya. An ƙaddamar da aikin Wikipedia Teahouse da nufin samar da yanayi mai sauƙin amfani ga sabbin shiga, tare da takamaiman burin ƙara wa mata shiga cikin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Tea & Sympathy: Crafting Positive New User Experiences on Wikipedia |url=http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209213415/http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |website=washington.edu |publisher=Proc. CSCW '13, 23–27 February 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015, an ƙaddamar da WikiProject [[Women in Red]] a kan sigar Ingilishi ta Wikipedia, inda aka mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar sabbin labarai game da mata masu shahara. Galibi ta hanyar gyaran da ake yi a kowane wata ta hanyar intanet, Women in Red tana ƙarfafa editoci su shiga cikin faɗaɗa ayyukan Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Improving gender balance on Wikipedia |url=http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012125221/http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Godiya ga ƙoƙarin wannan aikin, zuwa watan Yunin 2018 an ƙara wasu sabbin tarihin rayuwar mata 17,000 a cikin Wikipedia. Yawancin Wikiprojects sun himmatu wajen tallata gudummawar editoci kan nazarin jinsi da mata, wanda ya haɗa da " mata WikiProject, WikiProject feminism, WikiProject nazarin jinsi, da kuma WikiProject da ke yaƙi da son zuciya/rabon jinsi ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=K. |year=2017 |title=Why women should be editing Wikipedia |journal=Women's Studies Journal |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=94–99 |issn=0112-4099 |oclc=14929028}}</ref> Faɗaɗawa fiye da jinsi biyu na maza/mata, Wikiproject LGBT yana ƙirƙirar sarari don "sake/rubuta haɗa da wakilcin al'adun LGBTQ cikin babban yankin Wikipedia". <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Matthew |first=Vetter |last2=Pettiway |first2=Keon |date=20 November 2018 |title=Hacking Hetero/Normative Logics: Queer Feminist Media Praxis in Wikipedia |url=https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |url-status=live |journal=Technoculture |volume=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014030646/https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |archive-date=14 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, wata mai shirya gyara-a-thon mai suna [[Sarah Osborne Bender]] ta yi wa ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' bayani kan yadda maza ke cire shafukan Wikipedia game da shugabannin mata. "Na rubuta wani labari a Wikipedia game da wata mace mai tallan kayan tarihi, washegari kuma na sami saƙo yana cewa an goge shi saboda ba 'mutum ce mai daraja' ba, amma wani a cikin al'ummarmu ya ba ni shawara kan yadda zan gyara shi don shafin ya ci gaba da kasancewa". Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Mayun 2026 wanda aka nuna a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society ya ruwaito cewa, a cikin ƙidayar masana ilmin halitta mata da maza waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sassan dukkan jami'o'in R1 na Amurka, mata ba su da "ƙarancin bayyanar su a dandamali fiye da takwarorinsu maza har zuwa 2018", amma yanayin ya koma baya a 2022, kuma "mata sun fi maza samun tarihin rayuwarsu da kashi 25%". Bugu da ƙari, tarihin rayuwar mata a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ya fi na maza tsayi. Marubutan wannan littafin sun lura cewa "daga cikin tarihin rayuwar mata 163 da aka ƙirƙira tun 2015, editocin Wikipedia 78 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red, editocin 16 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red (duk da haka, 14 daga cikinsu mutane ne suka ƙirƙira su waɗanda suma ɓangare ne na aikin Women in Red), kuma 13 daga cikinsu ɗalibai ne da aka yi wa rijista a matsayin ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a kwasa-kwasan jami'a waɗanda ke buƙatar/ƙarfafa gwiwa su ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia." [1] Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Agusta na 2026 ya mayar da hankali kan labaran masana Jamusawa a Wikipedia ta Jamus kuma ya gano cewa farfesoshi mata da alama suna da "damar samun tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza", tare da tasirin da aka mayar da hankali a fannin STEM . Marubutan sun kuma lura cewa "faɗaɗɗun hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙwararru na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia, yayin da suke ƙara yiwuwar a nuna su a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin gyara Wikipedia", yayin da suka lura cewa farfesoshi mata za su iya amfana daga shirye-shiryen da suka himmatu wajen rubuta tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia, gami da ayyukan FemNetz da WomenEdit a Berlin, da kuma ƙungiyar "Wanene ke rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa?" a Switzerland . [1] === Jess Wade === A shekarar 2022, wani labari a mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAz0">VICE</i></nowiki> ya yi cikakken bayani kan yadda Jessica Wade ta ƙirƙiri fiye da rubuce-rubuce 1,700 na Wikipedia kan mata masana kimiyya tun daga shekarar 2017 ga mata da yawa waɗanda ba a lura da gudummawarsu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=18 November 2022 |title=I've Made More Than 1,700 Wikipedia Entries on Women Scientists and I'm Not Yet Done |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wikipedia-pages-women-scientists-jessica-wade-stem/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref> Wade ya bayar da babbar gudummawa ga wani kamfen na Wikipedia wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙirƙirar labaran Wikipedia game da fitattun mata masu ilimi, domin haɓaka abin koyi ga mata a cikin STEM. <ref name="1Cxjc">{{Cite web |last= |year=2017 |title=Jess Wade – CSHL WiSE |url=http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820110414/http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=cshlwise.org |publisher=[[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] Harbour |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |last=Zdanowicz |first=Christina |year=2018 |title=A physicist has written more than 280 Wikipedia entries to elevate women in science |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123225217/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wade ya ƙirƙiri sabbin labarai na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia don ɗaga martabar mata a STEM. <ref name="tnw" /> <ref name="pride">{{Cite web |last=Zane |first=Zachary |date=2 January 2019 |title=This Scientist Is Updating Wikipedia with Women, POC, & LGBTQ+ History |url=https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820105152/https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=2 January 2019 |website=pride.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa sama da 900 a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=Physicist writes 900 Wikipedia entries to boost diversity in science |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527160929/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |archive-date=27 May 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> Zuwa watan Janairun 2021, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 1,200. Zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, ya wuce 2,100. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2019, jaridar Washington Post ta buga wani rubutu mai taken "Hoton ramin baƙi misali ne kawai na kare mata a kimiyya", [1] wanda Zaringhalam da Wade suka rubuta tare, suna fafutukar ganin an ƙara karrama matan da ke ba da gudummawa ga kimiyya. Bayan an fitar da hoton farko na wani ramin baƙi, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun yi bikin rawar da Katie Bouman ta taka wajen jagorantar ƙirƙirar tsarin sarrafa hotuna. [2] Jaridar ta jaddada ikon kafofin sada zumunta kamar Twitter da kuma rumbun adana bayanai na haɗin gwiwa kamar Wikipedia wajen yaba wa gudummawar kimiyya ta mata. A matsayin misali na rashin isasshen bayani a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi game da mata a fannin kimiyya, labarin ya nuna goge tarihin rayuwar Clarice Phelps . Wade ya ƙirƙiri wani ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Phelps a Wikipedia a watan Satumba na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=A deleted Wikipedia page speaks volumes about its biggest problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429091704/https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Fastcompany.com}}</ref> Share wannan labarin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2019 <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=What a Deleted Profile Tells Us About Wikipedia's Diversity Problem |url=https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162539/https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |archive-date=28 April 2019 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=Undark.org}}</ref> ya haifar da dogon tattaunawa kan edita da kuma sake maido da shi da kuma sake goge shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadeque |first=Samira |date=29 April 2019 |title=Wikipedia doesn't think this Black female scientist is notable enough for a page |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430042820/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=dailydot.com |publisher=The Daily Dot}}</ref> Katrina Krämer ta rubuta a cikin ''Duniyar Kimiyyar Halitta'' :   Wade ta shaida wa Chemistry World cewa ta yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashin tantancewar da masu binciken kimiyya suka yi daga rahoton da aka wallafa a Wikipedia abin takaici ne, tana mai bayyana ra'ayinta cewa tana karɓar bayanai daga ma fitattun mutane a kafofin watsa labarai. [1] Zuwa watan Janairun 2020, an cimma matsaya kan dawo da wannan labarin, domin a wancan lokacin sabbin majiyoyi sun fara samuwa. [2] Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, daga cikin kasidu 600 game da masana kimiyya mata da Wade ya rubuta, an goge guda 6 saboda rashin cika ka'idojin Wikipedia na shahara. [1] === Wasu kamfanoni === A shekarar 2013, FemTechNet ta ƙaddamar da "Wikistorming" a matsayin wani aiki da ke ba da tallafin karatu ga mata kuma yana ƙarfafa gyaran Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na koyarwar makaranta da kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=feminist wiki-storming – FemTechNet |url=https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401012841/https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2014, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta sanar da cewa za ta kashe dala $200,000 don nazarin bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322971 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322971&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322934 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322934&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, [[Jennifer C. Edwards]], shugabar sashen tarihi a Kwalejin Manhattan, ta bayyana cewa cibiyoyin ilimi za su iya amfani da ayyukan Wikipedia kamar nazarin gibin jinsi na kundin bayanai da kuma rufe batutuwan mata don zaburar da ɗalibai su canza rashin daidaiton jinsi na yanzu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |issn=0018-2745 |jstor=24810523}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Angela Fan, mai bincike a Meta Platforms, ta sanar da wani samfurin manhaja mai buɗewa wacce za ta iya ƙirƙirar daftarin tarihin rayuwa irin na Wikipedia wanda "wata rana zai taimaka wa editocin Wikipedia ƙirƙirar dubban rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa masu inganci ga muhimman mutane waɗanda ba sa cikin shafin", ciki har da mata. == Duba kuma == * Nuna wariya ga launin fata a Wikipedia * Bambancin yanki akan Wikipedia * Nuna bambancin jinsi na ƙarni na biyu * [[Wikipidiya|Tsarin son kai a cikin Wikipedia]] == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |jstor=24810523 |ref=none}} === Yaɗa labarai === * Bort, Julie (15 Fabrairu 2014) [http://www.businessinsider.com/growing-army-of-women-take-on-wikipedia-2014-2 "Ƙaruwar Rundunar Mata Suna Ɗauki Matsalar Launin Mata ta Wikipedia"] . Mai bincike a fannin kasuwanci. An dawo da shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2022. * * * * * * * * * * - Gabatarwa da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa ra'ayoyi takwas. * === Bincike da shawara === * {{Cite web |last=Glott |first=Ruediger |last2=Schmidt |first2=Philipp |last3=Ghosh |first3=Rishab |date=March 2010 |title=Wikipedia Survey: Overview Results |url=http://www.wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414165445/http://wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2010 |access-date=11 August 2014 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Maximilian |display-authors=etal. |date=10 February 2015 |title=Monitoring the Gender Gap with Wikidata Human Gender Indicators |url=http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119131203/http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Cornell University Library |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Tripp |first=Dawn Leonard |date=13 January 2015 |title=How to Edit Wikipedia: Lessons from a Female Contributor |url=http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209033907/http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=Anita Borg Institute |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hinnosaar |first=Marit |date=July 2019 |title=Gender Inequality in New Media: Evidence from Wikipedia |url=http://www.carloalberto.org/assets/working-papers/no.411.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |volume=163 |pages=262–276 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.020 |s2cid=182928068 |ref=none}} *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Cite web |title=Wiki Loves Women |url=https://www.wikiloveswomen.org/ |language=en-US}} {{Gender equality}}{{Wikipedia|state=expanded}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q989d6fba63zhcsdop1n716aoojod66 966150 966136 2026-10-11T14:17:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Ƙarin karatu */ 966150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a Wikipedia''' shine yawan ra'ayoyi da batutuwa na maza, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru cewa maza sun fi mata iya zama [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|masu ba da gudummawa ga aikin sa]] kai kuma su zama batun labaran [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] . {{As of|2024|6}} , Wikipedia ta Ingilishi tana da kusan tarihin rayuwar mata 400,000, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 20% na jimlar tarihin rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandek |first=Barbara |date=2023-03-01 |title=Closing the gender gap: Women in Red’s efforts to add more women to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/01/closing-the-gender-gap-women-in-reds-efforts-to-add-more-women-to-wikipedia/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Wikipedia ba ta da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a fannin masu karatu, duk da haka labaran batutuwa da daidaikun mutane suna karkata ga maza. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, kashi 80% na masu gyara Wikipedia a duniya maza ne, kashi 14% mata ne, kashi 5% kuma ba su da bambancin jinsi, kuma kashi 4% sun zabi kin bayyana jinsinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights 2024 Report |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/Community_Insights_2024_Report#Gender |access-date=8 September 2026 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 wanda ya shafi harsuna 12 na Wikipedia da wasu ayyukan [[Gidauniyar Wikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]], kashi 90% na masu amsa 3,734 sun bayar da rahoton jinsinsu a matsayin namiji, kashi 8.8% a matsayin mace, da kuma kashi 1% a matsayin sauran; daga cikin masu bayar da gudummawa ga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kashi 84.7% an gano su a matsayin maza, kashi 13.6% a matsayin mata, da kuma kashi 1.7% a matsayin sauran (jimillar masu amsa 88). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights/2018 Report/Contributors - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/2018_Report/Contributors |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, [[Katherine Maher]], shugabar Wikimedia Foundation a lokacin, ta ce aikin da ƙungiyarta ta yi shi ne mata sun kai kashi 15-20% na jimillar masu bayar da gudummawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa, a watan Afrilun 2017, kashi 41% na tarihin rayuwar da aka zaba domin a goge su mata ne duk da cewa kashi 17% ne kawai na tarihin rayuwar da aka buga mata ne. [1] Ganuwa da isa ga mata a Wikipedia yana da iyaka, inda wani rahoto na 2015 ya gano cewa shafukan mata galibi "suna da alaƙa da maza". [2] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] An gano harsunan da ake ɗauka a matsayin masu nuna bambancin jinsi, masu yawan magana, ko kuma waɗanda suka shafi jinsi a cikin labaran da suka shafi mata. [3] Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi yana ɗaya daga cikin sukar da aka fi yi wa Wikipedia, wani lokacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sukar da aka fi yi game da nuna bambanci a tsarin Wikipedia . A shekarar 2015, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar da cewa kundin tarihin ya gaza cimma burinsa na riƙe kashi 25% na mata a matsayin editoci. An ƙirƙiro shirye-shirye kamar [[Taron Gyaran Shafukan Wikipedia|edita-a-thons]] da kuma [[Women in Red]] don ƙarfafa editocin mata da kuma ƙara yawan labaran batutuwan mata. <ref name="tnw">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Cara |year=2019 |title=This physicist has written over 500 biographies of women scientists on Wikipedia |url=https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804235220/https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=thenextweb.com |publisher=[[The Next Web]]}}</ref> == Nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin shiga == === Kokarin auna bambancin jinsi === Binciken farko da aka yi kan kasancewar mutane a duk duniya a shekarar 2008 ya gano cewa kashi 13% na dukkan editocin mata ne, wanda bayan wani bincike na gaba a shekarar 2011, aka rage shi zuwa kashi 9% a duk duniya. A Amurka, wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa kashi 15% na masu bayar da gudummawa mata ne. <ref name="torres" /> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 6% na editocin da suka yi gyare-gyare sama da 500 mata ne, inda matsakaicin editan maza ke da gyare-gyare sau biyu. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+ style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-size: 80%" |Kwatanta sakamakon da aka samu na yawan masu karatu da editoci na Wikipedia daga binciken Pew da aka gudanar a duk fadin kasar da kuma binciken WMF/UNU-MERIT (UNU) na jerin masu canji daban-daban a cikin binciken biyu. Lambobin da aka gyara ga editoci suna ɗauka cewa son zuciya ga editoci iri ɗaya ne da son zuciya ga masu karatu, kuma, a cikin ginshiƙi mafi kyau, son zuciya ya tabbata ga editoci a wajen Amurka. An sake buga tebur daga wannan tushe. <ref name="PLOS">{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Benjamin Mako |last2=Shaw |first2=Aaron |last3=Sánchez |first3=Angel |date=26 June 2013 |title=The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=6 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865782H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065782 |pmc=3694126 |pmid=23840366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ! scope="col" | Mai canzawa ! scope="col" | Masu karatu a Amurka (Pew) ! scope="col" | Masu Karatu a Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka adj. ! scope="col" | Editocin (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin adireshi. |- ! scope="row" | Mace | 49.0 | 39.9 | 17.8 | 22.7 | 12.7 | 16.1 |- ! scope="row" | An yi aure | 60.1 | 44.1 | 30.9 | 36.3 | 33.2 | 38.4 |- ! scope="row" | Yara | 36.0 | 29.4 | 16.4 | 27.6 | 14.4 | 25.3 |- ! scope="row" | Baƙi | 10.1 | 14.4 | 12.1 | 9.8 | 8.2 | 7.4 |- ! scope="row" | Ɗalibi | 17.7 | 29.9 | 46.0 | 38.5 | 47.7 | 40.3 |} A shekara ta 2010, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da UNU-MERIT sun haɗu sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da sakamakon wani bincike na Wikipedia na duniya. [1] Wani labarin jaridar New York Times ya ambaci wannan haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, wanda ya nuna cewa ƙasa da kashi 13% na masu ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia mata ne. Sue Gardner, babbar darakta a gidauniyar a wancan lokacin, ta ce ƙara bambancin ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da sanya kundin tarihin ya zama "mai kyau gwargwadon iyawarsa". Abubuwan da labarin ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda ke hana mata yin gyara sun haɗa da "masana'antar son gaskiya mai cike da damuwa", alaƙa da "taron masu kutse masu himma", da kuma buƙatar kasancewa "a buɗe ga mutane masu wahala, masu rikici, har ma da masu son nuna wariya ga wasu". [2] A shekarar 2013, an daidaita sakamakon binciken don nuna son kai ga rashin amsawa ta hanyar Hill da Shaw ta amfani da dabarar kimanta maki don ba da shawarar gyara sama ga bayanan da aka samu daga binciken da kuma ba da shawarar sabuntawa ga kididdigar da ake bincike a kai, wanda ya ba da kashi 22.7% (17.8% ba a daidaita ba) ga manyan editocin mata na Amurka da kuma kashi 16.1% (12.7% ba a daidaita ba) ga duk editocin mata na Amurka. [3] A watan Fabrairun 2011, jaridar New York Times ta biyo bayan jerin ra'ayoyi kan batun a ƙarƙashin tutar, "Ina Matan Ke Cikin Wikipedia?" [1] Susan C. Herring, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar bayanai da harsuna, ta ce ba ta yi mamakin gibin jinsi da masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia ke da shi ba. Ta ce yanayin da ake yawan samun cece-kuce a shafukan "magana" na labarin Wikipedia, inda ake tattauna abubuwan da ke cikin labarin, ba shi da kyau ga mata da yawa, "idan ba tsoro ba ne kai tsaye". [2] Joseph M. Reagle ya mayar da martani makamancin haka, yana mai cewa haɗakar "al'adar ɗan damfara mai son ɓoye ra'ayi", tare da tasirin da ba shi da kyau na wasu tsirarun membobin da ke rikici a cikin al'umma, na iya sa ya zama ba shi da kyau. Ya ce, "za a iya amfani da akidar da maganganun 'yanci da budewa (a) don danne damuwa game da maganganun da ba su dace ba ko na batanci a matsayin 'takunkumi' da kuma (b) don yin la'akari da rashin shigar mata a matsayin kawai batun fifiko da zabi na kansu." [3] Justine Cassell ta ce duk da cewa mata suna da ilimi kamar maza, kuma suna iya kare ra'ayinsu, "har yanzu haka lamarin yake a cikin al'ummar Amurka cewa muhawara, jayayya, da kuma kare matsayin mutum sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matsayin maza, kuma amfani da waɗannan salon magana na iya haifar da ƙima mara kyau." [4] A watan Afrilun 2011, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar da bincikenta na farko na Wikipedia na rabin shekara. Ya nuna cewa kashi 9% na editocin Wikipedia mata ne. Ta kuma ruwaito cewa, "Sabanin ra'ayin wasu, bayananmu sun nuna cewa mata kaɗan ne suka fi yin rubutu game da editocinsu suna jin kamar an ci zarafinsu, kuma kaɗan ne kawai ke jin cewa Wikipedia yanayi ne na jima'i." <ref name="WES2011">{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Wikipedia Editors Study: Results From ''The Editor Survey, April 2011'' |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226041321/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |website=[[Wikipedia]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, wata takarda da aka buga a watan Oktoban 2011 a taron kasa da kasa kan Wikis da Open Collaboration ta gano shaidar da ke nuna cewa Wikipedia na iya samun "al'adar da za ta iya zama mai tsauri ga mata." Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa akwai kuma "gibin ƙwarewar intanet" dangane da editocin Wikipedia. Marubutan sun gano cewa mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa a Wikipedia maza ne masu ƙwarewa sosai kuma babu gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara marasa ƙwarewa, kuma sun kammala da cewa "gibin ƙwarewa" yana ƙara ta'azzara gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara. [1] A tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2014, mata sun kai kashi 61% na mahalarta kwasa-kwasan kwaleji da shirin Wiki Education Foundation ya shirya, wanda ya haɗa da gyara Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar karatu. An gano cewa gudummawar da suka bayar ta sauya abubuwan da ke cikin Wikipedia daga al'adun gargajiya da STEM zuwa kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma ilimin ɗan adam. [2] A shekarar 2015, Katherine Maher, wacce ta gaje Gardner a matsayin darakta ta Wikimedia Foundation, ta yi jayayya cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "yana nuna al'umma gaba daya". Misali, ta lura cewa Wikipedia ta dogara ne akan [[Tushen na biyu|wasu majiyoyi na biyu]] waɗanda ke da irin wannan son zuciya. Ta yarda cewa tsarin gyara Wikipedia yana gabatar da nasa son zuciya, musamman ganin cewa batutuwan da suka shahara a tsakanin editocinta maza galibi suna jawo ƙarin gyare-gyare. <ref name="kmaher">{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Katherine |date=18 October 2018 |title=Wikipedia is a mirror of the world's gender biases |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2018/10/18/wikipedia-mirror-world-gender-biases/ |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa mata da ke shiga cikin wani gwaji ta hanyar gyara wani shafi mai kama da Wikipedia suna kallon sauran editoci a matsayin maza, kuma suna kallon amsoshinsu a matsayin mafi mahimmanci fiye da idan ɗayan editan bai nuna bambancin jinsi ba . Binciken ya kammala da cewa: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shane-Simpson |first=Christina |last2=Gillespie-Lynch |first2=Kristen |date=January 2017 |title=Examining potential mechanisms underlying the Wikipedia gender gap through a collaborative editing task |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |url-status=live |journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]] |volume=66 |pages=312–328 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.043 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170109/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>   Wani bincike da Heather Ford da Judy Wajcman suka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya lura cewa bincike kan nuna wariya ga jinsi na ci gaba da nuna cewa matsalar na cikin gibin mata. Sabanin haka, babban hujjarsu ta nuna cewa nazarin kayayyakin more rayuwa a fannin fasahar mata yana ba da damar a ɗauki nazarin jinsi zuwa wani mataki. Yana duba batutuwa uku a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa: manufofin abun ciki, software, da kuma tsarin aiki na doka. Yana nuna cewa za a iya samun ci gaba ta hanyar canza wannan al'adar [[Tattalin arzikin ilimi|samar da ilimi]] ta hanyar ƙarfafa ilimi daban-daban, rage shingayen fasaha ga gyarawa, da kuma magance sarkakiyar manufofin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=Heather |last2=Wajcman |first2=Judy |date=2017 |title='Anyone can edit', not everyone does: Wikipedia and the gender gap |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |url-status=live |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=511–527 |doi=10.1177/0306312717692172 |pmid=28791929 |s2cid=32835293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228081909/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin kasidarsu ta watan Fabrairun 2018, "Bututun Rashin Daidaito a Shiga ta Intanet: Shari'ar Gyaran Wikipedia", Shaw da Hargittai sun kammala daga bincikensu cewa magance matsalolin rashin daidaito a shiga ciki har da nuna wariya ga jinsi yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan batutuwa banda rashin daidaito. [1] Sun ba da shawarar a mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa mahalarta daga dukkan fannoni na ilimi, matakan ƙwarewa, da kuma shekaru don taimakawa Wikipedia ta inganta. Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa sanar da ƙarin mata cewa Wikipedia kyauta ce ta gyarawa kuma a buɗe take ga kowa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kawar da nuna wariya ga jinsi. [1] A watan Maris na 2018, masanin lissafi Marie A. Vitulli ta rubuta a cikin ''Sanarwar Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka'', "Kashi na mata masu gyara a Wikipedia ya kasance ƙasa sosai." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vitulli |first=Marie A. |date=March 2018 |title=Writing Women in Mathematics into Wikipedia |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=330–334 |arxiv=1710.11103 |doi=10.1090/noti1650 |s2cid=119259241 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303142204/http://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Noopur Raval, wanda ya yi digirin digirgir a UC Irvine, ya rubuta a cikin littafin "The Encyclopedia Must Fail!– Notes on Queering Wikipedia" cewa "yin dandamali a bude ba ya fassara zuwa daidaiton shiga, sauƙin shiga, ko karɓar al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai." [1] A shekarar 2017, masu bincike Matthew A. Vetter da Keon Mandell Pettiway sun ce rinjayen mazan fararen fata da na jinsi-jinsi a tsakanin editocin Wikipedia ya haifar da "share jinsi da asalin jinsi marasa tsari", ban da mata masu jinsi-jinsi, kuma "maganganun da ke tsakanin androcentric da heteronormative" na gyaran Wikipedia bai isa ya ba da damar "jinsi da asalin jinsi-jinsi masu bambanci su shiga cikin amfani da harshe da gina ilimi ba." [2] === Dalilai === [[File:Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg|alt=Sue Gardner street portrait|left|thumb| Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation, [[Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner,]] ta bayar da rahoto kan dalilai tara, wadanda mata masu gyara Wikipedia suka bayar, a cikin wani rubutu kan rashin mata masu gyara a Wikipedia. <ref name="Gardner110219">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Sue |date=19 February 2011 |title=Nine Reasons Why Women Don't Edit Wikipedia, In Their Own Words |url=http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718103642/http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |archive-date=18 July 2015 |website=suegardner.org |type=blog}}</ref>]] Binciken Collier da Bear ya nuna cewa bambancin da ke tsakanin adadin gudummawar na iya faruwa ne saboda dalilai uku: (1) yawan rikice-rikice a cikin tattaunawa, (2) rashin son yanayi mai mahimmanci, da kuma (3) rashin kwarin gwiwa wajen gyara ayyukan wasu masu ba da gudummawa. <ref name="nytimes20jun2015">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Lih |date=20 June 2015 |title=Can Wikipedia Survive? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621032208/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=www.nytimes.com |quote=...the considerable and often-noted gender gap among Wikipedia editors; in 2011, less than 15 percent were women.}}</ref> Wani sharhi da aka buga kan gibin jinsi a Wikipedia ya gano manyan rukunoni uku na waɗannan abubuwan a cikin adabin ilimi: 'matsalar mata' (zargin halayen mata), 'tasirin madubi' (zargin al'umma amma uzuri Wikipedia), da kuma 'matsalar tsari' (zargin al'ummar edita ta asali da maza suka mamaye). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferran-Ferrer |first=Núria |last2=Boté-Vericad |first2=Juan-José |last3=Minguillón |first3=Julià |date=16 December 2023 |title=Wikipedia gender gap: a scoping review |url=https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/87476/63565 |journal=El Profesional de la información |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.3145/epi.2023.nov.17 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Jaridar New York Times ta nuna cewa yawan shigar mata a Wikipedia na iya yin daidai da sauran "dandalin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya nuna cewa kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata a Wikipedia sun shiga cikin harkar, wanda aka lura cewa ya kusa da kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata a sauran "dandalolin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] [2] Sarah Stierch, wata mai bincike a Wikipedia, ta yarda cewa "abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare" ga masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia su kasance ba sa bayyana jinsinsu. [3] Al'adar da ake ganin ba ta da maraba da ita da kuma jure wa kalaman tashin hankali da cin zarafi suma dalilai ne da aka gabatar na bambancin jinsi. [4] A cewar wani bincike na 2013, [5] wani dalili na gibin jinsi a Wikipedia shine gazawar jawo hankalin mata da kuma riƙe editocinsu, wanda hakan ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga labaran Wikipedia. Haka kuma, Wikipedia "...masu gyara da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin mata suna fuskantar cin zarafi" daga wasu editocin Wikipedia. [6] Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation [[Sue Gardner|, Sue Gardner,]] ta ambaci dalilai tara da ya sa mata ba sa gyara Wikipedia, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsokaci daga mata [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|editocin Wikipedia]] : <ref name="Gardner110219" /> # Rashin sauƙin amfani a cikin hanyar gyara . # Rashin isasshen lokacin hutu . # Rashin amincewa da kai . # Ƙiyayya ga rikici da rashin son shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsawo. # Imani da cewa gudummawar da suka bayar za ta yi yawa a mayar da ita ko a goge ta. # Wasu suna ganin yanayinsa gaba ɗaya yana nuna ƙiyayya ga wasu . # Al'adar Wikipedia ta jima'i ce ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. # Ana kiran namiji da suna ba daidai ba ne ga matan da harshensu na asali yake da jinsi na nahawu . # Damar da ake da ita ta hulɗa da jama'a kaɗan ne kuma salon maraba ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran shafuka. Duk da cewa adadin masu karatu mata da maza a Wikipedia ya yi daidai da kashi (47%), mata ba su da yawan masu karatu (16%). Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa akwai wata al'ada da aka kafa a Wikipedia wadda ke hana mata shiga. [1] [2] Lam da abokan aikinsa sun danganta wannan al'ada da rashin daidaito a cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci tsakanin maza da mata da aka wakilta kuma aka gyara, yanayin da mata masu amfani da su ke da shi na ƙara himma a fannoni na zamantakewa da al'umma na Wikipedia, da kuma ƙaruwar yiwuwar cewa sabbin editocin mata za su koma ga gyare-gyare, da/ko kuma cewa labaran da ke da yawan editocin mata sun fi zama masu jayayya. [1] An kuma danganta wannan batu da ra'ayoyin jama'a game da yadda bayanai da bayanai ya kamata su kasance. Tunda Wikipedia tana da tsammanin "ƙwararre", [ana buƙatar hujja] marubuta Joan Schwartz da Terry Cook sun ce ƙa'idodin ƙwararru galibi ana ƙirƙira su ne ta hanyar mizanin abin da ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu rinjaye ke jin daɗi, kuma suna shafar mata da mutanen launin fata fiye da maza. [1] Sau da yawa takaddama game da ikon hukumomi yana da mahimmanci a tattauna yayin tantance ko ya kamata a yi jayayya kan gabatarwa ko a'a. A shekarar 2019, Schlomit Aharoni Lir ta bayyana tsarin "mummunan da'irar", inda ta nuna yadda matakai biyar na mummunan suna, rashin suna, tsoro, wariya da kin amincewa - ke inganta juna, ta yadda mata ba za su iya bayar da gudummawa ga gidan yanar gizon ba. Domin mata da yawa su shiga Wikipedia, mai binciken ya bayar da shawarar dasa "Da'irar Nagarta" wacce ta ƙunshi rashin suna, alaƙa da kafofin sada zumunta, manufofin haɗa kai, gogewa mai laushi da cin zarafi mai nuna alama. [1] A cikin Rahoton Daidaito Jinsi na Wikimedia a shekarar 2018, kashi 14% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun gano rashin lafiyar al'umma {{Efn|A term meaning the opposite of [[community well-being]], with respect to the Wikipedia [[online community]].}} a matsayin babban ƙalubale wajen zama edita a Wikipedia. A cikin binciken, an bayyana lafiyar al'umma a matsayin [[Cin-zarafi|cin zarafi]], rashin goyon bayan aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma rashin bambancin shugabanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender equity report 2018/Barriers to equity - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gender_equity_report_2018/Barriers_to_equity |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> Bayan duba shaidun da suka kama daga ƙananan hare-hare zuwa hare-hare kai tsaye, Hukumar Amintattu ta Wikipedia ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a watan Mayu na 2020 don ɗaukar tsarin daidaitawa na yau da kullun don yaƙi da cin zarafi da kuma kiyaye ƙa'idodin al'umma na Wikipedia. An bai wa gidauniyar aikin kammala daftarin wannan shirin kafin ƙarshen shekarar 2020, kuma zai haɗa da haramtawa masu amfani da ke shiga cikin cin zarafin jinsi, samar da tallafi da al'ummomi ga dukkan jinsi, saka ƙarin albarkatu a cikin Ƙungiyar Amincewa da Tsaro, da ƙari. [1] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] Collier da Bear a shekarar 2012 sun taƙaita dalilin da yasa mata ke yin shinge a Wikipedia da kalmomi uku: rikici, suka da amincewa. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa "Idan al'umma ta jure wa al'adar rikici da maza ke ganin kawai 'masu gasa' ne ko kuma masu wayo da kuma yin barkwanci, to za su iya rasa fa'idodi da dama da mata masu bayar da gudummawa za su iya kawowa a teburin tattaunawa." [1] Suka tana nufin rashin son mata su gyara aikin wani da kuma barin wani ya gyara aikinsu; kwarin gwiwa yana nuna cewa mata galibi ba sa da kwarin gwiwa sosai game da ƙwarewarsu da iyawarsu wajen gyara da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga wani aiki. [1] Manufar Wikipedia ta kyauta don gyarawa tana ba wa masu amfani da dandamali mai buɗewa, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa yanayin gasa da mahimmanci na iya iyakance kwarin gwiwar mata na shiga. [1] Ta hanyar nazarin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Wikipedia, Ford da Wajcman sun nuna wani dalili da zai iya ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a Wikipedia. Gyara a Wikipedia yana buƙatar "takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwarewar zamantakewa da iko waɗanda suka ƙunshi ilimin ko tsarin ilimin halittu na Wikipedia". [1] Ana ɗaukar mutanen da ke da wannan ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a matsayin waɗanda za su iya samun matsayi mai ƙarfi a Wikipedia. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan galibi maza ne. [1] Bugu da ƙari, yayin da suke nazarin tsarin manufofin Wikipedia dalla-dalla, masu binciken sun kammala da cewa sarkakiyar da ke tattare da shi da kuma tushen shari'a suna ba wa wasu masu amfani babban tasiri a muhawarar abun ciki. Wannan rinjayen zai iya raba waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da waɗannan bayanai, musamman yana hana mata da sabbin mahalarta shiga. [1] Misali na asusun kai tsaye na nuna bambanci na jinsi ya fito ne daga mai amfani da Wikipedia Lightbreather, inda ta ba da labarin samun hotunan batsa da ke da alaƙa da sunanta na mai amfani a matsayin hanyar lalata gudummawar da ta bayar a Wikipedia.<ref name="PalingAtlantic">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=21 October 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai cin zarafi ga mutanen [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] . Waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'umma galibi ana cin zarafin su idan aka bayyana asalinsu a bainar jama'a. Misali, wani mai gudanarwa a shafin Wikipedia ya toshe wani edita, kawai saboda sunan mai amfani na mutumin ya nuna cewa shi wani ɓangare ne na al'ummar LGBT. == Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin abun ciki == A cikin 2016, Wagner da abokan aikinsa [1] sun gano cewa rashin daidaiton jinsi yana bayyana kansa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da rashin daidaiton iyaka don haɗa wani labarin kan mutum, son kai na yau da kullun, son kai na harshe, da rashin daidaiton tsari. Marubutan sun gano cewa mata masu tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia sun fi maza shahara, kuma sun gabatar da wasu bayanai guda uku da za a iya bayarwa game da bincike na gaba: 1) cewa editoci sun fi rubuta game da jinsinsu, 2) cewa maza sun fi rubuta labarai game da kansu, da kuma 3) cewa kafofin waje suna sa mata ba su bayyana ba. [1] Dangane da son zuciya a fannin yau da kullum, tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi iyali, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga tarihin rayuwar mata da aka haifa kafin shekarar 1900. Marubutan sun kuma gano bambance-bambancen tsari dangane da meta-data da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo, waɗanda ke da sakamako ga ayyukan neman bayanai. === Ƙirƙirar da goge labarin === Of the 1,960,452 biographical articles on the English Wikipedia in September 2023, only 385,236 or 19.65% were about women. A watan Yulin 2006, Stacy Schiff ta rubuta wani kasida ''a New Yorker'' game da Wikipedia mai taken "Ku San Duk". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |date=24 July 2006 |title=Know It All |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri labarin Wikipedia game da ita a ranar ɗaya. A cewar Timothy Noah, a bayyane yake ba ta shahara a ƙa'idodin Wikipedia ba, duk da lashe kyautar Guggenheim da Pulitzer Prize shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. An nuna rubutunta da labarinta game da ita a cikin WikiProject don magance son zuciya na tsarin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias#Selection_based_on_notability_of_article_topics |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Wikipedia |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Wikipedia ta Turanci da wasu bugu biyar na harsuna da masu bincike suka yi nazari a kansu, rabon labarai game da mata da labarai game da maza ya fi na sauran bayanai uku. Duk da haka, bincike da aka yi da ilimin harsunan kwamfuta ya kammala da cewa yadda aka bayyana mata da maza a cikin labaran yana nuna son kai, tare da labaran da suka shafi mata sun fi amfani da kalmomi da suka shafi jinsi da iyali. Masu binciken sun yi imanin cewa wannan alama ce da editocin Wikipedia ke ɗaukar namiji a matsayin "jinsi mara komai" (a wata ma'anar, ana ɗauka cewa "namiji" sai dai idan an ƙayyade shi ta wata hanya, misali na namiji a matsayin al'ada ). [1] Wani suka da aka yi wa tsarin Wikipedia, daga wani editan jaridar Guardian na 2014, shi ne cewa yana da wahalar yanke hukunci game da "abin da ke da muhimmanci". Domin kwatanta wannan batu, sun lura cewa shafin da ke nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na batsa ya fi tsari fiye da shafin da ke nuna mata marubuta . [2] Mujallar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta buga bincike da Reagle da Lauren Rhue suka yi wanda ya yi nazari kan labaran da aka bayar, wakilcin jinsi, da tsawon labarin dubban batutuwa na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi da Encyclopædia Britannica ta yanar gizo (har zuwa watan Yunin 2010). Sun kammala da cewa Wikipedia ta samar da ingantaccen bayani da kuma dogon labarai gabaɗaya, cewa Wikipedia yawanci tana da labarai da yawa kan mata fiye da Britannica a zahiri, amma labaran Wikipedia kan mata sun fi ɓacewa fiye da labaran maza dangane da Britannica . Wato, Wikipedia ta mamaye Britannica a tarihin rayuwarta, amma fiye da haka idan ana maganar maza. Hakazalika, mutum zai iya cewa Britannica ta fi daidaito a cikin waɗanda ta yi sakaci da rufewa fiye da Wikipedia. Ga dukkan ayyukan tunani, tsawon labarin bai bambanta ba dangane da jinsi. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2023 ta amfani da Wikidata don auna abubuwan da ke ciki ya gano cewa Britannica, wacce ta ƙunshi tarihin rayuwa 50,479, ta ƙunshi 5,999 daga cikinsu game da mata, kimanin kashi 11.88%. Binciken ya kwatanta adadi da kashi 18.22% na tarihin rayuwa a cikin ayyukan Wikimedia waɗanda mata ne, yana ambaton bayanan 2021. [2] Wani bincike da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Minnesota da wasu jami'o'i uku suka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa labaran da mata suka gyara, "wadanda ake kyautata zaton sun fi jan hankalin mata", sun "yi gajeru sosai" a matsakaici fiye da na maza ko kuma na maza da mata. [3] [4] [[File:A_side-by-side_comparison_of_the_portion_of_available_biographies_about_women_on_Wikipedia_versus_the_portion_of_women_biographies_nominated_for_deletion_from_January_2017_to_February_2020.gif|thumb| Kwatanta ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia idan aka kwatanta da ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa na mata da aka zaɓa don gogewa daga Janairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2020, Francesca Tripodi]] A watan Oktoban 2018, lokacin da Donna Strickland ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, rubuce-rubuce da dama sun ambaci cewa ba ta da shafin Wikipedia a baya. An gabatar da daftarin aiki, amma an ƙi amincewa da shi saboda rashin nuna "muhimman bayanai (ba kawai ambaton ambato ba) game da batun". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2 October 2018 |title=Nobel physics prize winners include first female laureate for 55 years – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226083859/https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da masanin ilimin zamantakewa Francesca Tripodi ya gudanar a shekarar 2021, an zabi tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a matsayin wadanda ba a san su sosai ba. <ref name="Tripodi2021">{{Cite journal |last=Tripodi |first=Francesca |year=2021 |title=Ms. Categorized: Gender, notability, and inequality on Wikipedia |journal=New Media & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=1687–1707 |doi=10.1177/14614448211023772 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=237883867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin 2024 na {{Interlanguage link|Khandaker Tasnim Huq}} da {{Interlanguage link|Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia}} A shafin Wikipedia da ke magana da Turanci, an kuma nuna cewa an samu nasarar share sunayen mata da kashi 34% cikin sauri bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar mata fiye da bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar maza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandaker Tasnim Huq |last2=Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia |date=20 June 2024 |title=Gender Gap in Wikipedia: Are Women Vanishing Soon? |url=https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/gender-gap-in-wikipedia-are-notable-women-vanishing-soon.pdf}}</ref> === Ganuwa ga labarin === Wani bincike da Claudia Wagner ta jagoranta a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a Turanci ba a bayyane yake ba kamar tarihin rayuwar maza, kuma ya kammala da cewa wannan bambanci ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa al'umma tana haɗa labaran maza da kyau. [1] A shekarar 2023, wani bincike da Akhil Arora, Robert West da Martin Gerlach suka gudanar ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi yawa a cikin labaran marayu (labaran da ba za a iya samun damarsu ta wasu labarai ba): a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, mata suna wakiltar kashi 19% na tarihin rayuwa, amma kuma suna wakiltar kashi 29% na tarihin rayuwa marayu. [2] Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa kayan marayu ba a ganinsu sosai fiye da sauran. [2] === Abubuwan da ke cikin labarin === Duk da cewa yawancin hankali ya ta'allaka ne akan gibin da ke tsakanin tarihin rayuwar maza da mata a Wikipedia, wasu bincike sun kuma mayar da hankali kan ilimin harsuna da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin batutuwan da aka tattauna. A shekarar 2020, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Harsunan Kwamfuta ta gudanar da nazarin rubutu game da nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin labaran Wikipedia. Binciken ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata sun ƙunshi ƙarin jimloli masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya mace" yayin da ake ambaton maza ta amfani da kalmomi masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya". Binciken ya kammala da cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi gaba ɗaya yana raguwa ga kimiyya da labarai masu da hankali kan iyali, yayin da yake ƙaruwa ga abubuwan fasaha da ƙirƙira. [1] [2] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa, a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kalmar "saki" ta bayyana fiye da sau huɗu a cikin labaran tarihin rayuwa game da mata fiye da maza. A cewar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, "Ba mu san dalili sosai ba, amma wataƙila abubuwa da yawa ne, ciki har da yadda ake bayyana rayuwar mata ta hanyar dangantakarsu da maza a tarihi". <ref name="kmaher" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2020 kan rahotannin shugabannin manyan kamfanoni na Fortune 1000 ya gano cewa akwai nuna wariya ga mata a fannin jinsi. Binciken ya binciki gudummawar da aka samu daga sabbin editoci da waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa kuma ya gano cewa sabbin editoci sun fi gabatar da bayanai da suka shafi mata, amma masu amfani da suka daɗe suna ramawa fiye da kima idan suka mayar da martani ga waɗannan gyare-gyaren. An gano cewa labaran da ƙungiyar editoci masu tasowa da suka bambanta suka rubuta sun fi nuna rashin daidaito. [1] Mutane masu canza jinsi da waɗanda ba su da bambancin jinsi biyu suna fuskantar cin zarafi kan bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. Misali, idan shahararrun mutane suka fito a matsayin masu canza jinsi, galibi ana nuna musu wariya kuma ana gabatar da karin magana a kansu don muhawara. Misalai masu kyau na waɗannan muhawara sun haɗa da Chelsea Manning a shekarar 2013 da Caitlyn Jenner a shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka lalata sunayensu da suka ayyana kansu kuma aka koma ga sunayensu na baya. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata masu canza jinsi da mutanen da ba su da jinsi biyu suna da kaso mafi girma na labarinsu da aka keɓe ga sashin "Rayuwar Kai", wanda galibi ke mai da hankali kan asalin jinsin mutumin: "Ma'anar cewa asalin jinsi wata siffa ce mai mahimmanci ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin wataƙila tana nuna 'ɓarɓarewa', inda ake bambanta mutane ko kuma ana yi musu lakabi da waɗanda ba su dace da ƙa'idar zamantakewa ba, wanda galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin mahallin jinsi ko yanayin jima'i". [2] A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022, an gano cewa labaran da maza suka rubuta sun fi yawa fiye da na mata. Bugu da ƙari, wallafe-wallafen da mata suka zama manyan marubuta ba su da yawa da za a iya ambaton su a Wikipedia. Bayanin da marubutan suka bayar game da wannan shine homophily, wanda shine ra'ayin cewa mutane suna fifita wasu mutane ko aiki irin nasu. Wannan na iya bayyana son zuciya da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ambato saboda galibin editocin Wikipedia maza ne, don haka suna iya fifita wallafe-wallafen maza. [1] == Martani == Wasu masana ilimi da 'yan jarida sun soki Wikipedia saboda kasancewarta mafi yawan maza masu bayar da gudummawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reagle |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Reagle |date=7 January 2013 |title='Free as in sexist?': Free culture and the gender gap |url=http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520205049/http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2013 |title=Joseph Reagle on the gender gap in geek culture |url=http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015917/http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=Surprisingly Free}}</ref> da kuma rashin samun labarai masu yawa game da mata ko batutuwa masu mahimmanci ga mata. A lokacin da take rubuta wa ''Slate'' a shekarar 2011, mai sharhi kan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Heather Mac Donald ta kira rashin daidaiton jinsi a Wikipedia a matsayin "ba matsala ba wajen neman mafita mara kyau". Mac Donald ya yi iƙirarin cewa, "Bayani mafi sauƙi game da bambancin yawan shiga cikin Wikipedia - da kuma wanda ya dace da ƙwarewar yau da kullun - shine, a matsakaici, maza da mata suna da sha'awa daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin da suka fi so na yin amfani da lokacin hutunsu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mac Donald |first=Heather |date=9 February 2011 |title=Wikipedia Is Male-Dominated. That Doesn't Mean It's Sexist. |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107205929/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |archive-date=7 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2015 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, [[Sue Gardner]], babbar darakta ta Gidauniyar Wikimedia a lokacin, ta ce game da gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta magance shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." <ref name="Huang130811">{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Keira |date=11 August 2013 |title=Wikipedia fails to bridge gender gap |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115195821/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2014, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar a wata hira da BBC game da shirin Gidauniyar Wikimedia na "ninki biyu" kan gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata a Wikipedia. Wales ta ce Gidauniyar za ta kasance a buɗe ga ƙarin masu amfani da ita da kuma ƙarin sauye-sauyen software. A cikin littafin Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men, Caroline Criado Perez ta lura cewa shafukan Wikipedia da yawa waɗanda ke nuni ga ƙungiyoyin maza ko ayyukansu an jera su a matsayin marasa jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Ingila ), yayin da shafukan ƙungiyoyi ko ayyuka makamantan su ga mata an yi su ne musamman ga jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta mata ta Ingila ).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Caroline Criado Perez}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an yi wa Wikipedia kallon "mai nuna son kai na editocinta na al'umma."  A shekarar 2025, Núria Ferran-Ferrer, Farfesa kuma Wakilin Rector na Jagorancin Sashen Daidaito na Jami'ar Universitat de Barcelona (UB), ta kira nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "tsari ne" kuma "tsawon shekaru goma", inda ta hada bincike don bayyana dalilin da ya sa irin wannan nuna wariya ta faru . Ferran-Ferrer ya gabatar da wasu abubuwa da za su iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar: ƙarin editocin mata, bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin masu ba da gudummawa, ingantaccen watsa labarai game da mata a manyan kafofin watsa labarai, jagororin edita masu sauƙin samu, da kuma al'adar maraba da ƙarfafawa ga sabbin editoci. [1] == Kokarin magance wariya tsakanin jinsi == [[File:Giants_in_the_field_of_Women_in_the_Arts_2.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb| Mahalarta taron gyara fasaha na mata na shekarar 2013 a Washington, DC]] === Gidauniyar Wikimedia === Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dage a hukumance, tun akalla shekarar 2011 lokacin da Gardner ke matsayin babban darakta, cewa akwai nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin aikin. An yi wasu yunƙurin magance matsalar amma Gardner ya nuna takaicinsa game da matakin nasarar da aka samu. Ta kuma lura cewa "a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin hutu da mata ke da shi, sun fi shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa maimakon gyara Wikipedia. 'Mata suna ganin fasaha a matsayin kayan aiki da suke amfani da shi don cimma ayyuka, maimakon wani abu mai daɗi a cikin kanta. ' [1] [2] A cikin 2011, Gidauniyar ta kafa burin samun kashi 25 cikin 100 na masu ba da gudummawa su gane a matsayin mata nan da 2015. [3] A watan Agusta na 2013, Gardner ya ce, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta warware shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." [1] A shekarar 2017, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ware tallafin dala $500,000 don gina yanayi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa ga bambancin ra'ayi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Fundraising Report - Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042716/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=foundation.wikimedia.org}}</ref> An ce VisualEditor, wani aiki da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa wanda ke ba da damar yin gyare-gyare irin na WYSIWYG a Wikipedia, an yi shi ne a wani ɓangare don rage gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata. <ref name="Slate Middleton">{{Cite journal |last=Bosch |first=Torie |date=13 July 2012 |title=Kate Middleton's wedding gown and Wikipedia's gender gap. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203174753/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Godiya ga tallafin Wikimedia Foundation, a watan Maris na 2021 an fitar da wani nau'in alpha na Humaniki, wanda ke ba da nau'ikan kididdigar gibin jinsi iri-iri bisa ga [[Wikidata]] . Ana sabunta kididdigar ta atomatik yayin da aka samar da sabbin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=Humaniki March Update: Public Launch of Alpha Release |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/15/humaniki-march-update-public-launch-of-alpha-release/ |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Wikimedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Asusun Bincike na Wikimedia ya ba da tallafin wani aiki na shekara guda mai suna " [[Cover Women]] ". Yana nazarin yadda ake nuna mata da ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a babban shafin Wikipedia. Mutane da yawa, musamman mata a fannin ilimi, suna ƙirƙirar muƙaloli na masana kimiyya mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Enhancing Representational Equity on Wikipedia {{!}} Omnia |url=https://omnia.sas.upenn.edu/story/heather-sharkey-enhancing-representational-equity-on-wikipedia |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=omnia.sas.upenn.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, masana ilmin halittu mata a cibiyoyin ilimi a Amurka yanzu sun fi samun damar shiga shafin Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia’s gender gap has flipped for one group of scientists |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/wikipedia-s-gender-gap-has-flipped-one-group-scientists |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> === Kokarin da masu amfani ke jagoranta === An shirya shirye-shiryen gyara na musamman don ƙara yawan labaran mata a Wikipedia da kuma ƙarfafa mata su gyara Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoeffel |date=11 February 2014 |title=Closing Wikipedia's Gender Gap – Reluctantly |url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902160836/http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Gidauniyar Wikimedia ce ke tallafawa waɗannan tarurrukan, wanda wani lokacin ke ba da masu ba da shawara da fasaha don taimakawa wajen jagorantar sabbin editoci ta hanyar wannan tsari. Wasu misalai na gyaran da aka mayar da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa sun haɗa da masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi mata 'yan Australiya da mata a tarihin Yahudawa . <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Wani shiri na farko na ƙirƙirar sararin "mata kaɗai" ga editocin Wikipedia a farkon 2015 ya fuskanci adawa sosai daga masu amfani da Wikipedia. <ref name="PalingAtlantic" /> Wasu masu amfani sun yi ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wannan wuri da maza suka mamaye ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin tallafi ga mata masu amfani da Wikipedia, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da WikiWomen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WikiWomen's User Group - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiWomen%27s_User_Group |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>  Wannan rukunin ba wai kawai ana amfani da shi don tallata mata wajen gyara da bayar da gudummawa a kan ƙarin shafuka ba, har ma don ƙara ƙarin shafuka game da mata waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga al'umma gabaɗaya. An ƙaddamar da aikin Wikipedia Teahouse da nufin samar da yanayi mai sauƙin amfani ga sabbin shiga, tare da takamaiman burin ƙara wa mata shiga cikin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Tea & Sympathy: Crafting Positive New User Experiences on Wikipedia |url=http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209213415/http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |website=washington.edu |publisher=Proc. CSCW '13, 23–27 February 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015, an ƙaddamar da WikiProject [[Women in Red]] a kan sigar Ingilishi ta Wikipedia, inda aka mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar sabbin labarai game da mata masu shahara. Galibi ta hanyar gyaran da ake yi a kowane wata ta hanyar intanet, Women in Red tana ƙarfafa editoci su shiga cikin faɗaɗa ayyukan Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Improving gender balance on Wikipedia |url=http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012125221/http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Godiya ga ƙoƙarin wannan aikin, zuwa watan Yunin 2018 an ƙara wasu sabbin tarihin rayuwar mata 17,000 a cikin Wikipedia. Yawancin Wikiprojects sun himmatu wajen tallata gudummawar editoci kan nazarin jinsi da mata, wanda ya haɗa da " mata WikiProject, WikiProject feminism, WikiProject nazarin jinsi, da kuma WikiProject da ke yaƙi da son zuciya/rabon jinsi ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=K. |year=2017 |title=Why women should be editing Wikipedia |journal=Women's Studies Journal |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=94–99 |issn=0112-4099 |oclc=14929028}}</ref> Faɗaɗawa fiye da jinsi biyu na maza/mata, Wikiproject LGBT yana ƙirƙirar sarari don "sake/rubuta haɗa da wakilcin al'adun LGBTQ cikin babban yankin Wikipedia". <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Matthew |first=Vetter |last2=Pettiway |first2=Keon |date=20 November 2018 |title=Hacking Hetero/Normative Logics: Queer Feminist Media Praxis in Wikipedia |url=https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |url-status=live |journal=Technoculture |volume=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014030646/https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |archive-date=14 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, wata mai shirya gyara-a-thon mai suna [[Sarah Osborne Bender]] ta yi wa ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' bayani kan yadda maza ke cire shafukan Wikipedia game da shugabannin mata. "Na rubuta wani labari a Wikipedia game da wata mace mai tallan kayan tarihi, washegari kuma na sami saƙo yana cewa an goge shi saboda ba 'mutum ce mai daraja' ba, amma wani a cikin al'ummarmu ya ba ni shawara kan yadda zan gyara shi don shafin ya ci gaba da kasancewa". Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Mayun 2026 wanda aka nuna a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society ya ruwaito cewa, a cikin ƙidayar masana ilmin halitta mata da maza waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sassan dukkan jami'o'in R1 na Amurka, mata ba su da "ƙarancin bayyanar su a dandamali fiye da takwarorinsu maza har zuwa 2018", amma yanayin ya koma baya a 2022, kuma "mata sun fi maza samun tarihin rayuwarsu da kashi 25%". Bugu da ƙari, tarihin rayuwar mata a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ya fi na maza tsayi. Marubutan wannan littafin sun lura cewa "daga cikin tarihin rayuwar mata 163 da aka ƙirƙira tun 2015, editocin Wikipedia 78 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red, editocin 16 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red (duk da haka, 14 daga cikinsu mutane ne suka ƙirƙira su waɗanda suma ɓangare ne na aikin Women in Red), kuma 13 daga cikinsu ɗalibai ne da aka yi wa rijista a matsayin ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a kwasa-kwasan jami'a waɗanda ke buƙatar/ƙarfafa gwiwa su ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia." [1] Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Agusta na 2026 ya mayar da hankali kan labaran masana Jamusawa a Wikipedia ta Jamus kuma ya gano cewa farfesoshi mata da alama suna da "damar samun tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza", tare da tasirin da aka mayar da hankali a fannin STEM . Marubutan sun kuma lura cewa "faɗaɗɗun hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙwararru na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia, yayin da suke ƙara yiwuwar a nuna su a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin gyara Wikipedia", yayin da suka lura cewa farfesoshi mata za su iya amfana daga shirye-shiryen da suka himmatu wajen rubuta tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia, gami da ayyukan FemNetz da WomenEdit a Berlin, da kuma ƙungiyar "Wanene ke rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa?" a Switzerland . [1] === Jess Wade === A shekarar 2022, wani labari a mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAz0">VICE</i></nowiki> ya yi cikakken bayani kan yadda Jessica Wade ta ƙirƙiri fiye da rubuce-rubuce 1,700 na Wikipedia kan mata masana kimiyya tun daga shekarar 2017 ga mata da yawa waɗanda ba a lura da gudummawarsu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=18 November 2022 |title=I've Made More Than 1,700 Wikipedia Entries on Women Scientists and I'm Not Yet Done |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wikipedia-pages-women-scientists-jessica-wade-stem/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref> Wade ya bayar da babbar gudummawa ga wani kamfen na Wikipedia wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙirƙirar labaran Wikipedia game da fitattun mata masu ilimi, domin haɓaka abin koyi ga mata a cikin STEM. <ref name="1Cxjc">{{Cite web |last= |year=2017 |title=Jess Wade – CSHL WiSE |url=http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820110414/http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=cshlwise.org |publisher=[[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] Harbour |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |last=Zdanowicz |first=Christina |year=2018 |title=A physicist has written more than 280 Wikipedia entries to elevate women in science |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123225217/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wade ya ƙirƙiri sabbin labarai na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia don ɗaga martabar mata a STEM. <ref name="tnw" /> <ref name="pride">{{Cite web |last=Zane |first=Zachary |date=2 January 2019 |title=This Scientist Is Updating Wikipedia with Women, POC, & LGBTQ+ History |url=https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820105152/https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=2 January 2019 |website=pride.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa sama da 900 a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=Physicist writes 900 Wikipedia entries to boost diversity in science |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527160929/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |archive-date=27 May 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> Zuwa watan Janairun 2021, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 1,200. Zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, ya wuce 2,100. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2019, jaridar Washington Post ta buga wani rubutu mai taken "Hoton ramin baƙi misali ne kawai na kare mata a kimiyya", [1] wanda Zaringhalam da Wade suka rubuta tare, suna fafutukar ganin an ƙara karrama matan da ke ba da gudummawa ga kimiyya. Bayan an fitar da hoton farko na wani ramin baƙi, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun yi bikin rawar da Katie Bouman ta taka wajen jagorantar ƙirƙirar tsarin sarrafa hotuna. [2] Jaridar ta jaddada ikon kafofin sada zumunta kamar Twitter da kuma rumbun adana bayanai na haɗin gwiwa kamar Wikipedia wajen yaba wa gudummawar kimiyya ta mata. A matsayin misali na rashin isasshen bayani a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi game da mata a fannin kimiyya, labarin ya nuna goge tarihin rayuwar Clarice Phelps . Wade ya ƙirƙiri wani ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Phelps a Wikipedia a watan Satumba na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=A deleted Wikipedia page speaks volumes about its biggest problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429091704/https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Fastcompany.com}}</ref> Share wannan labarin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2019 <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=What a Deleted Profile Tells Us About Wikipedia's Diversity Problem |url=https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162539/https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |archive-date=28 April 2019 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=Undark.org}}</ref> ya haifar da dogon tattaunawa kan edita da kuma sake maido da shi da kuma sake goge shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadeque |first=Samira |date=29 April 2019 |title=Wikipedia doesn't think this Black female scientist is notable enough for a page |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430042820/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=dailydot.com |publisher=The Daily Dot}}</ref> Katrina Krämer ta rubuta a cikin ''Duniyar Kimiyyar Halitta'' :   Wade ta shaida wa Chemistry World cewa ta yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashin tantancewar da masu binciken kimiyya suka yi daga rahoton da aka wallafa a Wikipedia abin takaici ne, tana mai bayyana ra'ayinta cewa tana karɓar bayanai daga ma fitattun mutane a kafofin watsa labarai. [1] Zuwa watan Janairun 2020, an cimma matsaya kan dawo da wannan labarin, domin a wancan lokacin sabbin majiyoyi sun fara samuwa. [2] Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, daga cikin kasidu 600 game da masana kimiyya mata da Wade ya rubuta, an goge guda 6 saboda rashin cika ka'idojin Wikipedia na shahara. [1] === Wasu kamfanoni === A shekarar 2013, FemTechNet ta ƙaddamar da "Wikistorming" a matsayin wani aiki da ke ba da tallafin karatu ga mata kuma yana ƙarfafa gyaran Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na koyarwar makaranta da kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=feminist wiki-storming – FemTechNet |url=https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401012841/https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2014, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta sanar da cewa za ta kashe dala $200,000 don nazarin bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322971 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322971&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322934 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322934&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, [[Jennifer C. Edwards]], shugabar sashen tarihi a Kwalejin Manhattan, ta bayyana cewa cibiyoyin ilimi za su iya amfani da ayyukan Wikipedia kamar nazarin gibin jinsi na kundin bayanai da kuma rufe batutuwan mata don zaburar da ɗalibai su canza rashin daidaiton jinsi na yanzu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |issn=0018-2745 |jstor=24810523}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Angela Fan, mai bincike a Meta Platforms, ta sanar da wani samfurin manhaja mai buɗewa wacce za ta iya ƙirƙirar daftarin tarihin rayuwa irin na Wikipedia wanda "wata rana zai taimaka wa editocin Wikipedia ƙirƙirar dubban rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa masu inganci ga muhimman mutane waɗanda ba sa cikin shafin", ciki har da mata. == Duba kuma == * Nuna wariya ga launin fata a Wikipedia * Bambancin yanki akan Wikipedia * Nuna bambancin jinsi na ƙarni na biyu * [[Wikipidiya|Tsarin son kai a cikin Wikipedia]] == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |jstor=24810523 |ref=none}} === Yaɗa labarai === * Bort, Julie (15 Fabrairu 2014) [http://www.businessinsider.com/growing-army-of-women-take-on-wikipedia-2014-2 "Ƙaruwar Rundunar Mata Suna Ɗauki Matsalar Launin Mata ta Wikipedia"] . Mai bincike a fannin kasuwanci. An dawo da shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2022. * * * * * * * * * * - Gabatarwa da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa ra'ayoyi takwas. * === Bincike da shawara === * {{Cite web |last=Glott |first=Ruediger |last2=Schmidt |first2=Philipp |last3=Ghosh |first3=Rishab |date=March 2010 |title=Wikipedia Survey: Overview Results |url=http://www.wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414165445/http://wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2010 |access-date=11 August 2014 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Maximilian |display-authors=etal. |date=10 February 2015 |title=Monitoring the Gender Gap with Wikidata Human Gender Indicators |url=http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119131203/http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Cornell University Library |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Tripp |first=Dawn Leonard |date=13 January 2015 |title=How to Edit Wikipedia: Lessons from a Female Contributor |url=http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209033907/http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=Anita Borg Institute |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hinnosaar |first=Marit |date=July 2019 |title=Gender Inequality in New Media: Evidence from Wikipedia |url=http://www.carloalberto.org/assets/working-papers/no.411.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |volume=163 |pages=262–276 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.020 |s2cid=182928068 |ref=none}} *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |title=Wiki Loves Women |url=https://www.wikiloveswomen.org/ |language=en-US}} {{Wikipedia|state=expanded}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6li2oxdh9nq68ie9vmrzq58tkhhdm23 Patten (takalma) 0 178867 966144 2026-10-11T14:09:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373712843|Patten (shoe)]]" 966144 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jan_van_Eyck_004.jpg|right|thumb|288x288px|A cikin wannan daki-daki na Hoton Arnolfini na 1434, an cire waɗannan pattens a cikin gidan.]] '''Pattens''', wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye, takalma ne masu kariya waɗanda aka sa a Turai daga [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A bayyanar, wani lokacin suna kama da clogs ko takalma na zamani. An sa Pattens a waje a kan takalma na al'ada, yana da katako ko daga baya itace da ƙarfe, kuma ana riƙe su a wurin da fata ko zane. Pattens yana aiki don ɗaga ƙafa sama da ƙasa, don kare takalma na fata daga ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara ko laka. Mata sun ci gaba da sa pattens a cikin yanayin laka har zuwa karni na 19 ko ma farkon karni na 20. == Sunayen == Kalmar ''{{Lang|fro|patte}}'' mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci patte ma'anar ƙafar ko ƙafar. An kuma rubuta shi ''patyn'' kuma a wasu hanyoyi.[2]A tarihi, ana amfani da pattens a wasu lokuta don kare bututu ba tare da takalma ba kuma ta haka ne ake ba da sunan wani lokaci zuwa irin takalma kamar clogs. A cikin amfani na zamani, duk da haka, kalmar ta ƙuntata ga takalma. A zahiri, Turanci na zamani ya yi amfani da kalmomin ''clogs'' da ''galoshes'' tare da pattens amma, idan akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci da aka nufa, wannan ba a bayyane yake ba kuma duk takalma na zamani da na zamani yanzu ana kiransu pattens don saukakawa.[2] == Lokacin Tsakiya == A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ana sawa a waje, kuma a wuraren jama'a, a kan (a waje da) takalma masu laushi na wannan zamanin. Maza da mata sun sa Pattens a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma ana ganin su musamman a cikin fasaha daga Karni na 15; lokacin da poulaines - takalma masu tsayi, yatsunsu masu kaifi - sun kasance musamman a cikin salon. === Nau'o'in === [[File:Walraversijde83.jpg|thumb|Hinged sole]] [[File:Pattens.jpg|thumb|An ɗaukaka shi a kan zoben ƙarfe]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan pattens guda uku. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan yana da 'dandalin' na katako wanda aka ɗaga daga ƙasa, ko dai tare da katako na katako ko ƙarfe. Wani bambancin na biyu yana da katako mai laushi, sau da yawa an haɗa shi. Nau'in na uku yana da shimfiɗa mai laushi wanda aka yi da yadudduka na fata. Wasu daga baya iri-iri na Turai na waɗannan pattens suna da takalma mai laushi; sassan ciki na katako mai haske tare da fata a sama da ƙasa. A cikin nau'ikan pattens na baya, wanda ya fara daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, nau'ikan stilt ko wedge sun fi yawa. Daga ƙarshen karni na 14, nau'ikan nau'ikan sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Farin fata ya zama sananne a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15, kuma a Landan, sun fara sawa a matsayin takalma a kan bututu a cikin karni na 15, yana yadawa zuwa wani ɓangare na jama'a.[2]Yawancin takalma na London an gina su ne da itacen Alder, willow, ko itacen poplar.[2] == Sauran amfani da kalmar == Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar a matsayin kalma don takalmin katako na katako, wato Chopin ko clog, sabanin overshoe, har zuwa akalla karni na sha tara. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don takalma na gargajiya na katako na waje na Japan da sauran ƙasashen Asiya.[1] Abin da ke cikin tasirin takalma na dusar ƙanƙara don laka, kamar yadda masu amfani da tsuntsaye, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da Masu tsaron bakin teku ke amfani da su ana iya kiransu pattens, ko "mud-pattens". Wadannan allunan da aka tsara ne da aka haɗe da takalmin takalma, wanda ya shimfiɗa a gefe fiye da siffar ƙafa, sabili da haka wani nau'in takalma ne daban-daban daga alamar da aka tattauna a nan. An yi amfani da "Horse-pattens" a kan dawakai, musamman don noma filayen laka. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don kankara-skates, kamar yadda yake a Faransanci (patiner, don tsalle). == Kamfanin Mai Girma na Masu Yin Gishiri == A [[Landan]], Kamfanin Worshipful na Pattenmakers ya kasance Kamfanin Livery, tsohon ƙungiyar Patten-makers, ko Patteners, kuma cocin da suka karɓa ya kasance St Margaret Pattens. Rubuce-rubucen farko na guild ya kasance a cikin 1379, kuma har yanzu akwai mai yin takarda da aka jera a cikin London Trade Directory a cikin 1920s. Wani sanarwa, mai yiwuwa karni na 18, a cikin Cocin Guild har yanzu yana buƙatar mata su cire pattens a lokacin da suka shiga; wasu majami'u na Ingilishi suna da irin wannan alamu, kuma a wani lamari, allon da ke da igiyoyi don mata su rataye su.<gallery> File:Walraversijde49.jpg|Excavated Dutch pattens, c. 1465. Only two places contact the ground. (Archeological site of Walraversijde, near Ostend) File:Renaud_de_montauban_banquet_detail_poulaines.jpg|Mid-15th century poulaines. The necessary pattens for outdoor use were usually even longer. (Detail of a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of Renaud de Montauban) File:Hieronymus_Bosch_093_pouches_and_pattens.jpg|The man on the right is wearing pattens. 1475–1480 (Table of the Mortal Sins. detail: Invidia) File:Dreckschuhe.jpg|Left: German 15th-century wooden patten. Right: Dutch 18th-century patten of metal circle type. ({{Interlanguage link|Deutsches Schuhmuseum Hauenstein|de}}) File:Nanule_za_dvorenje_-_Muzej_Ras_(Novi_Pazar).jpg|Nalin for serving ([[Ras Museum]], Novi Pazar, [[Serbiya|Serbia]]) </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Geta (takalma) * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == nh0hsylf5onygfz6e0i7us39bhepz90 966145 966144 2026-10-11T14:13:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 966145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Jan_van_Eyck_004.jpg|right|thumb|288x288px|A cikin wannan daki-daki na Hoton Arnolfini na 1434, an cire waɗannan pattens a cikin gidan.]] '''Pattens''', wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye, takalma ne masu kariya waɗanda aka sa a Turai daga [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A bayyanar, wani lokacin suna kama da clogs ko takalma na zamani. An sa Pattens a waje a kan takalma na al'ada, yana da katako ko daga baya itace da ƙarfe, kuma ana riƙe su a wurin da fata ko zane. Pattens yana aiki don ɗaga ƙafa sama da ƙasa, don kare takalma na fata daga ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara ko laka. Mata sun ci gaba da sa pattens a cikin yanayin laka har zuwa karni na 19 ko ma farkon karni na 20. == Sunayen == Kalmar ''{{Lang|fro|patte}}'' mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci patte ma'anar ƙafar ko ƙafar. An kuma rubuta shi ''patyn'' kuma a wasu hanyoyi.[2]A tarihi, ana amfani da pattens a wasu lokuta don kare bututu ba tare da takalma ba kuma ta haka ne ake ba da sunan wani lokaci zuwa irin takalma kamar clogs. A cikin amfani na zamani, duk da haka, kalmar ta ƙuntata ga takalma. A zahiri, Turanci na zamani ya yi amfani da kalmomin ''clogs'' da ''galoshes'' tare da pattens amma, idan akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci da aka nufa, wannan ba a bayyane yake ba kuma duk takalma na zamani da na zamani yanzu ana kiransu pattens don saukakawa.[2] == Lokacin Tsakiya == A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ana sawa a waje, kuma a wuraren jama'a, a kan (a waje da) takalma masu laushi na wannan zamanin. Maza da mata sun sa Pattens a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma ana ganin su musamman a cikin fasaha daga Karni na 15; lokacin da poulaines - takalma masu tsayi, yatsunsu masu kaifi - sun kasance musamman a cikin salon. === Nau'o'in === [[File:Walraversijde83.jpg|thumb|Hinged sole]] [[File:Pattens.jpg|thumb|An ɗaukaka shi a kan zoben ƙarfe]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan pattens guda uku. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan yana da 'dandalin' na katako wanda aka ɗaga daga ƙasa, ko dai tare da katako na katako ko ƙarfe. Wani bambancin na biyu yana da katako mai laushi, sau da yawa an haɗa shi. Nau'in na uku yana da shimfiɗa mai laushi wanda aka yi da yadudduka na fata. Wasu daga baya iri-iri na Turai na waɗannan pattens suna da takalma mai laushi; sassan ciki na katako mai haske tare da fata a sama da ƙasa. A cikin nau'ikan pattens na baya, wanda ya fara daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, nau'ikan stilt ko wedge sun fi yawa. Daga ƙarshen karni na 14, nau'ikan nau'ikan sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Farin fata ya zama sananne a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15, kuma a Landan, sun fara sawa a matsayin takalma a kan bututu a cikin karni na 15, yana yadawa zuwa wani ɓangare na jama'a.[2]Yawancin takalma na London an gina su ne da itacen Alder, willow, ko itacen poplar.[2] == Sauran amfani da kalmar == Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar a matsayin kalma don takalmin katako na katako, wato Chopin ko clog, sabanin overshoe, har zuwa akalla karni na sha tara. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don takalma na gargajiya na katako na waje na Japan da sauran ƙasashen Asiya.[1] Abin da ke cikin tasirin takalma na dusar ƙanƙara don laka, kamar yadda masu amfani da tsuntsaye, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da Masu tsaron bakin teku ke amfani da su ana iya kiransu pattens, ko "mud-pattens". Wadannan allunan da aka tsara ne da aka haɗe da takalmin takalma, wanda ya shimfiɗa a gefe fiye da siffar ƙafa, sabili da haka wani nau'in takalma ne daban-daban daga alamar da aka tattauna a nan. An yi amfani da "Horse-pattens" a kan dawakai, musamman don noma filayen laka. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don kankara-skates, kamar yadda yake a Faransanci (patiner, don tsalle). == Kamfanin Mai Girma na Masu Yin Gishiri == A [[Landan]], Kamfanin Worshipful na Pattenmakers ya kasance Kamfanin Livery, tsohon ƙungiyar Patten-makers, ko Patteners, kuma cocin da suka karɓa ya kasance St Margaret Pattens. Rubuce-rubucen farko na guild ya kasance a cikin 1379, kuma har yanzu akwai mai yin takarda da aka jera a cikin London Trade Directory a cikin 1920s. Wani sanarwa, mai yiwuwa karni na 18, a cikin Cocin Guild har yanzu yana buƙatar mata su cire pattens a lokacin da suka shiga; wasu majami'u na Ingilishi suna da irin wannan alamu, kuma a wani lamari, allon da ke da igiyoyi don mata su rataye su.<gallery> File:Walraversijde49.jpg|Excavated Dutch pattens, c. 1465. Only two places contact the ground. (Archeological site of Walraversijde, near Ostend) File:Renaud_de_montauban_banquet_detail_poulaines.jpg|Mid-15th century poulaines. The necessary pattens for outdoor use were usually even longer. (Detail of a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of Renaud de Montauban) File:Hieronymus_Bosch_093_pouches_and_pattens.jpg|The man on the right is wearing pattens. 1475–1480 (Table of the Mortal Sins. detail: Invidia) File:Dreckschuhe.jpg|Left: German 15th-century wooden patten. Right: Dutch 18th-century patten of metal circle type. ({{Interlanguage link|Deutsches Schuhmuseum Hauenstein|de}}) File:Nanule_za_dvorenje_-_Muzej_Ras_(Novi_Pazar).jpg|Nalin for serving ([[Ras Museum]], Novi Pazar, [[Serbiya|Serbia]]) </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Geta (takalma) * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == e76bv3szay5o0dlxjpx3tizx9g2v19k 966146 966145 2026-10-11T14:13:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 966146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Jan_van_Eyck_004.jpg|right|thumb|288x288px|A cikin wannan daki-daki na Hoton Arnolfini na 1434, an cire waɗannan pattens a cikin gidan.]] '''Pattens''', wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye, takalma ne masu kariya waɗanda aka sa a Turai daga [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A bayyanar, wani lokacin suna kama da clogs ko takalma na zamani. An sa Pattens a waje a kan takalma na al'ada, yana da katako ko daga baya itace da ƙarfe, kuma ana riƙe su a wurin da fata ko zane. Pattens yana aiki don ɗaga ƙafa sama da ƙasa, don kare takalma na fata daga ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara ko laka. Mata sun ci gaba da sa pattens a cikin yanayin laka har zuwa karni na 19 ko ma farkon karni na 20. == Sunayen == Kalmar ''{{Lang|fro|patte}}'' mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci patte ma'anar ƙafar ko ƙafar. An kuma rubuta shi ''patyn'' kuma a wasu hanyoyi.[2]A tarihi, ana amfani da pattens a wasu lokuta don kare bututu ba tare da takalma ba kuma ta haka ne ake ba da sunan wani lokaci zuwa irin takalma kamar clogs. A cikin amfani na zamani, duk da haka, kalmar ta ƙuntata ga takalma. A zahiri, Turanci na zamani ya yi amfani da kalmomin ''clogs'' da ''galoshes'' tare da pattens amma, idan akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci da aka nufa, wannan ba a bayyane yake ba kuma duk takalma na zamani da na zamani yanzu ana kiransu pattens don saukakawa.[2] == Lokacin Tsakiya == A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ana sawa a waje, kuma a wuraren jama'a, a kan (a waje da) takalma masu laushi na wannan zamanin. Maza da mata sun sa Pattens a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma ana ganin su musamman a cikin fasaha daga Karni na 15; lokacin da poulaines - takalma masu tsayi, yatsunsu masu kaifi - sun kasance musamman a cikin salon. === Nau'o'in === [[File:Walraversijde83.jpg|thumb|Hinged sole]] [[File:Pattens.jpg|thumb|An ɗaukaka shi a kan zoben ƙarfe]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan pattens guda uku. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan yana da 'dandalin' na katako wanda aka ɗaga daga ƙasa, ko dai tare da katako na katako ko ƙarfe. Wani bambancin na biyu yana da katako mai laushi, sau da yawa an haɗa shi. Nau'in na uku yana da shimfiɗa mai laushi wanda aka yi da yadudduka na fata. Wasu daga baya iri-iri na Turai na waɗannan pattens suna da takalma mai laushi; sassan ciki na katako mai haske tare da fata a sama da ƙasa. A cikin nau'ikan pattens na baya, wanda ya fara daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, nau'ikan stilt ko wedge sun fi yawa. Daga ƙarshen karni na 14, nau'ikan nau'ikan sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Farin fata ya zama sananne a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15, kuma a Landan, sun fara sawa a matsayin takalma a kan bututu a cikin karni na 15, yana yadawa zuwa wani ɓangare na jama'a.[2]Yawancin takalma na London an gina su ne da itacen Alder, willow, ko itacen poplar.[2] == Sauran amfani da kalmar == Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar a matsayin kalma don takalmin katako na katako, wato Chopin ko clog, sabanin overshoe, har zuwa akalla karni na sha tara. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don takalma na gargajiya na katako na waje na Japan da sauran ƙasashen Asiya.[1] Abin da ke cikin tasirin takalma na dusar ƙanƙara don laka, kamar yadda masu amfani da tsuntsaye, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da Masu tsaron bakin teku ke amfani da su ana iya kiransu pattens, ko "mud-pattens". Wadannan allunan da aka tsara ne da aka haɗe da takalmin takalma, wanda ya shimfiɗa a gefe fiye da siffar ƙafa, sabili da haka wani nau'in takalma ne daban-daban daga alamar da aka tattauna a nan. An yi amfani da "Horse-pattens" a kan dawakai, musamman don noma filayen laka. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don kankara-skates, kamar yadda yake a Faransanci (patiner, don tsalle). == Kamfanin Mai Girma na Masu Yin Gishiri == A [[Landan]], Kamfanin Worshipful na Pattenmakers ya kasance Kamfanin Livery, tsohon ƙungiyar Patten-makers, ko Patteners, kuma cocin da suka karɓa ya kasance St Margaret Pattens. Rubuce-rubucen farko na guild ya kasance a cikin 1379, kuma har yanzu akwai mai yin takarda da aka jera a cikin London Trade Directory a cikin 1920s. Wani sanarwa, mai yiwuwa karni na 18, a cikin Cocin Guild har yanzu yana buƙatar mata su cire pattens a lokacin da suka shiga; wasu majami'u na Ingilishi suna da irin wannan alamu, kuma a wani lamari, allon da ke da igiyoyi don mata su rataye su.<gallery> File:Walraversijde49.jpg|Excavated Dutch pattens, c. 1465. Only two places contact the ground. (Archeological site of Walraversijde, near Ostend) File:Renaud_de_montauban_banquet_detail_poulaines.jpg|Mid-15th century poulaines. The necessary pattens for outdoor use were usually even longer. (Detail of a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of Renaud de Montauban) File:Hieronymus_Bosch_093_pouches_and_pattens.jpg|The man on the right is wearing pattens. 1475–1480 (Table of the Mortal Sins. detail: Invidia) File:Dreckschuhe.jpg|Left: German 15th-century wooden patten. Right: Dutch 18th-century patten of metal circle type. ({{Interlanguage link|Deutsches Schuhmuseum Hauenstein|de}}) File:Nanule_za_dvorenje_-_Muzej_Ras_(Novi_Pazar).jpg|Nalin for serving ([[Ras Museum]], Novi Pazar, [[Serbiya|Serbia]]) </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Geta (takalma) * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ezd8du6k85zb8f6ivdjru9621ct11m8 966147 966146 2026-10-11T14:14:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 966147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Jan_van_Eyck_004.jpg|right|thumb|288x288px|A cikin wannan daki-daki na Hoton Arnolfini na 1434, an cire waɗannan pattens a cikin gidan.]] '''Pattens''', wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye, takalma ne masu kariya waɗanda aka sa a Turai daga [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A bayyanar, wani lokacin suna kama da clogs ko takalma na zamani. An sa Pattens a waje a kan takalma na al'ada, yana da katako ko daga baya itace da ƙarfe, kuma ana riƙe su a wurin da fata ko zane. Pattens yana aiki don ɗaga ƙafa sama da ƙasa, don kare takalma na fata daga ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara ko laka. Mata sun ci gaba da sa pattens a cikin yanayin laka har zuwa karni na 19 ko ma farkon karni na 20.<ref>Jørgensen, Dolly (2008). "Cooperative Sanitation: Managing Streets and Gutters in Late Medieval England and Scandinavia". ''Technology and Culture''. '''49''' (3): 547–567. ISSN&#x20;0040-165X</ref> == Sunayen == Kalmar ''{{Lang|fro|patte}}'' mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci patte ma'anar ƙafar ko ƙafar. An kuma rubuta shi ''patyn'' kuma a wasu hanyoyi.[2]A tarihi, ana amfani da pattens a wasu lokuta don kare bututu ba tare da takalma ba kuma ta haka ne ake ba da sunan wani lokaci zuwa irin takalma kamar clogs. A cikin amfani na zamani, duk da haka, kalmar ta ƙuntata ga takalma. A zahiri, Turanci na zamani ya yi amfani da kalmomin ''clogs'' da ''galoshes'' tare da pattens amma, idan akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci da aka nufa, wannan ba a bayyane yake ba kuma duk takalma na zamani da na zamani yanzu ana kiransu pattens don saukakawa.[2] == Lokacin Tsakiya == A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ana sawa a waje, kuma a wuraren jama'a, a kan (a waje da) takalma masu laushi na wannan zamanin. Maza da mata sun sa Pattens a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma ana ganin su musamman a cikin fasaha daga Karni na 15; lokacin da poulaines - takalma masu tsayi, yatsunsu masu kaifi - sun kasance musamman a cikin salon. === Nau'o'in === [[File:Walraversijde83.jpg|thumb|Hinged sole]] [[File:Pattens.jpg|thumb|An ɗaukaka shi a kan zoben ƙarfe]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan pattens guda uku. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan yana da 'dandalin' na katako wanda aka ɗaga daga ƙasa, ko dai tare da katako na katako ko ƙarfe. Wani bambancin na biyu yana da katako mai laushi, sau da yawa an haɗa shi. Nau'in na uku yana da shimfiɗa mai laushi wanda aka yi da yadudduka na fata. Wasu daga baya iri-iri na Turai na waɗannan pattens suna da takalma mai laushi; sassan ciki na katako mai haske tare da fata a sama da ƙasa. A cikin nau'ikan pattens na baya, wanda ya fara daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, nau'ikan stilt ko wedge sun fi yawa. Daga ƙarshen karni na 14, nau'ikan nau'ikan sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Farin fata ya zama sananne a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15, kuma a Landan, sun fara sawa a matsayin takalma a kan bututu a cikin karni na 15, yana yadawa zuwa wani ɓangare na jama'a.[2]Yawancin takalma na London an gina su ne da itacen Alder, willow, ko itacen poplar.[2] == Sauran amfani da kalmar == Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar a matsayin kalma don takalmin katako na katako, wato Chopin ko clog, sabanin overshoe, har zuwa akalla karni na sha tara. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don takalma na gargajiya na katako na waje na Japan da sauran ƙasashen Asiya.[1] Abin da ke cikin tasirin takalma na dusar ƙanƙara don laka, kamar yadda masu amfani da tsuntsaye, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da Masu tsaron bakin teku ke amfani da su ana iya kiransu pattens, ko "mud-pattens". Wadannan allunan da aka tsara ne da aka haɗe da takalmin takalma, wanda ya shimfiɗa a gefe fiye da siffar ƙafa, sabili da haka wani nau'in takalma ne daban-daban daga alamar da aka tattauna a nan. An yi amfani da "Horse-pattens" a kan dawakai, musamman don noma filayen laka. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don kankara-skates, kamar yadda yake a Faransanci (patiner, don tsalle). == Kamfanin Mai Girma na Masu Yin Gishiri == A [[Landan]], Kamfanin Worshipful na Pattenmakers ya kasance Kamfanin Livery, tsohon ƙungiyar Patten-makers, ko Patteners, kuma cocin da suka karɓa ya kasance St Margaret Pattens. Rubuce-rubucen farko na guild ya kasance a cikin 1379, kuma har yanzu akwai mai yin takarda da aka jera a cikin London Trade Directory a cikin 1920s. Wani sanarwa, mai yiwuwa karni na 18, a cikin Cocin Guild har yanzu yana buƙatar mata su cire pattens a lokacin da suka shiga; wasu majami'u na Ingilishi suna da irin wannan alamu, kuma a wani lamari, allon da ke da igiyoyi don mata su rataye su.<gallery> File:Walraversijde49.jpg|Excavated Dutch pattens, c. 1465. Only two places contact the ground. (Archeological site of Walraversijde, near Ostend) File:Renaud_de_montauban_banquet_detail_poulaines.jpg|Mid-15th century poulaines. The necessary pattens for outdoor use were usually even longer. (Detail of a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of Renaud de Montauban) File:Hieronymus_Bosch_093_pouches_and_pattens.jpg|The man on the right is wearing pattens. 1475–1480 (Table of the Mortal Sins. detail: Invidia) File:Dreckschuhe.jpg|Left: German 15th-century wooden patten. Right: Dutch 18th-century patten of metal circle type. ({{Interlanguage link|Deutsches Schuhmuseum Hauenstein|de}}) File:Nanule_za_dvorenje_-_Muzej_Ras_(Novi_Pazar).jpg|Nalin for serving ([[Ras Museum]], Novi Pazar, [[Serbiya|Serbia]]) </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Geta (takalma) * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b3a4k07id6jitovnf4khc9zf3z03yfr 966148 966147 2026-10-11T14:15:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 966148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Jan_van_Eyck_004.jpg|right|thumb|288x288px|A cikin wannan daki-daki na Hoton Arnolfini na 1434, an cire waɗannan pattens a cikin gidan.]] '''Pattens''', wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye, takalma ne masu kariya waɗanda aka sa a Turai daga [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A bayyanar, wani lokacin suna kama da clogs ko takalma na zamani. An sa Pattens a waje a kan takalma na al'ada, yana da katako ko daga baya itace da ƙarfe, kuma ana riƙe su a wurin da fata ko zane. Pattens yana aiki don ɗaga ƙafa sama da ƙasa, don kare takalma na fata daga ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara ko laka. Mata sun ci gaba da sa pattens a cikin yanayin laka har zuwa karni na 19 ko ma farkon karni na 20.<ref>Jørgensen, Dolly (2008). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061427 "Cooperative Sanitation: Managing Streets and Gutters in Late Medieval England and Scandinavia". ''Technology and Culture''.] '''49''' (3): 547–567. ISSN&#x20;0040-165X</ref> == Sunayen == Kalmar ''{{Lang|fro|patte}}'' mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci patte ma'anar ƙafar ko ƙafar. An kuma rubuta shi ''patyn'' kuma a wasu hanyoyi.[2]A tarihi, ana amfani da pattens a wasu lokuta don kare bututu ba tare da takalma ba kuma ta haka ne ake ba da sunan wani lokaci zuwa irin takalma kamar clogs. A cikin amfani na zamani, duk da haka, kalmar ta ƙuntata ga takalma. A zahiri, Turanci na zamani ya yi amfani da kalmomin ''clogs'' da ''galoshes'' tare da pattens amma, idan akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci da aka nufa, wannan ba a bayyane yake ba kuma duk takalma na zamani da na zamani yanzu ana kiransu pattens don saukakawa.[2] == Lokacin Tsakiya == A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ana sawa a waje, kuma a wuraren jama'a, a kan (a waje da) takalma masu laushi na wannan zamanin. Maza da mata sun sa Pattens a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma ana ganin su musamman a cikin fasaha daga Karni na 15; lokacin da poulaines - takalma masu tsayi, yatsunsu masu kaifi - sun kasance musamman a cikin salon. === Nau'o'in === [[File:Walraversijde83.jpg|thumb|Hinged sole]] [[File:Pattens.jpg|thumb|An ɗaukaka shi a kan zoben ƙarfe]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan pattens guda uku. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan yana da 'dandalin' na katako wanda aka ɗaga daga ƙasa, ko dai tare da katako na katako ko ƙarfe. Wani bambancin na biyu yana da katako mai laushi, sau da yawa an haɗa shi. Nau'in na uku yana da shimfiɗa mai laushi wanda aka yi da yadudduka na fata. Wasu daga baya iri-iri na Turai na waɗannan pattens suna da takalma mai laushi; sassan ciki na katako mai haske tare da fata a sama da ƙasa. A cikin nau'ikan pattens na baya, wanda ya fara daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, nau'ikan stilt ko wedge sun fi yawa. Daga ƙarshen karni na 14, nau'ikan nau'ikan sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Farin fata ya zama sananne a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15, kuma a Landan, sun fara sawa a matsayin takalma a kan bututu a cikin karni na 15, yana yadawa zuwa wani ɓangare na jama'a.[2]Yawancin takalma na London an gina su ne da itacen Alder, willow, ko itacen poplar.[2] == Sauran amfani da kalmar == Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar a matsayin kalma don takalmin katako na katako, wato Chopin ko clog, sabanin overshoe, har zuwa akalla karni na sha tara. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don takalma na gargajiya na katako na waje na Japan da sauran ƙasashen Asiya.[1] Abin da ke cikin tasirin takalma na dusar ƙanƙara don laka, kamar yadda masu amfani da tsuntsaye, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da Masu tsaron bakin teku ke amfani da su ana iya kiransu pattens, ko "mud-pattens". Wadannan allunan da aka tsara ne da aka haɗe da takalmin takalma, wanda ya shimfiɗa a gefe fiye da siffar ƙafa, sabili da haka wani nau'in takalma ne daban-daban daga alamar da aka tattauna a nan. An yi amfani da "Horse-pattens" a kan dawakai, musamman don noma filayen laka. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don kankara-skates, kamar yadda yake a Faransanci (patiner, don tsalle). == Kamfanin Mai Girma na Masu Yin Gishiri == A [[Landan]], Kamfanin Worshipful na Pattenmakers ya kasance Kamfanin Livery, tsohon ƙungiyar Patten-makers, ko Patteners, kuma cocin da suka karɓa ya kasance St Margaret Pattens. Rubuce-rubucen farko na guild ya kasance a cikin 1379, kuma har yanzu akwai mai yin takarda da aka jera a cikin London Trade Directory a cikin 1920s. Wani sanarwa, mai yiwuwa karni na 18, a cikin Cocin Guild har yanzu yana buƙatar mata su cire pattens a lokacin da suka shiga; wasu majami'u na Ingilishi suna da irin wannan alamu, kuma a wani lamari, allon da ke da igiyoyi don mata su rataye su.<gallery> File:Walraversijde49.jpg|Excavated Dutch pattens, c. 1465. Only two places contact the ground. (Archeological site of Walraversijde, near Ostend) File:Renaud_de_montauban_banquet_detail_poulaines.jpg|Mid-15th century poulaines. The necessary pattens for outdoor use were usually even longer. (Detail of a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of Renaud de Montauban) File:Hieronymus_Bosch_093_pouches_and_pattens.jpg|The man on the right is wearing pattens. 1475–1480 (Table of the Mortal Sins. detail: Invidia) File:Dreckschuhe.jpg|Left: German 15th-century wooden patten. Right: Dutch 18th-century patten of metal circle type. ({{Interlanguage link|Deutsches Schuhmuseum Hauenstein|de}}) File:Nanule_za_dvorenje_-_Muzej_Ras_(Novi_Pazar).jpg|Nalin for serving ([[Ras Museum]], Novi Pazar, [[Serbiya|Serbia]]) </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Geta (takalma) * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fq5orbj4dkyq7rh5wmtkpsdxyf5ttkd Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai zurfi 0 178868 966152 2026-10-11T14:28:16Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354542735|High-deductible health plan]]" 966152 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], '''tsarin kiwon lafiya mai cire kuɗi mai yawa''' ( '''HDHP''' ) tsarin [[inshorar lafiya]] ne mai ƙarancin kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma ƙarin kuɗaɗen cire kuɗi fiye da tsarin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya. An yi shi ne don ƙarfafa wa masu amfani da shi gwiwa kan harkokin kiwon lafiya . Kasancewa cikin wani nau'in inshorar lafiya (HDHP) shi ma wani abu ne da ake buƙata don samun asusun ajiyar lafiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=High-Deductible Health Plans |url=http://www.health401k.com/2011/09/high-deductible-health-plans/ |access-date=25 May 2011 |publisher=Health 401k}}</ref> Wasu tsare-tsaren HDHP suna ba da ƙarin fa'idodin "lafiya", waɗanda aka bayar kafin a biya kuɗin da za a cire. Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai cire kuɗi mai yawa wani nau'i ne na inshorar bala'i, wanda aka yi niyya don biyan diyya ga [[Rashin lafiya mai ban tsoro|cututtuka masu bala'i]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2012 |title=Publication 969 |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p969.pdf |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> Yawan ɗaukar marasa lafiya na HDHPs yana ƙaruwa tun lokacin da aka kafa su a 2004, ba wai kawai tare da ƙaruwar zaɓuɓɓukan ma'aikata ba, har ma da ƙara yawan zaɓuɓɓukan gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Claxton |first=G |title=Employer Health Benefits: 2016 Annual Survey |url=https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-2016-Annual-Survey |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, HDHPs sun wakilci kashi 29% na jimillar ma'aikatan da aka rufe a Amurka; duk da haka, ba a fahimci tasirin irin wannan tsarin fa'ida sosai ba. <ref name="waters">Waters, T.M., Chang, C.F., Cecil, W.T., Kasteridis, P., and Mirvis, D. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6773.2010.01191.x "Impact of High-Deductible Health Plans on Health Care Utilization and Costs"], ''[[Health Services Research (journal)|Health Services Research]]'' 46(1), pp. 155-172, Wiley-Blackwell, Feb. 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2020. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01191.x}}</ref> <ref name="borah">Borah, B.J., Burns, M.E., and Shah, N.D. [[doi:10.1002/hec.1757|"Assessing the impact of high deductible health plans on health‐care utilization and cost: a changes‐in‐changes approach"]], ''[[Health Economics]]'' 20(9), pp. 1025-1042, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., June 1, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2020. {{Doi|10.1002/hec.1757}}</ref> == Mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da za a cire da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da za a cire daga aljihu == Shiga cikin wani tsari na HDHP wanda ya cancanta wajibi ne ga asusun ajiyar lafiya da sauran shirye-shiryen da ke da fa'idar haraji. Tsarin cancanta an bayyana shi a matsayin tsarin lafiya wanda ke da mafi ƙarancin cirewa ba ƙasa da wani ƙaramin cirewa da IRS ta ayyana ba, da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da za a kashe daga aljihu wanda ba zai wuce wani matsakaicin aljihu da IRS ta ayyana ba, wanda Hukumar Harajin Cikin Gida za ta iya gyarawa kowace shekara don nuna canjin farashin rayuwa . Bisa ga umarnin da aka bayar na fom ɗin IRS 8889, "wannan iyaka ba ta shafi cire kuɗi da kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ba na hanyar sadarwa ba idan shirin yana amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta masu samar da kayayyaki. Madadin haka, cire kuɗi da kuɗaɗen aljihu kawai don ayyuka a cikin hanyar sadarwa ya kamata a yi amfani da su don tantance ko an kai iyakar." {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="2" |Single ! colspan="2" |Family |- !Minimum deductible (single) !Maximum out-of-pocket (single) !Minimum deductible (family) !Maximum out-of-pocket (family) |- |2009 |$1,150 |$5,800 |$2,300 |$11,600 |- |2010 |$1,200 |$5,950 |$2,400 |$11,900 |- |2011 |$1,200 |$5,950 |$2,400 |$11,900 |- |2012 |$1,200 |$6,050 |$2,400 |$12,100 |- |2013 |$1,250 |$6,250 |$2,500 |$12,500 |- |2014 |$1,250 |$6,350 |$2,500 |$12,700 |- |2015 |$1,300 |$6,450 |$2,600 |$12,900 |- |2016 |$1,300 |$6,550 |$2,600 |$13,100 |- |2017 |$1,300 |$6,550 |$2,600 |$13,100 |- |2018 |$1,350 |$6,650 |$2,700 |$13,300 |- |2019 |$1,350 |$6,750 |$2,700 |$13,500 |- |2020 |$1,400 |$6,900 |$2,800 |$13,800 |- |2021 |$1,400 |$7,000 |$2,800 |$14,000 |- |2022 |$1,400 |$7,050 |$2,800 |$14,100 |- |2023 |$1,500 |$7,500 |$3,000 |$15,000 |- |2024 |$1,600 |$8,050 |$3,200 |$16,100 |- |2025 |$1,650 |$8,300 |$3,300 |$16,600 |- |2026 |$1,700 |$8,500 |$3,400 |$17,000 |} == Tasiri kan ayyukan rigakafi da amfani == Idan mai saye ya sayi inshorar lafiya, akwai haɗarin haɗarin ɗabi'a domin mai saye zai iya amfani da kulawar lafiya da yawa saboda an cire cikakken kuɗin kulawa (watau yana da ƙarancin kuɗin kulawa fiye da kasuwa ta buɗe). Masu fafutukar kula da lafiya na masu amfani da kayayyaki (CDHC) kamar HDHPs suna aiki ne bisa hujjar cewa za a iya guje wa zaɓin da marasa lafiya suka yi ba tare da shiri ba idan aka ɗora musu alhakin kuɗi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi mai yawa da kuma cire kuɗi daga asusunsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilensky |first=G. R. |date=1 January 2006 |title=Consumer-Driven Health Plans: Early Evidence And Potential Impact On Hospitals |journal=Health Affairs |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=174–185 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.25.1.174 |pmid=17694602}}</ref> Duk da haka, a aikace, bincike ya nuna cewa HDHP na iya haɓaka halaye kamar guje wa ziyartar [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kulawa ta rigakafi]] da rage kulawar da ake buƙata ta hanyar motsa jiki, musamman ga waɗanda ke da cututtuka na yau da kullun ko ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Taxes/Pages/Health-Savings-Accounts.aspx |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=www.treasury.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>  == Tasirin kuɗin kai na mutum == Domin cancantar shiga HDHP a shekarar 2023, dole ne tsarin mutum ɗaya ya kasance yana da aƙalla kuɗin da za a cire daga tsarin, kuma dole ne tsarin iyali ya kasance yana da aƙalla kuɗin da za a cire daga tsarin. Jimillar kuɗaɗen da HDHP ke kashewa a kowace shekara (gami da cire kuɗi, biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa, da inshorar haɗin gwiwa) ba zai iya wuce $7,500 ga mutum ɗaya ba ko $15,000 ga iyali. <ref name="IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-24" /> (Wannan iyaka ba ta shafi ayyukan da ba na hanyar sadarwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdus |first=S. |last2=Selden |first2=T. M. |last3=Keenan |first3=P. |date=5 December 2016 |title=The Financial Burdens Of High-Deductible Plans |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2297–2301 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0842 |pmid=27920319}}</ref> ) Saboda tsadar farashin HDHPs, karuwar farashin da za a kashe a aljihu na iya zama mai wahala musamman ga iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=High Deductible Health Plans |url=http://www.health401k.com/2011/09/24/high-deductible-health-plans/ |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Health 401k}}</ref> A matsayin wata hanya ta ƙoƙarin rage farashin kulawa, masu riƙe da manufofin HDHP na iya ba da gudummawa ga asusun ajiyar lafiya (HSA) tare da kuɗin shiga kafin haraji. <ref name="health.usnews.com">{{Cite web |last=Renter |first=E |title=Should you Roll the Dice on a High-Deductible Health Plan? |url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-insurance/articles/2014/11/10/should-you-roll-the-dice-on-a-high-deductible-health-plan |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Gudummawar HSA, ba kamar sauran motocin saka hannun jari masu cin gajiyar haraji ba, suna ba da fa'idar haraji sau uku - gudummawar da za a cire haraji, ci gaba ba tare da haraji ba, da kuma cire haraji ba tare da haraji ba don kuɗaɗen likita masu cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=S |date=2 May 2016 |title=IRS Sets 2017 HSA Contribution Limits |url=https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/benefits/pages/irs-sets-2017-hsa-contribution-limits.aspx |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=SHRM}}</ref> Iyakokin da masu riƙe da manufofin bayar da gudummawa za su iya yi wa HSA a shekarar 2024 su ne $4,150 (ɗaya) da $8,300 (iyali) <ref name="IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-24" /> tare da gudummawar kama-karya ta $1,000 ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 55 ko sama da haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurber |first=E |title=How to attract the high-deductible patient |url=https://www.advisory.com/research/market-innovation-center/the-growth-channel/2013/12/how-to-attract-the-high-deductible-patient |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=www.advisory.com}}</ref> == Matsalolin da ke tasowa == Adadin mutanen da suka yi rajista a cikin HDHPs yana ƙaruwa, amma wannan wataƙila ya faru ne saboda hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya da kuma canjin farashi ga masu amfani - ba saboda gaskiyar cewa HDHPs dole ne su samar da kulawa mafi kyau ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Claxton |first=G |title=Employer Health Benefits: 2016 Annual Survey |url=https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-2016-Annual-Survey |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> == Girman HDHPs == Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai yawan cire kuɗi (HDHPs) yana da ƙarancin kuɗin da ake biya amma yana da babban kuɗin da ake biya, inshorar haɗin gwiwa da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da ake biya daga aljihu. Saboda ƙarancin farashi a gaba, HDHPs suna ƙara samun karɓuwa a wurin ma'aikata, inda kashi 24% ke bayar da wani nau'in HDHP a 2013 (sama da kashi 5% a 2007). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Snapshots: The Prevalence and Cost of Deductibles in Employer Sponsored Insurance |url=https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/snapshots-the-prevalence-and-cost-of-deductibles-in-employer-sponsored-insurance/}}</ref> A cikin wannan tsari, mutum yana ɗaukar duk kuɗin likita har sai an biya mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da za a cire. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ( ACA ), wadda aka zartar a shekarar 2010, ta haifar da faɗaɗar HDHPs sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2017 |title=CDC: Nearly 40% of US adults have high-deductible health plans |url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/payer-issues/cdc-nearly-40-of-us-adults-have-high-deductible-health-plans.html}}</ref> == Raba farashi da siyan farashi da kuma buƙatar masu amfani == Ka'idar tattalin arziki da ke bayan HDHPs ita ce 'raba farashi', "hanyar ba da kuɗi ga kula da lafiya wanda ke buƙatar wasu kuɗaɗen kai tsaye don ayyukan da marasa lafiya ke yi." Ƙara yawan kuɗin da za a cire daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi wata hanya ce da ake ganin za a rage farashin kula da lafiya ta hanyar rage yawan amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. Yayin da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa daga aljihun masu inshora da ma'aikata suka canza daga masu inshora da ma'aikata zuwa daidaikun mutane da ma'aikata, masu amfani za su ƙara nuna wariya a cikin kayayyakin inshorarsu kuma su shiga cikin babban matakin siyan farashi. Masu amfani da kayayyaki za su kuma kwatanta darajar ayyukan likitanci da ake bayarwa a wani wuri idan aka kwatanta da wani wajen yanke shawara kan inda za a nemi ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Idan aka haɗa, HDHPs ya kamata su rage amfani da harkokin kiwon lafiya da kuma hana hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya na ƙasa. Nasarar wannan ka'ida ta dogara ne akan ikon marasa lafiya na yanke shawara mai kyau game da siyan lafiyarsu <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ginsburg |first=PB |date=2007 |title=Shopping for price in medical care |journal=Health Affairs |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=208–216 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.w208 |pmid=17284467}}</ref> kamar yadda suke yi wa kayayyaki da ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=E |title=Increased health care cost sharing works as intended: It burdens patients who need care the most |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/bp358-increased-health-care-cost-sharing-works/}}</ref> Tare da yawan kuɗin da ake cirewa daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi, masu amfani suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen la'akari da farashi yayin zaɓar masu samar da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, wannan tsarin tattalin arziki bai tabbata ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa membobin HDHP da tsare-tsaren gargajiya suna da yuwuwar siyan magani a farashi mai rahusa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siniako |first=AD |date=2016 |title=High-Deductible Health Plan Growth, and Shopping for Health Care: Enrollees with Skin in the Game |journal=JAMA |volume=176 |issue=3 |pages=395–397 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7554 |pmc=6081744 |pmid=26784644}}</ref> Masu amfani da kayayyaki suna zaɓar kula da lafiya saboda dalilai daban-daban kuma ba duk ayyukan kiwon lafiya da abubuwan more rayuwa ba ne ke dacewa da siyan farashi. Masu bincike sun bayyana yanayi guda biyar waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ingantaccen siyan farashi fiye da wasu. <ref name=":1" /> # Ayyukan ba su da rikitarwa. # Bukatar ayyukan ba gaggawa ba ce. # An riga an yi gwajin cutar. # Farashin da aka haɗa su ne abin da ake buƙata don hidimar. # Tsarin fa'idodin inshora yana ba da kwarin gwiwa don zaɓar masu samar da ƙananan farashi. == Tasirin da ba a yi niyya ba na raba farashi == Duk da cewa HDHPs ababen hawa ne masu amfani ga mai amfani da ya dace, akwai damuwa cewa marasa lafiya na iya jinkirta kulawa saboda tsadar farashi, sau da yawa don cutar da kansu. Idan marasa lafiya suka dage kulawar da ake buƙata ko ta rigakafi (ziyarar marasa lafiya, gwaje-gwajen asibiti da gwajin gano cutar), suna iya ƙarewa a ɗakunan gaggawa na asibitoci ko ɗakunan magani. Canjin barin kulawa da wuri don zuwa asibiti mai tsanani da kuma mai matuƙar amfani da albarkatu daga baya ya ƙara yawan kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=B |date=19 May 2016 |title=21 statistics on high-deductible health plans |url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/21-statistics-on-high-deductible-health-plans.html}}</ref> Har zuwa kashi 43% na marasa lafiya da aka yi wa inshora sun ce sun jinkirta ko kuma sun tsallake gwaje-gwaje ko jiyya da likitoci suka ba da shawarar yi saboda yawan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan. <ref name=":0" /> Wani ƙarin ƙa'idar tattalin arziki da aka fi dangantawa da HDHPs shine Asusun Tanadin Lafiya (HSA). HSAs asusun ajiya ne da aka keɓe daga haraji wanda mutanen da ke da HDHPs ke ba da kuɗi don biyan kuɗin likita/kuɗaɗen da za su biya nan gaba wanda yanzu suke da alhakinsa. "An gabatar da HSA a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar fa'idodin magunguna ta Medicare, asusun ajiyar lafiya ne wanda ba shi da ƙuntatawa, mallakar ma'aikaci, kuma a buɗe yake ga duk wanda ya yi rajista a cikin [HDHP] kuma ba a riga an rufe shi da inshorar gwamnati ko ta masu zaman kansu ba" <sup>5</sup> . An tsara HSAs ne don rage nauyin kuɗi na ƙaruwar raba kuɗi da ya shafi HDHPs, amma an takaita yin rajista a HSA. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa kashi 61.6% na waɗanda suka yi rajista a HDHP ba su da HSA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdus |first=S |date=2016 |title=The Financial Burdens of High-Deductible Plans |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2297–2301 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0842 |pmid=27920319}}</ref> == Tasiri ga likita, asibiti da kuma samar da kayan aikin asibiti == Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen da ke da HDHPs sau da yawa suna barin ko jinkirta kulawa saboda karuwar raba farashi, kuma wannan yakan haifar da marasa lafiya da ke gabatarwa ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi daga baya cikin mummunan yanayi. [ana buƙatar hujja] . Wannan tsari yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga ɓangaren samar da lafiya [ana buƙatar hujja] . Asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna ɗaukar ƙarin basussuka masu yawa bayan zuwan HDHP yayin da marasa lafiya ke fitar da kuɗin da za su cire daga asusunsu jim kaɗan bayan an kwantar da su a asibiti don kulawa kuma ba su da isasshen kuɗin da za su biya. [ana buƙatar hujja] . Tare da karuwar raba farashi, asibitoci suna karɓar ƙarin kuɗi kai tsaye daga marasa lafiya; daga 2011 zuwa 2014, adadin kuɗin da masu amfani ke biya ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya ya ƙaru da kashi 193 cikin ɗari bisa ga wani bincike da aka gudanar a rahoton shekara-shekara na "Trends in Healthcare Payments: 2014" daga InstaMed. [1] Daga likitoci/masu samar da kayan asibiti, HDHP ta tilasta wa cibiyoyi su zama masu sanin ya kamata yayin da marasa lafiya (saboda siyan farashi) ke yin nasu binciken kuma su fahimci zaɓuɓɓukan da suke da su. [2] Idan marasa lafiya da ke da HDHPs suka daina kulawa ta farko, wannan zai rage yawan da kuma kudaden shiga da za su iya samarwa. Hakan kuma yana nufin cewa, daga baya, nauyin da kuma tsananin kulawar da ake bayarwa a kowane lokaci ya fi yawa. Haka nan ma ga ƙwararru waɗanda ke ganin ƙarancin marasa lafiya ana duba su da kuma kula da su (kwayar cutar kansa, mammograms, gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun, da sauransu) sannan su ƙare da mummunan yanayi (kuma ana iya hana su). A cikin dogon lokaci, farashi da nauyin koyaushe suna ƙaruwa [ana buƙatar hujja] . Likitoci suna fama da matsalar tsadar magani, wanda hakan ya sa suka zaɓi ko suka ƙi hulɗar likita ko kuma yin amfani da hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita fiye da fa'idodin lafiyar mutum. [ana buƙatar hujja] . == Duba kuma == * Kalmomin kalmomi a fannin kiwon lafiya * [[Rashin lafiya mai ban tsoro|Cutar bala'i]] * [[Kula da lafiya]] * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * Inshorar lafiya a Amurka * [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Manufar lafiya]] * Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi * [[Lafiyar jama'a]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} qt0mezxz53qeti369pk7pbekrizi2o8 966154 966152 2026-10-11T14:29:15Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 966154 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Databox}}  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], '''tsarin kiwon lafiya mai cire kuɗi mai yawa''' ( '''HDHP''' ) tsarin [[inshorar lafiya]] ne mai ƙarancin kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma ƙarin kuɗaɗen cire kuɗi fiye da tsarin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya. An yi shi ne don ƙarfafa wa masu amfani da shi gwiwa kan harkokin kiwon lafiya . Kasancewa cikin wani nau'in inshorar lafiya (HDHP) shi ma wani abu ne da ake buƙata don samun asusun ajiyar lafiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=High-Deductible Health Plans |url=http://www.health401k.com/2011/09/high-deductible-health-plans/ |access-date=25 May 2011 |publisher=Health 401k}}</ref> Wasu tsare-tsaren HDHP suna ba da ƙarin fa'idodin "lafiya", waɗanda aka bayar kafin a biya kuɗin da za a cire. Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai cire kuɗi mai yawa wani nau'i ne na inshorar bala'i, wanda aka yi niyya don biyan diyya ga [[Rashin lafiya mai ban tsoro|cututtuka masu bala'i]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2012 |title=Publication 969 |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p969.pdf |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> Yawan ɗaukar marasa lafiya na HDHPs yana ƙaruwa tun lokacin da aka kafa su a 2004, ba wai kawai tare da ƙaruwar zaɓuɓɓukan ma'aikata ba, har ma da ƙara yawan zaɓuɓɓukan gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Claxton |first=G |title=Employer Health Benefits: 2016 Annual Survey |url=https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-2016-Annual-Survey |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, HDHPs sun wakilci kashi 29% na jimillar ma'aikatan da aka rufe a Amurka; duk da haka, ba a fahimci tasirin irin wannan tsarin fa'ida sosai ba. <ref name="waters">Waters, T.M., Chang, C.F., Cecil, W.T., Kasteridis, P., and Mirvis, D. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6773.2010.01191.x "Impact of High-Deductible Health Plans on Health Care Utilization and Costs"], ''[[Health Services Research (journal)|Health Services Research]]'' 46(1), pp. 155-172, Wiley-Blackwell, Feb. 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2020. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01191.x}}</ref> <ref name="borah">Borah, B.J., Burns, M.E., and Shah, N.D. [[doi:10.1002/hec.1757|"Assessing the impact of high deductible health plans on health‐care utilization and cost: a changes‐in‐changes approach"]], ''[[Health Economics]]'' 20(9), pp. 1025-1042, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., June 1, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2020. {{Doi|10.1002/hec.1757}}</ref> == Mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da za a cire da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da za a cire daga aljihu == Shiga cikin wani tsari na HDHP wanda ya cancanta wajibi ne ga asusun ajiyar lafiya da sauran shirye-shiryen da ke da fa'idar haraji. Tsarin cancanta an bayyana shi a matsayin tsarin lafiya wanda ke da mafi ƙarancin cirewa ba ƙasa da wani ƙaramin cirewa da IRS ta ayyana ba, da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da za a kashe daga aljihu wanda ba zai wuce wani matsakaicin aljihu da IRS ta ayyana ba, wanda Hukumar Harajin Cikin Gida za ta iya gyarawa kowace shekara don nuna canjin farashin rayuwa . Bisa ga umarnin da aka bayar na fom ɗin IRS 8889, "wannan iyaka ba ta shafi cire kuɗi da kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ba na hanyar sadarwa ba idan shirin yana amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta masu samar da kayayyaki. Madadin haka, cire kuɗi da kuɗaɗen aljihu kawai don ayyuka a cikin hanyar sadarwa ya kamata a yi amfani da su don tantance ko an kai iyakar." {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="2" |Single ! colspan="2" |Family |- !Minimum deductible (single) !Maximum out-of-pocket (single) !Minimum deductible (family) !Maximum out-of-pocket (family) |- |2009 |$1,150 |$5,800 |$2,300 |$11,600 |- |2010 |$1,200 |$5,950 |$2,400 |$11,900 |- |2011 |$1,200 |$5,950 |$2,400 |$11,900 |- |2012 |$1,200 |$6,050 |$2,400 |$12,100 |- |2013 |$1,250 |$6,250 |$2,500 |$12,500 |- |2014 |$1,250 |$6,350 |$2,500 |$12,700 |- |2015 |$1,300 |$6,450 |$2,600 |$12,900 |- |2016 |$1,300 |$6,550 |$2,600 |$13,100 |- |2017 |$1,300 |$6,550 |$2,600 |$13,100 |- |2018 |$1,350 |$6,650 |$2,700 |$13,300 |- |2019 |$1,350 |$6,750 |$2,700 |$13,500 |- |2020 |$1,400 |$6,900 |$2,800 |$13,800 |- |2021 |$1,400 |$7,000 |$2,800 |$14,000 |- |2022 |$1,400 |$7,050 |$2,800 |$14,100 |- |2023 |$1,500 |$7,500 |$3,000 |$15,000 |- |2024 |$1,600 |$8,050 |$3,200 |$16,100 |- |2025 |$1,650 |$8,300 |$3,300 |$16,600 |- |2026 |$1,700 |$8,500 |$3,400 |$17,000 |} == Tasiri kan ayyukan rigakafi da amfani == Idan mai saye ya sayi inshorar lafiya, akwai haɗarin haɗarin ɗabi'a domin mai saye zai iya amfani da kulawar lafiya da yawa saboda an cire cikakken kuɗin kulawa (watau yana da ƙarancin kuɗin kulawa fiye da kasuwa ta buɗe). Masu fafutukar kula da lafiya na masu amfani da kayayyaki (CDHC) kamar HDHPs suna aiki ne bisa hujjar cewa za a iya guje wa zaɓin da marasa lafiya suka yi ba tare da shiri ba idan aka ɗora musu alhakin kuɗi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi mai yawa da kuma cire kuɗi daga asusunsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilensky |first=G. R. |date=1 January 2006 |title=Consumer-Driven Health Plans: Early Evidence And Potential Impact On Hospitals |journal=Health Affairs |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=174–185 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.25.1.174 |pmid=17694602}}</ref> Duk da haka, a aikace, bincike ya nuna cewa HDHP na iya haɓaka halaye kamar guje wa ziyartar [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kulawa ta rigakafi]] da rage kulawar da ake buƙata ta hanyar motsa jiki, musamman ga waɗanda ke da cututtuka na yau da kullun ko ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Taxes/Pages/Health-Savings-Accounts.aspx |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=www.treasury.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>  == Tasirin kuɗin kai na mutum == Domin cancantar shiga HDHP a shekarar 2023, dole ne tsarin mutum ɗaya ya kasance yana da aƙalla kuɗin da za a cire daga tsarin, kuma dole ne tsarin iyali ya kasance yana da aƙalla kuɗin da za a cire daga tsarin. Jimillar kuɗaɗen da HDHP ke kashewa a kowace shekara (gami da cire kuɗi, biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa, da inshorar haɗin gwiwa) ba zai iya wuce $7,500 ga mutum ɗaya ba ko $15,000 ga iyali. <ref name="IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-24" /> (Wannan iyaka ba ta shafi ayyukan da ba na hanyar sadarwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdus |first=S. |last2=Selden |first2=T. M. |last3=Keenan |first3=P. |date=5 December 2016 |title=The Financial Burdens Of High-Deductible Plans |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2297–2301 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0842 |pmid=27920319}}</ref> ) Saboda tsadar farashin HDHPs, karuwar farashin da za a kashe a aljihu na iya zama mai wahala musamman ga iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=High Deductible Health Plans |url=http://www.health401k.com/2011/09/24/high-deductible-health-plans/ |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Health 401k}}</ref> A matsayin wata hanya ta ƙoƙarin rage farashin kulawa, masu riƙe da manufofin HDHP na iya ba da gudummawa ga asusun ajiyar lafiya (HSA) tare da kuɗin shiga kafin haraji. <ref name="health.usnews.com">{{Cite web |last=Renter |first=E |title=Should you Roll the Dice on a High-Deductible Health Plan? |url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-insurance/articles/2014/11/10/should-you-roll-the-dice-on-a-high-deductible-health-plan |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Gudummawar HSA, ba kamar sauran motocin saka hannun jari masu cin gajiyar haraji ba, suna ba da fa'idar haraji sau uku - gudummawar da za a cire haraji, ci gaba ba tare da haraji ba, da kuma cire haraji ba tare da haraji ba don kuɗaɗen likita masu cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=S |date=2 May 2016 |title=IRS Sets 2017 HSA Contribution Limits |url=https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/benefits/pages/irs-sets-2017-hsa-contribution-limits.aspx |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=SHRM}}</ref> Iyakokin da masu riƙe da manufofin bayar da gudummawa za su iya yi wa HSA a shekarar 2024 su ne $4,150 (ɗaya) da $8,300 (iyali) <ref name="IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-24" /> tare da gudummawar kama-karya ta $1,000 ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 55 ko sama da haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurber |first=E |title=How to attract the high-deductible patient |url=https://www.advisory.com/research/market-innovation-center/the-growth-channel/2013/12/how-to-attract-the-high-deductible-patient |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=www.advisory.com}}</ref> == Matsalolin da ke tasowa == Adadin mutanen da suka yi rajista a cikin HDHPs yana ƙaruwa, amma wannan wataƙila ya faru ne saboda hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya da kuma canjin farashi ga masu amfani - ba saboda gaskiyar cewa HDHPs dole ne su samar da kulawa mafi kyau ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Claxton |first=G |title=Employer Health Benefits: 2016 Annual Survey |url=https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-2016-Annual-Survey |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> == Girman HDHPs == Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai yawan cire kuɗi (HDHPs) yana da ƙarancin kuɗin da ake biya amma yana da babban kuɗin da ake biya, inshorar haɗin gwiwa da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da ake biya daga aljihu. Saboda ƙarancin farashi a gaba, HDHPs suna ƙara samun karɓuwa a wurin ma'aikata, inda kashi 24% ke bayar da wani nau'in HDHP a 2013 (sama da kashi 5% a 2007). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Snapshots: The Prevalence and Cost of Deductibles in Employer Sponsored Insurance |url=https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/snapshots-the-prevalence-and-cost-of-deductibles-in-employer-sponsored-insurance/}}</ref> A cikin wannan tsari, mutum yana ɗaukar duk kuɗin likita har sai an biya mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da za a cire. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ( ACA ), wadda aka zartar a shekarar 2010, ta haifar da faɗaɗar HDHPs sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2017 |title=CDC: Nearly 40% of US adults have high-deductible health plans |url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/payer-issues/cdc-nearly-40-of-us-adults-have-high-deductible-health-plans.html}}</ref> == Raba farashi da siyan farashi da kuma buƙatar masu amfani == Ka'idar tattalin arziki da ke bayan HDHPs ita ce 'raba farashi', "hanyar ba da kuɗi ga kula da lafiya wanda ke buƙatar wasu kuɗaɗen kai tsaye don ayyukan da marasa lafiya ke yi." Ƙara yawan kuɗin da za a cire daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi wata hanya ce da ake ganin za a rage farashin kula da lafiya ta hanyar rage yawan amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. Yayin da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa daga aljihun masu inshora da ma'aikata suka canza daga masu inshora da ma'aikata zuwa daidaikun mutane da ma'aikata, masu amfani za su ƙara nuna wariya a cikin kayayyakin inshorarsu kuma su shiga cikin babban matakin siyan farashi. Masu amfani da kayayyaki za su kuma kwatanta darajar ayyukan likitanci da ake bayarwa a wani wuri idan aka kwatanta da wani wajen yanke shawara kan inda za a nemi ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Idan aka haɗa, HDHPs ya kamata su rage amfani da harkokin kiwon lafiya da kuma hana hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya na ƙasa. Nasarar wannan ka'ida ta dogara ne akan ikon marasa lafiya na yanke shawara mai kyau game da siyan lafiyarsu <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ginsburg |first=PB |date=2007 |title=Shopping for price in medical care |journal=Health Affairs |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=208–216 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.w208 |pmid=17284467}}</ref> kamar yadda suke yi wa kayayyaki da ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=E |title=Increased health care cost sharing works as intended: It burdens patients who need care the most |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/bp358-increased-health-care-cost-sharing-works/}}</ref> Tare da yawan kuɗin da ake cirewa daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi, masu amfani suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen la'akari da farashi yayin zaɓar masu samar da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, wannan tsarin tattalin arziki bai tabbata ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa membobin HDHP da tsare-tsaren gargajiya suna da yuwuwar siyan magani a farashi mai rahusa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siniako |first=AD |date=2016 |title=High-Deductible Health Plan Growth, and Shopping for Health Care: Enrollees with Skin in the Game |journal=JAMA |volume=176 |issue=3 |pages=395–397 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7554 |pmc=6081744 |pmid=26784644}}</ref> Masu amfani da kayayyaki suna zaɓar kula da lafiya saboda dalilai daban-daban kuma ba duk ayyukan kiwon lafiya da abubuwan more rayuwa ba ne ke dacewa da siyan farashi. Masu bincike sun bayyana yanayi guda biyar waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ingantaccen siyan farashi fiye da wasu. <ref name=":1" /> # Ayyukan ba su da rikitarwa. # Bukatar ayyukan ba gaggawa ba ce. # An riga an yi gwajin cutar. # Farashin da aka haɗa su ne abin da ake buƙata don hidimar. # Tsarin fa'idodin inshora yana ba da kwarin gwiwa don zaɓar masu samar da ƙananan farashi. == Tasirin da ba a yi niyya ba na raba farashi == Duk da cewa HDHPs ababen hawa ne masu amfani ga mai amfani da ya dace, akwai damuwa cewa marasa lafiya na iya jinkirta kulawa saboda tsadar farashi, sau da yawa don cutar da kansu. Idan marasa lafiya suka dage kulawar da ake buƙata ko ta rigakafi (ziyarar marasa lafiya, gwaje-gwajen asibiti da gwajin gano cutar), suna iya ƙarewa a ɗakunan gaggawa na asibitoci ko ɗakunan magani. Canjin barin kulawa da wuri don zuwa asibiti mai tsanani da kuma mai matuƙar amfani da albarkatu daga baya ya ƙara yawan kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=B |date=19 May 2016 |title=21 statistics on high-deductible health plans |url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/21-statistics-on-high-deductible-health-plans.html}}</ref> Har zuwa kashi 43% na marasa lafiya da aka yi wa inshora sun ce sun jinkirta ko kuma sun tsallake gwaje-gwaje ko jiyya da likitoci suka ba da shawarar yi saboda yawan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan. <ref name=":0" /> Wani ƙarin ƙa'idar tattalin arziki da aka fi dangantawa da HDHPs shine Asusun Tanadin Lafiya (HSA). HSAs asusun ajiya ne da aka keɓe daga haraji wanda mutanen da ke da HDHPs ke ba da kuɗi don biyan kuɗin likita/kuɗaɗen da za su biya nan gaba wanda yanzu suke da alhakinsa. "An gabatar da HSA a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar fa'idodin magunguna ta Medicare, asusun ajiyar lafiya ne wanda ba shi da ƙuntatawa, mallakar ma'aikaci, kuma a buɗe yake ga duk wanda ya yi rajista a cikin [HDHP] kuma ba a riga an rufe shi da inshorar gwamnati ko ta masu zaman kansu ba" <sup>5</sup> . An tsara HSAs ne don rage nauyin kuɗi na ƙaruwar raba kuɗi da ya shafi HDHPs, amma an takaita yin rajista a HSA. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa kashi 61.6% na waɗanda suka yi rajista a HDHP ba su da HSA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdus |first=S |date=2016 |title=The Financial Burdens of High-Deductible Plans |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2297–2301 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0842 |pmid=27920319}}</ref> == Tasiri ga likita, asibiti da kuma samar da kayan aikin asibiti == Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen da ke da HDHPs sau da yawa suna barin ko jinkirta kulawa saboda karuwar raba farashi, kuma wannan yakan haifar da marasa lafiya da ke gabatarwa ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi daga baya cikin mummunan yanayi. [ana buƙatar hujja] . Wannan tsari yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga ɓangaren samar da lafiya [ana buƙatar hujja] . Asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna ɗaukar ƙarin basussuka masu yawa bayan zuwan HDHP yayin da marasa lafiya ke fitar da kuɗin da za su cire daga asusunsu jim kaɗan bayan an kwantar da su a asibiti don kulawa kuma ba su da isasshen kuɗin da za su biya. [ana buƙatar hujja] . Tare da karuwar raba farashi, asibitoci suna karɓar ƙarin kuɗi kai tsaye daga marasa lafiya; daga 2011 zuwa 2014, adadin kuɗin da masu amfani ke biya ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya ya ƙaru da kashi 193 cikin ɗari bisa ga wani bincike da aka gudanar a rahoton shekara-shekara na "Trends in Healthcare Payments: 2014" daga InstaMed. [1] Daga likitoci/masu samar da kayan asibiti, HDHP ta tilasta wa cibiyoyi su zama masu sanin ya kamata yayin da marasa lafiya (saboda siyan farashi) ke yin nasu binciken kuma su fahimci zaɓuɓɓukan da suke da su. [2] Idan marasa lafiya da ke da HDHPs suka daina kulawa ta farko, wannan zai rage yawan da kuma kudaden shiga da za su iya samarwa. Hakan kuma yana nufin cewa, daga baya, nauyin da kuma tsananin kulawar da ake bayarwa a kowane lokaci ya fi yawa. Haka nan ma ga ƙwararru waɗanda ke ganin ƙarancin marasa lafiya ana duba su da kuma kula da su (kwayar cutar kansa, mammograms, gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun, da sauransu) sannan su ƙare da mummunan yanayi (kuma ana iya hana su). A cikin dogon lokaci, farashi da nauyin koyaushe suna ƙaruwa [ana buƙatar hujja] . Likitoci suna fama da matsalar tsadar magani, wanda hakan ya sa suka zaɓi ko suka ƙi hulɗar likita ko kuma yin amfani da hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita fiye da fa'idodin lafiyar mutum. [ana buƙatar hujja] . == Duba kuma == * Kalmomin kalmomi a fannin kiwon lafiya * [[Rashin lafiya mai ban tsoro|Cutar bala'i]] * [[Kula da lafiya]] * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * Inshorar lafiya a Amurka * [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Manufar lafiya]] * Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi * [[Lafiyar jama'a]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ku45h2l54wl0z4231fbjgsv6ubjm41b Gajerun kalmomi da ke cikin kiwon lafiya 0 178869 966156 2026-10-11T14:42:03Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313211468|Acronyms in healthcare]]" 966156 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana amfani da kalmomin ƙarami sosai a wuraren [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] . <ref name="Guardian2011">{{Cite web |last=Healthcare |first=Guardian |date=22 August 2011 |title=Glossary of healthcare jargon and acronyms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2011/aug/22/glossary-nhs-healthcare-jargon-acronyms |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> An samar da su ne daga manyan haruffan kalmomi da suka shafi magunguna, ƙungiyoyi, hanyoyin aiki da kuma ganewar asali. <ref name="ACSQH">{{Cite web |last=Australian Commission on Safety and Quality of Healthcare |title=Recommendations for Terminology, Abbreviations and Symbols used in the PRescribing and Administration of Medicines |url=https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/32060v2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326214455/http://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/32060v2.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> Sun fito ne daga asalin Ingilishi da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] . <ref name="ACSQH" /> <ref name="MedicineNet">{{Cite web |title=List of Common Medical Abbreviations, Acronyms & Definitions |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/common_medical_abbreviations_and_terms/article.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=MedicineNet |language=en}}</ref> An siffanta kalmomin gajeru a matsayin kalmomi masu ma'ana . <ref name="Guardian2011" /> kuma an nuna cewa amfani da su yana shafar lafiyar marasa lafiya a asibitoci, saboda rashin tabbas da sauƙin karantawa. == Tsarin == Kalmomin kalmomi a fannin kiwon lafiya an samo su ne daga manyan haruffan kalmomi da suka shafi magunguna, ƙungiyoyi, hanyoyin aiki da kuma ganewar asali. <ref name="ACSQH" /> Sun fito ne daga asalin Ingilishi da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] . <ref name="ACSQH" /> <ref name="MedicineNet" /> Amfani da gajerun kalmomi da gajerun kalmomi yana faɗaɗa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moon |first=Sungrim |last2=Pakhomov |first2=Serguei |last3=Liu |first3=Nathan |last4=Ryan |first4=James O |last5=Melton |first5=Genevieve B |date=1 March 2014 |title=A sense inventory for clinical abbreviations and acronyms created using clinical notes and medical dictionary resources |journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=299–307 |doi=10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001506 |pmc=3932450 |pmid=23813539}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pottegard |first=A. |last2=Haastrup |first2=M. B. |last3=Stage |first3=T. B. |last4=Hansen |first4=M. R. |last5=Larsen |first5=K. S. |last6=Meegaard |first6=P. M. |last7=Meegaard |first7=L. H. V. |last8=Horneberg |first8=H. |last9=Gils |first9=C. |last10=Dideriksen |first10=D. |last11=Aagaard |first11=L. |last12=Almarsdottir |first12=A. B. |last13=Hallas |first13=J. |last14=Damkier |first14=P. |date=16 December 2014 |title=SearCh for humourIstic and Extravagant acroNyms and Thoroughly Inappropriate names For Important Clinical trials (SCIENTIFIC): qualitative and quantitative systematic study |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue=dec16 13 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g7092 |pmc=4267482 |pmid=25516539}}</ref> == Suka == An siffanta kalmomin gajeru a matsayin kalmomi masu ma'ana . <ref name="Guardian2011" /> An gudanar da bincike kan tasirin gajerun kalmomi kan sadarwa, kuma a wasu nazarce-nazarce, har ma da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ba su da cikakken bayani game da ma'anar gajerun kalmomi da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=S. |last2=McDermott |first2=F. |last3=Srinivas |first3=G. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. W. J. |date=1 April 2011 |title=Use of abbreviations by healthcare professionals: what is the way forward? |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=87 |issue=1029 |pages=450–452 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2010.097394 |pmid=21459778 |s2cid=27087764}}</ref> An soki amfani da gajerun kalmomi don bayyana gwaje-gwajen likita a matsayin wanda zai iya haifar da zato mara daidai bisa ga gajerun kalmomi iri ɗaya, wahalar samun sakamakon gwaji lokacin da aka yi amfani da kalmomi gama gari, da kuma haifar da son zuciya idan aka yi amfani da gajerun kalmomi masu kyau don nuna gwaje-gwaje (misali "HOPE" ko "SMART"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fred |first=Herbert L. |last2=Cheng |first2=Tsung O. |date=2003 |title=Acronymesis |journal=Texas Heart Institute Journal |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=255–257 |issn=0730-2347 |pmc=307708 |pmid=14677733}}</ref> Amfani da gajerun kalmomi, kamar waɗanda suka shafi hanyar shan magani ko kuma yawan maganin, na iya zama abin rikitarwa kuma shine tushen kurakuran magani da aka fi samu. [1] An nuna cewa amfani da wasu kalmomin gajeru na shafar lafiyar marasa lafiya a asibitoci, kuma an buga "kar a yi amfani da jerin sunayen" a matakin ƙasa a Amurka. [2] == Misalai == Akwai hanyoyi da dama da aka bayar da jerin kalmomin farko da kuma kalmomin gajeru da aka saba amfani da su a fannin kiwon lafiya. Ana amfani da kalmomin da aka lissafa a cikin harshen Ingilishi a cikin tsarin [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] da kuma ta [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]] na ƙasashe daban-daban. <ref name="MedicineNet" /> Misalan kalmomi sun haɗa da BP, [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 GOLD Report |url=https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD |language=en-US |ref={{SfnRef|2024 GOLD Report}}}}</ref> maki na TIMI, da SOAP . Babu wani tsari da aka tsara. <ref name="MedicineNet" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin abubuwan tunawa na likita * Yarjejeniyar sanya suna ga gwaji na asibiti == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.smartdefine.org/healthcare/abb/r Smart Definition] - Takaitattun Bayanai Game da Kiwon Lafiya {{MedAbbrev}}{{Authority control}} h3s3atncm3dig3iu4d6c0p5fpdthmhj 966157 966156 2026-10-11T14:42:48Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 966157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana amfani da kalmomin ƙarami sosai a wuraren [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] . <ref name="Guardian2011">{{Cite web |last=Healthcare |first=Guardian |date=22 August 2011 |title=Glossary of healthcare jargon and acronyms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2011/aug/22/glossary-nhs-healthcare-jargon-acronyms |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> An samar da su ne daga manyan haruffan kalmomi da suka shafi magunguna, ƙungiyoyi, hanyoyin aiki da kuma ganewar asali. <ref name="ACSQH">{{Cite web |last=Australian Commission on Safety and Quality of Healthcare |title=Recommendations for Terminology, Abbreviations and Symbols used in the PRescribing and Administration of Medicines |url=https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/32060v2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326214455/http://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/32060v2.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> Sun fito ne daga asalin Ingilishi da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] . <ref name="ACSQH" /> <ref name="MedicineNet">{{Cite web |title=List of Common Medical Abbreviations, Acronyms & Definitions |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/common_medical_abbreviations_and_terms/article.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=MedicineNet |language=en}}</ref> An siffanta kalmomin gajeru a matsayin kalmomi masu ma'ana . <ref name="Guardian2011" /> kuma an nuna cewa amfani da su yana shafar lafiyar marasa lafiya a asibitoci, saboda rashin tabbas da sauƙin karantawa. == Tsarin == Kalmomin kalmomi a fannin kiwon lafiya an samo su ne daga manyan haruffan kalmomi da suka shafi magunguna, ƙungiyoyi, hanyoyin aiki da kuma ganewar asali. <ref name="ACSQH" /> Sun fito ne daga asalin Ingilishi da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] . <ref name="ACSQH" /> <ref name="MedicineNet" /> Amfani da gajerun kalmomi da gajerun kalmomi yana faɗaɗa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moon |first=Sungrim |last2=Pakhomov |first2=Serguei |last3=Liu |first3=Nathan |last4=Ryan |first4=James O |last5=Melton |first5=Genevieve B |date=1 March 2014 |title=A sense inventory for clinical abbreviations and acronyms created using clinical notes and medical dictionary resources |journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=299–307 |doi=10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001506 |pmc=3932450 |pmid=23813539}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pottegard |first=A. |last2=Haastrup |first2=M. B. |last3=Stage |first3=T. B. |last4=Hansen |first4=M. R. |last5=Larsen |first5=K. S. |last6=Meegaard |first6=P. M. |last7=Meegaard |first7=L. H. V. |last8=Horneberg |first8=H. |last9=Gils |first9=C. |last10=Dideriksen |first10=D. |last11=Aagaard |first11=L. |last12=Almarsdottir |first12=A. B. |last13=Hallas |first13=J. |last14=Damkier |first14=P. |date=16 December 2014 |title=SearCh for humourIstic and Extravagant acroNyms and Thoroughly Inappropriate names For Important Clinical trials (SCIENTIFIC): qualitative and quantitative systematic study |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue=dec16 13 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g7092 |pmc=4267482 |pmid=25516539}}</ref> == Suka == An siffanta kalmomin gajeru a matsayin kalmomi masu ma'ana . <ref name="Guardian2011" /> An gudanar da bincike kan tasirin gajerun kalmomi kan sadarwa, kuma a wasu nazarce-nazarce, har ma da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ba su da cikakken bayani game da ma'anar gajerun kalmomi da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=S. |last2=McDermott |first2=F. |last3=Srinivas |first3=G. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. W. J. |date=1 April 2011 |title=Use of abbreviations by healthcare professionals: what is the way forward? |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=87 |issue=1029 |pages=450–452 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2010.097394 |pmid=21459778 |s2cid=27087764}}</ref> An soki amfani da gajerun kalmomi don bayyana gwaje-gwajen likita a matsayin wanda zai iya haifar da zato mara daidai bisa ga gajerun kalmomi iri ɗaya, wahalar samun sakamakon gwaji lokacin da aka yi amfani da kalmomi gama gari, da kuma haifar da son zuciya idan aka yi amfani da gajerun kalmomi masu kyau don nuna gwaje-gwaje (misali "HOPE" ko "SMART"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fred |first=Herbert L. |last2=Cheng |first2=Tsung O. |date=2003 |title=Acronymesis |journal=Texas Heart Institute Journal |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=255–257 |issn=0730-2347 |pmc=307708 |pmid=14677733}}</ref> Amfani da gajerun kalmomi, kamar waɗanda suka shafi hanyar shan magani ko kuma yawan maganin, na iya zama abin rikitarwa kuma shine tushen kurakuran magani da aka fi samu. [1] An nuna cewa amfani da wasu kalmomin gajeru na shafar lafiyar marasa lafiya a asibitoci, kuma an buga "kar a yi amfani da jerin sunayen" a matakin ƙasa a Amurka. [2] == Misalai == Akwai hanyoyi da dama da aka bayar da jerin kalmomin farko da kuma kalmomin gajeru da aka saba amfani da su a fannin kiwon lafiya. Ana amfani da kalmomin da aka lissafa a cikin harshen Ingilishi a cikin tsarin [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] da kuma ta [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]] na ƙasashe daban-daban. <ref name="MedicineNet" /> Misalan kalmomi sun haɗa da BP, [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 GOLD Report |url=https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD |language=en-US |ref={{SfnRef|2024 GOLD Report}}}}</ref> maki na TIMI, da SOAP . Babu wani tsari da aka tsara. <ref name="MedicineNet" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin abubuwan tunawa na likita * Yarjejeniyar sanya suna ga gwaji na asibiti == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.smartdefine.org/healthcare/abb/r Smart Definition] - Takaitattun Bayanai Game da Kiwon Lafiya {{MedAbbrev}}{{Authority control}} nd0mxyvharokreaegyz7pu0avvghanp Mícheál Ó Cléirigh Makarantar bazara 0 178870 966167 2026-10-11T15:36:12Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343316770|Mícheál Ó Cléirigh Summer School]]" 966167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar bazara ta Mícheál Ó Cléirigh''' shiri ne na tarihi da al'adu na shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a County Donegal, Ireland, wanda ke sadaukar da rayuwa da malanta na masanin tarihin Franciscan Mícheál Ó Cléirigh (c.1590-1643), babban mawallafi na ''Annals na Masters Hudu'' . Shirin yawanci yana ɗauke da laccoci da tattaunawa kan ilimin Gaelic, al'adar ilimi ta Franciscan, da kuma tarihin tattara ''Annals of the Four Masters'' . == Yanayin tarihi == Masana ilimin zamani sun haɗa aikin Mícheál Ó Cléirigh da mafakar Franciscan na limaman Donegal a Bundrowes a Bundoran, wanda ya gudana bayan lalata Donegal Abbey a 1601. Shaidun takardu na wannan mafaka sun bayyana a cikin ''Louvain Papers (1606–1827)'', wanda Brendan Jennings da Cathaldus Giblin suka shirya. Ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen ya rubuta kuɗaɗen da aka aika wa 'yan Irish Franciscans a Louvain kuma ya haɗa da layin: "Daga Bundrowis, 20 s." Wannan tarin kuma yana gano "Bundrowes, Fran. friary," yana tabbatar da kasancewar gidan Franciscan a wurin. == Manazarta == enw08706w8ftcy5jv7ycwio3qfhwgny 966168 966167 2026-10-11T15:36:48Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar bazara ta Mícheál Ó Cléirigh''' shiri ne na tarihi da al'adu na shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a County Donegal, Ireland, wanda ke sadaukar da rayuwa da malanta na masanin tarihin Franciscan Mícheál Ó Cléirigh (c.1590-1643), babban mawallafi na ''Annals na Masters Hudu'' . Shirin yawanci yana ɗauke da laccoci da tattaunawa kan ilimin Gaelic, al'adar ilimi ta Franciscan, da kuma tarihin tattara ''Annals of the Four Masters'' . == Yanayin tarihi == Masana ilimin zamani sun haɗa aikin Mícheál Ó Cléirigh da mafakar Franciscan na limaman Donegal a Bundrowes a Bundoran, wanda ya gudana bayan lalata Donegal Abbey a 1601. Shaidun takardu na wannan mafaka sun bayyana a cikin ''Louvain Papers (1606–1827)'', wanda Brendan Jennings da Cathaldus Giblin suka shirya. Ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen ya rubuta kuɗaɗen da aka aika wa 'yan Irish Franciscans a Louvain kuma ya haɗa da layin: "Daga Bundrowis, 20 s." Wannan tarin kuma yana gano "Bundrowes, Fran. friary," yana tabbatar da kasancewar gidan Franciscan a wurin. == Manazarta == ry69ki9lhz853lk4izpzb6xf4xf7mcp Kamfanin kayan aikin nukiliya na Auckland 0 178871 966170 2026-10-11T15:46:37Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369160467|Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company]]" 966170 wikitext text/x-wiki Kamfanin Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company ('''ANAC''') yana daya daga cikin kamfanonin fasaha na farko a [[New Zealand]]. An fara shi ne a 1966 a [[Auckland]] ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar lissafi da masu fasaha daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken nukiliya na Jami'ar Auckland (AURA II) da farko don siyar da Tushen ion da aka haɓaka a can. Da farko yana da masu hannun jari uku: Farfesa Edwin R. Collins da manyan ɗalibansa biyu na bincike, Barry A. MacKinnon da Hilton F. Glavish . Kamfanin ya girma kuma ya samar da kayayyaki da kayan aiki ga wasu cibiyoyin bincike da kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya.<ref name="AURA">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Brown 1902–2002 |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/reports/yearbooks/year2004/obituaries/dennis-brown/ |publisher=[[Royal Society of New Zealand]]}}</ref> An yi masana'antu a Auckland, kuma daga baya suna da ofishin tallace-tallace a Santa Clara, California da wakili (SENTEC) a [[Geneva]] Switzerland. A shekara ta 1979 ta sami lambar yabo ta Amurka ta Kamfanin Kasuwanci. 0eyzkkw5c2to2v8p075ahsyn0x9wpxq 966171 966170 2026-10-11T15:47:30Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369160467|Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company]]" 966171 wikitext text/x-wiki Kamfanin Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company ('''ANAC''') yana daya daga cikin kamfanonin fasaha na farko a [[New Zealand]]. An fara shi ne a 1966 a [[Auckland]] ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar lissafi da masu fasaha daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken nukiliya na Jami'ar Auckland (AURA II) da farko don siyar da Tushen ion da aka haɓaka a can. Da farko yana da masu hannun jari uku: Farfesa Edwin R. Collins da manyan ɗalibansa biyu na bincike, Barry A. MacKinnon da Hilton F. Glavish . Kamfanin ya girma kuma ya samar da kayayyaki da kayan aiki ga wasu cibiyoyin bincike da kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya.<ref name="AURA">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Brown 1902–2002 |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/reports/yearbooks/year2004/obituaries/dennis-brown/ |publisher=[[Royal Society of New Zealand]]}}</ref> An yi masana'antu a Auckland, kuma daga baya suna da ofishin tallace-tallace a Santa Clara, California da wakili (SENTEC) a [[Geneva]] Switzerland. A shekara ta 1979 ta sami lambar yabo ta Amurka ta Kamfanin Kasuwanci. Kwarewar kamfanin ita ce high precision electromagnets wanda ya haɗa da vacuum resin impregnated coil tsarin. Sun kuma haɓaka da sayar da wasu samfuran da New Zealand da hukumomin da gwamnatin Australiya ke tallafawa suka kirkira da farko kamar DSE (Defense Scientific Establishment) da National Standards Laboratory, Sydney. Wadannan sun hada da babban mai hankali (ANAC Model 300) wanda aka yi amfani da shi don girgizar ƙasa da binciken dutsen wuta da kuma mai buga takardu / mai tsarawa mai launin toka (ANAC model 910) don nuna abubuwan da suka bambanta lokaci. ttq5ykgl0ns7liy0jvjq4tk6buugs31 966172 966171 2026-10-11T15:47:45Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369160467|Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company]]" 966172 wikitext text/x-wiki Kamfanin Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company ('''ANAC''') yana daya daga cikin kamfanonin fasaha na farko a [[New Zealand]]. An fara shi ne a 1966 a [[Auckland]] ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar lissafi da masu fasaha daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken nukiliya na Jami'ar Auckland (AURA II) da farko don siyar da Tushen ion da aka haɓaka a can. Da farko yana da masu hannun jari uku: Farfesa Edwin R. Collins da manyan ɗalibansa biyu na bincike, Barry A. MacKinnon da Hilton F. Glavish . Kamfanin ya girma kuma ya samar da kayayyaki da kayan aiki ga wasu cibiyoyin bincike da kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya.<ref name="AURA">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Brown 1902–2002 |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/reports/yearbooks/year2004/obituaries/dennis-brown/ |publisher=[[Royal Society of New Zealand]]}}</ref> An yi masana'antu a Auckland, kuma daga baya suna da ofishin tallace-tallace a Santa Clara, California da wakili (SENTEC) a [[Geneva]] Switzerland. A shekara ta 1979 ta sami lambar yabo ta Amurka ta Kamfanin Kasuwanci. Kwarewar kamfanin ita ce high precision electromagnets wanda ya haɗa da vacuum resin impregnated coil tsarin. Sun kuma haɓaka da sayar da wasu samfuran da New Zealand da hukumomin da gwamnatin Australiya ke tallafawa suka kirkira da farko kamar DSE (Defense Scientific Establishment) da National Standards Laboratory, Sydney. Wadannan sun hada da babban mai hankali (ANAC Model 300) wanda aka yi amfani da shi don girgizar ƙasa da binciken dutsen wuta da kuma mai buga takardu / mai tsarawa mai launin toka (ANAC model 910) don nuna abubuwan da suka bambanta lokaci. Kamfanin ya samar da tushen ion na polarized don amfani a cikin masu hanzarin bincike na nukiliya. Wannan ya fara ne a Jami'ar Auckland ta AURA II mai saurin bincike na nukiliya ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Hilton Glavish . Sun haɓaka tsarin kula da lantarki (kamar PLCs na zamani) don magance keɓewar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi da yanayin hayaniya mai wuya na tushen ion na nukiliya da masu hanzari. An kira shi "Tsarin 700", daga baya aka sayar da shi ga SENTEC na Switzerland bayan rushewar ANAC. 9kh1pqp34zvyc2w2ljda9yqkxghocek 966173 966172 2026-10-11T15:49:10Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369160467|Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company]]" 966173 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kamfanin Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company ('''ANAC''') yana daya daga cikin kamfanonin fasaha na farko a [[New Zealand]]. An fara shi ne a 1966 a [[Auckland]] ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar lissafi da masu fasaha daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken nukiliya na Jami'ar Auckland (AURA II) da farko don siyar da Tushen ion da aka haɓaka a can. Da farko yana da masu hannun jari uku: Farfesa Edwin R. Collins da manyan ɗalibansa biyu na bincike, Barry A. MacKinnon da Hilton F. Glavish . Kamfanin ya girma kuma ya samar da kayayyaki da kayan aiki ga wasu cibiyoyin bincike da kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya.<ref name="AURA">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Brown 1902–2002 |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/reports/yearbooks/year2004/obituaries/dennis-brown/ |publisher=[[Royal Society of New Zealand]]}}</ref> An yi masana'antu a Auckland, kuma daga baya suna da ofishin tallace-tallace a Santa Clara, California da wakili (SENTEC) a [[Geneva]] Switzerland. A shekara ta 1979 ta sami lambar yabo ta Amurka ta Kamfanin Kasuwanci. Kwarewar kamfanin ita ce high precision electromagnets wanda ya haɗa da vacuum resin impregnated coil tsarin. Sun kuma haɓaka da sayar da wasu samfuran da New Zealand da hukumomin da gwamnatin Australiya ke tallafawa suka kirkira da farko kamar DSE (Defense Scientific Establishment) da National Standards Laboratory, Sydney. Wadannan sun hada da babban mai hankali (ANAC Model 300) wanda aka yi amfani da shi don girgizar ƙasa da binciken dutsen wuta da kuma mai buga takardu / mai tsarawa mai launin toka (ANAC model 910) don nuna abubuwan da suka bambanta lokaci. Kamfanin ya samar da tushen ion na polarized don amfani a cikin masu hanzarin bincike na nukiliya. Wannan ya fara ne a Jami'ar Auckland ta AURA II mai saurin bincike na nukiliya ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Hilton Glavish . Sun haɓaka tsarin kula da lantarki (kamar PLCs na zamani) don magance keɓewar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi da yanayin hayaniya mai wuya na tushen ion na nukiliya da masu hanzari. An kira shi "Tsarin 700", daga baya aka sayar da shi ga SENTEC na Switzerland bayan rushewar ANAC. An sanya kamfanin a cikin karɓar kuɗi a ƙarshen 1982 kuma ya daina aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trainor |first=T.A. |last2=Douglas |first2=J.G. |date=1985 |title=Colliding Beams Polarized Ion Source |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234314739 |website=Osaka 1985, Proceedings, Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Physics |publisher=DOE/ER/40048-146, CONF-850807-8 |pages=1150–1151}}</ref> Yawancin aikin injiniya da ginin lantarki sun karbe su ne daga Buckley Engineering, daga baya ya zama Buckley Systems Ltd.<ref name="AURA" /> 2j48cc0p1ljm595hnl55p9jsiwqmcse 966175 966173 2026-10-11T15:51:11Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369160467|Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company]]" 966175 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kamfanin Auckland Nuclear Accessory Company ('''ANAC''') yana daya daga cikin kamfanonin fasaha na farko a [[New Zealand]]. An fara shi ne a 1966 a [[Auckland]] ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar lissafi da masu fasaha daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken nukiliya na Jami'ar Auckland (AURA II) da farko don siyar da Tushen ion da aka haɓaka a can. Da farko yana da masu hannun jari uku: Farfesa Edwin R. Collins da manyan ɗalibansa biyu na bincike, Barry A. MacKinnon da Hilton F. Glavish . Kamfanin ya girma kuma ya samar da kayayyaki da kayan aiki ga wasu cibiyoyin bincike da kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya.<ref name="AURA">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Brown 1902–2002 |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/reports/yearbooks/year2004/obituaries/dennis-brown/ |publisher=[[Royal Society of New Zealand]]}}</ref> An yi masana'antu a Auckland, kuma daga baya suna da ofishin tallace-tallace a Santa Clara, California da wakili (SENTEC) a [[Geneva]] Switzerland. A shekara ta 1979 ta sami lambar yabo ta Amurka ta Kamfanin Kasuwanci. Kwarewar kamfanin ita ce high precision electromagnets wanda ya haɗa da vacuum resin impregnated coil tsarin. Sun kuma haɓaka da sayar da wasu samfuran da New Zealand da hukumomin da gwamnatin Australiya ke tallafawa suka kirkira da farko kamar DSE (Defense Scientific Establishment) da National Standards Laboratory, Sydney. Wadannan sun hada da babban mai hankali (ANAC Model 300) wanda aka yi amfani da shi don girgizar ƙasa da binciken dutsen wuta da kuma mai buga takardu / mai tsarawa mai launin toka (ANAC model 910) don nuna abubuwan da suka bambanta lokaci. Kamfanin ya samar da tushen ion na polarized don amfani a cikin masu hanzarin bincike na nukiliya. Wannan ya fara ne a Jami'ar Auckland ta AURA II mai saurin bincike na nukiliya ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Hilton Glavish . Sun haɓaka tsarin kula da lantarki (kamar PLCs na zamani) don magance keɓewar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi da yanayin hayaniya mai wuya na tushen ion na nukiliya da masu hanzari. An kira shi "Tsarin 700", daga baya aka sayar da shi ga SENTEC na Switzerland bayan rushewar ANAC. An sanya kamfanin a cikin karɓar kuɗi a ƙarshen 1982 kuma ya daina aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trainor |first=T.A. |last2=Douglas |first2=J.G. |date=1985 |title=Colliding Beams Polarized Ion Source |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234314739 |website=Osaka 1985, Proceedings, Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Physics |publisher=DOE/ER/40048-146, CONF-850807-8 |pages=1150–1151}}</ref> Yawancin aikin injiniya da ginin lantarki sun karbe su ne daga Buckley Engineering, daga baya ya zama Buckley Systems Ltd.<ref name="AURA" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} o1sxq8dzet5rwvil6thijks524p4uth Tora (Darfur) 0 178872 966174 2026-10-11T15:49:40Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328572700|Tora (Darfur)]]" 966174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tora''' al'ada ce mai ban mamaki da ta wanzu a Jebel Marra, Darfur . A cikin al'adun baki na gida sun bayyana a matsayin "fararen giants" waɗanda suka isa Darfur daga wani wuri a arewa, wanda zai iya zama alamar su da farko [[Abzinawa|Berbers]].{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}}An yaba musu da gabatar da gine-ginen dutse mai ban mamaki, fasahar aikin dutse mai ci gaba da dabarun [[Agricultural|noma]] kamar noma, [[ban ruwa]] da noman itacen dabino.{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}}A ƙarni na 12 al'adun Tora sun gaji [[Mutanen Daji|Daju]].{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}} == Gine-gine == Duk da yake ba a san ko Tora ya wanzu ba, shafukan da aka ba su kafin Daju na ainihi ne.{{Sfn|McGregor|2000}}Hanyoyin gine-gine da aka yi amfani da su sun bayyana a matsayin ci gaban gida, daban-daban daga gine-ginen yankin [[Tabkin Chadi|Chadi]] da Nilu, amma har yanzu suna da asali na Afirka.{{Sfn|McGregor|2000}}{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}}Misali ga gine-ginen Tora shine babban masonry wanda ke fuskantar bangarorin biyu. An yi amfani da rushewa don cika ganuwar, yana mai da tsarin sosai.{{Sfn|McGregor|2000}}Mafi girman nau'in tsari sune manyan gidaje, suna da girma kamar mita 200-400 a diamita. Yawanci suna kunshe da gidajen dutse da ke kewaye da bango kuma an gina su a saman tuddai. Za'a iya raba bango ko haɗa shi don gabatar da mahadi biyu daban-daban, tare da ƙofofi biyu da ke fuskantar juna. Wannan mai yiwuwa ya yi amfani da shi don raba maza daga mata.{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}} Masarautar Daju ta biyo baya ta karɓi gine-ginen Tora kuma ta ci gaba da amfani da ita a cikin tsari mai canzawa a lokacin mulkin Tunjur da farkon sarakunan Keira, amma an maye gurbin su da sababbin hanyoyin gini ciki har da tubali da aka ƙone ta {{Circa}} 1700. == Manazarta == nd3uu7b4j3b04ccv941bsjijz7bpwe2 966178 966174 2026-10-11T15:52:17Z Young ibskeed 46263 966178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tora''' al'ada ce mai ban mamaki da ta wanzu a Jebel Marra, Darfur . A cikin al'adun baki na gida sun bayyana a matsayin "fararen giants" waɗanda suka isa Darfur daga wani wuri a arewa, wanda zai iya zama alamar su da farko [[Abzinawa|Berbers]].{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}}An yaba musu da gabatar da gine-ginen dutse mai ban mamaki, fasahar aikin dutse mai ci gaba da dabarun [[Agricultural|noma]] kamar noma, [[ban ruwa]] da noman itacen dabino.{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}}A ƙarni na 12 al'adun Tora sun gaji [[Mutanen Daji|Daju]].{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}} == Gine-gine == Duk da yake ba a san ko Tora ya wanzu ba, shafukan da aka ba su kafin Daju na ainihi ne.{{Sfn|McGregor|2000}}Hanyoyin gine-gine da aka yi amfani da su sun bayyana a matsayin ci gaban gida, daban-daban daga gine-ginen yankin [[Tabkin Chadi|Chadi]] da Nilu, amma har yanzu suna da asali na Afirka.{{Sfn|McGregor|2000}}{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}}Misali ga gine-ginen Tora shine babban masonry wanda ke fuskantar bangarorin biyu. An yi amfani da rushewa don cika ganuwar, yana mai da tsarin sosai.{{Sfn|McGregor|2000}}Mafi girman nau'in tsari sune manyan gidaje, suna da girma kamar mita 200-400 a diamita. Yawanci suna kunshe da gidajen dutse da ke kewaye da bango kuma an gina su a saman tuddai. Za'a iya raba bango ko haɗa shi don gabatar da mahadi biyu daban-daban, tare da ƙofofi biyu da ke fuskantar juna. Wannan mai yiwuwa ya yi amfani da shi don raba maza daga mata.{{Sfn|McGregor|2011}} Masarautar Daju ta biyo baya ta karɓi gine-ginen Tora kuma ta ci gaba da amfani da ita a cikin tsari mai canzawa a lokacin mulkin Tunjur da farkon sarakunan Keira, amma an maye gurbin su da sababbin hanyoyin gini ciki har da tubali da aka ƙone ta {{Circa}} 1700. == Manazarta == 9pvbg0e4a41c54wn49s0z00sum4swjr Hamaj Regency 0 178873 966176 2026-10-11T15:52:10Z Dev moha2507 21576 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 966176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamaj Regency''' Wata daular siyasa ce a tsakiyar kasar Sudan ta zamani daga 1821 zuwa 1762. A wannan lokaci, dangin da ke mulki na Daular Funj ta Sennar sun ci gaba da zama a kan karagar mulki, yayin da masu mulki ko masu rikon kwarya suka kasance suna gudanar da ainihin iko da sarauta. ==Origin== Mutanen Shankalla sun fito ne daga yankin babbar kogi ta Blue Nile, tsakanin Sennar da Habasha. Sun kasance a yankin tun kafin zuwan Larabawa a wancan sashi na kasar Sudan, kuma wasu na ganin cewa suna da alaka da rukunin mutanen Shilluk. Harshensu na kunshe ne a cikin rukunin harsunan Koman na dangin harsunan Sudan.[1] Sau da yawa suna zama makasudin hare-haren kamun bayi na mutanen Funj, inda kalmar 'hamaj' ta kasance wani batanci (mai ma'anar 'marasa amfani ko lalatattu') da mutanen Funj ke amfani da shi wajen bayyana su.[2] An hada mutanen Hamaj cikin Daular Funj ta Sennar a karni na sha bakwai (17).[3] Al'ummar Funj ta kasance a raba ta tsaf ta hanyar launin fata da wasu siffofi na jiki. Mutanen Funj sun sanya wa kansu lakabi da 'blue' (wato shuɗa-shuɗa da Larabci: ازرق azraq) sannan suka bayyana mutanen Hamaj a matsayin 'red' (wato ja da Larabci: احمر aḥmar).[4] Bisa ga littafin Tarihi na Funj Chronicle, wani bawa mai suna Hamaj ya zauna a Sennar tare da babban danginsa, inda suka wadatar kuma suka "karu sosai har suka mallaki iko da kima a cikin mulkin ==Hamaj rule== Shekaru sittin na mulkin rikon kwarya na Hamaj sun kasance ne da tashe-tashen hankula da fitintinu na cikin gida marasa yankewa, kasancewar hakan ya faru tsakanin mutanen Hamaj da sarakunan Funj, da kuma tsakanin 'yan uwa daban-daban na dangin Abu Likayik. Shekaru takwas bayan ya nada Nasir a matsayin sultan, Abu Likayik ya sauke shi tare da fitar da shi gudun hijira. Da ya ji labarin cewa Nasir na kulla makarkashiyar ganin ya dawo kan karagarsa, sai ya sa aka kashe shi. Lokacin da Abu Likayik ya rasu a shekara ta 1776 ko 1777, dan uwansa Badi walad Rajab ne ya gaje shi a matsayin mai rikon kwarya. Sai kuma a karo na biyu, sarki mai mulki na Funj, wato Ismail a yanzu, ya yi makarkashiyar da ba ta yi nasara ba ta cire mai rikon kwaryar. An kori Ismail zuwa Suakin, aka kuma nada dansa Adlan II a matsayin sultan a maimakon sa. ==manazarta== <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badi_walad_Rajab?action=edit&redlink=1 </ref> <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Chronicle </ref> g7n7yngg6zdpmh2ms280lcp2hwm2zj3 966181 966176 2026-10-11T15:54:22Z Dev moha2507 21576 966181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamaj Regency''' {{databox}} Wata daular siyasa ce a tsakiyar kasar Sudan ta zamani daga 1821 zuwa 1762. A wannan lokaci, dangin da ke mulki na Daular Funj ta Sennar sun ci gaba da zama a kan karagar mulki, yayin da masu mulki ko masu rikon kwarya suka kasance suna gudanar da ainihin iko da sarauta. ==Origin== Mutanen Shankalla sun fito ne daga yankin babbar kogi ta Blue Nile, tsakanin Sennar da Habasha. Sun kasance a yankin tun kafin zuwan Larabawa a wancan sashi na kasar Sudan, kuma wasu na ganin cewa suna da alaka da rukunin mutanen Shilluk. Harshensu na kunshe ne a cikin rukunin harsunan Koman na dangin harsunan Sudan.[1] Sau da yawa suna zama makasudin hare-haren kamun bayi na mutanen Funj, inda kalmar 'hamaj' ta kasance wani batanci (mai ma'anar 'marasa amfani ko lalatattu') da mutanen Funj ke amfani da shi wajen bayyana su.[2] An hada mutanen Hamaj cikin Daular Funj ta Sennar a karni na sha bakwai (17).[3] Al'ummar Funj ta kasance a raba ta tsaf ta hanyar launin fata da wasu siffofi na jiki. Mutanen Funj sun sanya wa kansu lakabi da 'blue' (wato shuɗa-shuɗa da Larabci: ازرق azraq) sannan suka bayyana mutanen Hamaj a matsayin 'red' (wato ja da Larabci: احمر aḥmar).[4] Bisa ga littafin Tarihi na Funj Chronicle, wani bawa mai suna Hamaj ya zauna a Sennar tare da babban danginsa, inda suka wadatar kuma suka "karu sosai har suka mallaki iko da kima a cikin mulkin ==Hamaj rule== Shekaru sittin na mulkin rikon kwarya na Hamaj sun kasance ne da tashe-tashen hankula da fitintinu na cikin gida marasa yankewa, kasancewar hakan ya faru tsakanin mutanen Hamaj da sarakunan Funj, da kuma tsakanin 'yan uwa daban-daban na dangin Abu Likayik. Shekaru takwas bayan ya nada Nasir a matsayin sultan, Abu Likayik ya sauke shi tare da fitar da shi gudun hijira. Da ya ji labarin cewa Nasir na kulla makarkashiyar ganin ya dawo kan karagarsa, sai ya sa aka kashe shi. Lokacin da Abu Likayik ya rasu a shekara ta 1776 ko 1777, dan uwansa Badi walad Rajab ne ya gaje shi a matsayin mai rikon kwarya. Sai kuma a karo na biyu, sarki mai mulki na Funj, wato Ismail a yanzu, ya yi makarkashiyar da ba ta yi nasara ba ta cire mai rikon kwaryar. An kori Ismail zuwa Suakin, aka kuma nada dansa Adlan II a matsayin sultan a maimakon sa. ==manazarta== <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badi_walad_Rajab?action=edit&redlink=1 </ref> <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Chronicle </ref> 7e3cvkcyqrafoo7fwzc0nuz4x1sg9o6 Goodbye Julia 0 178874 966179 2026-10-11T15:53:51Z Najaatuhd 25547 Kirkira shafi 966179 wikitext text/x-wiki "Goodbye Julia" (Larabci: وداعاً جوليا) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan na shekarar 2023 wanda Mohamed Kordofani ya ba da umarni. Wannan shi ne fim mai tsayi na farko da Kordofani ya shirya, kuma shi ne fim na farko daga Sudan da aka nuna a sashen "Un Certain Regard" na bikin fina-finai na Cannes. Kwamitin Sudan na kasa da ke gudanar da ayyukansa a gudun hijira ne ya zabi fim din domin fafatawa a rukunin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasashen Waje a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Academy Awards karo na 96, amma daga baya ba a saka shi cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance na karshe ba. b79p625dyu6h5x8o5vwng1c6jsrt7ol 966182 966179 2026-10-11T15:54:50Z Najaatuhd 25547 966182 wikitext text/x-wiki "Goodbye Julia" (Larabci: وداعاً جوليا) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan na shekarar 2023 wanda Mohamed Kordofani ya ba da umarni. Wannan shi ne fim mai tsayi na farko da Kordofani ya shirya, kuma shi ne fim na farko daga Sudan da aka nuna a sashen "Un Certain Regard" na bikin fina-finai na Cannes. Kwamitin Sudan na kasa da ke gudanar da ayyukansa a gudun hijira ne ya zabi fim din domin fafatawa a rukunin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasashen Waje a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Academy Awards karo na 96, amma daga baya ba a saka shi cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance na karshe ba. '''Makircin labari''' phw1hxbnpglppul038arf44cu91uluf 966184 966182 2026-10-11T15:55:40Z Najaatuhd 25547 966184 wikitext text/x-wiki "Goodbye Julia" (Larabci: وداعاً جوليا) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan na shekarar 2023 wanda Mohamed Kordofani ya ba da umarni. Wannan shi ne fim mai tsayi na farko da Kordofani ya shirya, kuma shi ne fim na farko daga Sudan da aka nuna a sashen "Un Certain Regard" na bikin fina-finai na Cannes. Kwamitin Sudan na kasa da ke gudanar da ayyukansa a gudun hijira ne ya zabi fim din domin fafatawa a rukunin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasashen Waje a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Academy Awards karo na 96, amma daga baya ba a saka shi cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance na karshe ba. '''Makircin labari''' A watan Agusta na shekarar 2005, an kawo karshen yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yan tawayen kudancin kasar mai suna SPLM (Sudan People's Liberation Movement), inda aka nada shugaban kungiyar, John Garang, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa. Mona mace ce musulma mai hannunka-mai-shuni daga arewacin Sudan, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Akram a birnin Khartoum. Julia kuwa mace ce kirista talaka daga kudancin kasar, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Santino da karamin dansu Daniel. Lokacin da aka sanar da mutuwar Garang sakamakon faduwar jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, tarzoma ta barke a birnin, har ma a unguwar da Mona ke zaune. An kori iyalin Julia daga gidansu, inda suka koma wani wuri na wucin-gadi don zama. Yayin da take tuka mota a kusa da wurin, Mona ta yi karo da Daniel da motarta ba tare da niyya ba sannan ta gudu, yayin da Santino ya bi ta a kan babur dinsa. Mona ta kira mijinta Akram ta gaya masa cewa wani mutum daga kudancin kasar na bi ta. Lokacin da Mona da Santino suka isa gidan, Akram ya harbe shi har ya mutu. Cikin rudani da damuwa, daga baya Mona ta kalubalanci Akram kan kashe Santino, shi kuma ya ce ya yi hakan ne domin kare kansa. 27xf6scscs03al0iqgm9mxc5pl0sicc 966185 966184 2026-10-11T15:56:22Z Najaatuhd 25547 966185 wikitext text/x-wiki "Goodbye Julia" (Larabci: وداعاً جوليا) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan na shekarar 2023 wanda Mohamed Kordofani ya ba da umarni. Wannan shi ne fim mai tsayi na farko da Kordofani ya shirya, kuma shi ne fim na farko daga Sudan da aka nuna a sashen "Un Certain Regard" na bikin fina-finai na Cannes. Kwamitin Sudan na kasa da ke gudanar da ayyukansa a gudun hijira ne ya zabi fim din domin fafatawa a rukunin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasashen Waje a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Academy Awards karo na 96, amma daga baya ba a saka shi cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance na karshe ba. '''Makircin labari''' A watan Agusta na shekarar 2005, an kawo karshen yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yan tawayen kudancin kasar mai suna SPLM (Sudan People's Liberation Movement), inda aka nada shugaban kungiyar, John Garang, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa. Mona mace ce musulma mai hannunka-mai-shuni daga arewacin Sudan, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Akram a birnin Khartoum. Julia kuwa mace ce kirista talaka daga kudancin kasar, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Santino da karamin dansu Daniel. Lokacin da aka sanar da mutuwar Garang sakamakon faduwar jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, tarzoma ta barke a birnin, har ma a unguwar da Mona ke zaune. An kori iyalin Julia daga gidansu, inda suka koma wani wuri na wucin-gadi don zama. Yayin da take tuka mota a kusa da wurin, Mona ta yi karo da Daniel da motarta ba tare da niyya ba sannan ta gudu, yayin da Santino ya bi ta a kan babur dinsa. Mona ta kira mijinta Akram ta gaya masa cewa wani mutum daga kudancin kasar na bi ta. Lokacin da Mona da Santino suka isa gidan, Akram ya harbe shi har ya mutu. Cikin rudani da damuwa, daga baya Mona ta kalubalanci Akram kan kashe Santino, shi kuma ya ce ya yi hakan ne domin kare kansa. Julia ta yi ta neman Santino. Da ta kasa samunsa, sai ta fara sana'ar sayar da kayayyaki a titi. Mona ta gano Julia ta kuma dauke ta aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa a gida. Bayan an sake korar Julia daga inda take zaune, Mona ta ba ta da Daniel daki a gidanta don su zauna. Mona ta sanya alama da fentin farce mai launin ja a kan kwanukan da Julia za ta iya amfani da su. Mata biyun sun tattauna game da rayuwarsu: Mona ta gaya wa Julia cewa ta kasance mawakiya har sai da Akram ya sa ta daina; Julia kuma ta gaya wa Mona cewa tana zaton ko dai Santino ya bar ta ne. Mona ta yi tayin biyan kudin makarantar Daniel a makarantar masu zaman kansu, kuma Julia ta amince. Daga baya, Akram ya gaya wa Mona cewa Daniel ba zai dace da makarantar masu zaman kansu ba. Ya gaya wa Mona cewa ya kamata ta yi abota da makwabciya maimakon "bawa". Mona ta bukaci Akram da kada ya yi amfani da wannan kalmar. Ya mayar da martani cewa Mona ma tana da nuna wariyar launin fata, kuma dangantakarta da Julia ba abota ba ce tunda Julia ma'aikaciyarta ce. Mona ta goge fentin ja daga kan kwanukan. mz153d4q78zb9f67huz210nxi06eg3i 966187 966185 2026-10-11T15:57:18Z Najaatuhd 25547 966187 wikitext text/x-wiki "Goodbye Julia" (Larabci: وداعاً جوليا) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan na shekarar 2023 wanda Mohamed Kordofani ya ba da umarni. Wannan shi ne fim mai tsayi na farko da Kordofani ya shirya, kuma shi ne fim na farko daga Sudan da aka nuna a sashen "Un Certain Regard" na bikin fina-finai na Cannes. Kwamitin Sudan na kasa da ke gudanar da ayyukansa a gudun hijira ne ya zabi fim din domin fafatawa a rukunin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasashen Waje a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Academy Awards karo na 96, amma daga baya ba a saka shi cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance na karshe ba. '''Makircin labari''' A watan Agusta na shekarar 2005, an kawo karshen yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yan tawayen kudancin kasar mai suna SPLM (Sudan People's Liberation Movement), inda aka nada shugaban kungiyar, John Garang, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa. Mona mace ce musulma mai hannunka-mai-shuni daga arewacin Sudan, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Akram a birnin Khartoum. Julia kuwa mace ce kirista talaka daga kudancin kasar, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Santino da karamin dansu Daniel. Lokacin da aka sanar da mutuwar Garang sakamakon faduwar jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, tarzoma ta barke a birnin, har ma a unguwar da Mona ke zaune. An kori iyalin Julia daga gidansu, inda suka koma wani wuri na wucin-gadi don zama. Yayin da take tuka mota a kusa da wurin, Mona ta yi karo da Daniel da motarta ba tare da niyya ba sannan ta gudu, yayin da Santino ya bi ta a kan babur dinsa. Mona ta kira mijinta Akram ta gaya masa cewa wani mutum daga kudancin kasar na bi ta. Lokacin da Mona da Santino suka isa gidan, Akram ya harbe shi har ya mutu. Cikin rudani da damuwa, daga baya Mona ta kalubalanci Akram kan kashe Santino, shi kuma ya ce ya yi hakan ne domin kare kansa. Julia ta yi ta neman Santino. Da ta kasa samunsa, sai ta fara sana'ar sayar da kayayyaki a titi. Mona ta gano Julia ta kuma dauke ta aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa a gida. Bayan an sake korar Julia daga inda take zaune, Mona ta ba ta da Daniel daki a gidanta don su zauna. Mona ta sanya alama da fentin farce mai launin ja a kan kwanukan da Julia za ta iya amfani da su. Mata biyun sun tattauna game da rayuwarsu: Mona ta gaya wa Julia cewa ta kasance mawakiya har sai da Akram ya sa ta daina; Julia kuma ta gaya wa Mona cewa tana zaton ko dai Santino ya bar ta ne. Mona ta yi tayin biyan kudin makarantar Daniel a makarantar masu zaman kansu, kuma Julia ta amince. Daga baya, Akram ya gaya wa Mona cewa Daniel ba zai dace da makarantar masu zaman kansu ba. Ya gaya wa Mona cewa ya kamata ta yi abota da makwabciya maimakon "bawa". Mona ta bukaci Akram da kada ya yi amfani da wannan kalmar. Ya mayar da martani cewa Mona ma tana da nuna wariyar launin fata, kuma dangantakarta da Julia ba abota ba ce tunda Julia ma'aikaciyarta ce. Mona ta goge fentin ja daga kan kwanukan. Labarin ya tsallaka zuwa watan Disambar 2010. Julia ta haɗu da Majier, wani memba na jam'iyyar SPLM, yayin da yake yi wa taron jama'a jawabi game da bukatar samun ƙasa ta daban ga mutanen kudanci. Julia ta kai Mona cocinta. Wani memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙan cocin ya gane ta, ya kuma shawo kan ta ta rera waƙa tare da su. Majier ya fara nuna sha'awar soyayya ga Julia. A wajen bikin Kirsimeti da ya shirya, sun yi musayar sumba. Ya nemi ta koma kudanci tare da shi, tare da yin alkawarin sa mutanen da ya sani su binciki batun bacewar Santino. Ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatarsa ​​sannan ta bar wurin. fvlqhqjk84oui5h3hag522lc3l2ryi7 966188 966187 2026-10-11T15:57:59Z Najaatuhd 25547 966188 wikitext text/x-wiki "Goodbye Julia" (Larabci: وداعاً جوليا) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan na shekarar 2023 wanda Mohamed Kordofani ya ba da umarni. Wannan shi ne fim mai tsayi na farko da Kordofani ya shirya, kuma shi ne fim na farko daga Sudan da aka nuna a sashen "Un Certain Regard" na bikin fina-finai na Cannes. Kwamitin Sudan na kasa da ke gudanar da ayyukansa a gudun hijira ne ya zabi fim din domin fafatawa a rukunin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasashen Waje a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Academy Awards karo na 96, amma daga baya ba a saka shi cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance na karshe ba. '''Makircin labari''' A watan Agusta na shekarar 2005, an kawo karshen yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yan tawayen kudancin kasar mai suna SPLM (Sudan People's Liberation Movement), inda aka nada shugaban kungiyar, John Garang, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa. Mona mace ce musulma mai hannunka-mai-shuni daga arewacin Sudan, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Akram a birnin Khartoum. Julia kuwa mace ce kirista talaka daga kudancin kasar, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Santino da karamin dansu Daniel. Lokacin da aka sanar da mutuwar Garang sakamakon faduwar jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, tarzoma ta barke a birnin, har ma a unguwar da Mona ke zaune. An kori iyalin Julia daga gidansu, inda suka koma wani wuri na wucin-gadi don zama. Yayin da take tuka mota a kusa da wurin, Mona ta yi karo da Daniel da motarta ba tare da niyya ba sannan ta gudu, yayin da Santino ya bi ta a kan babur dinsa. Mona ta kira mijinta Akram ta gaya masa cewa wani mutum daga kudancin kasar na bi ta. Lokacin da Mona da Santino suka isa gidan, Akram ya harbe shi har ya mutu. Cikin rudani da damuwa, daga baya Mona ta kalubalanci Akram kan kashe Santino, shi kuma ya ce ya yi hakan ne domin kare kansa. Julia ta yi ta neman Santino. Da ta kasa samunsa, sai ta fara sana'ar sayar da kayayyaki a titi. Mona ta gano Julia ta kuma dauke ta aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa a gida. Bayan an sake korar Julia daga inda take zaune, Mona ta ba ta da Daniel daki a gidanta don su zauna. Mona ta sanya alama da fentin farce mai launin ja a kan kwanukan da Julia za ta iya amfani da su. Mata biyun sun tattauna game da rayuwarsu: Mona ta gaya wa Julia cewa ta kasance mawakiya har sai da Akram ya sa ta daina; Julia kuma ta gaya wa Mona cewa tana zaton ko dai Santino ya bar ta ne. Mona ta yi tayin biyan kudin makarantar Daniel a makarantar masu zaman kansu, kuma Julia ta amince. Daga baya, Akram ya gaya wa Mona cewa Daniel ba zai dace da makarantar masu zaman kansu ba. Ya gaya wa Mona cewa ya kamata ta yi abota da makwabciya maimakon "bawa". Mona ta bukaci Akram da kada ya yi amfani da wannan kalmar. Ya mayar da martani cewa Mona ma tana da nuna wariyar launin fata, kuma dangantakarta da Julia ba abota ba ce tunda Julia ma'aikaciyarta ce. Mona ta goge fentin ja daga kan kwanukan. Labarin ya tsallaka zuwa watan Disambar 2010. Julia ta haɗu da Majier, wani memba na jam'iyyar SPLM, yayin da yake yi wa taron jama'a jawabi game da bukatar samun ƙasa ta daban ga mutanen kudanci. Julia ta kai Mona cocinta. Wani memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙan cocin ya gane ta, ya kuma shawo kan ta ta rera waƙa tare da su. Majier ya fara nuna sha'awar soyayya ga Julia. A wajen bikin Kirsimeti da ya shirya, sun yi musayar sumba. Ya nemi ta koma kudanci tare da shi, tare da yin alkawarin sa mutanen da ya sani su binciki batun bacewar Santino. Ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatarsa ​​sannan ta bar wurin. Daniel, wanda yanzu yake da shekaru 11, yana fuskantar cin zarafi a makaranta. Lokacin da ya gano babur din mahaifinsa a hannun makwabcinsu, Mona ta yi kokarin hana shi ci gaba da bincike. Ya bayyana wa Majier lamarin, wanda ya zo gidan tare da wasu dauke da makamai daga kungiyar SPLM. Majier ya zargi Akram da kashe Santino, sai Julia ta bukaci Majier ya daina. Bisa shawarar Mona, Akram ya nemi afuwa. Majier ya mari Akram a fuska, ya ce Julia ba ta cancanci soyayyarsa ba, sannan ya tafi. Akram da Mona sun yi ta muhawara game da mutuwar Santino da kuma dangantakarsu, inda daga karshe Mona ta bayyana cewa tana son sake yin waka, shi kuma Akram ya ce ta tattara kayanta ta bar gidan. mytm3zzh2qyiveqxb6lxx4ijopk9gte 966189 966188 2026-10-11T15:58:37Z Najaatuhd 25547 966189 wikitext text/x-wiki "Goodbye Julia" (Larabci: وداعاً جوليا) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan na shekarar 2023 wanda Mohamed Kordofani ya ba da umarni. Wannan shi ne fim mai tsayi na farko da Kordofani ya shirya, kuma shi ne fim na farko daga Sudan da aka nuna a sashen "Un Certain Regard" na bikin fina-finai na Cannes. Kwamitin Sudan na kasa da ke gudanar da ayyukansa a gudun hijira ne ya zabi fim din domin fafatawa a rukunin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasashen Waje a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Academy Awards karo na 96, amma daga baya ba a saka shi cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance na karshe ba. '''Makircin labari''' A watan Agusta na shekarar 2005, an kawo karshen yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yan tawayen kudancin kasar mai suna SPLM (Sudan People's Liberation Movement), inda aka nada shugaban kungiyar, John Garang, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa. Mona mace ce musulma mai hannunka-mai-shuni daga arewacin Sudan, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Akram a birnin Khartoum. Julia kuwa mace ce kirista talaka daga kudancin kasar, wacce ke zaune tare da mijinta Santino da karamin dansu Daniel. Lokacin da aka sanar da mutuwar Garang sakamakon faduwar jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, tarzoma ta barke a birnin, har ma a unguwar da Mona ke zaune. An kori iyalin Julia daga gidansu, inda suka koma wani wuri na wucin-gadi don zama. Yayin da take tuka mota a kusa da wurin, Mona ta yi karo da Daniel da motarta ba tare da niyya ba sannan ta gudu, yayin da Santino ya bi ta a kan babur dinsa. Mona ta kira mijinta Akram ta gaya masa cewa wani mutum daga kudancin kasar na bi ta. Lokacin da Mona da Santino suka isa gidan, Akram ya harbe shi har ya mutu. Cikin rudani da damuwa, daga baya Mona ta kalubalanci Akram kan kashe Santino, shi kuma ya ce ya yi hakan ne domin kare kansa. Julia ta yi ta neman Santino. Da ta kasa samunsa, sai ta fara sana'ar sayar da kayayyaki a titi. Mona ta gano Julia ta kuma dauke ta aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa a gida. Bayan an sake korar Julia daga inda take zaune, Mona ta ba ta da Daniel daki a gidanta don su zauna. Mona ta sanya alama da fentin farce mai launin ja a kan kwanukan da Julia za ta iya amfani da su. Mata biyun sun tattauna game da rayuwarsu: Mona ta gaya wa Julia cewa ta kasance mawakiya har sai da Akram ya sa ta daina; Julia kuma ta gaya wa Mona cewa tana zaton ko dai Santino ya bar ta ne. Mona ta yi tayin biyan kudin makarantar Daniel a makarantar masu zaman kansu, kuma Julia ta amince. Daga baya, Akram ya gaya wa Mona cewa Daniel ba zai dace da makarantar masu zaman kansu ba. Ya gaya wa Mona cewa ya kamata ta yi abota da makwabciya maimakon "bawa". Mona ta bukaci Akram da kada ya yi amfani da wannan kalmar. Ya mayar da martani cewa Mona ma tana da nuna wariyar launin fata, kuma dangantakarta da Julia ba abota ba ce tunda Julia ma'aikaciyarta ce. Mona ta goge fentin ja daga kan kwanukan. Labarin ya tsallaka zuwa watan Disambar 2010. Julia ta haɗu da Majier, wani memba na jam'iyyar SPLM, yayin da yake yi wa taron jama'a jawabi game da bukatar samun ƙasa ta daban ga mutanen kudanci. Julia ta kai Mona cocinta. Wani memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙan cocin ya gane ta, ya kuma shawo kan ta ta rera waƙa tare da su. Majier ya fara nuna sha'awar soyayya ga Julia. A wajen bikin Kirsimeti da ya shirya, sun yi musayar sumba. Ya nemi ta koma kudanci tare da shi, tare da yin alkawarin sa mutanen da ya sani su binciki batun bacewar Santino. Ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatarsa ​​sannan ta bar wurin. Daniel, wanda yanzu yake da shekaru 11, yana fuskantar cin zarafi a makaranta. Lokacin da ya gano babur din mahaifinsa a hannun makwabcinsu, Mona ta yi kokarin hana shi ci gaba da bincike. Ya bayyana wa Majier lamarin, wanda ya zo gidan tare da wasu dauke da makamai daga kungiyar SPLM. Majier ya zargi Akram da kashe Santino, sai Julia ta bukaci Majier ya daina. Bisa shawarar Mona, Akram ya nemi afuwa. Majier ya mari Akram a fuska, ya ce Julia ba ta cancanci soyayyarsa ba, sannan ya tafi. Akram da Mona sun yi ta muhawara game da mutuwar Santino da kuma dangantakarsu, inda daga karshe Mona ta bayyana cewa tana son sake yin waka, shi kuma Akram ya ce ta tattara kayanta ta bar gidan. An amince da kuri'ar raba gardama kan samun 'yancin kan Kudancin Sudan da sama da kashi 98% na kuri'un da aka kada. Julia da Daniel sun bar gidan Akram. Mona ta gano sabon wurin zama na Julia sannan ta tambaye ta tsawon lokacin da ta san gaskiyar lamarin bacewar Santino. Julia ta ce ta gane hakan tun da wuri, bayan ta tsinci jakar kuɗin Santino a gidan Akram. Mona ta zargi Julia da yin amfani da ita, yayin da Julia ta ce ta yi aiki wa Mona ne saboda Daniel, kuma Mona na cin gajiyar talaucinta ne. Mona ta kwantar da kanta a cinyar Julia, Julia kuma tana shafa kafadarta. A wani jerin hotuna masu saurin biyo juna, an ga Julia da Daniel suna shiga jirgin ruwa mai dauke da tutocin Sudan da Kudancin Sudan, Mona tana waka, yayin da Majier ke tuka motar daukar sojoji. A yanayin karshe, an ga Daniel zaune a kujerar gaba ta motar daukar sojojin yana rike da bindiga. nfmk7zyauxetn96usrslq3927tuqtvh Rahoton Gersony 0 178875 966180 2026-10-11T15:53:56Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280235924|Gersony Report]]" 966180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rahoton Gersony''' shine sunan da aka ba da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1994 da wata kungiya a karkashin Robert Gersony ta yi, wanda ke karkashin kwangila ga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira kuma ya gano tsarin kisan kiyashi da 'yan tawayen [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] Patriotic Front suka yi a lokacin da kuma bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin basasa a bayan [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi]] na Rwanda. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta hana binciken kuma ta shafi gwamnatoci saboda dalilai na siyasa, kuma an musanta wanzuwarsa. Babu wani rahoto na ƙarshe da aka kammala, kodayake an ɓoye takardun da aka rubuta a farkon lokaci. Ana ci gaba da jayayya game da ingancin binciken da Gersony ya yi. == Bincike == Robert Gersony, mai ba da shawara na Amurka wanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai a yankunan yaƙi a Afirka, musamman [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Somaliya]], Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira ne ya hayar shi don gudanar da binciken' yan gudun hijira don shirya don ƙarfafa '[[Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Tafkin Great|'Yan Rwanda da suka tsere daga kasar]] bayan [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]] da nasarar 'yan tawaye a Yaƙin basasar Rwanda don komawa gida.{{Sfn|Prunier|2009}}Gersony da mataimakansa sun fara aikin da jin tausayi ga sabuwar gwamnatin mafi yawan 'yan [[Tutsi]] Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), kamar yadda ya saba tsakanin wadanda suka ga tasirin kisan kare dangi.<ref>Footnotes by Gérard Prunier based on personal interview of Gersony conducted in 1998. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Prunier|2009}}.</ref> A yayin aikin su na gona, ƙungiyar mutane uku sun gamsu cewa RPF ta aiwatar da "kisan kai da tsananta wa jama'ar [[Hutu]] a wasu sassan ƙasar".{{Sfn|Des Forges|1999}} RPF ta ba wa tawagar tafiye-tafiye kyauta, wanda ke tsammanin binciken 'yan gudun hijira zai taimaka wajen dawo da' yan gudun hijira, kuma ya ga yawancin ƙasar kuma ya yi magana da mutane da yawa fiye da kowane baƙi a Rwanda a wannan lokacin. Musamman, tsakanin 1 ga Agusta da 5 ga Satumba 1994 ƙungiyar Gersony ta ziyarci shafuka 91 a cikin arba'in da ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 145 na Rwanda, galibi a yankunan Kibungo, [[Gisenyi]] da Butare. Sun ci gaba da tattara bayanai game da wasu yankuna goma kuma sun gudanar da tambayoyi a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira tara a kasashe da ke kewaye. A yayin aikinsu, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da tambayoyi sama da ɗari biyu kuma ta gudanar da wasu ƙananan tattaunawar rukuni ɗari.{{Sfn|Des Forges|1999}} Binciken da aka yi wa tawagar ya hada da kisan kiyashi na 2 ga watan Agusta na kimanin fararen hula 150 da ke ƙoƙarin komawa arewa maso yammacin Rwanda daga Zaire ta RPF, da kuma kamawa da kuma tilasta bacewar mutane da yawa a Gisenyi. A Butare, wani ɓangare na [[Kigali]], da Kibungo a kudu da kudu maso gabas, ƙungiyar ta ba da rahoton kisan kiyashi na fararen hula da suka zo taron da hukumomin karamar hukuma suka shirya, kisan fararen hula gida-gida, shirya bincike don kashe fararen hula waɗanda ke ɓoye a cikin daji, da kuma kwanton bauna fararen hula sun yi ƙoƙari su tsere a kan iyakar zuwa [[Burundi]]. Rahoton ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan wadannan kashe-kashen a bayyane ba su da wani zargi na shiga cikin wadanda aka kashe a cikin kisan kiyashi na Tutsi a watan Afrilun 1994. "{{Sfn|Des Forges|1999}} Gersony ta kammala shi ne cewa tsakanin Afrilu da Agusta 1994, RPF ta kashe "tsakanin mutane 25,000 da 45,000, tsakanin mutane 5,000 da 10,000 a kowane wata daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli da 5,000 na watan Agusta". {{Sfn|Des Forges|1999}} == Binciken da aka ruwaito == Gersony ya ba da rahoton bincikensa ga Madame Sadako Ogata, Babban Kwamishinan UNHCR, wanda daga bisani ya sanar da Sakatare Janar Boutros [[Boutros-Ghali]]. Boutros-Ghali ya aika da Mataimakin Sakatare Janar [[Kofi Annan]] da darektan UNHCR Afirka Kamel Morjane zuwa Kigali . {{Sfn|Prunier|2009}}Bayan isowarsa, Gersony ya sanar da Annan da wasu ma'aikatansa, wanda ya bayyana cewa ya fahimci cewa kammalawa da ya yanke sun saba da abin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta samu amma yana shirye ya sanya sunansa na shekaru 25 a kan ingancinsa. Jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gersony sun yi ganawa da Ministan Cikin Gida [[Seth Sendashonga]], Ministan Harkokin Waje Jean Marie Vianney, da Firayim Minista [[Faustin Twagiramungu]], wadanda suka bayyana cewa ba zai yiwu gwamnati ta kashe mutane 30,000 a asirce ba, cewa ba zai iya tafiya da ƙugiyoyi, machetes da clubs kamar yadda aka yi jayayya a cikin rahoton ba, kuma cewa Shugaban kasa da kansa ya tafi bincika rahotanni na RPA a kan iyakar Tanzaniya kuma bai sami wata hujja ba kuma ya kammala cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a sansanin cewa Hutu suna tsoron 'yan gudun hijira. Shaharyar Khan, Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Rwanda, wanda ya halarci taron tare da jami'an gwamnati, zai bayyana imaninsa cewa wani matakin kisan gilla ya faru a yankunan iyaka amma cewa, "Ba na yarda da ƙaddarar Gersoni [] cewa kisan gashin gilla wani bangare ne na 'yan kisan gashi da aka riga aka tsara, kisan gishiri daga saman.'" Annan ya nuna imaninsa ana ci gaba da kisan gwagwarmayar ba da gangan ba ne kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa kisan kai ga jami' yankancin cewa Majalisar Dinkin duniya za ta ba da sabon binciken gwamnati ba za ta ba za ta damar ba da sabon yanayin Gersony.{{Sfn|Prunier|2009}}{{Sic}}Janar Guy Tousignant, shugaban Ofishin Taimako na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Rwanda, ya fi kuskuren wasu ministocin da ya sadu da su daga baya, ya sanar da su cewa Gersony mai yiwuwa ne kuma dole ne a dakatar da kashe-kashen. A halin yanzu, UNHCR, wanda ya ba da rahoton, ya dakatar da dawo da 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Rwanda.{{Sfn|Des Forges|1999}} Abubuwan da Gersony ya gano sun ɓace wa manema labarai na duniya, wanda ya fusata gwamnatin RPF. Masanin tarihin Great Lakes Gérard Prunier ya rubuta cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi wa gwamnatin Rwanda alkawarin cewa za su hana takardar kuma su umarci Gersony kada ta tattauna abubuwan da suka gano.<ref>"[Annan] also promised that the UN would embargo the document to give the new government a chance to stabilize. The report was indeed embargoed: its very existence was denied and Gersony was instructed never to talk about it publicly. ...My own uneasiness with the Gersony Report spurred me into some direct research when I went back to Rwanda for the first time after the genocide in January 1995. It was unfortunately not very difficult to find massacre witnesses, even if one had to go through a wall of lies." {{Harvard citation no brackets|Prunier|2009}}</ref> [[Alison Des Forges]], masanin Rwanda na Human Rights Watch kuma mai wallafa wasu mahimman kayan da ke kan ' Rahoton Gersony', ya ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce cewa an gaya wa Gersony kada ya rubuta rahoto kuma an gaya wa dukan tawagarsa su yi shiru game da binciken da suka yi.<ref>"In New York, Boutros-Ghali ensured that there would never be a written document to call into question the efficacy of the U.N. presence or the behavior of the Rwandan forces. Gersony was told to write no report and he and his team were directed to speak with no one about their findings." {{Harvard citation no brackets|Des Forges|1999}}.</ref> An rubuta wata yarjejeniya ta shafi uku da rabi don amfani da ciki, daga inda aka shirya wata yarjejeniya mai shafi biyu da rabi ga mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan Rwanda na [[Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Lokacin da mai ''ba ya'' rahoto na musamman ya yi ƙoƙari a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1996 don ƙarin koyo game da binciken Gersony, ya sami amsar, "Muna so mu sanar da ku cewa 'Rahoton Gersony' bai wanzu ba. [mai da hankali a asali]" {{Sfn|Des Forges|1999}} Gersony da kansa ya kiyaye maganarsa ba zai taba tattauna abubuwan da ya gano a bainar jama'a ba, wanda ya haifar da 'Gersony Report' ya sami "kusan girman almara".{{Sfn|Prunier|2009}} A watan Satumbar 2010, wani shafin yanar gizon ya fitar da abin da ake da'awar cewa wani taƙaitaccen rubutun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na gabatarwar baki da Gersony ya yi, da kuma rahotanni da yawa da tawagarsa ta yi yayin binciken su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robert Gersony |date=11 October 1994 |title=Summary for UNHCR Presentation Before Commission of Experts, 10 October 1994: Prospects for Early Repatriation of Rwandan Refugees Currently in Burundi, Tanzania and Zaire |url=https://richardwilsonauthor.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/gersony_report.pdf |access-date=20 September 2010 |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da ke ƙasa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7xfj5a6btld7fc1gkyu698ys2lnc6yh Goodlyfe Crew 0 178876 966190 2026-10-11T16:01:58Z Najaatuhd 25547 Sabon shafi: Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda... 966190 wikitext text/x-wiki Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. 1i2vl25lxh0kibn7uyhzm150z297u8h 966191 966190 2026-10-11T16:02:49Z Najaatuhd 25547 966191 wikitext text/x-wiki Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. Rigingimu da haɗin gwiwa eawx6ljmuta8ozsd5z3xm849lxx73gx 966196 966191 2026-10-11T16:03:55Z Najaatuhd 25547 966196 wikitext text/x-wiki Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. Rigingimu da haɗin gwiwa A shekarar 2008, Radio da Weasel sun fitar da waƙar "Potential" tare da General Ozzy na ƙasar Zambia.[12] Waɗannan mawaka biyu na Uganda sun yi waƙar "Take my Heart Still" tare da Ozzy.[13][14] A shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta samu nasarar fitar da wata shahararriyar waƙa tare da Rabadaba mai suna "Opportunity or Ability". Sai dai, an yi zargin cewa waƙar ta haifar da tashin hankali ga Bebe Cool, musamman daga ɓangaren Radio.[15] A farkon shekarar 2014, Radio da Weasel sun yi haɗin gwiwa da Pallaso da Mess a cikin waƙar "Amaaso".[16] A shekarar 2011, sun fitar da waƙar "Dembesa" tare da Da TWINZ.[17][18] Radio da Weasel sun sake fitar da wata waƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da Diamond Oscar mai suna "You Make Me cry".[19] Radio da Weasel sun yi waƙoƙi tare da wasu mawakan Uganda: "Tax Money" tare da Sizza Man,[20] da kuma "Pollination" tare da Obsession a shekarar 2011.[21] crqtnss76400qqbpebms5swuxbcpwxp 966203 966196 2026-10-11T16:07:11Z Najaatuhd 25547 966203 wikitext text/x-wiki Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. Rigingimu da haɗin gwiwa A shekarar 2008, Radio da Weasel sun fitar da waƙar "Potential" tare da General Ozzy na ƙasar Zambia.[12] Waɗannan mawaka biyu na Uganda sun yi waƙar "Take my Heart Still" tare da Ozzy.[13][14] A shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta samu nasarar fitar da wata shahararriyar waƙa tare da Rabadaba mai suna "Opportunity or Ability". Sai dai, an yi zargin cewa waƙar ta haifar da tashin hankali ga Bebe Cool, musamman daga ɓangaren Radio.[15] A farkon shekarar 2014, Radio da Weasel sun yi haɗin gwiwa da Pallaso da Mess a cikin waƙar "Amaaso".[16] A shekarar 2011, sun fitar da waƙar "Dembesa" tare da Da TWINZ.[17][18] Radio da Weasel sun sake fitar da wata waƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da Diamond Oscar mai suna "You Make Me cry".[19] Radio da Weasel sun yi waƙoƙi tare da wasu mawakan Uganda: "Tax Money" tare da Sizza Man,[20] da kuma "Pollination" tare da Obsession a shekarar 2011.[21] A shekarar 2010, Radio da Weasel sun yi wakar "Maama Wabaana" tare da Tom Close, sannan a shekarar 2013, sun yi waka tare da Desire Luzinda, da kuma wakar "Hellena" tare da David Lutalo. A watan Maris na 2011, wani sabon rikici ya taso a Kampala tsakanin Radio/Weasel da Kenzo. Wannan rikici ya samo asali ne daga wakar Kenzo mai suna "Mundeke Numbe". Kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta yi ikirarin cewa an kwafe dukkan tsarin wakar da bidiyon ta ne daga wakarsu mai suna "Talk and Talk".A watan Disamba na 2013, Radio da Weasel sun fafata a wani shahararren gasar waka da mawaki Bebe Cool. An yi gasar, wacce aka yi wa lakabi da "The Battle of the Champions" (Gasar Zakarun Mawaka), a filin wasan Rugby na Kyadondo.Chameleone ya yaba wa kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew kan yadda suka taka rawar gani; ya kuma yaba wa Bebe Cool. Ba a samu wani takamaiman sakamako ko hukunci na fitowa fili ba. Wannan kuma ya kai ga sasanta rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da tsohon shugabansu na Leone Island, wato Chameleone, inda Radio da Weasel suka sake hada kai da Chameleone a karon farko tun bayan rabuwar da suka yi a shekarar 2008.Wannan ya ba su damar raba dandamali tare da Chameleone a wajen wasan kade-kade na Tubonge a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, su biyun sun yi ikirarin cewa sun kawo karshen rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da mawakin kungiyar Gagamel, Bebe Cool, suma. qpm4c5o00iluuvrcyf929x5elys4dvs 966205 966203 2026-10-11T16:07:57Z Najaatuhd 25547 966205 wikitext text/x-wiki Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. '''Riginginmu da Hadin gwiwa''' A shekarar 2008, Radio da Weasel sun fitar da waƙar "Potential" tare da General Ozzy na ƙasar Zambia.[12] Waɗannan mawaka biyu na Uganda sun yi waƙar "Take my Heart Still" tare da Ozzy.[13][14] A shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta samu nasarar fitar da wata shahararriyar waƙa tare da Rabadaba mai suna "Opportunity or Ability". Sai dai, an yi zargin cewa waƙar ta haifar da tashin hankali ga Bebe Cool, musamman daga ɓangaren Radio.[15] A farkon shekarar 2014, Radio da Weasel sun yi haɗin gwiwa da Pallaso da Mess a cikin waƙar "Amaaso".[16] A shekarar 2011, sun fitar da waƙar "Dembesa" tare da Da TWINZ.[17][18] Radio da Weasel sun sake fitar da wata waƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da Diamond Oscar mai suna "You Make Me cry".[19] Radio da Weasel sun yi waƙoƙi tare da wasu mawakan Uganda: "Tax Money" tare da Sizza Man,[20] da kuma "Pollination" tare da Obsession a shekarar 2011.[21] A shekarar 2010, Radio da Weasel sun yi wakar "Maama Wabaana" tare da Tom Close, sannan a shekarar 2013, sun yi waka tare da Desire Luzinda, da kuma wakar "Hellena" tare da David Lutalo. A watan Maris na 2011, wani sabon rikici ya taso a Kampala tsakanin Radio/Weasel da Kenzo. Wannan rikici ya samo asali ne daga wakar Kenzo mai suna "Mundeke Numbe". Kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta yi ikirarin cewa an kwafe dukkan tsarin wakar da bidiyon ta ne daga wakarsu mai suna "Talk and Talk".A watan Disamba na 2013, Radio da Weasel sun fafata a wani shahararren gasar waka da mawaki Bebe Cool. An yi gasar, wacce aka yi wa lakabi da "The Battle of the Champions" (Gasar Zakarun Mawaka), a filin wasan Rugby na Kyadondo.Chameleone ya yaba wa kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew kan yadda suka taka rawar gani; ya kuma yaba wa Bebe Cool. Ba a samu wani takamaiman sakamako ko hukunci na fitowa fili ba. Wannan kuma ya kai ga sasanta rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da tsohon shugabansu na Leone Island, wato Chameleone, inda Radio da Weasel suka sake hada kai da Chameleone a karon farko tun bayan rabuwar da suka yi a shekarar 2008.Wannan ya ba su damar raba dandamali tare da Chameleone a wajen wasan kade-kade na Tubonge a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, su biyun sun yi ikirarin cewa sun kawo karshen rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da mawakin kungiyar Gagamel, Bebe Cool, suma. hzuqfnexl5bk9lk1czf6vpcly0ekv6f 966221 966205 2026-10-11T16:10:50Z Najaatuhd 25547 966221 wikitext text/x-wiki Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. '''Riginginmu da Hadin gwiwa''' A shekarar 2008, Radio da Weasel sun fitar da waƙar "Potential" tare da General Ozzy na ƙasar Zambia.<ref>http://www.hipipo.com/.../Goodlfye-Moses-Radio-And-Weasel-General-Ozzy-</ref>Waɗannan mawaka biyu na Uganda sun yi waƙar "Take my Heart Still" tare da Ozzy.<ref>Radio & Weasel Songs - ReverbNation". ''ReverbNation''. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref>A shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta samu nasarar fitar da wata shahararriyar waƙa tare da Rabadaba mai suna "Opportunity or Ability". Sai dai, an yi zargin cewa waƙar ta haifar da tashin hankali ga Bebe Cool, musamman daga ɓangaren Radio.A farkon shekarar 2014, Radio da Weasel sun yi haɗin gwiwa da Pallaso da Mess a cikin waƙar "Amaaso". A shekarar 2011, sun fitar da waƙar "Dembesa" tare da Da TWINZ. Radio da Weasel sun sake fitar da wata waƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da Diamond Oscar mai suna "You Make Me cry".<ref>Goodlyfe Moses Radio Weasel and Diamond Oscar You Make Me Cry Radio: MP3 Audio Music HiPipo.com". ''HiPipo.com''. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</ref>Radio da Weasel sun yi waƙoƙi tare da wasu mawakan Uganda: "Tax Money" tare da Sizza Man, da kuma "Pollination" tare da Obsession a shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2010, Radio da Weasel sun yi wakar "Maama Wabaana" tare da Tom Close, sannan a shekarar 2013, sun yi waka tare da Desire Luzinda, da kuma wakar "Hellena" tare da David Lutalo. A watan Maris na 2011, wani sabon rikici ya taso a Kampala tsakanin Radio/Weasel da Kenzo. Wannan rikici ya samo asali ne daga wakar Kenzo mai suna "Mundeke Numbe". Kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta yi ikirarin cewa an kwafe dukkan tsarin wakar da bidiyon ta ne daga wakarsu mai suna "Talk and Talk".A watan Disamba na 2013, Radio da Weasel sun fafata a wani shahararren gasar waka da mawaki Bebe Cool. An yi gasar, wacce aka yi wa lakabi da "The Battle of the Champions" (Gasar Zakarun Mawaka), a filin wasan Rugby na Kyadondo.Chameleone ya yaba wa kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew kan yadda suka taka rawar gani; ya kuma yaba wa Bebe Cool. Ba a samu wani takamaiman sakamako ko hukunci na fitowa fili ba. Wannan kuma ya kai ga sasanta rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da tsohon shugabansu na Leone Island, wato Chameleone, inda Radio da Weasel suka sake hada kai da Chameleone a karon farko tun bayan rabuwar da suka yi a shekarar 2008.Wannan ya ba su damar raba dandamali tare da Chameleone a wajen wasan kade-kade na Tubonge a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, su biyun sun yi ikirarin cewa sun kawo karshen rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da mawakin kungiyar Gagamel, Bebe Cool, suma. jurnvcty32f672268iv5taje3nl95st 966227 966221 2026-10-11T16:11:44Z Najaatuhd 25547 966227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. '''Riginginmu da Hadin gwiwa''' A shekarar 2008, Radio da Weasel sun fitar da waƙar "Potential" tare da General Ozzy na ƙasar Zambia.<ref>http://www.hipipo.com/.../Goodlfye-Moses-Radio-And-Weasel-General-Ozzy-</ref>Waɗannan mawaka biyu na Uganda sun yi waƙar "Take my Heart Still" tare da Ozzy.<ref>Radio & Weasel Songs - ReverbNation". ''ReverbNation''. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref>A shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta samu nasarar fitar da wata shahararriyar waƙa tare da Rabadaba mai suna "Opportunity or Ability". Sai dai, an yi zargin cewa waƙar ta haifar da tashin hankali ga Bebe Cool, musamman daga ɓangaren Radio.A farkon shekarar 2014, Radio da Weasel sun yi haɗin gwiwa da Pallaso da Mess a cikin waƙar "Amaaso". A shekarar 2011, sun fitar da waƙar "Dembesa" tare da Da TWINZ. Radio da Weasel sun sake fitar da wata waƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da Diamond Oscar mai suna "You Make Me cry".<ref>Goodlyfe Moses Radio Weasel and Diamond Oscar You Make Me Cry Radio: MP3 Audio Music HiPipo.com". ''HiPipo.com''. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</ref>Radio da Weasel sun yi waƙoƙi tare da wasu mawakan Uganda: "Tax Money" tare da Sizza Man, da kuma "Pollination" tare da Obsession a shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2010, Radio da Weasel sun yi wakar "Maama Wabaana" tare da Tom Close, sannan a shekarar 2013, sun yi waka tare da Desire Luzinda, da kuma wakar "Hellena" tare da David Lutalo. A watan Maris na 2011, wani sabon rikici ya taso a Kampala tsakanin Radio/Weasel da Kenzo. Wannan rikici ya samo asali ne daga wakar Kenzo mai suna "Mundeke Numbe". Kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta yi ikirarin cewa an kwafe dukkan tsarin wakar da bidiyon ta ne daga wakarsu mai suna "Talk and Talk".A watan Disamba na 2013, Radio da Weasel sun fafata a wani shahararren gasar waka da mawaki Bebe Cool. An yi gasar, wacce aka yi wa lakabi da "The Battle of the Champions" (Gasar Zakarun Mawaka), a filin wasan Rugby na Kyadondo.Chameleone ya yaba wa kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew kan yadda suka taka rawar gani; ya kuma yaba wa Bebe Cool. Ba a samu wani takamaiman sakamako ko hukunci na fitowa fili ba. Wannan kuma ya kai ga sasanta rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da tsohon shugabansu na Leone Island, wato Chameleone, inda Radio da Weasel suka sake hada kai da Chameleone a karon farko tun bayan rabuwar da suka yi a shekarar 2008.Wannan ya ba su damar raba dandamali tare da Chameleone a wajen wasan kade-kade na Tubonge a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, su biyun sun yi ikirarin cewa sun kawo karshen rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da mawakin kungiyar Gagamel, Bebe Cool, suma. bdgaldk2xlddx5iqgo7qtykz9u5p5g9 966231 966227 2026-10-11T16:12:17Z Najaatuhd 25547 966231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Radio & Weasel sun kasance ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mutum biyu daga Uganda waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin shirya kiɗansu mai suna "Goodlyfe Crew"; manyan mawaƙan ƙungiyar su ne marigayi Moses Radio (wanda aka haifa da sunan Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) da Weasel Manizo (wanda aka haifa da sunan Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio ya shahara wajen rera waƙoƙi masu santsi na salon RnB, yayin da gudummawar Weasel ta haɗa da salon kiɗan reggae, ragga, da dancehall. Saboda shahararsu, Moses Radio da Weasel sun kafa nasu haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa mai suna Radio and Weasel. Babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Moses Radio, ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwarsa bayan wani mai tsaron ƙofa a wani wurin shakatawa (club) da ke Entebbe ya kai masa hari. Mutumin da ya kai wa Radio harin ya jefar da shi daga tsayin kusan mita 3 (ƙafa 9.8) zuwa kan shimfiɗar siminti, lamarin da ya haifar da mummunan zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa. Radio da Weasel su ne kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew. Ƙungiyar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da yawa a tsarin ta, amma a lokuta daban-daban ta ƙunshi mutane kamar Chagga, Lenin Briton, da Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Yawancin mambobinta sun yi ayyukan kiɗa na kansu (solo projects) tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawaƙan. '''Riginginmu da Hadin gwiwa''' A shekarar 2008, Radio da Weasel sun fitar da waƙar "Potential" tare da General Ozzy na ƙasar Zambia.<ref>http://www.hipipo.com/.../Goodlfye-Moses-Radio-And-Weasel-General-Ozzy-</ref>Waɗannan mawaka biyu na Uganda sun yi waƙar "Take my Heart Still" tare da Ozzy.<ref>Radio & Weasel Songs - ReverbNation". ''ReverbNation''. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref>A shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta samu nasarar fitar da wata shahararriyar waƙa tare da Rabadaba mai suna "Opportunity or Ability". Sai dai, an yi zargin cewa waƙar ta haifar da tashin hankali ga Bebe Cool, musamman daga ɓangaren Radio.A farkon shekarar 2014, Radio da Weasel sun yi haɗin gwiwa da Pallaso da Mess a cikin waƙar "Amaaso". A shekarar 2011, sun fitar da waƙar "Dembesa" tare da Da TWINZ. Radio da Weasel sun sake fitar da wata waƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da Diamond Oscar mai suna "You Make Me cry".<ref>Goodlyfe Moses Radio Weasel and Diamond Oscar You Make Me Cry Radio: MP3 Audio Music HiPipo.com". ''HiPipo.com''. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</ref>Radio da Weasel sun yi waƙoƙi tare da wasu mawakan Uganda: "Tax Money" tare da Sizza Man, da kuma "Pollination" tare da Obsession a shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2010, Radio da Weasel sun yi wakar "Maama Wabaana" tare da Tom Close, sannan a shekarar 2013, sun yi waka tare da Desire Luzinda, da kuma wakar "Hellena" tare da David Lutalo. A watan Maris na 2011, wani sabon rikici ya taso a Kampala tsakanin Radio/Weasel da Kenzo. Wannan rikici ya samo asali ne daga wakar Kenzo mai suna "Mundeke Numbe". Kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew ta yi ikirarin cewa an kwafe dukkan tsarin wakar da bidiyon ta ne daga wakarsu mai suna "Talk and Talk".A watan Disamba na 2013, Radio da Weasel sun fafata a wani shahararren gasar waka da mawaki Bebe Cool. An yi gasar, wacce aka yi wa lakabi da "The Battle of the Champions" (Gasar Zakarun Mawaka), a filin wasan Rugby na Kyadondo.Chameleone ya yaba wa kungiyar Goodlyfe Crew kan yadda suka taka rawar gani; ya kuma yaba wa Bebe Cool. Ba a samu wani takamaiman sakamako ko hukunci na fitowa fili ba. Wannan kuma ya kai ga sasanta rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da tsohon shugabansu na Leone Island, wato Chameleone, inda Radio da Weasel suka sake hada kai da Chameleone a karon farko tun bayan rabuwar da suka yi a shekarar 2008.Wannan ya ba su damar raba dandamali tare da Chameleone a wajen wasan kade-kade na Tubonge a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, su biyun sun yi ikirarin cewa sun kawo karshen rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da mawakin kungiyar Gagamel, Bebe Cool, suma. == manazarta == aoiynieogji11xv0x4q4sh6itoauiss Engolo 0 178877 966192 2026-10-11T16:02:51Z Almustapha bk 49060 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365141009|Engolo]]" 966192 wikitext text/x-wiki   N'golo (an yi amfani da shi a matsayin '''Engolo''') fasaha ce ta gargajiya ta [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] da wasa daga [[Angola]], wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na yaƙi da rawa, wanda aka yi a cikin da'irar tare da kiɗa da waƙa. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar a matsayin mai yiwuwa ko tasiri a kan ci gaban capoeira, kodayake girman wannan dangantakar ya kasance ana muhawara a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Engolo wasa ne na gargajiya wanda ke da alaƙa da al'ummomi a gefen [[Kogin Cunene]] a Lardin Cunene na Angola . <ref name="Engolo-Angola">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2017 |title=Engolo-Angola |url=https://martialask.com/engolo-angola/}}</ref> Bayanan zamani na engolo suna nuna motsi da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar lura da yanayi, gami da kwaikwayon halayen dabbobi, kamar motsi na kibiya na zebra ko motsi na bishiyoyi. Ayyukan sun haɗa da abubuwa na yaƙi na jiki, kuma asusun suna bayyana yiwuwar mummunan rauni yayin aikinta.<ref name="Jogo de Corpo" /> Hanyar yaƙi ta engolo ta ƙunshi dabaru iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan kicks, dodges, da takedowns, tare da mai da hankali kan matsayi mai juyawa. Wasu masu bincike sun nuna kamanceceniya tsakanin dabarun engolo da ƙungiyoyi da aka samu a capoeira, kamar su meia lua de compasso, kunama kick, ''chapa'', chapa de costas, rasteira, L-kick, da sauransu, kodayake girman da yanayin kowane haɗin tarihi kai tsaye tsakanin waɗannan dabarun suna ci gaba da muhawara. Wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa al'adun yaki na Afirka, gami da engolo, na iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban capoeira a Brazil, yayin da kafa capoeira ya haɗa da manyan hanyoyin tarihi da al'adu. An rubuta Engolo a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da mai zane-zane na Angola Albano Neves da Sousa ya haɗa shi a cikin tarin zane-zane, yana nuna kamanceceniya da fasahar yaƙi ta Afro-Brazilian na capoeira . Engolo na ɗaya daga cikin zane-zane da yawa na Afirka da ke da alaƙa da al'adun yaƙi waɗanda suka bazu zuwa Amurka ta hanyar Afirka. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin engolo da al'adun yaƙi da aka haɓaka a Amurka, gami da bugawa da kicking a Arewacin Amurka, ''capoeira'' a Brazil, da danmyé a Martinique, kodayake yanayin waɗannan dangantakar tarihi har yanzu ana muhawara.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Sanannun kafofin sun rubuta wasu wasannin yaƙi na Afirka tare da kamanceceniya da engolo a cikin takamaiman dabarun, kamar ''moraingy'' a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da tsibirai da ke kewaye.{{Sfn|Assunção|2002}} == Sunan == Kalmar ngolo ta samo asali ne daga yaren [[Power (social and political)|iko]]" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kikongo">Kikongo Bantu kuma tana nuna ra'ayoyin da suka shafi [[Ƙarfin jiki|ƙarfi]], iko, da makamashi.<ref name="en.wiktionary.org">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025 |title=Ngolo |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ngolo}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin karni na 15, ''Koola'' lakabi ne da sarakunan Afirka ke riƙewa. Kalmar ngolo ta samo asali ne daga tushen Bantu *-gol, ma'ana karkatarwa ko karkatarwa.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} == Waƙoƙi == [[File:MusicalBow.gif|thumb|Mutumin da ke wasa da baka.]] A Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, zane-zane na halitta suna ɗaukar nau'in rawa. A cikin al'adun Bantu, rawa wani bangare ne na rayuwar yau da kullun. Mutane suna rawa yayin aiki, wasa, addu'a, makoki, da kuma murna. A cikin Kongo-Angola, rawa tana da alaƙa da waƙa, kiɗa, da al'ada, har ma an haɗa shi cikin shirye-shiryen yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe.{{Sfn|Talmon-Chvaicer|2008}} Ana yin Engolo yawanci a cikin da'irar, tare da murya, tare da mahalarta suna murmushi, raira waƙa, da kuma buga hannu.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Waƙar tana daidaitawa tare da sautin hannayen hannu. A cikin shirin Jogo de cuerpo, wani lokacin ana kuma buga baka na kiɗa (tare da baki). Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin gargajiya a cikin engolo shine: "Wanda ya mutu a cikin engol ba za a yi kuka ba". Har ila yau akwai madadin fassarar daga Harshen Kimbundu: {{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} {| class="wikitable" !Kimbundu !Fassarar Turanci |- |<poem lang="kmb"> Wankya kengolo mutanbo kwapkwapo Wankya kengolo kalilwa </poem> |<poem lang="en"> Who is killed (struck down) in engolo does not make a wake Who is killed (struck down) in engolo is not cried for </poem> |} Wani waƙar engolo ta nuna muhimmiyar ikon gujewa da tserewa: "''Kauno tchivelo kwali tolondo''", ma'ana "Ba ku da ƙofa, watakila ku tsalle", yana jaddada hanzari a cikin gujewa kuma da wayo a neman mafita ga ƙalubale.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} == Yankin Engolo == A cikin al'adun [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]], da'irar tana ɗauke da alama mai zurfi. Ana shirya gidajen ƙauyuka akai-akai a cikin tsari na zagaye, kuma ana jin daɗin abinci na jama'a yayin da suke zaune a cikin da'ira.<ref name="Talmon-Chvaicer" /> Yin rawa a cikin da'irar yana da mahimmanci, yana wakiltar kariya da ƙarfi, yana nuna alamar haɗin kai tare da duniyar ruhu, rayuwa, da allahntaka. Ayyukan engolo, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 1950, ya haɗa da ƙungiyar masu raira waƙa da masu iya gwagwarmaya, kuma, kamar capoeira roda, mahalarta dole ne su kasance a cikin wani yanki da aka ayyana. Wani lokaci, wannan da'irar tana karkashin kulawar ''kimbanda'', ƙwararren masanin al'ada. Wasan ya fara ne da yin bulala da waƙoƙin kira da amsawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna nuna murmushi maimakon kalmomi.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Mai aiki ya shiga cikin da'irar, yana rawa da ihu, kuma lokacin da wani mai shiga ya shiga, suna shiga cikin rawa, suna kimanta ƙwarewar juna. Wannan hulɗar ta haɗa da kicks da sweeps, tare da masu karewa ta amfani da dodges da haɗuwa dabaru don mayar da martani a hankali. Wannan sake zagayowar ya ci gaba har sai wani mai shiga ya yarda da cin nasara, ya ji wasan ya cika, ko kuma kimbanda da ke kula da wasan ya kira ga kammala shi.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} A cikin wasannin engolo da aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 2010, 'yan wasa galibi suna fara da'irar engolo ta hanyar kalubalantar wasu. A irin waɗannan lokuta, suna tsalle cikin da'irar, suna nuna motsi mai sauri da kuma ihu lokaci-lokaci yayin jiran wani ya shiga kuma ya shiga cikin wasan. Hakanan zasu iya zaɓar takamaiman mutum don shiga tare da su ta amfani da kicks ko simulated kicks. == Tarihi == === Asalin engolo === Babu wani rubuce-rubuce na asalin engolo. Masu aikin Engolo suna da'awar cewa "engolo ya fito ne daga kakanninmu" kuma cewa iyayensu, kakanni, da kakanni sun buga engolo.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} [[File:Nzinga_Mbandi_Queen_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba_SEQ_05_Ecran_4.png|thumb|Yaƙin Angolans da Portuguese, zane-zane na zamani.]] A cewar [[T. J. Desch-Obi|Desch-Obi]], mai yiwuwa ne 'yan [[Nganga|shamans]] da mayaƙa na Bantu suka haɓaka engolo a tsohuwar Angola, bisa ga ra'ayi na duniya na [[Addinin Kongo]]. {{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Tare da wannan ra'ayi na duniya, shamans sun sanya kansu a kan gaba don samun iko daga mulkin kakanninmu.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Daga cikin Pende shamans, motsi da aka fi amfani dashi shine tsalle-tsalle na gaba.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}[[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|Masked]] shaman kifar a kan magani mai tsarki don kunna shi da kuma a kan mutanen da ke durƙusa don warkar da su.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Bugu da ƙari, engolo wata hanyar horar da sojoji ce don haɓaka ƙwarewar yaƙi ta kusa.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} Neves e Sousa ya yi imanin cewa dabarun engolo sun samo asali ne daga hanyar da zebras ke fada da kansu. Desch-Obi ya gano cewa yin amfani da zebra a matsayin abin koyi na yaki a Angola yana da ma'ana saboda yana nuna ƙwarewa da tsaro mai sauri. Engolo kuma yayi kama da salon yaƙi na zebra, musamman kicks na zebra da aka kashe tare da dabino da suka taɓa ƙasa, wanda shine fasalin ma'anar engolo.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} Matthew Zylstra ya ba da shawarar cewa rawa da Gwikwe Bushmen suka yi yana da kamanceceniya da fasahar Angola. Ya gabatar da ka'idar cewa [[Mutanen Bantu]] a kudancin Angola, waɗanda suka yi hulɗa da kungiyoyin [[Mutanen San|San Bushmen]] a yankin, na iya sanin irin waɗannan raye-raye kuma sun haɗa su cikin al'adunsu. Idan wannan ka'idar ta kasance, zai nuna cewa asalin engolo na iya zama dubban shekaru. === Engolo a Afirka === [[File:Cunene_in_Angola.svg|thumb|Lardin Cunene a Angola]] [[File:Nègres_à_fond_de_cale.jpg|thumb|''Negros a cikin ɗaki na jirgin bawa'', na Johann Moritz Rugendas.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5hyw4junvkwkbp7dutz98pc2hwl9viy 966194 966192 2026-10-11T16:03:46Z Almustapha bk 49060 966194 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} N'golo (an yi amfani da shi a matsayin '''Engolo''') fasaha ce ta gargajiya ta [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] da wasa daga [[Angola]], wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na yaƙi da rawa, wanda aka yi a cikin da'irar tare da kiɗa da waƙa. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar a matsayin mai yiwuwa ko tasiri a kan ci gaban capoeira, kodayake girman wannan dangantakar ya kasance ana muhawara a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Engolo wasa ne na gargajiya wanda ke da alaƙa da al'ummomi a gefen [[Kogin Cunene]] a Lardin Cunene na Angola . <ref name="Engolo-Angola">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2017 |title=Engolo-Angola |url=https://martialask.com/engolo-angola/}}</ref> Bayanan zamani na engolo suna nuna motsi da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar lura da yanayi, gami da kwaikwayon halayen dabbobi, kamar motsi na kibiya na zebra ko motsi na bishiyoyi. Ayyukan sun haɗa da abubuwa na yaƙi na jiki, kuma asusun suna bayyana yiwuwar mummunan rauni yayin aikinta.<ref name="Jogo de Corpo" /> Hanyar yaƙi ta engolo ta ƙunshi dabaru iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan kicks, dodges, da takedowns, tare da mai da hankali kan matsayi mai juyawa. Wasu masu bincike sun nuna kamanceceniya tsakanin dabarun engolo da ƙungiyoyi da aka samu a capoeira, kamar su meia lua de compasso, kunama kick, ''chapa'', chapa de costas, rasteira, L-kick, da sauransu, kodayake girman da yanayin kowane haɗin tarihi kai tsaye tsakanin waɗannan dabarun suna ci gaba da muhawara. Wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa al'adun yaki na Afirka, gami da engolo, na iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban capoeira a Brazil, yayin da kafa capoeira ya haɗa da manyan hanyoyin tarihi da al'adu. An rubuta Engolo a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da mai zane-zane na Angola Albano Neves da Sousa ya haɗa shi a cikin tarin zane-zane, yana nuna kamanceceniya da fasahar yaƙi ta Afro-Brazilian na capoeira . Engolo na ɗaya daga cikin zane-zane da yawa na Afirka da ke da alaƙa da al'adun yaƙi waɗanda suka bazu zuwa Amurka ta hanyar Afirka. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin engolo da al'adun yaƙi da aka haɓaka a Amurka, gami da bugawa da kicking a Arewacin Amurka, ''capoeira'' a Brazil, da danmyé a Martinique, kodayake yanayin waɗannan dangantakar tarihi har yanzu ana muhawara.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Sanannun kafofin sun rubuta wasu wasannin yaƙi na Afirka tare da kamanceceniya da engolo a cikin takamaiman dabarun, kamar ''moraingy'' a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da tsibirai da ke kewaye.{{Sfn|Assunção|2002}} == Sunan == Kalmar ngolo ta samo asali ne daga yaren [[Power (social and political)|iko]]" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kikongo">Kikongo Bantu kuma tana nuna ra'ayoyin da suka shafi [[Ƙarfin jiki|ƙarfi]], iko, da makamashi.<ref name="en.wiktionary.org">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025 |title=Ngolo |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ngolo}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin karni na 15, ''Koola'' lakabi ne da sarakunan Afirka ke riƙewa. Kalmar ngolo ta samo asali ne daga tushen Bantu *-gol, ma'ana karkatarwa ko karkatarwa.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} == Waƙoƙi == [[File:MusicalBow.gif|thumb|Mutumin da ke wasa da baka.]] A Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, zane-zane na halitta suna ɗaukar nau'in rawa. A cikin al'adun Bantu, rawa wani bangare ne na rayuwar yau da kullun. Mutane suna rawa yayin aiki, wasa, addu'a, makoki, da kuma murna. A cikin Kongo-Angola, rawa tana da alaƙa da waƙa, kiɗa, da al'ada, har ma an haɗa shi cikin shirye-shiryen yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe.{{Sfn|Talmon-Chvaicer|2008}} Ana yin Engolo yawanci a cikin da'irar, tare da murya, tare da mahalarta suna murmushi, raira waƙa, da kuma buga hannu.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Waƙar tana daidaitawa tare da sautin hannayen hannu. A cikin shirin Jogo de cuerpo, wani lokacin ana kuma buga baka na kiɗa (tare da baki). Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin gargajiya a cikin engolo shine: "Wanda ya mutu a cikin engol ba za a yi kuka ba". Har ila yau akwai madadin fassarar daga Harshen Kimbundu: {{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} {| class="wikitable" !Kimbundu !Fassarar Turanci |- |<poem lang="kmb"> Wankya kengolo mutanbo kwapkwapo Wankya kengolo kalilwa </poem> |<poem lang="en"> Who is killed (struck down) in engolo does not make a wake Who is killed (struck down) in engolo is not cried for </poem> |} Wani waƙar engolo ta nuna muhimmiyar ikon gujewa da tserewa: "''Kauno tchivelo kwali tolondo''", ma'ana "Ba ku da ƙofa, watakila ku tsalle", yana jaddada hanzari a cikin gujewa kuma da wayo a neman mafita ga ƙalubale.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} == Yankin Engolo == A cikin al'adun [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]], da'irar tana ɗauke da alama mai zurfi. Ana shirya gidajen ƙauyuka akai-akai a cikin tsari na zagaye, kuma ana jin daɗin abinci na jama'a yayin da suke zaune a cikin da'ira.<ref name="Talmon-Chvaicer" /> Yin rawa a cikin da'irar yana da mahimmanci, yana wakiltar kariya da ƙarfi, yana nuna alamar haɗin kai tare da duniyar ruhu, rayuwa, da allahntaka. Ayyukan engolo, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 1950, ya haɗa da ƙungiyar masu raira waƙa da masu iya gwagwarmaya, kuma, kamar capoeira roda, mahalarta dole ne su kasance a cikin wani yanki da aka ayyana. Wani lokaci, wannan da'irar tana karkashin kulawar ''kimbanda'', ƙwararren masanin al'ada. Wasan ya fara ne da yin bulala da waƙoƙin kira da amsawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna nuna murmushi maimakon kalmomi.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Mai aiki ya shiga cikin da'irar, yana rawa da ihu, kuma lokacin da wani mai shiga ya shiga, suna shiga cikin rawa, suna kimanta ƙwarewar juna. Wannan hulɗar ta haɗa da kicks da sweeps, tare da masu karewa ta amfani da dodges da haɗuwa dabaru don mayar da martani a hankali. Wannan sake zagayowar ya ci gaba har sai wani mai shiga ya yarda da cin nasara, ya ji wasan ya cika, ko kuma kimbanda da ke kula da wasan ya kira ga kammala shi.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} A cikin wasannin engolo da aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 2010, 'yan wasa galibi suna fara da'irar engolo ta hanyar kalubalantar wasu. A irin waɗannan lokuta, suna tsalle cikin da'irar, suna nuna motsi mai sauri da kuma ihu lokaci-lokaci yayin jiran wani ya shiga kuma ya shiga cikin wasan. Hakanan zasu iya zaɓar takamaiman mutum don shiga tare da su ta amfani da kicks ko simulated kicks. == Tarihi == === Asalin engolo === Babu wani rubuce-rubuce na asalin engolo. Masu aikin Engolo suna da'awar cewa "engolo ya fito ne daga kakanninmu" kuma cewa iyayensu, kakanni, da kakanni sun buga engolo.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} [[File:Nzinga_Mbandi_Queen_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba_SEQ_05_Ecran_4.png|thumb|Yaƙin Angolans da Portuguese, zane-zane na zamani.]] A cewar [[T. J. Desch-Obi|Desch-Obi]], mai yiwuwa ne 'yan [[Nganga|shamans]] da mayaƙa na Bantu suka haɓaka engolo a tsohuwar Angola, bisa ga ra'ayi na duniya na [[Addinin Kongo]]. {{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Tare da wannan ra'ayi na duniya, shamans sun sanya kansu a kan gaba don samun iko daga mulkin kakanninmu.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Daga cikin Pende shamans, motsi da aka fi amfani dashi shine tsalle-tsalle na gaba.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}[[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|Masked]] shaman kifar a kan magani mai tsarki don kunna shi da kuma a kan mutanen da ke durƙusa don warkar da su.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Bugu da ƙari, engolo wata hanyar horar da sojoji ce don haɓaka ƙwarewar yaƙi ta kusa.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} Neves e Sousa ya yi imanin cewa dabarun engolo sun samo asali ne daga hanyar da zebras ke fada da kansu. Desch-Obi ya gano cewa yin amfani da zebra a matsayin abin koyi na yaki a Angola yana da ma'ana saboda yana nuna ƙwarewa da tsaro mai sauri. Engolo kuma yayi kama da salon yaƙi na zebra, musamman kicks na zebra da aka kashe tare da dabino da suka taɓa ƙasa, wanda shine fasalin ma'anar engolo.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} Matthew Zylstra ya ba da shawarar cewa rawa da Gwikwe Bushmen suka yi yana da kamanceceniya da fasahar Angola. Ya gabatar da ka'idar cewa [[Mutanen Bantu]] a kudancin Angola, waɗanda suka yi hulɗa da kungiyoyin [[Mutanen San|San Bushmen]] a yankin, na iya sanin irin waɗannan raye-raye kuma sun haɗa su cikin al'adunsu. Idan wannan ka'idar ta kasance, zai nuna cewa asalin engolo na iya zama dubban shekaru. === Engolo a Afirka === [[File:Cunene_in_Angola.svg|thumb|Lardin Cunene a Angola]] [[File:Nègres_à_fond_de_cale.jpg|thumb|''Negros a cikin ɗaki na jirgin bawa'', na Johann Moritz Rugendas.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r5jzrjrh0w5lchbdr3ect3wfqldc1bz 966207 966194 2026-10-11T16:08:04Z Almustapha bk 49060 966207 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} N'golo (an yi amfani da shi a matsayin '''Engolo''') fasaha ce ta gargajiya ta [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] da wasa daga [[Angola]], wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na yaƙi da rawa, wanda aka yi a cikin da'irar tare da kiɗa da waƙa. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawara a matsayin mai yiwuwa ko tasiri a kan ci gaban capoeira, kodayake girman wannan dangantakar ya kasance ana muhawara a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Engolo wasa ne na gargajiya wanda ke da alaƙa da al'ummomi a gefen [[Kogin Cunene]] a Lardin Cunene na Angola . <ref name="Engolo-Angola">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2017 |title=Engolo-Angola |url=https://martialask.com/engolo-angola/}}</ref> Bayanan zamani na engolo suna nuna motsi da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar lura da yanayi, gami da kwaikwayon halayen dabbobi, kamar motsi na kibiya na zebra ko motsi na bishiyoyi. Ayyukan sun haɗa da abubuwa na yaƙi na jiki, kuma asusun suna bayyana yiwuwar mummunan rauni yayin aikinta.<ref name="Jogo de Corpo" /> Hanyar yaƙi ta engolo ta ƙunshi dabaru iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan kicks, dodges, da takedowns, tare da mai da hankali kan matsayi mai juyawa. Wasu masu bincike sun nuna kamanceceniya tsakanin dabarun engolo da ƙungiyoyi da aka samu a capoeira, kamar su meia lua de compasso, kunama kick, ''chapa'', chapa de costas, rasteira, L-kick, da sauransu, kodayake girman da yanayin kowane haɗin tarihi kai tsaye tsakanin waɗannan dabarun suna ci gaba da muhawara. Wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa al'adun yaki na Afirka, gami da engolo, na iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban capoeira a Brazil, yayin da kafa capoeira ya haɗa da manyan hanyoyin tarihi da al'adu. An rubuta Engolo a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da mai zane-zane na Angola Albano Neves da Sousa ya haɗa shi a cikin tarin zane-zane, yana nuna kamanceceniya da fasahar yaƙi ta Afro-Brazilian na capoeira . Engolo na ɗaya daga cikin zane-zane da yawa na Afirka da ke da alaƙa da al'adun yaƙi waɗanda suka bazu zuwa Amurka ta hanyar Afirka. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin engolo da al'adun yaƙi da aka haɓaka a Amurka, gami da bugawa da kicking a Arewacin Amurka, ''capoeira'' a Brazil, da danmyé a Martinique, kodayake yanayin waɗannan dangantakar tarihi har yanzu ana muhawara.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Sanannun kafofin sun rubuta wasu wasannin yaƙi na Afirka tare da kamanceceniya da engolo a cikin takamaiman dabarun, kamar ''moraingy'' a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da tsibirai da ke kewaye.{{Sfn|Assunção|2002}} == Sunan == Kalmar ngolo ta samo asali ne daga yaren [[Power (social and political)|iko]]" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kikongo">Kikongo Bantu kuma tana nuna ra'ayoyin da suka shafi [[Ƙarfin jiki|ƙarfi]], iko, da makamashi.<ref name="en.wiktionary.org">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025 |title=Ngolo |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ngolo}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin karni na 15, ''Koola'' lakabi ne da sarakunan Afirka ke riƙewa. Kalmar ngolo ta samo asali ne daga tushen Bantu *-gol, ma'ana karkatarwa ko karkatarwa.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} == Waƙoƙi == [[File:MusicalBow.gif|thumb|Mutumin da ke wasa da baka.]] A Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, zane-zane na halitta suna ɗaukar nau'in rawa. A cikin al'adun Bantu, rawa wani bangare ne na rayuwar yau da kullun. Mutane suna rawa yayin aiki, wasa, addu'a, makoki, da kuma murna. A cikin Kongo-Angola, rawa tana da alaƙa da waƙa, kiɗa, da al'ada, har ma an haɗa shi cikin shirye-shiryen yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe.{{Sfn|Talmon-Chvaicer|2008}} Ana yin Engolo yawanci a cikin da'irar, tare da murya, tare da mahalarta suna murmushi, raira waƙa, da kuma buga hannu.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Waƙar tana daidaitawa tare da sautin hannayen hannu. A cikin shirin Jogo de cuerpo, wani lokacin ana kuma buga baka na kiɗa (tare da baki). Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin gargajiya a cikin engolo shine: "Wanda ya mutu a cikin engol ba za a yi kuka ba". Har ila yau akwai madadin fassarar daga Harshen Kimbundu: {{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} {| class="wikitable" !Kimbundu !Fassarar Turanci |- |<poem lang="kmb"> Wankya kengolo mutanbo kwapkwapo Wankya kengolo kalilwa </poem> |<poem lang="en"> Who is killed (struck down) in engolo does not make a wake Who is killed (struck down) in engolo is not cried for </poem> |} Wani waƙar engolo ta nuna muhimmiyar ikon gujewa da tserewa: "''Kauno tchivelo kwali tolondo''", ma'ana "Ba ku da ƙofa, watakila ku tsalle", yana jaddada hanzari a cikin gujewa kuma da wayo a neman mafita ga ƙalubale.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} == Yankin Engolo == A cikin al'adun [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]], da'irar tana ɗauke da alama mai zurfi. Ana shirya gidajen ƙauyuka akai-akai a cikin tsari na zagaye, kuma ana jin daɗin abinci na jama'a yayin da suke zaune a cikin da'ira.<ref name="Talmon-Chvaicer" /> Yin rawa a cikin da'irar yana da mahimmanci, yana wakiltar kariya da ƙarfi, yana nuna alamar haɗin kai tare da duniyar ruhu, rayuwa, da allahntaka. Ayyukan engolo, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 1950, ya haɗa da ƙungiyar masu raira waƙa da masu iya gwagwarmaya, kuma, kamar capoeira roda, mahalarta dole ne su kasance a cikin wani yanki da aka ayyana. Wani lokaci, wannan da'irar tana karkashin kulawar ''kimbanda'', ƙwararren masanin al'ada. Wasan ya fara ne da yin bulala da waƙoƙin kira da amsawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna nuna murmushi maimakon kalmomi.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Mai aiki ya shiga cikin da'irar, yana rawa da ihu, kuma lokacin da wani mai shiga ya shiga, suna shiga cikin rawa, suna kimanta ƙwarewar juna. Wannan hulɗar ta haɗa da kicks da sweeps, tare da masu karewa ta amfani da dodges da haɗuwa dabaru don mayar da martani a hankali. Wannan sake zagayowar ya ci gaba har sai wani mai shiga ya yarda da cin nasara, ya ji wasan ya cika, ko kuma kimbanda da ke kula da wasan ya kira ga kammala shi.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} A cikin wasannin engolo da aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 2010, 'yan wasa galibi suna fara da'irar engolo ta hanyar kalubalantar wasu. A irin waɗannan lokuta, suna tsalle cikin da'irar, suna nuna motsi mai sauri da kuma ihu lokaci-lokaci yayin jiran wani ya shiga kuma ya shiga cikin wasan. Hakanan zasu iya zaɓar takamaiman mutum don shiga tare da su ta amfani da kicks ko simulated kicks. == Tarihi == === Asalin engolo === Babu wani rubuce-rubuce na asalin engolo. Masu aikin Engolo suna da'awar cewa "engolo ya fito ne daga kakanninmu" kuma cewa iyayensu, kakanni, da kakanni sun buga engolo.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} [[File:Nzinga_Mbandi_Queen_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba_SEQ_05_Ecran_4.png|thumb|Yaƙin Angolans da Portuguese, zane-zane na zamani.]] A cewar [[T. J. Desch-Obi|Desch-Obi]], mai yiwuwa ne 'yan [[Nganga|shamans]] da mayaƙa na Bantu suka haɓaka engolo a tsohuwar Angola, bisa ga ra'ayi na duniya na [[Addinin Kongo]]. {{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Tare da wannan ra'ayi na duniya, shamans sun sanya kansu a kan gaba don samun iko daga mulkin kakanninmu.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Daga cikin Pende shamans, motsi da aka fi amfani dashi shine tsalle-tsalle na gaba.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}[[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|Masked]] shaman kifar a kan magani mai tsarki don kunna shi da kuma a kan mutanen da ke durƙusa don warkar da su.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}}Bugu da ƙari, engolo wata hanyar horar da sojoji ce don haɓaka ƙwarewar yaƙi ta kusa.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} Neves e Sousa ya yi imanin cewa dabarun engolo sun samo asali ne daga hanyar da zebras ke fada da kansu. Desch-Obi ya gano cewa yin amfani da zebra a matsayin abin koyi na yaki a Angola yana da ma'ana saboda yana nuna ƙwarewa da tsaro mai sauri. Engolo kuma yayi kama da salon yaƙi na zebra, musamman kicks na zebra da aka kashe tare da dabino da suka taɓa ƙasa, wanda shine fasalin ma'anar engolo.{{Sfn|Desch-Obi|2008}} Matthew Zylstra ya ba da shawarar cewa rawa da Gwikwe Bushmen suka yi yana da kamanceceniya da fasahar Angola. Ya gabatar da ka'idar cewa [[Mutanen Bantu]] a kudancin Angola, waɗanda suka yi hulɗa da kungiyoyin [[Mutanen San|San Bushmen]] a yankin, na iya sanin irin waɗannan raye-raye kuma sun haɗa su cikin al'adunsu. Idan wannan ka'idar ta kasance, zai nuna cewa asalin engolo na iya zama dubban shekaru. === Engolo a Afirka === [[File:Cunene_in_Angola.svg|thumb|Lardin Cunene a Angola]] [[File:Nègres_à_fond_de_cale.jpg|thumb|''Negros a cikin ɗaki na jirgin bawa'', na Johann Moritz Rugendas.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ftkbbv8swwyjkunfzri2bz5je6h2rjj Richard Leslie Hill 0 178878 966195 2026-10-11T16:03:55Z Dev moha2507 21576 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 966195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Leslie Hill''' (18 ga Fabrairu, 1901 – 21 ga Maris, 1996) ya kasance ma'aikacin gwamnatin Birtaniya kuma masanin tarihin kasar Sudan, "ɗaya daga cikin manyan majagaba a fannin binciken tarihin Sudan na zamani."[1] Malami a fannin tarihin Gabas ta Kusa a Jami'ar Durham daga shekarar 1949 zuwa 1966, ya kafa Cibiyar Ajiye Tarihin Sudan (Sudan Archive) a can, wacce take "ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na ban sha'awa da kowace jami'ar Birtaniya ta kaddamar. ==Works== Littattafan Hill sun karkasu ne zuwa gida uku babba: littattafan dogaro ko duba bayani (reference works), gyare-gyare da wallafar rubututtukan tunawa da baya ko littattafan tafiye-tafiye na karni na 19, da kuma wallafe-wallafen bincike mai zurfi. Jerin Littattafai: Toryism and the people, 1832–1846 (1929) (Miyagun ra'ayoyin jam'iyyar Tory da al'umma, 1832–1846) A bibliography of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, from the earliest times to 1937 (1939) (Kundin wallafe-wallafen Birtaniya da Misra a Sudan, tun daga zamanin farko zuwa 1937) A biographical dictionary of the Sudan (1951, Buga na 2: 1967) (Kamus na tarihin rayuwar mutanen Sudan) Egypt in the Sudan, 1820–1881 (1959) (Misra a cikin kasar Sudan, 1820–1881) Slatin Pasha (1965) (Tarihin Slatin Pasha) Sudan transport; a history of railway, marine and river services in the Republic of the Sudan (1965) (Harkokin sufuri a Sudan: tarihin hanyoyin jiragen kasa, na ruwa da na tekuna a Jamhuriyar Sudan) (ed.) On the frontiers of Islam: two manuscripts concerning the Sudan under Turco-Egyptian rule, 1822–1845 (1970) (Mawallafi: A kan iyakokin Musulunci: rubututtuka biyu game da Sudan a karkashin mulkin Turkiyya da Misra, 1822–1845) (ed. with Elias Toniolo) The Opening of the Nile Basin: writings by members of the Catholic Mission to Central Africa on the geography and ethnography of the Sudan, 1842–1881 (1975) (Tare da Elias Toniolo: Bude kwarin kogin Nile: rubututtukan mambobin cocin Katolika zuwa Tsakiyar Afrika game da yanayin kasa da al'adun Sudan, 1842–1881) (tr. and ed. with Paul Santi) The Europeans in the Sudan, 1834–1878: some manuscripts, mostly unpublished (1980) (Mai fassara da wallafawa tare da Paul Santi: Turawa a Sudan, 1834–1878: wasu rubututtuka, galibi ba a buga su ba) (ed.) The Sudan memoirs of Carl Christian Giegler Pasha, 1873–1883 (1984) (Mawallafi: Littafin tunawa da Sudan na Carl Christian Giegler Pasha, 1873–1883) (with Peter C. Hogg) A Black corps d'élite: an Egyptian Sudanese conscript battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863–1867, and its survivors in subsequent African history (1994) (Tare da Peter C. Hogg: Sojojin kwarai baƙaƙe: bataliyar sojojin da aka haɗa daga Misra da Sudan tare da Rundunar Sojin Faransa a Mexico, 1863–1867, da waɗanda suka tsira a tarihin Afrika na gaba) ==manazarta== <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Archive?action=edit&redlink=1 </ref> <ref> https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/richard-hill-obituary-1303048.html </ref> 8i0z8zsgi6z47x032jkppmsifeeexmp 966198 966195 2026-10-11T16:05:21Z Dev moha2507 21576 966198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Leslie Hill''' {{databox}} (18 ga Fabrairu, 1901 – 21 ga Maris, 1996) ya kasance ma'aikacin gwamnatin Birtaniya kuma masanin tarihin kasar Sudan, "ɗaya daga cikin manyan majagaba a fannin binciken tarihin Sudan na zamani."[1] Malami a fannin tarihin Gabas ta Kusa a Jami'ar Durham daga shekarar 1949 zuwa 1966, ya kafa Cibiyar Ajiye Tarihin Sudan (Sudan Archive) a can, wacce take "ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na ban sha'awa da kowace jami'ar Birtaniya ta kaddamar. ==Works== Littattafan Hill sun karkasu ne zuwa gida uku babba: littattafan dogaro ko duba bayani (reference works), gyare-gyare da wallafar rubututtukan tunawa da baya ko littattafan tafiye-tafiye na karni na 19, da kuma wallafe-wallafen bincike mai zurfi. Jerin Littattafai: Toryism and the people, 1832–1846 (1929) (Miyagun ra'ayoyin jam'iyyar Tory da al'umma, 1832–1846) A bibliography of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, from the earliest times to 1937 (1939) (Kundin wallafe-wallafen Birtaniya da Misra a Sudan, tun daga zamanin farko zuwa 1937) A biographical dictionary of the Sudan (1951, Buga na 2: 1967) (Kamus na tarihin rayuwar mutanen Sudan) Egypt in the Sudan, 1820–1881 (1959) (Misra a cikin kasar Sudan, 1820–1881) Slatin Pasha (1965) (Tarihin Slatin Pasha) Sudan transport; a history of railway, marine and river services in the Republic of the Sudan (1965) (Harkokin sufuri a Sudan: tarihin hanyoyin jiragen kasa, na ruwa da na tekuna a Jamhuriyar Sudan) (ed.) On the frontiers of Islam: two manuscripts concerning the Sudan under Turco-Egyptian rule, 1822–1845 (1970) (Mawallafi: A kan iyakokin Musulunci: rubututtuka biyu game da Sudan a karkashin mulkin Turkiyya da Misra, 1822–1845) (ed. with Elias Toniolo) The Opening of the Nile Basin: writings by members of the Catholic Mission to Central Africa on the geography and ethnography of the Sudan, 1842–1881 (1975) (Tare da Elias Toniolo: Bude kwarin kogin Nile: rubututtukan mambobin cocin Katolika zuwa Tsakiyar Afrika game da yanayin kasa da al'adun Sudan, 1842–1881) (tr. and ed. with Paul Santi) The Europeans in the Sudan, 1834–1878: some manuscripts, mostly unpublished (1980) (Mai fassara da wallafawa tare da Paul Santi: Turawa a Sudan, 1834–1878: wasu rubututtuka, galibi ba a buga su ba) (ed.) The Sudan memoirs of Carl Christian Giegler Pasha, 1873–1883 (1984) (Mawallafi: Littafin tunawa da Sudan na Carl Christian Giegler Pasha, 1873–1883) (with Peter C. Hogg) A Black corps d'élite: an Egyptian Sudanese conscript battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863–1867, and its survivors in subsequent African history (1994) (Tare da Peter C. Hogg: Sojojin kwarai baƙaƙe: bataliyar sojojin da aka haɗa daga Misra da Sudan tare da Rundunar Sojin Faransa a Mexico, 1863–1867, da waɗanda suka tsira a tarihin Afrika na gaba) ==manazarta== <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Archive?action=edit&redlink=1 </ref> <ref> https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/richard-hill-obituary-1303048.html </ref> ekbd9iwbujkme013m8cww6v2juy0pk0 Mukaya Payam 0 178879 966197 2026-10-11T16:05:06Z BnHamid 12586 Sabon shafi: Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, G... 966197 wikitext text/x-wiki Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} miuzz4y0n5bmnem1fmnhszmol7fok0l 966199 966197 2026-10-11T16:05:22Z BnHamid 12586 966199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 705szdxe2i0pv43mpk4fuckcaxullit 966229 966199 2026-10-11T16:12:01Z BnHamid 12586 966229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam. ==Mukaya Bomas== ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4smw9puc3r5xim7sly60vu1c7t53j6q 966241 966229 2026-10-11T16:13:30Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 966241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Pojulu Tribe location.png|thumb|right|[[Geographical]] location of the Mukaya Payam within Pojulu Environment]] Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Radio |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mukaya Bomas== ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 8c9k2b1kvilnyf64ojn0o5lffgm61t4 966250 966241 2026-10-11T16:15:13Z BnHamid 12586 966250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Pojulu Tribe location.png|thumb|right|[[Geographical]] location of the Mukaya Payam within Pojulu Environment]] Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Radio |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mukaya Bomas== ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). ==Tatsuniya da Tarihi== A al'adance, ana kallon Mukaya a matsayin asalin wurin zama na mutanen da a yau suke zaune a yankin Mukaya Payam. Mutanen Mukaya suna da dangantaka da kabilar Bari da sauran al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Bari a Jihar Central Equatoria, a kasar Sudan ta Kudu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 207ncv4ce4ooavt8il4bk3vspr9c8ew 966261 966250 2026-10-11T16:16:18Z BnHamid 12586 /* Tatsuniya da Tarihi */ 966261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Pojulu Tribe location.png|thumb|right|[[Geographical]] location of the Mukaya Payam within Pojulu Environment]] Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Radio |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mukaya Bomas== ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). ==Tatsuniya da Tarihi== A al'adance, ana kallon Mukaya a matsayin asalin wurin zama na mutanen da a yau suke zaune a yankin Mukaya Payam. Mutanen Mukaya suna da dangantaka da kabilar Bari da sauran al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Bari a Jihar Central Equatoria, a kasar Sudan ta Kudu. ==Ilimi== Jerin Makarantu a Mukaya Payam {| class="wikitable" |- ! Names ! payam |- |Dimo (1) Primary |Mukaya |- |Dimo II Primary |Mukaya |- |Komoyi Primary |Mukaya |- |Mambule Primary |Mukaya |- |Roronyo Primary |Mukaya |- |Yondoru Primary |Mukaya |- |Soka primary |Mukaya |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 7xr99p6f1ts4hqmko28xf7py7kdcv3l 966276 966261 2026-10-11T16:17:54Z BnHamid 12586 /* Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa */ 966276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Pojulu Tribe location.png|thumb|right|[[Geographical]] location of the Mukaya Payam within Pojulu Environment]] Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Radio |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mukaya Bomas== ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). ===Ayyukan tattalin arziki=== Noman abinci don amfanin gida shi ne babban aikin tattalin arziki a wannan Payam, kamar yadda lamarin yake a yawancin Payam-payam na Kudancin Sudan. ==Tatsuniya da Tarihi== A al'adance, ana kallon Mukaya a matsayin asalin wurin zama na mutanen da a yau suke zaune a yankin Mukaya Payam. Mutanen Mukaya suna da dangantaka da kabilar Bari da sauran al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Bari a Jihar Central Equatoria, a kasar Sudan ta Kudu. ==Ilimi== Jerin Makarantu a Mukaya Payam {| class="wikitable" |- ! Names ! payam |- |Dimo (1) Primary |Mukaya |- |Dimo II Primary |Mukaya |- |Komoyi Primary |Mukaya |- |Mambule Primary |Mukaya |- |Roronyo Primary |Mukaya |- |Yondoru Primary |Mukaya |- |Soka primary |Mukaya |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 5k0enu91ibuw70ldr3hwis35w314ph8 966280 966276 2026-10-11T16:18:22Z BnHamid 12586 /* Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa */ 966280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Pojulu Tribe location.png|thumb|right|[[Geographical]] location of the Mukaya Payam within Pojulu Environment]] Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Radio |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mukaya Bomas== ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). [[Image:Mukaya_payam-road_east.jpg|thumb|right|Mukaya Payam road to the east (Juba Rd)]] ===Ayyukan tattalin arziki=== Noman abinci don amfanin gida shi ne babban aikin tattalin arziki a wannan Payam, kamar yadda lamarin yake a yawancin Payam-payam na Kudancin Sudan. ==Tatsuniya da Tarihi== A al'adance, ana kallon Mukaya a matsayin asalin wurin zama na mutanen da a yau suke zaune a yankin Mukaya Payam. Mutanen Mukaya suna da dangantaka da kabilar Bari da sauran al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Bari a Jihar Central Equatoria, a kasar Sudan ta Kudu. ==Ilimi== Jerin Makarantu a Mukaya Payam {| class="wikitable" |- ! Names ! payam |- |Dimo (1) Primary |Mukaya |- |Dimo II Primary |Mukaya |- |Komoyi Primary |Mukaya |- |Mambule Primary |Mukaya |- |Roronyo Primary |Mukaya |- |Yondoru Primary |Mukaya |- |Soka primary |Mukaya |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 6l1xbetleljo89yuquloqqhodqnmr3n 966290 966280 2026-10-11T16:19:01Z BnHamid 12586 /* Mukaya Bomas */ 966290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Pojulu Tribe location.png|thumb|right|[[Geographical]] location of the Mukaya Payam within Pojulu Environment]] Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Radio |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mukaya Bomas== [[Image:Mukaya_payam-road_west.jpg|thumb|right|Mukaya Payam road to the west (Mukaya)]] ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). [[Image:Mukaya_payam-road_east.jpg|thumb|right|Mukaya Payam road to the east (Juba Rd)]] ===Ayyukan tattalin arziki=== Noman abinci don amfanin gida shi ne babban aikin tattalin arziki a wannan Payam, kamar yadda lamarin yake a yawancin Payam-payam na Kudancin Sudan. ==Tatsuniya da Tarihi== A al'adance, ana kallon Mukaya a matsayin asalin wurin zama na mutanen da a yau suke zaune a yankin Mukaya Payam. Mutanen Mukaya suna da dangantaka da kabilar Bari da sauran al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Bari a Jihar Central Equatoria, a kasar Sudan ta Kudu. ==Ilimi== Jerin Makarantu a Mukaya Payam {| class="wikitable" |- ! Names ! payam |- |Dimo (1) Primary |Mukaya |- |Dimo II Primary |Mukaya |- |Komoyi Primary |Mukaya |- |Mambule Primary |Mukaya |- |Roronyo Primary |Mukaya |- |Yondoru Primary |Mukaya |- |Soka primary |Mukaya |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} bep6x644zyz6hm770csurx8md6bkwp9 966296 966290 2026-10-11T16:19:42Z BnHamid 12586 /* Tatsuniya da Tarihi */ 966296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Pojulu Tribe location.png|thumb|right|[[Geographical]] location of the Mukaya Payam within Pojulu Environment]] Mukaya Payam yana gundumar Lainya a Sudan ta Kudu. A da, ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa na yankin da ke lardin Yei River a yanzu. Sunan "Mukaya" ya fito ne daga wani tudu kusa da tsakiyar yankin. Mukaya yana da nisan mil 9 zuwa 12 arewa da gundumar Yei River. Mukaya ya rabu zuwa: Dimo (1), Dimo (2), Dimo da Godo, Rume, Kendire, Goromba, Mingale, Jolobong, Mijikango, Dongbong, Pisak, Piyasuk, Bori, Yondoru, Sowaka, Ligi, Girim, Yensot, Migibura, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Goroku, Gooni, Gorosuk, Bono, Morsa Mureku, Gogoni Bujang, Mika, Akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa. Morsak ya bayyana sau biyu a jerin asali. Akwai jumullar mutane 15,000 a Mukaya Payam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Radio |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mukaya Bomas== [[Image:Mukaya_payam-road_west.jpg|thumb|right|Mukaya Payam road to the west (Mukaya)]] ===Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatun Kasa=== Yankin Mukaya (Payam) na da yanayin zafi, amma yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Ruwan sama yana raguwa, kuma lokutan fari suna kara tsawaita. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne galibi kan harkar noma. Yankin Mukaya yana samar da kusan kashi 10% na abincin da ake bukata a gundumar Yei River. Yawancin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne da ke noma amfanin gona domin amfanin kansu. Manyan amfanin gonar da suke nomawa sun hada da rogo, dawa, masara, ridi, gyada da wake. Mutane suna kumawa kiwon awaki, tumaki da kuma kadan daga cikin shanu. Sai dai, kasancewar kwari masu yada cutuka (kamar kwaron: tsetse flies) yana sanya kiwon shanu ya zama mai wahala. Dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke kewaye da tsaunin Mukaya suna samar da muhalli ga wadannan kwari. Haka kuma, yankin yana da tsarin hada noma da shuka bishiyoyi (agroforestry). [[Image:Mukaya_payam-road_east.jpg|thumb|right|Mukaya Payam road to the east (Juba Rd)]] ===Ayyukan tattalin arziki=== Noman abinci don amfanin gida shi ne babban aikin tattalin arziki a wannan Payam, kamar yadda lamarin yake a yawancin Payam-payam na Kudancin Sudan. ==Tatsuniya da Tarihi== A al'adance, ana kallon Mukaya a matsayin asalin wurin zama na mutanen da a yau suke zaune a yankin Mukaya Payam. Mutanen Mukaya suna da dangantaka da kabilar Bari da sauran al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Bari a Jihar Central Equatoria, a kasar Sudan ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Pojullo people |url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/pojulu.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> ==Ilimi== Jerin Makarantu a Mukaya Payam {| class="wikitable" |- ! Names ! payam |- |Dimo (1) Primary |Mukaya |- |Dimo II Primary |Mukaya |- |Komoyi Primary |Mukaya |- |Mambule Primary |Mukaya |- |Roronyo Primary |Mukaya |- |Yondoru Primary |Mukaya |- |Soka primary |Mukaya |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 5t9glib6dsg0e8il3cw1mlfdxmht37w Tarihin Aurès 0 178880 966201 2026-10-11T16:05:50Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243069|History of the Aurès]]" 966201 wikitext text/x-wiki Duwatsun Aurès suna cikin arewa maso gabashin [[Aljeriya]] kuma suna cikin yankin Saharan Atlas a yankin Maghreb na Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka. Mazaunan asalin Aurès su ne Mutanen Chaoui, waɗanda suke cikin ɓangaren al'ummar [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh). '''Tarihin Aurès''' ya samo asali ne daga zamanin da ba a san shi ba. == Tarihi na farko == === Aïn Hanech === Aïn Hanech wani shafin tarihi ne na Paleolithic a yankin Aurès wanda ya ba da shaidar kasancewar hominin a Arewacin Afirka tun farkon shekaru miliyan 1.7 da suka gabata (mya). [1] An gano Kayan aikin dutse a cikin sassan archaeological a wannan shafin, wanda ya kasance a zamanin Pleistocene (2.5 mya-11,700 shekaru da suka gabata). Masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Mohamed Sahnouni da abokan aikinsa sun gano kayan aikin dutse na Oldowan, gami da duwatsu masu sauƙi, tare da burbushin dabbobi daga wannan lokacin.[2][3] === Al'adun Capsian === Al'adar Capsian ta yadu a kusa da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] daga kimanin 8000 zuwa 2700 KZ. Ana samun shaidar ƙauyukan Capsian a cikin escargotières ko middens, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da kayan archaeological kamar toka, kayan aikin dutse, ƙasusuwan dabbobi (ciki har da na gazelles, aurochs, da wildebeests), da kuma kwarangwal na ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar fasahar dutse, zane-zane, gogewa, tukwane, da noma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Capsian Civilization |url=https://gloriousalgeria.dz/En/Post/show/54/Capsian-Civilization-#:~:text=The%20imprisoned%20civilization's%20most%20noteworthy,Ain%20Boucherit%20and%20Al%20Majaz. |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Algeria - Glorious History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lubell |first=David |last2=Hassan |first2=Fekri A. |last3=Gautier |first3=Achilles |last4=Ballais |first4=Jean-Louis |date=1976 |title=The Capsian Escargotières |url=https://hal.science/hal-01541935/ |journal=Science |volume=191 |pages=910–920}}</ref> Shahararrun wuraren tuddai sun haɗa da Medjez Amar da Mechta Sidi El Arbi a yankin Constantine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie Delorme - L'attraction atlantique en Afrique saharienne et mediterraneenne |trans-title=The Atlantic attraction in the Africa of the Sahara and the Mediterranean |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/ecoledoctorale/trjca/adelorme.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> == Tsohon zamani == A zamanin d ̄ a, yankin Aurès ya kasance mazaunin Gaetuli (Zenata) da Sanhaja, tare da 'yan tsiraru na Garamantes. Mausoleum na Medracen (wanda aka fi sani da Medghassen), wanda ke cikin Boumia, arewacin tsaunukan Aurès, ya samo asali ne daga 300 KZ. Wannan abin tunawa na Numidian shine mafi tsufa a Aljeriya. The Aurès region is believed to have been central to the Zenata people, including groups such as the Maghrawas, [[Banu Ifran]], Djerawa, and Merinids. According to the contentious hypothesis proposed by [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], Medghassen may have been the patriarch of the Zenata. === Massylii === Massylii tsohuwar ƙungiya ce ta ƙabilar Berber da ke da alaƙa da mulkin Numidian . Yankin Aurès yana da mahimmanci ga Massylii, yana kunshe da mafi yawan yankinsu kuma yana aiki a matsayin al'adun al'adu. Babban birninsu, Cirta, ma yana cikin wannan yankin. === Numidia === An haife shi a kusa da 238 KZ a cikin kabilar Massylian, [[Masinissa|Massinissa]] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hada Numidia, gami da yankin Aurès. Bayan mulkinsa, da yawa daga cikin magajinsa, ciki har da jikansa Jugurtha, sun nemi mafaka a kan tsaunin da ake kira da shi yanzu. Wannan tudu, wanda ke kusa da birnin Kalaat es Senam na yanzu a Tunisia, kusa da iyakar massif, ya zama sansani don tsayayya da mamayewar Romawa. === Lokacin Romawa === Yankin Aurès ya kasance gida ga ƙauyuka da yawa na Romawa, gami da sanannun misalai kamar [[Timgad]] (Thamugadi), wani birni na Romawa da aka kafa a ƙarni na 1 AD, da [[Djémila|Cuicul]] (Djemila), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Site - Djemila |url=https://zamaniproject.org/site-algeria-djemila.html |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=zamaniproject.org}}</ref> sananne ne ga rushewar Romawa masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan ƙauyuka sun kasance muhimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci, gudanarwa, da musayar al'adu a lardin Roma na [[Numidia]]. [[File:Ancient_Roman_theater_in_Djemila.jpg|center|200x200px]] === Masarautar Aurès === Sarki Masties ya kafa Masarautar Aurès a cikin 480s a matsayin mulkin Kirista na Berber. Ya fito ne bayan tashin hankali na Berber a kan Masarautar Vandal, wanda ya ci lardin Romawa na Afirka a cikin 435 AD, kuma ya kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta daga baya. Masarautar Aurès ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare Arewacin Afirka a lokacin mamayar musulmi a Maghreb . Sarauniyarta, [[Kahina|Dihya]], ta samu nasarar kayar da Larabawa [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] a yakin Meskiana . Koyaya, ta kashe kanta ko kuma an kashe ta a lokacin Yaƙin Tabarka da ya biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moderan |first=Y. |date=2005-08-01 |title=Kahena |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1306 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=27 |pages=4102–4111 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1306 |issn=1015-7344}}</ref> === Mulkin Larabawa === A shekara ta 709, duk Arewacin Afirka, gami da Aurès, sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Umayyad Caliphate. Bayan nasarar Larabawa, Aurès ya sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci. Gwamnatin Larabawa ta gabatar da Islama a yankin, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'adunsu da tsarin al'umma. Ƙabilun kamar su [[Banu Ifran]], Maghrawa, da sauran kabilun Zenata sun ɗauki Aurès a matsayin gidansu kafin su gudu zuwa yamma zuwa Yammacin Aljeriya da Maroko saboda nasarar Abbasid Caliphate na Arewacin Afirka. Bayan Abbasids sun ci Ifriqiya, sun sanya Aghlabids, wanda mai yiwuwa ya mallaki Aurès. == Zamanin Tsakiya == === Mulkin Fatimid === A cikin 902, wani mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje mai suna Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i ya jagoranci sojojin Kutama Berbers, wanda ya haifar da kafa Khalifancin Fatimid . Sun shiga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a Aurès da Aghlabids, gami da waɗanda ke Mila a cikin 902, Constantine a cikin 905, da Tubna a cikin 906. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7umqmmwf0arn2kebvd1g3nqiolcm1r2 966210 966201 2026-10-11T16:08:27Z Salma Raddah 45959 966210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Duwatsun Aurès suna cikin arewa maso gabashin [[Aljeriya]] kuma suna cikin yankin Saharan Atlas a yankin Maghreb na Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka. Mazaunan asalin Aurès su ne Mutanen Chaoui, waɗanda suke cikin ɓangaren al'ummar [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh). '''Tarihin Aurès''' ya samo asali ne daga zamanin da ba a san shi ba. == Tarihi na farko == === Aïn Hanech === Aïn Hanech wani shafin tarihi ne na Paleolithic a yankin Aurès wanda ya ba da shaidar kasancewar hominin a Arewacin Afirka tun farkon shekaru miliyan 1.7 da suka gabata (mya). [1] An gano Kayan aikin dutse a cikin sassan archaeological a wannan shafin, wanda ya kasance a zamanin Pleistocene (2.5 mya-11,700 shekaru da suka gabata). Masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Mohamed Sahnouni da abokan aikinsa sun gano kayan aikin dutse na Oldowan, gami da duwatsu masu sauƙi, tare da burbushin dabbobi daga wannan lokacin.[2][3] === Al'adun Capsian === Al'adar Capsian ta yadu a kusa da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] daga kimanin 8000 zuwa 2700 KZ. Ana samun shaidar ƙauyukan Capsian a cikin escargotières ko middens, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da kayan archaeological kamar toka, kayan aikin dutse, ƙasusuwan dabbobi (ciki har da na gazelles, aurochs, da wildebeests), da kuma kwarangwal na ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar fasahar dutse, zane-zane, gogewa, tukwane, da noma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Capsian Civilization |url=https://gloriousalgeria.dz/En/Post/show/54/Capsian-Civilization-#:~:text=The%20imprisoned%20civilization's%20most%20noteworthy,Ain%20Boucherit%20and%20Al%20Majaz. |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Algeria - Glorious History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lubell |first=David |last2=Hassan |first2=Fekri A. |last3=Gautier |first3=Achilles |last4=Ballais |first4=Jean-Louis |date=1976 |title=The Capsian Escargotières |url=https://hal.science/hal-01541935/ |journal=Science |volume=191 |pages=910–920}}</ref> Shahararrun wuraren tuddai sun haɗa da Medjez Amar da Mechta Sidi El Arbi a yankin Constantine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie Delorme - L'attraction atlantique en Afrique saharienne et mediterraneenne |trans-title=The Atlantic attraction in the Africa of the Sahara and the Mediterranean |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/ecoledoctorale/trjca/adelorme.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> == Tsohon zamani == A zamanin d ̄ a, yankin Aurès ya kasance mazaunin Gaetuli (Zenata) da Sanhaja, tare da 'yan tsiraru na Garamantes. Mausoleum na Medracen (wanda aka fi sani da Medghassen), wanda ke cikin Boumia, arewacin tsaunukan Aurès, ya samo asali ne daga 300 KZ. Wannan abin tunawa na Numidian shine mafi tsufa a Aljeriya. The Aurès region is believed to have been central to the Zenata people, including groups such as the Maghrawas, [[Banu Ifran]], Djerawa, and Merinids. According to the contentious hypothesis proposed by [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], Medghassen may have been the patriarch of the Zenata. === Massylii === Massylii tsohuwar ƙungiya ce ta ƙabilar Berber da ke da alaƙa da mulkin Numidian . Yankin Aurès yana da mahimmanci ga Massylii, yana kunshe da mafi yawan yankinsu kuma yana aiki a matsayin al'adun al'adu. Babban birninsu, Cirta, ma yana cikin wannan yankin. === Numidia === An haife shi a kusa da 238 KZ a cikin kabilar Massylian, [[Masinissa|Massinissa]] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hada Numidia, gami da yankin Aurès. Bayan mulkinsa, da yawa daga cikin magajinsa, ciki har da jikansa Jugurtha, sun nemi mafaka a kan tsaunin da ake kira da shi yanzu. Wannan tudu, wanda ke kusa da birnin Kalaat es Senam na yanzu a Tunisia, kusa da iyakar massif, ya zama sansani don tsayayya da mamayewar Romawa. === Lokacin Romawa === Yankin Aurès ya kasance gida ga ƙauyuka da yawa na Romawa, gami da sanannun misalai kamar [[Timgad]] (Thamugadi), wani birni na Romawa da aka kafa a ƙarni na 1 AD, da [[Djémila|Cuicul]] (Djemila), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Site - Djemila |url=https://zamaniproject.org/site-algeria-djemila.html |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=zamaniproject.org}}</ref> sananne ne ga rushewar Romawa masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan ƙauyuka sun kasance muhimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci, gudanarwa, da musayar al'adu a lardin Roma na [[Numidia]]. [[File:Ancient_Roman_theater_in_Djemila.jpg|center|200x200px]] === Masarautar Aurès === Sarki Masties ya kafa Masarautar Aurès a cikin 480s a matsayin mulkin Kirista na Berber. Ya fito ne bayan tashin hankali na Berber a kan Masarautar Vandal, wanda ya ci lardin Romawa na Afirka a cikin 435 AD, kuma ya kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta daga baya. Masarautar Aurès ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare Arewacin Afirka a lokacin mamayar musulmi a Maghreb . Sarauniyarta, [[Kahina|Dihya]], ta samu nasarar kayar da Larabawa [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] a yakin Meskiana . Koyaya, ta kashe kanta ko kuma an kashe ta a lokacin Yaƙin Tabarka da ya biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moderan |first=Y. |date=2005-08-01 |title=Kahena |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1306 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=27 |pages=4102–4111 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1306 |issn=1015-7344}}</ref> === Mulkin Larabawa === A shekara ta 709, duk Arewacin Afirka, gami da Aurès, sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Umayyad Caliphate. Bayan nasarar Larabawa, Aurès ya sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci. Gwamnatin Larabawa ta gabatar da Islama a yankin, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'adunsu da tsarin al'umma. Ƙabilun kamar su [[Banu Ifran]], Maghrawa, da sauran kabilun Zenata sun ɗauki Aurès a matsayin gidansu kafin su gudu zuwa yamma zuwa Yammacin Aljeriya da Maroko saboda nasarar Abbasid Caliphate na Arewacin Afirka. Bayan Abbasids sun ci Ifriqiya, sun sanya Aghlabids, wanda mai yiwuwa ya mallaki Aurès. == Zamanin Tsakiya == === Mulkin Fatimid === A cikin 902, wani mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje mai suna Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i ya jagoranci sojojin Kutama Berbers, wanda ya haifar da kafa Khalifancin Fatimid . Sun shiga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a Aurès da Aghlabids, gami da waɗanda ke Mila a cikin 902, Constantine a cikin 905, da Tubna a cikin 906. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k31gzaqfq3lnrdb9g4zjtrbijxqifu2 Madeleine Mouton 0 178881 966202 2026-10-11T16:06:49Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378801367|Madeleine Mouton]]" 966202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Mouton''' (née '''Madeleine Maxence Le Veller'''; Afrilu 15, 1910 - Afrilu 10, 1948), wanda aka fi sani da The Berthelot Poisoner (Faransa: L'empoisonneuse de Berthelot) ya kasance Mai kisan gilla na Faransa wanda ya kashe mutane goma sha ɗaya a [[Sidi Bel Abbès]], Aljeriya, a cikin 1943, bakwai daga cikinsu sun kasance masu kisa. An yanke mata hukunci, [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]] kuma daga baya aka kashe ta saboda wadannan laifuka, ta zama mace ta biyu zuwa ta karshe da aka kashe, kuma ita kadai ce za a kashe a [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da matasa a Faransa == An haifi Madeleine Maxence Le Veller a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1910, a Évreux, Normandy, ta biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu da aka haifa ga ma'aikacin rana Jean Le Veller da ma'aikaciyar masana'antu Louise Gabrielle Latouche . Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma, saboda maye na mahaifinta, bayan haka mahaifiyarta ta dauki yaran su zauna a Charleville-Mézières. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] ddvzq9w77jaj436ze1e9suyem0cxzz0 966208 966202 2026-10-11T16:08:07Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378801367|Madeleine Mouton]]" 966208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Mouton''' (née '''Madeleine Maxence Le Veller'''; Afrilu 15, 1910 - Afrilu 10, 1948), wanda aka fi sani da The Berthelot Poisoner (Faransa: L'empoisonneuse de Berthelot) ya kasance Mai kisan gilla na Faransa wanda ya kashe mutane goma sha ɗaya a [[Sidi Bel Abbès]], Aljeriya, a cikin 1943, bakwai daga cikinsu sun kasance masu kisa. An yanke mata hukunci, [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]] kuma daga baya aka kashe ta saboda wadannan laifuka, ta zama mace ta biyu zuwa ta karshe da aka kashe, kuma ita kadai ce za a kashe a [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da matasa a Faransa == An haifi Madeleine Maxence Le Veller a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1910, a Évreux, Normandy, ta biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu da aka haifa ga ma'aikacin rana Jean Le Veller da ma'aikaciyar masana'antu Louise Gabrielle Latouche . Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma, saboda maye na mahaifinta, bayan haka mahaifiyarta ta dauki yaran su zauna a Charleville-Mézières. Le Veller ta halarci makaranta har zuwa shekara 14, lokacin da ta sami takardar shaidarta ta farko. A lokacin, mutane sun ba da rahoton cewa ita yarinya ce mai saurin zama, mai saurin yin ƙarya, sau da yawa tana da'awar cewa tana da kyawawan halaye. A cewar 'yar'uwarta Solange, Madeleine za ta yi tafiya tare da akwati na violin mara amfani don mutane suyi imani cewa ita mawaƙa ce.[1] A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kashe kanta ta hanyar shan Man fetur. Yayinda take aiki a wani buffet a tashar jirgin kasa ta yankin, Madeleine ta sadu da Clément Mouton, wanda daga baya za ta auri a 1929, lokacin da take da shekaru 18. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na farko a 1933, tare da Madeleine da aka bayyana a matsayin "mai damuwa" game da ciki. Wani lokaci bayan haka, Clément ya shiga Mobile Gendarmerie, kuma a lokacin da yake aiki a can, shaidu da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa Madeleine ta fara wani al'amari tare da wani jami'in Garrison. Daga baya ya yanke dangantakarsu. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] 8rtnam9cs1mnqdamzy6pvavev16x9ap 966217 966208 2026-10-11T16:09:59Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378801367|Madeleine Mouton]]" 966217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Mouton''' (née '''Madeleine Maxence Le Veller'''; Afrilu 15, 1910 - Afrilu 10, 1948), wanda aka fi sani da The Berthelot Poisoner (Faransa: L'empoisonneuse de Berthelot) ya kasance Mai kisan gilla na Faransa wanda ya kashe mutane goma sha ɗaya a [[Sidi Bel Abbès]], Aljeriya, a cikin 1943, bakwai daga cikinsu sun kasance masu kisa. An yanke mata hukunci, [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]] kuma daga baya aka kashe ta saboda wadannan laifuka, ta zama mace ta biyu zuwa ta karshe da aka kashe, kuma ita kadai ce za a kashe a [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da matasa a Faransa == An haifi Madeleine Maxence Le Veller a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1910, a Évreux, Normandy, ta biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu da aka haifa ga ma'aikacin rana Jean Le Veller da ma'aikaciyar masana'antu Louise Gabrielle Latouche . Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma, saboda maye na mahaifinta, bayan haka mahaifiyarta ta dauki yaran su zauna a Charleville-Mézières. Le Veller ta halarci makaranta har zuwa shekara 14, lokacin da ta sami takardar shaidarta ta farko. A lokacin, mutane sun ba da rahoton cewa ita yarinya ce mai saurin zama, mai saurin yin ƙarya, sau da yawa tana da'awar cewa tana da kyawawan halaye. A cewar 'yar'uwarta Solange, Madeleine za ta yi tafiya tare da akwati na violin mara amfani don mutane suyi imani cewa ita mawaƙa ce.[1] A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kashe kanta ta hanyar shan Man fetur. Yayinda take aiki a wani buffet a tashar jirgin kasa ta yankin, Madeleine ta sadu da Clément Mouton, wanda daga baya za ta auri a 1929, lokacin da take da shekaru 18. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na farko a 1933, tare da Madeleine da aka bayyana a matsayin "mai damuwa" game da ciki. Wani lokaci bayan haka, Clément ya shiga Mobile Gendarmerie, kuma a lokacin da yake aiki a can, shaidu da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa Madeleine ta fara wani al'amari tare da wani jami'in Garrison. Daga baya ya yanke dangantakarsu. == Ka ƙaura zuwa Aljeriya == A shekara ta 1940, Clément ya nemi a sauya shi zuwa birnin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] a Aljeriya, tare da Madeleine tare da shi. Daga baya za ta yi iƙirarin cewa yanayin ya ɓace kuma ya "taɓata" rayuwarta, wanda ya sa ta kasance da al'amuran sau da yawa, ta ci gaba da shan giya kuma ta ba da fifiko ga rayuwar jima'i fiye da komai. A wannan lokacin, Madeleine ta yi ciki har zuwa lokacin, amma haihuwar ta kasance da wahala kuma yaron ya mutu bayan kwana biyar.<ref name=":1" /> Saboda sunanta, mijinta ya sauya sau da yawa, da farko zuwa Molière a 1941 sannan zuwa Ksar Boukhari, inda ta haifi wani yaro. Ta ci gaba da halinta, kuma a tsakiyar 1942, an tura Clément zuwa Berthelot, inda aka hana Madeleine zama a cikin barikin. Saboda wannan, ta koma tare da wata mace mai suna Madame Dez, kuma ta haifi ɗa na uku bayan 'yan watanni. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, an ba ta izinin shiga barikin. A can, ta sadu da wasu abokai da ta sadu da su a Faransa, dangin Leroux, yayin da mijinta yake aiki a Berthelot. Ta kuma sadu da Babban Brigadier, wanda za ta fara wani al'amari tare da shi. Yayin da ta fara karbar rance da yawa da kuma tara basussuka, Mouton ta fara yin tafiye-tafiye akai-akai zuwa Sidi Bel Abbès, inda ta kwashe kwanaki da yawa. shekara ta 1943, mutuwar da yawa da ake zargi sun faru a Berthelot, dukansu sun nuna alamun guba mai tsanani. Wannan ya haifar da tuhuma daga likitan asibiti na ƙauyen da likita daga Saida. An yada jita-jita kuma an mai da hankali ga Madeleine Mouton, wanda ya ba da kulawa ta yau da kullun kuma ana zaton ba da gudummawa ga duk wadanda abin ya shafa. Sauran mutane da yawa a Berthelot, ciki har da mijinta Clément, suma sun nuna alamun iri ɗaya, amma sun tsira.[1] A kusa da Oktoba 1943, ɗan Mouton na uku, mai shekaru goma, ya mutu. A ƙarshen 1943 ko farkon 1944, an kira Mobile Gendarmerie [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] 7o78a7y0clfwf5g4m80b7lrpusdm2jn 966253 966217 2026-10-11T16:15:24Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378801367|Madeleine Mouton]]" 966253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Mouton''' (née '''Madeleine Maxence Le Veller'''; Afrilu 15, 1910 - Afrilu 10, 1948), wanda aka fi sani da The Berthelot Poisoner (Faransa: L'empoisonneuse de Berthelot) ya kasance Mai kisan gilla na Faransa wanda ya kashe mutane goma sha ɗaya a [[Sidi Bel Abbès]], Aljeriya, a cikin 1943, bakwai daga cikinsu sun kasance masu kisa. An yanke mata hukunci, [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]] kuma daga baya aka kashe ta saboda wadannan laifuka, ta zama mace ta biyu zuwa ta karshe da aka kashe, kuma ita kadai ce za a kashe a [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da matasa a Faransa == An haifi Madeleine Maxence Le Veller a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1910, a Évreux, Normandy, ta biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu da aka haifa ga ma'aikacin rana Jean Le Veller da ma'aikaciyar masana'antu Louise Gabrielle Latouche . Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma, saboda maye na mahaifinta, bayan haka mahaifiyarta ta dauki yaran su zauna a Charleville-Mézières. Le Veller ta halarci makaranta har zuwa shekara 14, lokacin da ta sami takardar shaidarta ta farko. A lokacin, mutane sun ba da rahoton cewa ita yarinya ce mai saurin zama, mai saurin yin ƙarya, sau da yawa tana da'awar cewa tana da kyawawan halaye. A cewar 'yar'uwarta Solange, Madeleine za ta yi tafiya tare da akwati na violin mara amfani don mutane suyi imani cewa ita mawaƙa ce.[1] A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kashe kanta ta hanyar shan Man fetur. Yayinda take aiki a wani buffet a tashar jirgin kasa ta yankin, Madeleine ta sadu da Clément Mouton, wanda daga baya za ta auri a 1929, lokacin da take da shekaru 18. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na farko a 1933, tare da Madeleine da aka bayyana a matsayin "mai damuwa" game da ciki. Wani lokaci bayan haka, Clément ya shiga Mobile Gendarmerie, kuma a lokacin da yake aiki a can, shaidu da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa Madeleine ta fara wani al'amari tare da wani jami'in Garrison. Daga baya ya yanke dangantakarsu. == Ka ƙaura zuwa Aljeriya == A shekara ta 1940, Clément ya nemi a sauya shi zuwa birnin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] a Aljeriya, tare da Madeleine tare da shi. Daga baya za ta yi iƙirarin cewa yanayin ya ɓace kuma ya "taɓata" rayuwarta, wanda ya sa ta kasance da al'amuran sau da yawa, ta ci gaba da shan giya kuma ta ba da fifiko ga rayuwar jima'i fiye da komai. A wannan lokacin, Madeleine ta yi ciki har zuwa lokacin, amma haihuwar ta kasance da wahala kuma yaron ya mutu bayan kwana biyar.<ref name=":1" /> Saboda sunanta, mijinta ya sauya sau da yawa, da farko zuwa Molière a 1941 sannan zuwa Ksar Boukhari, inda ta haifi wani yaro. Ta ci gaba da halinta, kuma a tsakiyar 1942, an tura Clément zuwa Berthelot, inda aka hana Madeleine zama a cikin barikin. Saboda wannan, ta koma tare da wata mace mai suna Madame Dez, kuma ta haifi ɗa na uku bayan 'yan watanni. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, an ba ta izinin shiga barikin. A can, ta sadu da wasu abokai da ta sadu da su a Faransa, dangin Leroux, yayin da mijinta yake aiki a Berthelot. Ta kuma sadu da Babban Brigadier, wanda za ta fara wani al'amari tare da shi. Yayin da ta fara karbar rance da yawa da kuma tara basussuka, Mouton ta fara yin tafiye-tafiye akai-akai zuwa Sidi Bel Abbès, inda ta kwashe kwanaki da yawa. shekara ta 1943, mutuwar da yawa da ake zargi sun faru a Berthelot, dukansu sun nuna alamun guba mai tsanani. Wannan ya haifar da tuhuma daga likitan asibiti na ƙauyen da likita daga Saida. An yada jita-jita kuma an mai da hankali ga Madeleine Mouton, wanda ya ba da kulawa ta yau da kullun kuma ana zaton ba da gudummawa ga duk wadanda abin ya shafa. Sauran mutane da yawa a Berthelot, ciki har da mijinta Clément, suma sun nuna alamun iri ɗaya, amma sun tsira.[1] A kusa da Oktoba 1943, ɗan Mouton na uku, mai shekaru goma, ya mutu. A ƙarshen 1943 ko farkon 1944, an kira Mobile Gendarmerie [[File:Place_Carnot_Sidi_Bel_Abbes_1947.jpg|left|thumb|Wurin Carnot, kotun [[Sidi Bel Abbès]]]] Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa, yayin da suke zaune tare da Madame Dez, Mouton ta sayi gram 200 na sodium arsenite daga wani likitan magani na gida, wanda ta yi iƙirarin cewa don kawar da tururuwa ne. 'Yar'uwarta ta ambaci cewa ta karbi wasika daga surukinta Clément, inda ya ce yana da tuhuma game da ayyukan Madeleine. A ƙarshe, an kama Madeleine a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1944, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, ta furta cewa ta kashe mutane 4, amma ta musanta alhakin sauran. kurkuku a Sidi Bel Abbès, sannan aka tura ta kurkuku a Algiers a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1944, don haka za ta iya yin gwajin kwakwalwa.[1] Yayinda take can, an yi zargin ta da dangantaka da daya daga cikin masu kula da kurkukun kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an yi ciki, bayan haka aka tura ta zuwa asibitin haihuwa a asibitin Mustapha.[2] Ta kasance a can na makonni da yawa, ba saboda ciki na ƙarya ba, amma saboda kamuwa da cuta ta mata. A lokacin da ta zauna, Mouton ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɓoye ainihin dalilin da ya sa aka ɗaure ta kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita fursuna ce ta siyasa wacce aka ɗaure saboda "bayyana sha'awarta ga Marshal Pétain da ƙarfi sosai". Ta sami nasarar shawo kan mafi yawan ma'aikata da marasa lafiya a can, har ma an ba ta ayyuka daban-daban a asibitin haihuwa. Da farko an tsare Mouton a kurkuku a Sidi Bel Abbès, sannan aka tura ta kurkuku a [[Aljir|Algiers]] a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1944, don haka za ta iya yin gwajin kwakwalwa. Yayinda take can, an yi zargin ta da dangantaka da daya daga cikin masu kula da kurkukun kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an yi ciki, bayan haka aka tura ta zuwa asibitin haihuwa a asibitin Mustapha. Ta kasance a can na makonni da yawa, ba saboda ciki na ƙarya ba, amma saboda kamuwa da cuta ta mata. A lokacin da ta zauna, Mouton ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɓoye ainihin dalilin da ya sa aka ɗaure ta kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita fursuna ce ta siyasa wacce aka ɗaure saboda "bayyana sha'awarta ga Marshal Pétain da ƙarfi sosai". Ta sami nasarar shawo kan mafi yawan ma'aikata da marasa lafiya a can, har ma an ba ta ayyuka daban-daban a asibitin haihuwa. A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1945, likitan kwakwalwa Antoine Porot ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga kotun, yana mai lura da cewa Mouton yana da hankali sosai kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa da alhakin aikata laifuka, yayin da yake lura da yawan shan ruwan inabi (litta da yawa a rana) da sauran barasa. An tuhumi Madeleine Mouton da guba goma sha ɗaya, wanda ya kai kisan kai bakwai da yunkurin kisan kai hudu. Lauyanta, Maître Allégret, ya shiga roƙon hauka, yana mai da'awar cewa abokin ciniki ya "rashin hankalinta" kuma "mai hauka ne wanda ya cancanci shiga ciki".Ba tare da isasshen shaida ba, an sauke mafi yawan tuhumar, ban da guba guda huɗu da ta furta. Saboda haka, an fara shari'ar ne a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1947. an sami Mouton da laifi a kan dukkan laifuka kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar hukuncin juriya.[1] Mai gabatar da kara, M. Coquilhat, ya bayyana cewa tsananin hukuncin ya kasance ne saboda yanayin kisan da aka shirya da kuma rashin nadama daga bangaren Mouton.[2] Daga baya ta nemi gafara ga Shugaba Vincent Auriol, amma an hana ta.[3] [[File:Guillotine_in_the_Central_Military_Museum_of_Algiers.jpg|thumb|Guillotine da aka yi amfani da shi don kashe Madeleine Mouton]] A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1948, an kashe Madeleine Mouton a karfe 5:17 na safe a cikin farfajiyar ciki na gidan yarin Sidi Bel Abbès . A ranar da ta gabata, mai kisa Maurice Meyssonnier da mataimakinsa André Berger sun sadu da ita, suna nuna kansu a matsayin 'yan kwangila waɗanda suka zo don auna tantanin ta don sake fentin ta. Sun ba da tufafin farar hula ga shugaban mai kula da gidan, suna gaya masa cewa za su dawo da sassafe washegari. A wannan maraice, mai kula da gidan ya ba Mouton tufafinta don ya sa don fitowar washegari. Lokacin da masu kisa, a wannan lokacin tare da ɗan shekara 17 na Meyssonnier Fernand, suka isa asuba, Mouton - wanda har zuwa lokacin ya yi imanin cewa za a sauya hukuncinsa zuwa ɗaurin rai - an sanar da shi game da hukuncin da aka yi mata. Bayan ta ji wannan, sai ta fadi, kuma dole ne a kira likita don ta tashe ta.<ref name=":5" /> Daga nan sai ta nemi shawarar addini, kuma bayan an kai ta ga ma'auni, sai ta ce "Mamma mai ban tsoro, na cancanci hakan". gashin kanta kuma an sanya rigarta don kada ta tsoma baki da bugun cleaver. Lokacin da aka sunkuyar da ita a kan guillotine, ƙirjinta ya fito kuma ta fara ihu "Ya'yana, 'ya'yana!". [1] Ba da daɗewa ba, an fille mata kai. Dokta Ayach ya zana takardar shaidar mutuwar, kuma an binne gawar a makabartar Sidi Bel == Dubi kuma == * [[Hukuncin Kisa a Aljeriya|Hukuncin kisa a Aljeriya]] * Jerin masu kisan gilla ta ƙasa == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hani |first=Abdelkader |date=July 24, 2016 |title=La justice pénale coloniale dans la région de Sidi Bel Abbès |trans-title=Colonial criminal justice in the region of Sidi Bel Abbès |url=https://www.calameo.com/books/00171884048d6b4db6ca1 |journal=La Voix de l'Oranie |language=fr |issue=5072}} * {{Cite book|last3=Fernand Meyssonnier}} * Maurice Meyssonnier: "Kisan Madeleine Mouton: Tarihin Mr d'Algiers, mai aiwatar da manyan ayyuka". [Kisan Madeleine Mouton: Tarihin Mr d'Alger, mai aiwatar da manyan ayyuka], wanda aka buga a matsayin wani ɓangare na "The Executioner's Tale" na Fernand, 2002 (a Faransanci) * Antoine Porot: An An yi amfani da ita don Berthelot, daga Annales de médecine légale de criminologie, police scientifique, médecine sociale, et toxicologique [Annals of forensic medicine, criminology, forensic science, social medicine, and toxicology], t. 1, J.-B Baillière et Fils.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;, 1948-1949, shafi na 224-231.&nbsp; [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cf6pj9e90fh5pzzs7awh5ykke3xlbr0 Evarcha bakorensis 0 178882 966211 2026-10-11T16:08:32Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354675206|Evarcha bakorensis]]" 966211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha bakorensis''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne na tsalle wanda ke zaune a Guinea, Ivory Coast da Najeriya. Yana daga cikin dangin ''Evarcha'', kuma ana samunsa sau da yawa a cikin ciyawar savanna . An gano samfurin farko da aka gano a matsayin memba na wannan nau'in kusa da Bakoré a tsaunukan Guinea . Gizo-gizo ƙarami ne, yana auna tsakanin {{Convert|2.9|and|3.7|mm|in|2}} tsayi, mace ta fi namiji girma. Sashen gaba mai siffar oval yana da gefen sama mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, ko carapace, ƙasa mai launin rawaya, ko sternum, da kuma ɓangarorin da suka yi duhu. A bayan wannan, cikin gizo-gizo mai siffar ƙwai yana da launin toka-launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa kuma an yi masa alama da tsarin haske. Gizo-gizo galibi yana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa. Yana da gabobin haɗin gwiwa na musamman. Macen tana da babban membrane a tsakiyar epigyne ɗinta yayin da namijin ke da madaidaicin tibial apophysis, ko kuma fitowar a kan tibia na palpal. Masana kimiyya Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska ne suka fara bayyana nau'in a shekarar 2002. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha bakorensis'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba na dangin Salticidae, wanda masana ilimin lissafi Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana a shekara ta 2002. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha bakorensis'' Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29348/Evarcha_bakorensis |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da Wesołowska ta gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mafiya hazaka a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wanda Eugène Simon ya fara rubutawa a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} An sanya wa wannan nau'in suna ne da Bakoré, wanda yake kusa da wurin da aka fara samunsa. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} An adana holotype ɗin a birnin Paris a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Tarihin Halitta, Faransa . {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya halittar ''Evarcha'' a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'in ''Pellenes'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, yana nazarin kamanceceniya ta zahiri tsakanin nau'ikan halittu, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, a shekarar 2016, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in halittar Evawes a shekarar 2018 bisa la'akari da gabobinsa na jima'i da kuma yadda suka bambanta da sauran gizo-gizon Evarcha . Sabon sunan jinsin shine haɗin Evacha da Wesołowska. [1] Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in Evarcha a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . [1] [1] A lokaci guda kuma, Prószyński ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin nau'in da na Pellenes, yana mai hasashen cewa dangantakarsa da sauran gizo-gizo masu tsalle ba za ta iya rufewa ba. [1] == Bayani == ''Evarcha bakorensis'' ƙarami ne kuma yana kama da na sauran nau'ikan. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: wani sashe mai siffar kwai a gaba wanda ake kira cephalothorax, sannan kuma a bayansa akwai ciki mai siffar kwai. Namiji yana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yana da girman {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.1|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Murfinsa, wanda yake a saman cephalothorax ɗinsa mai tauri, yana da lanƙwasa kuma mai tsayi. Mafi yawan launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske da gefuna masu duhu, an rufe shi da gashi mai laushi marasa launi. Yana da wani duhun ido mai launin ruwan kasa mai ƙananan sifofi na fawn a tsakanin wasu idanu. Wasu misalan kuma suna da faci mai siffar triangle tsakanin idanunsu. Bangaren ƙasan cephalothorax ɗinsa wanda aka fi sani da ƙwanƙolinsa yana da launin rawaya mai duhu ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin rawaya. Bakinsa suna da bambanci. Galibi launinsu launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske, kuma yayin da chelicerae ɗinsa ke da haƙora biyu a gaba da haƙori ɗaya a baya, labium da maxillae ɗinsa suna da ƙananan gefuna. Sashen fuskar gizo-gizo da aka sani da clypeus ɗinsa yana da rufin gashin da ke da launin rawaya. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Gizo-gizo yana da irin launin da ke kan clypeus ɗinsa da kuma ''Evarcha ignea'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} == Manazarta == dcye3fg9pkl86ox6zcdlmlv2jnv4f4y 966216 966211 2026-10-11T16:09:50Z Sardeeq 39275 966216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha bakorensis''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne na tsalle wanda ke zaune a Guinea, Ivory Coast da Najeriya. Yana daga cikin dangin ''Evarcha'', kuma ana samunsa sau da yawa a cikin ciyawar savanna . An gano samfurin farko da aka gano a matsayin memba na wannan nau'in kusa da Bakoré a tsaunukan Guinea . Gizo-gizo ƙarami ne, yana auna tsakanin {{Convert|2.9|and|3.7|mm|in|2}} tsayi, mace ta fi namiji girma. Sashen gaba mai siffar oval yana da gefen sama mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, ko carapace, ƙasa mai launin rawaya, ko sternum, da kuma ɓangarorin da suka yi duhu. A bayan wannan, cikin gizo-gizo mai siffar ƙwai yana da launin toka-launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa kuma an yi masa alama da tsarin haske. Gizo-gizo galibi yana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa. Yana da gabobin haɗin gwiwa na musamman. Macen tana da babban membrane a tsakiyar epigyne ɗinta yayin da namijin ke da madaidaicin tibial apophysis, ko kuma fitowar a kan tibia na palpal. Masana kimiyya Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska ne suka fara bayyana nau'in a shekarar 2002. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha bakorensis'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba na dangin Salticidae, wanda masana ilimin lissafi Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana a shekara ta 2002. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha bakorensis'' Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29348/Evarcha_bakorensis |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da Wesołowska ta gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mafiya hazaka a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wanda Eugène Simon ya fara rubutawa a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} An sanya wa wannan nau'in suna ne da Bakoré, wanda yake kusa da wurin da aka fara samunsa. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} An adana holotype ɗin a birnin Paris a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Tarihin Halitta, Faransa . {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya halittar ''Evarcha'' a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'in ''Pellenes'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, yana nazarin kamanceceniya ta zahiri tsakanin nau'ikan halittu, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, a shekarar 2016, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in halittar Evawes a shekarar 2018 bisa la'akari da gabobinsa na jima'i da kuma yadda suka bambanta da sauran gizo-gizon Evarcha . Sabon sunan jinsin shine haɗin Evacha da Wesołowska. [1] Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in Evarcha a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . [1] [1] A lokaci guda kuma, Prószyński ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin nau'in da na Pellenes, yana mai hasashen cewa dangantakarsa da sauran gizo-gizo masu tsalle ba za ta iya rufewa ba. [1] == Bayani == ''Evarcha bakorensis'' ƙarami ne kuma yana kama da na sauran nau'ikan. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: wani sashe mai siffar kwai a gaba wanda ake kira cephalothorax, sannan kuma a bayansa akwai ciki mai siffar kwai. Namiji yana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yana da girman {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.1|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Murfinsa, wanda yake a saman cephalothorax ɗinsa mai tauri, yana da lanƙwasa kuma mai tsayi. Mafi yawan launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske da gefuna masu duhu, an rufe shi da gashi mai laushi marasa launi. Yana da wani duhun ido mai launin ruwan kasa mai ƙananan sifofi na fawn a tsakanin wasu idanu. Wasu misalan kuma suna da faci mai siffar triangle tsakanin idanunsu. Bangaren ƙasan cephalothorax ɗinsa wanda aka fi sani da ƙwanƙolinsa yana da launin rawaya mai duhu ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin rawaya. Bakinsa suna da bambanci. Galibi launinsu launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske, kuma yayin da chelicerae ɗinsa ke da haƙora biyu a gaba da haƙori ɗaya a baya, labium da maxillae ɗinsa suna da ƙananan gefuna. Sashen fuskar gizo-gizo da aka sani da clypeus ɗinsa yana da rufin gashin da ke da launin rawaya. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Gizo-gizo yana da irin launin da ke kan clypeus ɗinsa da kuma ''Evarcha ignea'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} == Manazarta == dekmrfb1l5uvhgvtw5tpqsp3jeftbhl Alon musk 0 178883 966213 2026-10-11T16:09:16Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 Sabon shafi: Elon Reeve Musk (wanda aka haifa a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni,1971) dan kasuwa ne, mai harkar masana'antu, kuma tsohon jami'in gwamnati, wanda shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa (CEO) kuma babban mai hannun jari a kamfanonin Tesla da SpaceX. Musk ya kasance mutum mafi arziki a duniya tun shekarar 2025, kuma ya zama mutum daya tilo mai dukiyar da ta kai tiriliyan daya (a kudin dalar Amurka) a watan Yunin 2026; har zuwa watan Oktoban 2026, mujallar Forbes ta kiyasta cewa jimillar dukiya... 966213 wikitext text/x-wiki Elon Reeve Musk (wanda aka haifa a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni,1971) dan kasuwa ne, mai harkar masana'antu, kuma tsohon jami'in gwamnati, wanda shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa (CEO) kuma babban mai hannun jari a kamfanonin Tesla da SpaceX. Musk ya kasance mutum mafi arziki a duniya tun shekarar 2025, kuma ya zama mutum daya tilo mai dukiyar da ta kai tiriliyan daya (a kudin dalar Amurka) a watan Yunin 2026; har zuwa watan Oktoban 2026, mujallar Forbes ta kiyasta cewa jimillar dukiyarsa ta kai dala tiriliyan 1.1 6cep50e1tvb5nsws7epvcj7afx17b6q 966226 966213 2026-10-11T16:11:43Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 966226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Elon Reeve Musk (wanda aka haifa a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni,1971) dan kasuwa ne, mai harkar masana'antu, kuma tsohon jami'in gwamnati, wanda shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa (CEO) kuma babban mai hannun jari a kamfanonin Tesla da SpaceX. Musk ya kasance mutum mafi arziki a duniya tun shekarar 2025, kuma ya zama mutum daya tilo mai dukiyar da ta kai tiriliyan daya (a kudin dalar Amurka) a watan Yunin 2026; har zuwa watan Oktoban 2026, mujallar Forbes ta kiyasta cewa jimillar dukiyarsa ta kai dala tiriliyan 1.1 ==Manazarta== swt56wdu1ublmn9lg4sil4axkgpha4n Evarcha grandis 0 178884 966223 2026-10-11T16:11:03Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354675251|Evarcha grandis]]" 966223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha grandis''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Najeriya. Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2011. Ya fi girma fiye da yadda aka saba ga nau'in halittar, wanda aka nuna a cikin sunan nau'in da aka samo daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] wacce ke nufin "babba". Gizo-gizo yana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci shine {{Convert|3.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da ciki {{Convert|5.7|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai launin baki da kuma launin ruwan kasa mai launin toka-launin toka. Yana da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa a fuskarsa, da kuma fararen layuka a kuncinsa. Kafafun gizo-gizo suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Banda girmansa, gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo sune hanya mafi bayyanannu don gano shi. Macen tana da aljihu a tsakiyar wurin, ba a bayanta ba, na epigyne, gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa da kuma manyan maniyyi . Ba a bayyana namijin ba. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha grandis'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2011. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha grandis'' Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29375/Evarcha_grandis |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin dabbobi na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}} Wannan nau'in yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae na dangin Plexippoida, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an ware nau'in ''Evarcha'' ga ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne bayan kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "babba". {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} == Bayani == Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, ''Evarcha grandis'' babban gizo-gizo ne, mai tsawon jiki kusan {{Convert|10|mm|in|2}} . Yana da jiki wanda aka raba zuwa manyan sassa guda biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar oval da kuma ciki mai siffar ovoid. Mace tana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|3.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da tsayi matsakaici. Saman yana da launin ruwan kasa kuma an lulluɓe shi da gashi mai laushi. Akwai wani abu na musamman da ake kira fovea, ko kuma lungu a tsakiyar carapace ɗin. Yana da wani duhun ido mai tsawon gashi kusa da idanun. Farin gashi yana kewaye wasu idanun gaba. Gefen sun yi duhu sosai, gashin da ke da haske a gefuna. Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙashin baya, duhu ne. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, ƙasa ce kuma launin ruwan kasa ce tare da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa. Kumatun suna da layuka huɗu na gashi mai launin fari. Bakin gizo-gizo ya fi yawancin nau'ikan halittar da ke cikin wannan nau'in girma. Yana da chelicerae mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da haƙori ɗaya da ake iya gani. Labium ɗinsa launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske tare da ƙarin haske. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Cikin gizo-gizo ya fi girman carapace girma, yawanci yana auna {{Convert|5.7|mm|in|2}} a tsayi da {{Convert|2.9|mm|in|2}} a faɗi. Saman yana da launin toka-launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da madauri mai haske wanda ya miƙe daga gefen gaba zuwa gefe da kuma wani a baya wanda ya miƙe iri ɗaya. An lulluɓe shi da gashin da ke sheƙi, daga ciki akwai wasu gashin gashi masu tsayi da launin ruwan kasa. Ƙasan ƙasa launin toka mai duhu ne wanda aka yiwa alama da layuka huɗu na ƙananan ɗigo masu haske. Yanka-yanka na gizo-gizo suna da launin toka-baƙi. Gabaɗaya tana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da gashin kanta mai launin ruwan kasa, wasu sun fi tsayi fiye da wasu, da kuma kashin baya mai duhu. Yana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan lemu mai duhu. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo ba su da wani abu da ya bambanta su, kuma ban da girmansu, suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. Ciwon farji na mace yana da alamun sclerotisation, musamman a bango a bayan tsakiyar ciki. Akwai manyan aljihu biyu a gefen ramin. Matsayin aljihunan da ke cikin epigyne, waɗanda ke kusa da tsakiyar epigyne lokacin da a yawancin nau'ikan halittar suke a baya, alama ce ta bambanta ga nau'in. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} An kuma yi masa alama a fili cewa ramin epigastric, wani tudu a bayan epigyne. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Buɗewar haɗin gwiwa yana haifar da gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa da manyan spermathecae masu siffar wake, ko kuma ma'ajiyar ƙwayoyin halitta. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Ba a bayyana namijin ba. <ref name="wsc" /> == Rarrabawa == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Duk da cewa ana samun nau'in halittar a faɗin Afirka, Evarcha grandis ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya. [1] An tattara hotunan holotype na mata a Ibadan a shekarar 1974. [1] == Manazarta == q9bp8g63l3xdl4uv6csbar8gf1ap75q 966228 966223 2026-10-11T16:11:59Z Sardeeq 39275 966228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''''Evarcha grandis''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Najeriya. Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2011. Ya fi girma fiye da yadda aka saba ga nau'in halittar, wanda aka nuna a cikin sunan nau'in da aka samo daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] wacce ke nufin "babba". Gizo-gizo yana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci shine {{Convert|3.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da ciki {{Convert|5.7|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai launin baki da kuma launin ruwan kasa mai launin toka-launin toka. Yana da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa a fuskarsa, da kuma fararen layuka a kuncinsa. Kafafun gizo-gizo suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Banda girmansa, gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo sune hanya mafi bayyanannu don gano shi. Macen tana da aljihu a tsakiyar wurin, ba a bayanta ba, na epigyne, gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa da kuma manyan maniyyi . Ba a bayyana namijin ba. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha grandis'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2011. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha grandis'' Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29375/Evarcha_grandis |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin dabbobi na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}} Wannan nau'in yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae na dangin Plexippoida, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an ware nau'in ''Evarcha'' ga ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne bayan kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "babba". {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} == Bayani == Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, ''Evarcha grandis'' babban gizo-gizo ne, mai tsawon jiki kusan {{Convert|10|mm|in|2}} . Yana da jiki wanda aka raba zuwa manyan sassa guda biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar oval da kuma ciki mai siffar ovoid. Mace tana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|3.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da tsayi matsakaici. Saman yana da launin ruwan kasa kuma an lulluɓe shi da gashi mai laushi. Akwai wani abu na musamman da ake kira fovea, ko kuma lungu a tsakiyar carapace ɗin. Yana da wani duhun ido mai tsawon gashi kusa da idanun. Farin gashi yana kewaye wasu idanun gaba. Gefen sun yi duhu sosai, gashin da ke da haske a gefuna. Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙashin baya, duhu ne. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, ƙasa ce kuma launin ruwan kasa ce tare da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa. Kumatun suna da layuka huɗu na gashi mai launin fari. Bakin gizo-gizo ya fi yawancin nau'ikan halittar da ke cikin wannan nau'in girma. Yana da chelicerae mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da haƙori ɗaya da ake iya gani. Labium ɗinsa launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske tare da ƙarin haske. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Cikin gizo-gizo ya fi girman carapace girma, yawanci yana auna {{Convert|5.7|mm|in|2}} a tsayi da {{Convert|2.9|mm|in|2}} a faɗi. Saman yana da launin toka-launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da madauri mai haske wanda ya miƙe daga gefen gaba zuwa gefe da kuma wani a baya wanda ya miƙe iri ɗaya. An lulluɓe shi da gashin da ke sheƙi, daga ciki akwai wasu gashin gashi masu tsayi da launin ruwan kasa. Ƙasan ƙasa launin toka mai duhu ne wanda aka yiwa alama da layuka huɗu na ƙananan ɗigo masu haske. Yanka-yanka na gizo-gizo suna da launin toka-baƙi. Gabaɗaya tana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da gashin kanta mai launin ruwan kasa, wasu sun fi tsayi fiye da wasu, da kuma kashin baya mai duhu. Yana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan lemu mai duhu. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo ba su da wani abu da ya bambanta su, kuma ban da girmansu, suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. Ciwon farji na mace yana da alamun sclerotisation, musamman a bango a bayan tsakiyar ciki. Akwai manyan aljihu biyu a gefen ramin. Matsayin aljihunan da ke cikin epigyne, waɗanda ke kusa da tsakiyar epigyne lokacin da a yawancin nau'ikan halittar suke a baya, alama ce ta bambanta ga nau'in. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} An kuma yi masa alama a fili cewa ramin epigastric, wani tudu a bayan epigyne. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Buɗewar haɗin gwiwa yana haifar da gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa da manyan spermathecae masu siffar wake, ko kuma ma'ajiyar ƙwayoyin halitta. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2011}} Ba a bayyana namijin ba. <ref name="wsc" /> == Rarrabawa == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Duk da cewa ana samun nau'in halittar a faɗin Afirka, Evarcha grandis ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya. [1] An tattara hotunan holotype na mata a Ibadan a shekarar 1974. [1] == Manazarta == kn0s4m2v7a2f04t0nsob7a79ynuve4z Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea 0 178885 966224 2026-10-11T16:11:18Z Activist Nasir Abubakar 47404 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291812728|Eritrean nationality law]]" 966224 wikitext text/x-wiki   Za'a iya ba da izini ga mutanen da suka zauna a yankin na isasshen lokaci don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci ɗayan yarukan da aka yi amfani da su a Eritrea, al'adu da al'adun al'umma.[1]Gabaɗaya tanadi shine cewa masu neman suna da hali mai kyau da halayya; ba su da hukunci mai laifi; suna da lafiya mai kyau na hankali da na jiki ba tare da nakasa ba; suna iya zama masu wadatar kansu a tattalin arziki; kuma ba su yi aiki a kan yunkurin 'yancin kai ba.[1]Bayan shekara ta 1974, masu neman dole ne su zauna a kasar na tsawon shekaru ashirin, tare da hutun zama da aka ba da izini kuma kafin shekara ta 1974, sun ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru goma. Baya ga baƙi da suka cika ka'idojin, wasu mutanen da za a iya zama 'yan ƙasa sun haɗa. Dokar kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu. [Wannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea. # Hanyar shari'a don samun shedar katin zama Dan kasa Wanda dokar ƙasa ta tana , ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] == Samun 'yan kasa == Ana iya samun 'yan ƙasa a Eritrea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Za'a iya ba da izini ga mutanen da suka zauna a yankin na isasshen lokaci don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci ɗayan yarukan da aka yi amfani da su a Eritrea, al'adu da al'adun al'umma.[1]Gabaɗaya tanadi shine cewa masu neman suna da hali mai kyau da halayya; ba su da hukunci mai laifi; suna da lafiya mai kyau na hankali da na jiki ba tare da nakasa ba; suna iya zama masu wadatar kansu a tattalin arziki; kuma ba su yi aiki a kan yunkurin 'yancin kai ba.[1]Bayan shekara ta 1974, masu neman dole ne su zauna a kasar na tsawon shekaru ashirin, tare da hutun zama da aka ba da izini kuma kafin shekara ta 1974, sun ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru goma. Baya ga baƙi da suka cika ka'idojin, wasu mutanen da za a iya zama 'yan ƙasa sun haɗa da: Daga ƙarni na takwas, mulkoki biyar na [[Mutanen Beja]] - [[Masarautar Belgin|Baqlin]], [[Masarautar Bazin|Bazin]], [[Masarautar Jarin|Jarin]], [[Masarautar Nagash|Naqis]] da [[Masarautar Qita'a|Qata]] - sun shimfiɗa daga Arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta hanyar Lardin Tigray na [[Itofiya|Habasha]].{{Sfn|Tseggai|1988}}Rikici tsakanin su ya haifar da rikici da raguwa, wanda ya ba da damar fadada [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] don samun tushe a cikin 1517 kuma ya karfafa mulkin su a Lardin Ḥabeş ta hanyar 1557.{{Sfn|Tseggai|1988}}{{Sfn|Yohannes|1991}}{{Sfn|Peacock|2012}}Da yake kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin abin da zai zama Eritrea, Ottomans sun sanya mulkin su na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.{{Sfn|Tseggai|1988}}Yankin yammacin yankin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea ya kasance wani ɓangare na [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj Sultanate]], wanda ya tashi a cikin 1504 kuma ya mika wuya ga lardin Masar na Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1821.{{Sfn|Tseggai|1976}}{{Sfn|Peacock|2012}}{{Sfn|Moorehead|1962}}A cikin Daular Ottoman, na ƙarni shida, akwai ƙungiyar cikin gida wacce ta bayyana ayyukan gwamnati don batutuwa ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da na al'umma, auna ƙwarewa da sana'o'i ba tare da akidar ƙasa ba.{{Sfn|Karpat|1974}}Kasancewar Ottoman tana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, idan sun kasance ''ahl al-Kitāb'' (Mutanen Littafin), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]], na iya amfana daga kasancewa talakawa ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji ga Sultan.{{Sfn|Hanley|2016}}{{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}}A karkashin yarjejeniyar da aka sani da ''zimma'', don musayar biyan haraji, sultan ya ba da izinin waɗannan batutuwa 'yancin addini kuma ya tabbatar da rayukansu, dukiya, da haƙƙoƙin su tare da fahimtar cewa suna da damar samun matsayi ƙasa da Musulmai.{{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}}Shugabannin al'ummar masu ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda ke kula da mabiyan da kungiyarsu ta ciki a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu.{{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} 5sfx9ci87f6lg9cz7oss5ebvwpwgaun 966342 966224 2026-10-11T16:26:29Z Activist Nasir Abubakar 47404 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291812728|Eritrean nationality law]]" 966342 wikitext text/x-wiki   Za'a iya ba da izini ga mutanen da suka zauna a yankin na isasshen lokaci don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci ɗayan yarukan da aka yi amfani da su a Eritrea, al'adu da al'adun al'umma.[1]Gabaɗaya tanadi shine cewa masu neman suna da hali mai kyau da halayya; ba su da hukunci mai laifi; suna da lafiya mai kyau na hankali da na jiki ba tare da nakasa ba; suna iya zama masu wadatar kansu a tattalin arziki; kuma ba su yi aiki a kan yunkurin 'yancin kai ba.[1]Bayan shekara ta 1974, masu neman dole ne su zauna a kasar na tsawon shekaru ashirin, tare da hutun zama da aka ba da izini kuma kafin shekara ta 1974, sun ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru goma. Baya ga baƙi da suka cika ka'idojin, wasu mutanen da za a iya zama 'yan ƙasa sun haɗa. Dokar kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu. [Wannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea. # Hanyar shari'a don samun shedar katin zama Dan kasa Wanda dokar ƙasa ta tana , ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] == Samun 'yan kasa == Ana iya samun 'yan ƙasa a Eritrea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Za'a iya ba da izini ga mutanen da suka zauna a yankin na isasshen lokaci don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci ɗayan yarukan da aka yi amfani da su a Eritrea, al'adu da al'adun al'umma.[1]Gabaɗaya tanadi shine cewa masu neman suna da hali mai kyau da halayya; ba su da hukunci mai laifi; suna da lafiya mai kyau na hankali da na jiki ba tare da nakasa ba; suna iya zama masu wadatar kansu a tattalin arziki; kuma ba su yi aiki a kan yunkurin 'yancin kai ba.[1]Bayan shekara ta 1974, masu neman dole ne su zauna a kasar na tsawon shekaru ashirin, tare da hutun zama da aka ba da izini kuma kafin shekara ta 1974, sun ci gaba da zama a can na tsawon shekaru goma. Baya ga baƙi da suka cika ka'idojin, wasu mutanen da za a iya zama 'yan ƙasa sun haɗa da: Daga ƙarni na takwas, mulkoki biyar na [[Mutanen Beja]] - [[Masarautar Belgin|Baqlin]], [[Masarautar Bazin|Bazin]], [[Masarautar Jarin|Jarin]], [[Masarautar Nagash|Naqis]] da [[Masarautar Qita'a|Qata]] - sun shimfiɗa daga Arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta hanyar Lardin Tigray na [[Itofiya|Habasha]].{{Sfn|Tseggai|1988}}Rikici tsakanin su ya haifar da rikici da raguwa, wanda ya ba da damar fadada [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] don samun tushe a cikin 1517 kuma ya karfafa mulkin su a Lardin Ḥabeş ta hanyar 1557.{{Sfn|Tseggai|1988}}{{Sfn|Yohannes|1991}}{{Sfn|Peacock|2012}}Da yake kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin abin da zai zama Eritrea, Ottomans sun sanya mulkin su na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.{{Sfn|Tseggai|1988}}Yankin yammacin yankin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea ya kasance wani ɓangare na [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj Sultanate]], wanda ya tashi a cikin 1504 kuma ya mika wuya ga lardin Masar na Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1821.{{Sfn|Tseggai|1976}}{{Sfn|Peacock|2012}}{{Sfn|Moorehead|1962}}A cikin Daular Ottoman, na ƙarni shida, akwai ƙungiyar cikin gida wacce ta bayyana ayyukan gwamnati don batutuwa ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da na al'umma, auna ƙwarewa da sana'o'i ba tare da akidar ƙasa ba.{{Sfn|Karpat|1974}}Kasancewar Ottoman tana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, idan sun kasance ''ahl al-Kitāb'' (Mutanen Littafin), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]], na iya amfana daga kasancewa talakawa ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji ga Sultan.{{Sfn|Hanley|2016}}{{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}}A karkashin yarjejeniyar da aka sani da ''zimma'', don musayar biyan haraji, sultan ya ba da izinin waɗannan batutuwa 'yancin addini kuma ya tabbatar da rayukansu, dukiya, da haƙƙoƙin su tare da fahimtar cewa suna da damar samun matsayi ƙasa da Musulmai.{{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}}Shugabannin al'ummar masu ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda ke kula da mabiyan da kungiyarsu ta ciki a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu.{{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} == Manazarta == === Bayani ===   3s3rbjgfxa7qa6g524fkendupgl7loc 966354 966342 2026-10-11T16:28:32Z Activist Nasir Abubakar 47404 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291812728|Eritrean nationality law]]" 966354 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 966392 966354 2026-10-11T16:36:36Z Activist Nasir Abubakar 47404 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291812728|Eritrean nationality law]]" 966392 wikitext text/x-wiki  Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea.[1]Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea.[1]Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] == Samun 'yan kasa == Ana iya samun 'yan ƙasa a Eritrea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin Ottoman (1557-1869) === Daga ƙarni na takwas, mulkin mutane biyar na Mutanen Beja - Baqlin, Bazin, Jarin, Naqis da Qata - sun shimfiɗa daga Arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta hanyar Lardin Tigray na Habasha.[1]Rikici tsakanin su ya haifar da rikici da raguwa, wanda ya ba da damar fadada Daular Ottoman a bakin tekun Bahar Maliya don samun tushe a cikin 1517 kuma ya karfafa mulkin su a Lardin Ḥabeş ta hanyar 1557.[1][1][1]Da yake kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin abin da zai zama Eritrea, Ottomans sun sanya mulkin su na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.[1]Yankin yammacin yankin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea ya kasance wani ɓangare na Funj Sultanate, wanda ya tashi a cikin 1504 kuma ya mika wuya ga lardin Masar na Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1821.[1][1][1]A cikin Daular Ottoman, na ƙarni shida, akwai ƙungiyar cikin gida wacce ta bayyana ayyukan gwamnati don batutuwa ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da na al'umma, auna ƙwarewa da sana'o'i ba tare da akidar ƙasa ba.[1]Kasancewar Ottoman tana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, idan sun kasance ahl al-Kitāb (Mutanen Littafin), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko Zoroastrian, na iya amfana daga kasancewa talakawa ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji ga Sultan.[1][1]A karkashin yarjejeniyar da aka sani da zimma, don musayar biyan haraji, sultan ya ba da izinin waɗannan batutuwa 'yancin addini kuma ya tabbatar da rayukansu, dukiya, da haƙƙoƙin su tare da fahimtar cewa suna da damar samun matsayi ƙasa da Musulmai.[1]Shugabannin al'ummar masu ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda ke kula da mabiyan da kungiyarsu ta ciki a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu.[1] 9mq1dbjx5uy4t9x4jzy6jp6ymza4n3p 966429 966392 2026-10-11T16:41:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 966429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea.[1]Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea.[1]Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] == Samun 'yan kasa == Ana iya samun 'yan ƙasa a Eritrea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin Ottoman (1557-1869) === Daga ƙarni na takwas, mulkin mutane biyar na Mutanen Beja - Baqlin, Bazin, Jarin, Naqis da Qata - sun shimfiɗa daga Arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta hanyar Lardin Tigray na Habasha.[1]Rikici tsakanin su ya haifar da rikici da raguwa, wanda ya ba da damar fadada Daular Ottoman a bakin tekun Bahar Maliya don samun tushe a cikin 1517 kuma ya karfafa mulkin su a Lardin Ḥabeş ta hanyar 1557.[1][1][1]Da yake kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin abin da zai zama Eritrea, Ottomans sun sanya mulkin su na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.[1]Yankin yammacin yankin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea ya kasance wani ɓangare na Funj Sultanate, wanda ya tashi a cikin 1504 kuma ya mika wuya ga lardin Masar na Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1821.[1][1][1]A cikin Daular Ottoman, na ƙarni shida, akwai ƙungiyar cikin gida wacce ta bayyana ayyukan gwamnati don batutuwa ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da na al'umma, auna ƙwarewa da sana'o'i ba tare da akidar ƙasa ba.[1]Kasancewar Ottoman tana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, idan sun kasance ahl al-Kitāb (Mutanen Littafin), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko Zoroastrian, na iya amfana daga kasancewa talakawa ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji ga Sultan.[1][1]A karkashin yarjejeniyar da aka sani da zimma, don musayar biyan haraji, sultan ya ba da izinin waɗannan batutuwa 'yancin addini kuma ya tabbatar da rayukansu, dukiya, da haƙƙoƙin su tare da fahimtar cewa suna da damar samun matsayi ƙasa da Musulmai.[1]Shugabannin al'ummar masu ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda ke kula da mabiyan da kungiyarsu ta ciki a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu.[1] f20ny0p35w44j2g8mn3mcqzafbyz0q9 966436 966429 2026-10-11T16:42:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 966436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea.[1]Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea.[1]Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma.[1][1]Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. [1]Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.[1] == Samun 'yan kasa == Ana iya samun 'yan ƙasa a Eritrea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin Ottoman (1557-1869) === Daga ƙarni na takwas, mulkin mutane biyar na Mutanen Beja - Baqlin, Bazin, Jarin, Naqis da Qata - sun shimfiɗa daga Arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta hanyar Lardin Tigray na Habasha. Rikici tsakanin su ya haifar da rikici da raguwa, wanda ya ba da damar fadada Daular Ottoman a bakin tekun Bahar Maliya don samun tushe a cikin 1517 kuma ya karfafa mulkin su a Lardin Ḥabeş ta hanyar 1557. Da yake kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin abin da zai zama Eritrea, Ottomans sun sanya mulkin su na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.[1]Yankin yammacin yankin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea ya kasance wani ɓangare na Funj Sultanate, wanda ya tashi a cikin 1504 kuma ya mika wuya ga lardin Masar na Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1821. A cikin Daular Ottoman, na ƙarni shida, akwai ƙungiyar cikin gida wacce ta bayyana ayyukan gwamnati don batutuwa ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da na al'umma, auna ƙwarewa da sana'o'i ba tare da akidar ƙasa ba. Kasancewar Ottoman tana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, idan sun kasance ahl al-Kitāb (Mutanen Littafin), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko Zoroastrian, na iya amfana daga kasancewa talakawa ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji ga Sultan. A karkashin yarjejeniyar da aka sani da zimma, don musayar biyan haraji, sultan ya ba da izinin waɗannan batutuwa 'yancin addini kuma ya tabbatar da rayukansu, dukiya, da haƙƙoƙin su tare da fahimtar cewa suna da damar samun matsayi ƙasa da Musulmai. Shugabannin al'ummar masu ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda ke kula da mabiyan da kungiyarsu ta ciki a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu. == Manazarta == rrogzlxgohgifw93t884v88ggo3uyq0 966445 966436 2026-10-11T16:43:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 966445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea. Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma. Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu. Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea. Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma. Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. == Samun 'yan kasa == Ana iya samun 'yan ƙasa a Eritrea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin Ottoman (1557-1869) === Daga ƙarni na takwas, mulkin mutane biyar na Mutanen Beja - Baqlin, Bazin, Jarin, Naqis da Qata - sun shimfiɗa daga Arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta hanyar Lardin Tigray na Habasha. Rikici tsakanin su ya haifar da rikici da raguwa, wanda ya ba da damar fadada Daular Ottoman a bakin tekun Bahar Maliya don samun tushe a cikin 1517 kuma ya karfafa mulkin su a Lardin Ḥabeş ta hanyar 1557. Da yake kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin abin da zai zama Eritrea, Ottomans sun sanya mulkin su na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.[1]Yankin yammacin yankin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea ya kasance wani ɓangare na Funj Sultanate, wanda ya tashi a cikin 1504 kuma ya mika wuya ga lardin Masar na Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1821. A cikin Daular Ottoman, na ƙarni shida, akwai ƙungiyar cikin gida wacce ta bayyana ayyukan gwamnati don batutuwa ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da na al'umma, auna ƙwarewa da sana'o'i ba tare da akidar ƙasa ba. Kasancewar Ottoman tana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, idan sun kasance ahl al-Kitāb (Mutanen Littafin), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko Zoroastrian, na iya amfana daga kasancewa talakawa ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji ga Sultan. A karkashin yarjejeniyar da aka sani da zimma, don musayar biyan haraji, sultan ya ba da izinin waɗannan batutuwa 'yancin addini kuma ya tabbatar da rayukansu, dukiya, da haƙƙoƙin su tare da fahimtar cewa suna da damar samun matsayi ƙasa da Musulmai. Shugabannin al'ummar masu ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda ke kula da mabiyan da kungiyarsu ta ciki a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu. == Manazarta == 04bsa399z8ailtx96sdfsnl8wk8kol4 966447 966445 2026-10-11T16:44:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 966447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea''' ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.[1]Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea. Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma. Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. Dokar 'yan kasa ta Eritrea ta tsara ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Eritrea, kamar yadda aka gyara; Sanarwar' yan kasa ta Eritrean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu. Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Eritrea. Hanyar shari'a don samun kasa, zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa. Nationality yana bayyana dangantakar mutum da jihar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, yayin da zama ɗan ƙasa shine dangantakar cikin gida na mutum da al'umma. Ana samun 'yancin Eritrea a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Eritrea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa mahaifiyar ko mahaifin asalin Eritrea ko iyaye waɗanda suka zo Eritrea kafin 1934. Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. == Samun 'yan kasa == Ana iya samun 'yan ƙasa a Eritrea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin Ottoman (1557-1869) === Daga ƙarni na takwas, mulkin mutane biyar na Mutanen Beja - Baqlin, Bazin, Jarin, Naqis da Qata - sun shimfiɗa daga Arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta hanyar Lardin Tigray na Habasha. Rikici tsakanin su ya haifar da rikici da raguwa, wanda ya ba da damar fadada Daular Ottoman a bakin tekun Bahar Maliya don samun tushe a cikin 1517 kuma ya karfafa mulkin su a Lardin Ḥabeş ta hanyar 1557. Da yake kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin abin da zai zama Eritrea, Ottomans sun sanya mulkin su na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.[1]Yankin yammacin yankin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea ya kasance wani ɓangare na Funj Sultanate, wanda ya tashi a cikin 1504 kuma ya mika wuya ga lardin Masar na Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1821. A cikin Daular Ottoman, na ƙarni shida, akwai ƙungiyar cikin gida wacce ta bayyana ayyukan gwamnati don batutuwa ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da na al'umma, auna ƙwarewa da sana'o'i ba tare da akidar ƙasa ba. Kasancewar Ottoman tana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, idan sun kasance ahl al-Kitāb (Mutanen Littafin), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko Zoroastrian, na iya amfana daga kasancewa talakawa ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji ga Sultan. A karkashin yarjejeniyar da aka sani da zimma, don musayar biyan haraji, sultan ya ba da izinin waɗannan batutuwa 'yancin addini kuma ya tabbatar da rayukansu, dukiya, da haƙƙoƙin su tare da fahimtar cewa suna da damar samun matsayi ƙasa da Musulmai. Shugabannin al'ummar masu ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda ke kula da mabiyan da kungiyarsu ta ciki a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu. == Manazarta == rngfdw9wy9tru1p8m9up7qjzpsfcqsu Tarihin Puntland 0 178886 966225 2026-10-11T16:11:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377587192|History of Puntland]]" 966225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puntland''' (Somali: Taariikhda Buntilaan), (Arabic), (Spanish: Historia de Puntlandia), a hukumance '''Jihar Puntland ta Somalia''' (Somali) (''Maamul-Goboleedka Buntilaan ee Somalia) '', [[Larabci]]: ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية), memba ce ta Tarayya a arewa maso gabashin Somalia. Babban Birnin Gudanarwa shine Garowe a yankin Nugal, kuma shugabannin ta sun ayyana yankin a matsayin Jiha mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. A fannin ƙasa zuwa yamma, Puntland ta yi ikirarin yankunan intra-46th meridian waɗanda ke waje da mulkin mallaka na Turai a wasu sassan Scramble na Afirka. == Lokaci na dā == Gidajen tarihi na tsohuwar Masar suna adana takardun tarihi game da dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin tsohuwar Misira da al'ummomin da ke bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun nuna kasancewar abokin ciniki da aka sani da Land of Punt, wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sunan yankin Puntland na yanzu. Duk da haka, ya kasance ba a tabbatar da ko tsohuwar Puntland ta dace kai tsaye da wurin Puntland na yau ba. == Lokaci na zamani == Ƙarin ƙananan rukuni na dangin Harti, wani ɓangare na kabilun Somaliya na "Darod", gami da Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali, Deshiishe, da [[KaskiQabe]], sun zauna a yankin da ke kunshe da abin da yanzu ake kira Puntland. Ƙungiyoyin Majeerteen sun kafa Majeertein Sultanate, wanda ke gabashin Horn of Africa, a kusa da 1600. Koyaya, a farkon karni na 20, rikici na ciki ya tashi a cikin dangin, wanda daga baya [[Italiya]] ta yi amfani da shi, wanda ya haifar da haɗa dangin a matsayin mai kare Italiya. Ginin ƙabilar Dhulbahante, wanda ke kusa da yammacin al'ummar Majeerteen, ya zo ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Sayid Muhammad a cikin 1920, ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya. Gidan Warsangali galibi yana cikin Las Khorey da sauran yankuna na arewacin [[Somaliya]]. A cewar wani masanin tarihi, dangin ya samo asali ne sama da shekaru 800. Koyaya, ba sai 1897 ne shugaban dangin ya ɗauki taken Sultan ba, ya gaji Mohamed Ali Sireh. Mohammed Ali Sireh ya riga ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Birtaniya don kafa kariya amma daga baya ya zaɓi shiga tawaye na Sayyid Muhammad. Bayan kammala tawaye, an kori Mohammed Ali daga baya, kuma al'ummar Warsangali sun koma kariya ta Burtaniya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin dangin Harti, an haɗa al'ummar kabilun Majeerteen cikin Somaliland na Italiya, yayin da kabilun Dhulbahante da Warsangali suka zama wani ɓangare na Somaliland na Burtaniya. Wannan rarraba yankuna a karkashin gwamnatocin Italiya da Burtaniya ya ba da gudummawa ga rikicin Puntland-Somaliland a cikin 2007. == Jamhuriyar Somaliya da juyin mulki == A cikin 1960, kafa Jamhuriyar Somaliya ta faru ne ta hanyar hadin kan Somaliland na Italiya da Somaliland na Burtaniya. Gidan Harti, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Puntland, ya rike manyan mukamai na gwamnati a wannan lokacin. Musamman, an nada mambobin dangin Harti zuwa manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati, gami da zaben Firayim Ministocin Somalia na farko da na gaba, da kuma shugaban kasa na biyu. Mohamed Siad Barre, wanda ya hau mulki a juyin mulki, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Somalia na uku. Ya fito ne daga dangin Marehan, wanda, duk da kasancewa wani ɓangare na Darod mafi girma, ya bambanta da Kablalah, Harti sub-clan. Zuwa ƙarshen mulkinsa, Barre ya nuna son kai ga danginsa na Marehan. A shekara ta 1978, wani yunkuri na juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba daga ƙwararrun Mohamoud Suleiman, wani dangi na Majeerteen, wanda ya haifar da kisan mutane da yawa. Daga baya, a cikin 1981, [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], wani fitaccen mutum daga cikin mambobin Majeerteen da suka tsira, ya kafa Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Da farko, SSDF ta haɗa da mambobi daga kabilun daban-daban, kamar Isak da Hawiye, ba kawai daga dangin Harti ba. 0u702rmk3ql0hip1lwhn8wl1cfqbtxu 966230 966225 2026-10-11T16:12:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 966230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Puntland''' (Somali: Taariikhda Buntilaan), (Arabic), (Spanish: Historia de Puntlandia), a hukumance '''Jihar Puntland ta Somalia''' (Somali) (''Maamul-Goboleedka Buntilaan ee Somalia) '', [[Larabci]]: ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية), memba ce ta Tarayya a arewa maso gabashin Somalia. Babban Birnin Gudanarwa shine Garowe a yankin Nugal, kuma shugabannin ta sun ayyana yankin a matsayin Jiha mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. A fannin ƙasa zuwa yamma, Puntland ta yi ikirarin yankunan intra-46th meridian waɗanda ke waje da mulkin mallaka na Turai a wasu sassan Scramble na Afirka. == Lokaci na dā == Gidajen tarihi na tsohuwar Masar suna adana takardun tarihi game da dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin tsohuwar Misira da al'ummomin da ke bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun nuna kasancewar abokin ciniki da aka sani da Land of Punt, wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sunan yankin Puntland na yanzu. Duk da haka, ya kasance ba a tabbatar da ko tsohuwar Puntland ta dace kai tsaye da wurin Puntland na yau ba. == Lokaci na zamani == Ƙarin ƙananan rukuni na dangin Harti, wani ɓangare na kabilun Somaliya na "Darod", gami da Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali, Deshiishe, da [[KaskiQabe]], sun zauna a yankin da ke kunshe da abin da yanzu ake kira Puntland. Ƙungiyoyin Majeerteen sun kafa Majeertein Sultanate, wanda ke gabashin Horn of Africa, a kusa da 1600. Koyaya, a farkon karni na 20, rikici na ciki ya tashi a cikin dangin, wanda daga baya [[Italiya]] ta yi amfani da shi, wanda ya haifar da haɗa dangin a matsayin mai kare Italiya. Ginin ƙabilar Dhulbahante, wanda ke kusa da yammacin al'ummar Majeerteen, ya zo ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Sayid Muhammad a cikin 1920, ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya. Gidan Warsangali galibi yana cikin Las Khorey da sauran yankuna na arewacin [[Somaliya]]. A cewar wani masanin tarihi, dangin ya samo asali ne sama da shekaru 800. Koyaya, ba sai 1897 ne shugaban dangin ya ɗauki taken Sultan ba, ya gaji Mohamed Ali Sireh. Mohammed Ali Sireh ya riga ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Birtaniya don kafa kariya amma daga baya ya zaɓi shiga tawaye na Sayyid Muhammad. Bayan kammala tawaye, an kori Mohammed Ali daga baya, kuma al'ummar Warsangali sun koma kariya ta Burtaniya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin dangin Harti, an haɗa al'ummar kabilun Majeerteen cikin Somaliland na Italiya, yayin da kabilun Dhulbahante da Warsangali suka zama wani ɓangare na Somaliland na Burtaniya. Wannan rarraba yankuna a karkashin gwamnatocin Italiya da Burtaniya ya ba da gudummawa ga rikicin Puntland-Somaliland a cikin 2007. == Jamhuriyar Somaliya da juyin mulki == A cikin 1960, kafa Jamhuriyar Somaliya ta faru ne ta hanyar hadin kan Somaliland na Italiya da Somaliland na Burtaniya. Gidan Harti, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Puntland, ya rike manyan mukamai na gwamnati a wannan lokacin. Musamman, an nada mambobin dangin Harti zuwa manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati, gami da zaben Firayim Ministocin Somalia na farko da na gaba, da kuma shugaban kasa na biyu. Mohamed Siad Barre, wanda ya hau mulki a juyin mulki, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Somalia na uku. Ya fito ne daga dangin Marehan, wanda, duk da kasancewa wani ɓangare na Darod mafi girma, ya bambanta da Kablalah, Harti sub-clan. Zuwa ƙarshen mulkinsa, Barre ya nuna son kai ga danginsa na Marehan. A shekara ta 1978, wani yunkuri na juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba daga ƙwararrun Mohamoud Suleiman, wani dangi na Majeerteen, wanda ya haifar da kisan mutane da yawa. Daga baya, a cikin 1981, [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], wani fitaccen mutum daga cikin mambobin Majeerteen da suka tsira, ya kafa Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Da farko, SSDF ta haɗa da mambobi daga kabilun daban-daban, kamar Isak da Hawiye, ba kawai daga dangin Harti ba. 1wlur7lf79q1elabmxw3oucse2pi0uw 966236 966230 2026-10-11T16:13:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 966236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Puntland''' (Somali: Taariikhda Buntilaan), (Arabic), (Spanish: Historia de Puntlandia), a hukumance '''Jihar Puntland ta Somalia''' (Somali) (''Maamul-Goboleedka Buntilaan ee Somalia) '', [[Larabci]]: ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية), memba ce ta Tarayya a arewa maso gabashin Somalia. Babban Birnin Gudanarwa shine Garowe a yankin Nugal, kuma shugabannin ta sun ayyana yankin a matsayin Jiha mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. A fannin ƙasa zuwa yamma, Puntland ta yi ikirarin yankunan intra-46th meridian waɗanda ke waje da mulkin mallaka na Turai a wasu sassan Scramble na Afirka. == Lokaci na dā == Gidajen tarihi na tsohuwar Masar suna adana takardun tarihi game da dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin tsohuwar Misira da al'ummomin da ke bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun nuna kasancewar abokin ciniki da aka sani da Land of Punt, wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sunan yankin Puntland na yanzu. Duk da haka, ya kasance ba a tabbatar da ko tsohuwar Puntland ta dace kai tsaye da wurin Puntland na yau ba. == Lokaci na zamani == Ƙarin ƙananan rukuni na dangin Harti, wani ɓangare na kabilun Somaliya na "Darod", gami da Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali, Deshiishe, da [[KaskiQabe]], sun zauna a yankin da ke kunshe da abin da yanzu ake kira Puntland. Ƙungiyoyin Majeerteen sun kafa Majeertein Sultanate, wanda ke gabashin Horn of Africa, a kusa da 1600. Koyaya, a farkon karni na 20, rikici na ciki ya tashi a cikin dangin, wanda daga baya [[Italiya]] ta yi amfani da shi, wanda ya haifar da haɗa dangin a matsayin mai kare Italiya. Ginin ƙabilar Dhulbahante, wanda ke kusa da yammacin al'ummar Majeerteen, ya zo ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Sayid Muhammad a cikin 1920, ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya. Gidan Warsangali galibi yana cikin Las Khorey da sauran yankuna na arewacin [[Somaliya]]. A cewar wani masanin tarihi, dangin ya samo asali ne sama da shekaru 800. Koyaya, ba sai 1897 ne shugaban dangin ya ɗauki taken Sultan ba, ya gaji Mohamed Ali Sireh. Mohammed Ali Sireh ya riga ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Birtaniya don kafa kariya amma daga baya ya zaɓi shiga tawaye na Sayyid Muhammad. Bayan kammala tawaye, an kori Mohammed Ali daga baya, kuma al'ummar Warsangali sun koma kariya ta Burtaniya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin dangin Harti, an haɗa al'ummar kabilun Majeerteen cikin Somaliland na Italiya, yayin da kabilun Dhulbahante da Warsangali suka zama wani ɓangare na Somaliland na Burtaniya. Wannan rarraba yankuna a karkashin gwamnatocin Italiya da Burtaniya ya ba da gudummawa ga rikicin Puntland-Somaliland a cikin 2007. == Jamhuriyar Somaliya da juyin mulki == A cikin 1960, kafa Jamhuriyar Somaliya ta faru ne ta hanyar hadin kan Somaliland na Italiya da Somaliland na Burtaniya. Gidan Harti, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Puntland, ya rike manyan mukamai na gwamnati a wannan lokacin. Musamman, an nada mambobin dangin Harti zuwa manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati, gami da zaben Firayim Ministocin Somalia na farko da na gaba, da kuma shugaban kasa na biyu. Mohamed Siad Barre, wanda ya hau mulki a juyin mulki, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Somalia na uku. Ya fito ne daga dangin Marehan, wanda, duk da kasancewa wani ɓangare na Darod mafi girma, ya bambanta da Kablalah, Harti sub-clan. Zuwa ƙarshen mulkinsa, Barre ya nuna son kai ga danginsa na Marehan. A shekara ta 1978, wani yunkuri na juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba daga ƙwararrun Mohamoud Suleiman, wani dangi na Majeerteen, wanda ya haifar da kisan mutane da yawa. Daga baya, a cikin 1981, [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], wani fitaccen mutum daga cikin mambobin Majeerteen da suka tsira, ya kafa Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Da farko, SSDF ta haɗa da mambobi daga kabilun daban-daban, kamar Isak da Hawiye, ba kawai daga dangin Harti ba. == Manazarta == etcz8xabhomy6hjc1txcb9xif0d7c7m 966248 966236 2026-10-11T16:14:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 966248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Puntland''' (Somali: Taariikhda Buntilaan), (Arabic), (Spanish: Historia de Puntlandia), a hukumance '''Jihar Puntland ta Somalia''' (Somali) (''Maamul-Goboleedka Buntilaan ee Somalia) '', [[Larabci]]: ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية), memba ce ta Tarayya a arewa maso gabashin Somalia. Babban Birnin Gudanarwa shine Garowe a yankin Nugal, kuma shugabannin ta sun ayyana yankin a matsayin Jiha mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. A fannin ƙasa zuwa yamma, Puntland ta yi ikirarin yankunan intra-46th meridian waɗanda ke waje da mulkin mallaka na Turai a wasu sassan Scramble na Afirka.<ref>Karr, Liam; Gianitsos, Matthew; Von Ficher, Josia (April 11, 2024). "Africa File, April 11, 2024: Kremlin's Africa Corps Nears Niger; Ethiopia–Somalia Rift Widens; al Qaeda Affiliates Strengthen in the Sahel and Horn". ''Critical Threats Project''. Retrieved 2024-04-11.</ref> == Lokaci na dā == Gidajen tarihi na tsohuwar Masar suna adana takardun tarihi game da dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin tsohuwar Misira da al'ummomin da ke bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun nuna kasancewar abokin ciniki da aka sani da Land of Punt, wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sunan yankin Puntland na yanzu. Duk da haka, ya kasance ba a tabbatar da ko tsohuwar Puntland ta dace kai tsaye da wurin Puntland na yau ba. == Lokaci na zamani == Ƙarin ƙananan rukuni na dangin Harti, wani ɓangare na kabilun Somaliya na "Darod", gami da Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali, Deshiishe, da [[KaskiQabe]], sun zauna a yankin da ke kunshe da abin da yanzu ake kira Puntland. Ƙungiyoyin Majeerteen sun kafa Majeertein Sultanate, wanda ke gabashin Horn of Africa, a kusa da 1600. Koyaya, a farkon karni na 20, rikici na ciki ya tashi a cikin dangin, wanda daga baya [[Italiya]] ta yi amfani da shi, wanda ya haifar da haɗa dangin a matsayin mai kare Italiya. Ginin ƙabilar Dhulbahante, wanda ke kusa da yammacin al'ummar Majeerteen, ya zo ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Sayid Muhammad a cikin 1920, ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin kariya ta Burtaniya. Gidan Warsangali galibi yana cikin Las Khorey da sauran yankuna na arewacin [[Somaliya]]. A cewar wani masanin tarihi, dangin ya samo asali ne sama da shekaru 800. Koyaya, ba sai 1897 ne shugaban dangin ya ɗauki taken Sultan ba, ya gaji Mohamed Ali Sireh. Mohammed Ali Sireh ya riga ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Birtaniya don kafa kariya amma daga baya ya zaɓi shiga tawaye na Sayyid Muhammad. Bayan kammala tawaye, an kori Mohammed Ali daga baya, kuma al'ummar Warsangali sun koma kariya ta Burtaniya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin dangin Harti, an haɗa al'ummar kabilun Majeerteen cikin Somaliland na Italiya, yayin da kabilun Dhulbahante da Warsangali suka zama wani ɓangare na Somaliland na Burtaniya. Wannan rarraba yankuna a karkashin gwamnatocin Italiya da Burtaniya ya ba da gudummawa ga rikicin Puntland-Somaliland a cikin 2007. == Jamhuriyar Somaliya da juyin mulki == A cikin 1960, kafa Jamhuriyar Somaliya ta faru ne ta hanyar hadin kan Somaliland na Italiya da Somaliland na Burtaniya. Gidan Harti, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Puntland, ya rike manyan mukamai na gwamnati a wannan lokacin. Musamman, an nada mambobin dangin Harti zuwa manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati, gami da zaben Firayim Ministocin Somalia na farko da na gaba, da kuma shugaban kasa na biyu. Mohamed Siad Barre, wanda ya hau mulki a juyin mulki, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Somalia na uku. Ya fito ne daga dangin Marehan, wanda, duk da kasancewa wani ɓangare na Darod mafi girma, ya bambanta da Kablalah, Harti sub-clan. Zuwa ƙarshen mulkinsa, Barre ya nuna son kai ga danginsa na Marehan. A shekara ta 1978, wani yunkuri na juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba daga ƙwararrun Mohamoud Suleiman, wani dangi na Majeerteen, wanda ya haifar da kisan mutane da yawa. Daga baya, a cikin 1981, [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], wani fitaccen mutum daga cikin mambobin Majeerteen da suka tsira, ya kafa Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Da farko, SSDF ta haɗa da mambobi daga kabilun daban-daban, kamar Isak da Hawiye, ba kawai daga dangin Harti ba. == Manazarta == hj3a3mty9dowaz7r196hg24sv6k3i3j Johan Djourou 0 178887 966232 2026-10-11T16:12:38Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370657455|Johan Djourou]]" 966232 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Danon Issouf Johannes Djourou Gbadjere'''{{IPA|fr|dʒuʁu|pron}} ; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1987), wanda aka fi sani da '''Johan Djourou''', tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Switzerland wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Johan Djourou |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1948/johan-djourou/ |access-date=8 August 2017 |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HeimSpiel Medien}}</ref> A cewar bayaninsa a shafin yanar gizon tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa [[Arsenal F.C.|ta Arsenal]], Djourou yana da "gudu, iko da kuma sadaukarwa mai ƙarfi" ban da iyawarsa ta yin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Players: Johan Djourou |url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/johan-djourou |url-status=dead<!-- url is live, but current version doesn't contain the quote --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429124913/http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/johan-djourou |archive-date=29 April 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |publisher=Arsenal FC}}</ref> <ref name="height">{{Cite web |title=Player Profile: Johan Djourou |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=67173/profile/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630221656/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=67173/profile/index.html |archive-date=30 June 2010 |access-date=24 April 2017 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ga tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta [[Étoile Carouge]], amma lokacin da ya isa Arsenal, sai ya koma [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . A wasu lokutan yana taka leda a matsayin cikakken ɗan wasan baya ga Arsenal kuma ya buga wasanni da dama a [[Mai buga tsakiya|tsakiyar tsakiya]] yayin da yake zaman aro a Birmingham City . Ya yi zaman aro a Hannover 96 a shekarar 2013 kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Hamburger SV, da farko a matsayin aro, daga baya a wannan shekarar. Bayan shekaru uku da Hamburg, ya ci gaba da bugawa ƙungiyar [[Antalyaspor]] ta [[Süper Lig|Turkiyya]], SPAL ta [[Serie A]], Sion ta Switzerland da Neuchâtel Xamax, sannan a ƙarshe Nordsjælland ta Denmark Superliga . Djourou ya wakilci Switzerland daga 2006 zuwa 2018, inda ya lashe wasanni 76. Kasar ta gayyace shi zuwa [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] sau uku da kuma [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA|gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA]] guda biyu. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haifi Djourou a [[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast, <ref name="Djourou Personal Life" /> ga iyayensa 'yan Ivory Coast Joachim da Angeline, kuma daga baya matar mahaifinsa ta farko, Danièle, 'yar Switzerland, ta ɗauke shi a matsayin mai renon yara. Daga baya Djourou ya yarda cewa yana da uwaye biyu a rayuwarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Geneva]] lokacin da yake ɗan watanni 17. A cewar mahaifinsa, Djourou ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana jariri, yana cewa: "Zan ɗauki ƙwallo a shaguna in buga ƙwallon ƙafa a shago." <ref name="Djourou The Independent" /> Djourou ya yi rajista a Cibiyar Horarwa ta Payerne lokacin yana ɗan shekara 13, sannan, a shekara ta 2002, Djourou ya koma ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu ta gida [[Étoile Carouge]] a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya yana da shekara 15. <ref name="Djourou Personal Life">{{Cite web |title=Johan Djourou |url=http://www.johan-djourou.ch/jo/de/johan/johan-in-kuerze |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706011145/http://www.johan-djourou.ch/jo/de/johan/johan-in-kuerze |archive-date=6 July 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Johan Djourou Official Website |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Djourou The Independent" /> Ya koma [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2003. <ref name="Djourou Personal Life" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2013 |title=Signed, sealed, delivered |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/49330/behind-the-numbers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907010240/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/49330/behind-the-numbers |archive-date=7 September 2013 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> === Arsenal === [[File:Little_And_Large.jpg|left|thumb| Djourou ya yi kunnen doki da Reading]] Djourou ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko a Arsenal a wasan da suka doke [[Everton FC|Everton]] da ci 3-1 a gasar cin kofin League, bayan da ya fara buga wasa bayan mintuna 89 na wasan da ya yi daidai a zagayen da ya gabata da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2004. Daga baya ya buga wasanni uku a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2004–05. A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2005, Djourou ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din. Farkon bayyanarsa a kakar wasa ta 2005–06 ya zo ne a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2005 da Reading a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya fara wasan gaba daya, inda ya yi nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2005 |title=Arsenal 3-0 Reading |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-reading-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606160715/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-reading-match-report |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Daga nan ya buga wasa a zagaye na uku da Cardiff City . Djourou ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier a Arsenal a wasan da suka doke [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] da ci 7-0 a ranar 14 ga Janairun 2006, inda ya buga wa kungiyar wasan tsakiya tare da Philippe Senderos . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2006 |title=Arsenal 7-0 Middlesbrough |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-7-0-middlesbrough-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924033415/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-7-0-middlesbrough-match-report |archive-date=24 September 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara wasan zagaye na huɗu na [[FA Cup|gasar cin kofin FA]] da Arsenal da Bolton Wanderers a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan tsaron gida na wucin gadi, wasan da Arsenal ta sha kashi da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2006 |title=Bolton 1-0 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708bolton-1-0-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026145008/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708bolton-1-0-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2006, Djourou ya buga wasannin lig da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Birmingham City da Bolton Wanderers . Bayan wasanni biyar da ya yi rashin nasara, ya koma ƙungiyar farko, inda ya maye gurbinsa da [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] a wasan da Arsenal ta doke su da ci 5-0, inda ya maye gurbin Emmanuel Eboué da ya ji rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2006 |title=Arsenal 5-0 Aston Villa |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-5-0-aston-villa-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141123/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-5-0-aston-villa-match-report |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Daga nan Djourou ya fara wasan lig da Portsmouth a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2006, wasan da Sol Campbell ya dawo, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2006 |title=Portsmouth 1-1 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708portsmouth-1-1-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141042/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708portsmouth-1-1-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005-06, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu a dukkan gasannin da ya buga. [[File:Clarence_Seedorf,_Johan_Djourou_&_Thomas_Vermaelen_(4867669744).jpg|thumb| Djourou zai fafata da [[Clarence Seedorf]] na [[AC Milan]]]] Bayan kammala gasar cin kofin duniya, manaja Arsène Wenger ya ce zai yi shirin amfani da Djourou a matsayin kungiyar farko kafin sabuwar kakar wasa . Ya fara wasan gaba daya a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana a wasan farko da Arsenal ta buga a filin wasa na Emirates a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Aston Villa. Daga nan Djourou ya buga wasanni biyu a karawarsu da Dinamo Zagreb a zagaye na uku na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, yayin da Arsenal ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a jimilla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2006 |title=Dinamo Zagreb 0-3 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708dinamo-zagreb-0-3-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818132242/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708dinamo-zagreb-0-3-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |title=Arsenal 2-1 Dinamo Zagreb |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-2-1-dinamo-zagreb-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402214401/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-2-1-dinamo-zagreb-match-report |archive-date=2 April 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Daga nan ya taimaka wa Arsenal ta ci gaba da yin wasa ba tare da an zura mata kwallo ba a wasanni biyu daban-daban; wanda na farko ya faru tsakanin 17 ga Satumba 2006 da 23 ga Satumba 2006, na biyu kuma ya faru tsakanin 14 ga Oktoba 2006 da 22 ga Oktoba 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2006 |title=Manchester Utd 0-1 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708manchester-utd-0-1-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818132252/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708manchester-utd-0-1-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 September 2006 |title=Arsenal 3-0 Sheffield United |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-sheffield-united-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402214448/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-sheffield-united-match-report |archive-date=2 April 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2006, an sanar da cewa Djourou ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru shida da kulob din. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya rasa wasanni huɗu, saboda jajircewar ƙasashen duniya da gasa, ya koma ƙungiyar farko da Fulham a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2006, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 65, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1. Wannan ya biyo bayan rashin daidaito a wasanni biyu a jere tsakanin [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] da FC Porto . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2006 |title=Premiership: Arsenal 3-0 Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-3-0-tottenham-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412003012/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-3-0-tottenham-match-report |archive-date=12 April 2010 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=6 December 2007 |title=FC Porto 0-0 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/first-team/fc-porto-v-arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915155813/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/first-team/fc-porto-v-arsenal |archive-date=15 September 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Watanni biyu da suka biyo baya Djourou ya buga wasanni biyu kacal saboda raunin da ya samu. Sai a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2007 lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar farko da Wigan Athletic, ya fara wasa kuma ya buga mintuna 51 kafin a maye gurbinsa, inda suka yi nasara da ci 2-1. Duk da haka, dawowarsa ba ta daɗe ba lokacin da Djourou ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda ya hana shi yin wasa a duk watan Fabrairu. Sai a ranar 3 ga Maris 2007 lokacin da ya dawo cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-1 a kan Reading. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2007 |title=Premiership: Arsenal 2-1 Reading |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-2-1-reading-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606160633/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-2-1-reading-match-report |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Bayan bai buga wasa ba tsawon watanni biyu, Djourou ya koma cikin 'yan wasan farko a wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Portsmouth, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsaron gida, yayin da Arsenal ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2007 |title=Premiership: Portsmouth 0-0 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-portsmouth-0-0-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509082402/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-portsmouth-0-0-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=9 May 2014 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=15 May 2007 |title=Djourou – What I have learned this season |url=http://www.arsenal.com/djourou-what-i-have-learned-this-season |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511091559/http://www.arsenal.com/djourou-what-i-have-learned-this-season |archive-date=11 May 2014 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006–07, ya buga wasanni talatin a dukkan gasannin da ya buga. ==== Aron kudi ga Birmingham City ==== A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2007, Djourou ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro zuwa Birmingham City na tsawon watanni biyar. Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana biyu da fara wasa da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] wadda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma League Cup a kakar wasa ta baya. Wannan gasa ce mai cike da tarihi inda Chelsea ta yi nasara da ci 3-2, inda Djourou ya cire layin daga hannun [[Frank Lampard]] don ci gaba da kasancewa a Birmingham City a wasan. Daga nan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa biyu a jere ba tare da an zura mata kwallo a raga ba tsakanin 15 ga Satumba 2007 da 22 ga Satumba 2007 a wasan da suka yi da Bolton Wanderers da Liverpool. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2007 |title=Match Report: Birmingham City 1–0 Bolton Wanderers |url=http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37567,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516212016/http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37567,00.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Birmingham City F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 September 2007 |title=Match Report: Liverpool 0–0 Birmingham City |url=http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37570,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235854/http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37570,00.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Birmingham City F.C.}}</ref> Djourou ya ci gaba da bugawa Birmingham wasa a duk tsawon lokacin aronsa har zuwa ranar 22 ga Disamba 2007, lokacin da ya bai wa Nicolas Anelka na Bolton Wanderers kwallo ta hanyar jefa kwallo a raga. Wannan ya zama wasansa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar. Duk da cewa kocin Birmingham Alex McLeish yana son ya riƙe shi, Djourou ya koma Arsenal a ƙarshen zaman aronsa, a matsayin mai kare [[Kolo Touré]] da Alex Song waɗanda ke wasa a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2008. Lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar iyayensa, Djourou ya buga wasanni 13 a dukkan gasannin da ya fafata. [[File:Johan_Djourou_2010.jpg|thumb| Djourou a gasar cin kofin Emirates na 2010]] Jim kaɗan bayan dawowa daga zaman aro a Birmingham City, Djourou ya fara buga wasa a Arsenal a kakar wasa ta 2007–08, inda ya zo wasan da Tottenham Hotspur a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar League Cup, kuma ya buga mintuna 45 kafin a sauya shi a hutun rabin lokaci, inda suka yi kunnen doki 1-1. Duk da haka, ya samu rauni a kugu wanda ya sa ya yi jinyar watanni uku. Duk da cewa Djourou ya koma benci a tsakiyar watan Afrilu, bai koma ba sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar farko, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 78, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Derby County da ci 6-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2008 |title=Premier League: Manchester United 2-1 Arsenal – Report |url=https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-man-utd-2-1-arsenal-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103053632/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-man-utd-2-1-arsenal-report |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Premier League: Derby County 2-6 Arsenal – Report |url=https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-derby-2-6-arsenal-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015204654/https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-derby-2-6-arsenal-report |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007–08, Djourou ya buga wasanni uku a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa Arsenal. A watan Mayun 2008, Djourou ya bayyana cewa zai yarda ya haɗu da [[Cesc Fabregas|Cesc Fàbregas]] a tsakiyar fili bayan tafiyar Mathieu Flamini zuwa [[AC Milan]] . Madadin haka, ya buga wasa a tsakiyar 'yan wasan baya a matsayin madadin farko bayan tafiyar abokin wasansa na baya Philippe Senderos zuwa AC Milan a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Djourou ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2008–09, inda ya fara wasan gaba daya, kuma ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke [[West Bromwich Albion FC|West Bromwich Albion]] da ci 1-0 a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2008 |title=Arsenal 1–0 West Bromwich Albion |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3002937/first-team/arsenal-v-w.b.a.?tab=report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818234538/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3002937/first-team/arsenal-v-w.b.a.?tab=report |archive-date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni biyu a karawar da suka yi da FC Twente a zagaye na uku na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, yayin da Arsenal ta yi nasara da ci 6-0 a jimilla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2008 |title=FC Twente 0-2 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171344/first-team/fc-twente-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232621/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171344/first-team/fc-twente-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 August 2008 |title=Arsenal 4-0 FC Twente |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171345/first-team/arsenal-v-fc-twente?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830013754/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171345/first-team/arsenal-v-fc-twente?tab=report |archive-date=30 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Satumba 2008, Djourou ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila ta dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2008 |title=Johan Djourou signs new long-term contract |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/johan-djourou-signs-new-long-term-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923181537/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/johan-djourou-signs-new-long-term-contract |archive-date=23 September 2008 |access-date=22 September 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Bayan rashin William Gallas, ya fara wasa a wasanni bakwai masu zuwa ga ƙungiyar. A lokacin wasannin farko da ya buga wa ƙungiyar, Djourou ya zura ƙwallo a ragar [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2008, amma Arsenal ta yi nasarar cimma nasara inda ta ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2008 |title=Chelsea 1-2 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3023037/first-team/chelsea-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207073931/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3023037/first-team/chelsea-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Wannan ya ci gaba har sai da ya gyara kuncinsa a lokacin ɗumama wasan sannan ya fice a minti na ƙarshe kafin a tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Aston Villa a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2008 |title=Aston Villa 2-2 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3004216/first-team/aston-villa-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227043423/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3004216/first-team/aston-villa-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=Premier League: Everton v Arsenal – Preview |url=https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/pre/first-team/everton-v-arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016083026/https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/pre/first-team/everton-v-arsenal |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Bayan rashin buga wasanni biyu sakamakon haka, Djourou ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa da Plymouth Argyle a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA kuma ya taimaka wa Arsenal ta lashe 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2009 |title=Arsenal 3-1 Plymouth |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3087952/first-team/arsenal-v-plymouth?tab=report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116030724/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3087952/first-team/arsenal-v-plymouth?tab=report |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowarsa daga rauni, ya tsinci kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko da kuma fita daga ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2009, a wasan lig da Wigan Athletic, Djourou ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda daga baya ya buƙaci tiyata. Ya warke daga gwiwa kuma ya koma ƙungiyar farko, inda ya dawo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu, a wasan da suka doke [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2009. Djourou ya sake buga wasanni biyu daga baya a kakar wasa ta 2008–09. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2009 |title=Portsmouth 0-3 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3005538/first-team/portsmouth-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507110145/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3005538/first-team/portsmouth-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=7 May 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 May 2009 |title=Arsenal 1-3 Manchester United |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3132703/first-team/arsenal-v-manchester-united?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509142912/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3132703/first-team/arsenal-v-manchester-united?tab=report |archive-date=9 May 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 29 a dukkan gasannin. [[File:Johan_Djourou.jpg|left|thumb|Djourou about to chase the ball while playing for [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in 2012]] Bayan tafiyar Touré zuwa [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], Djourou ya samu damar shiga cikin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya da za su fara wasa. Duk da haka, ya ji rauni a gwiwa yayin da yake buga wasa a ƙasashen waje. An sanar a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2009 cewa lokacin murmurewa na Djourou zai ɗauki kimanin watanni shida zuwa takwas; Arsene Wenger ya ce: "Dole ne ya yi haƙuri a wannan kakar." Bayan dawowa atisaye a watan Afrilu, Djourou ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya maye gurbin Mikaël Silvestre da ya ji rauni a rabin lokaci na biyu, a wasan da Arsenal ta doke Fulham da ci 4-0 a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta bana, wanda hakan ya zama wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta 2009-10. A shekara mai zuwa, an kira Djourou zuwa gasar cin kofin matasa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Switzerland a [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Ya ci gaba da buga wasa sau uku a gasar, yayin da aka fitar da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a matakin rukuni. A watan Satumba na 2006, Djourou ya buga wasanni biyu a lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta ' yan kasa da shekara 21 ta 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Switzerland . Bayan ya cancanci buga wa Switzerland da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] wasa, Djourou ya zaɓi ya buga wa Switzerland wasa. Ya fara buga wa tawagarsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a Switzerland a wasan sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland|Scotland]] a ranar 1 ga Maris 2006, inda ya maye gurbin Valon Behrami a wasan da suka ci 3-1. [[File:AUT_vs._SUI_2015-11-17_(244).jpg|left|thumb| Djourou yana buga ƙwallon a lokacin wasan Switzerland da Austria a watan Nuwamba 2015]] An kira Djourou cikin tawagar 'yan wasan da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta Switzerland a shekarar 2006, duk da cewa bai buga wasannin share fage ba. Bayan an kira shi, ya ce: "Zai zama abin mamaki domin an haife ni a Ivory Coast kuma har yanzu ina jin akwai wani ɓangare na Afirka a cikina. Mahaifiyata ta haihuwa har yanzu tana zaune a can kuma ina da yawan tuntuɓar iyalina ta waya a can, don haka idan aka zaɓe ni don in buga wa Switzerland wasa da 'wata ƙasata' tabbas zai zama lokaci na musamman. Kullum abu ne na musamman a zama ƙarami a cikin ƙungiyar amma ban ɗauki wannan ɓangaren da muhimmanci ba domin muna nan don buga ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ga wannan shekarun ba shi da mahimmanci," in ji Djourou. "Burin da nake da shi na gasar cin kofin duniya shine kawai in buga wasa kuma yanzu dole ne in shirya kaina don nuna wa kocin cewa na shirya." Mahaifinsa ya yi nasarar annabta cewa Djourou zai buga gasar cin kofin duniya lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma. Djourou ya fara buga gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 75 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Faransa . Ya fara wasan zagaye na 16 na Switzerland da Ukraine, kuma an sauya shi bayan ya ji rauni a rabin farko. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="13" | Switzerland | 2006 | 8 | 0 |- | 2007 | 8 | 1 |- | 2008 | 6 | 0 |- | 2009 | 2 | 0 |- | 2010 | 1 | 0 |- | 2011 | 5 | 0 |- | 2012 | 8 | 0 |- | 2013 | 4 | 0 |- | 2014 | 10 | 0 |- | 2015 | 7 | 1 |- | 2016 | 7 | 0 |- | 2017 | 6 | 0 |- | 2018 | 4 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 76 ! 2 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Johan Djourou ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 11 Satumba 2007 | Wörthersee Stadion, Klagenfurt, Austria |{{Fb|JPN}} | align="center" | 3–3 | align="center" | 3–4 | Aboki |- | align="center" | 2 | 9 Oktoba 2015 | Filin wasa na AFG, St. Gallen, Switzerland |{{Fb|SMR}} | align="center" | 4–0 | align="center" | 7–0 | Takaddamar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2016 |} * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta League : 2006–07, 2010–11 * Kyautar Wasanni ta Switzerland: Mafi kyawun Sabon Shiga 2006 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cog5dqto9hf3lue2hdcyzhiccf6lc45 966238 966232 2026-10-11T16:13:23Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Danon Issouf Johannes Djourou Gbadjere'''{{IPA|fr|dʒuʁu|pron}} ; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1987), wanda aka fi sani da '''Johan Djourou''', tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Switzerland wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Johan Djourou |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1948/johan-djourou/ |access-date=8 August 2017 |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HeimSpiel Medien}}</ref> A cewar bayaninsa a shafin yanar gizon tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa [[Arsenal F.C.|ta Arsenal]], Djourou yana da "gudu, iko da kuma sadaukarwa mai ƙarfi" ban da iyawarsa ta yin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Players: Johan Djourou |url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/johan-djourou |url-status=dead<!-- url is live, but current version doesn't contain the quote --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429124913/http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/johan-djourou |archive-date=29 April 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |publisher=Arsenal FC}}</ref> <ref name="height">{{Cite web |title=Player Profile: Johan Djourou |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=67173/profile/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630221656/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=67173/profile/index.html |archive-date=30 June 2010 |access-date=24 April 2017 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ga tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta [[Étoile Carouge]], amma lokacin da ya isa Arsenal, sai ya koma [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . A wasu lokutan yana taka leda a matsayin cikakken ɗan wasan baya ga Arsenal kuma ya buga wasanni da dama a [[Mai buga tsakiya|tsakiyar tsakiya]] yayin da yake zaman aro a Birmingham City . Ya yi zaman aro a Hannover 96 a shekarar 2013 kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Hamburger SV, da farko a matsayin aro, daga baya a wannan shekarar. Bayan shekaru uku da Hamburg, ya ci gaba da bugawa ƙungiyar [[Antalyaspor]] ta [[Süper Lig|Turkiyya]], SPAL ta [[Serie A]], Sion ta Switzerland da Neuchâtel Xamax, sannan a ƙarshe Nordsjælland ta Denmark Superliga . Djourou ya wakilci Switzerland daga 2006 zuwa 2018, inda ya lashe wasanni 76. Kasar ta gayyace shi zuwa [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] sau uku da kuma [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA|gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA]] guda biyu. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haifi Djourou a [[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast, <ref name="Djourou Personal Life" /> ga iyayensa 'yan Ivory Coast Joachim da Angeline, kuma daga baya matar mahaifinsa ta farko, Danièle, 'yar Switzerland, ta ɗauke shi a matsayin mai renon yara. Daga baya Djourou ya yarda cewa yana da uwaye biyu a rayuwarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Geneva]] lokacin da yake ɗan watanni 17. A cewar mahaifinsa, Djourou ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana jariri, yana cewa: "Zan ɗauki ƙwallo a shaguna in buga ƙwallon ƙafa a shago." <ref name="Djourou The Independent" /> Djourou ya yi rajista a Cibiyar Horarwa ta Payerne lokacin yana ɗan shekara 13, sannan, a shekara ta 2002, Djourou ya koma ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu ta gida [[Étoile Carouge]] a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya yana da shekara 15. <ref name="Djourou Personal Life">{{Cite web |title=Johan Djourou |url=http://www.johan-djourou.ch/jo/de/johan/johan-in-kuerze |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706011145/http://www.johan-djourou.ch/jo/de/johan/johan-in-kuerze |archive-date=6 July 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Johan Djourou Official Website |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Djourou The Independent" /> Ya koma [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2003. <ref name="Djourou Personal Life" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2013 |title=Signed, sealed, delivered |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/49330/behind-the-numbers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907010240/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/49330/behind-the-numbers |archive-date=7 September 2013 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> === Arsenal === [[File:Little_And_Large.jpg|left|thumb| Djourou ya yi kunnen doki da Reading]] Djourou ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko a Arsenal a wasan da suka doke [[Everton FC|Everton]] da ci 3-1 a gasar cin kofin League, bayan da ya fara buga wasa bayan mintuna 89 na wasan da ya yi daidai a zagayen da ya gabata da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2004. Daga baya ya buga wasanni uku a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2004–05. A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2005, Djourou ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din. Farkon bayyanarsa a kakar wasa ta 2005–06 ya zo ne a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2005 da Reading a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya fara wasan gaba daya, inda ya yi nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2005 |title=Arsenal 3-0 Reading |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-reading-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606160715/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-reading-match-report |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Daga nan ya buga wasa a zagaye na uku da Cardiff City . Djourou ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier a Arsenal a wasan da suka doke [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] da ci 7-0 a ranar 14 ga Janairun 2006, inda ya buga wa kungiyar wasan tsakiya tare da Philippe Senderos . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2006 |title=Arsenal 7-0 Middlesbrough |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-7-0-middlesbrough-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924033415/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-7-0-middlesbrough-match-report |archive-date=24 September 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara wasan zagaye na huɗu na [[FA Cup|gasar cin kofin FA]] da Arsenal da Bolton Wanderers a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan tsaron gida na wucin gadi, wasan da Arsenal ta sha kashi da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2006 |title=Bolton 1-0 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708bolton-1-0-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026145008/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708bolton-1-0-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2006, Djourou ya buga wasannin lig da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Birmingham City da Bolton Wanderers . Bayan wasanni biyar da ya yi rashin nasara, ya koma ƙungiyar farko, inda ya maye gurbinsa da [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] a wasan da Arsenal ta doke su da ci 5-0, inda ya maye gurbin Emmanuel Eboué da ya ji rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2006 |title=Arsenal 5-0 Aston Villa |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-5-0-aston-villa-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141123/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-5-0-aston-villa-match-report |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Daga nan Djourou ya fara wasan lig da Portsmouth a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2006, wasan da Sol Campbell ya dawo, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2006 |title=Portsmouth 1-1 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708portsmouth-1-1-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141042/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708portsmouth-1-1-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005-06, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu a dukkan gasannin da ya buga. [[File:Clarence_Seedorf,_Johan_Djourou_&_Thomas_Vermaelen_(4867669744).jpg|thumb| Djourou zai fafata da [[Clarence Seedorf]] na [[AC Milan]]]] Bayan kammala gasar cin kofin duniya, manaja Arsène Wenger ya ce zai yi shirin amfani da Djourou a matsayin kungiyar farko kafin sabuwar kakar wasa . Ya fara wasan gaba daya a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana a wasan farko da Arsenal ta buga a filin wasa na Emirates a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Aston Villa. Daga nan Djourou ya buga wasanni biyu a karawarsu da Dinamo Zagreb a zagaye na uku na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, yayin da Arsenal ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a jimilla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2006 |title=Dinamo Zagreb 0-3 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708dinamo-zagreb-0-3-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818132242/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708dinamo-zagreb-0-3-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |title=Arsenal 2-1 Dinamo Zagreb |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-2-1-dinamo-zagreb-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402214401/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-2-1-dinamo-zagreb-match-report |archive-date=2 April 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Daga nan ya taimaka wa Arsenal ta ci gaba da yin wasa ba tare da an zura mata kwallo ba a wasanni biyu daban-daban; wanda na farko ya faru tsakanin 17 ga Satumba 2006 da 23 ga Satumba 2006, na biyu kuma ya faru tsakanin 14 ga Oktoba 2006 da 22 ga Oktoba 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2006 |title=Manchester Utd 0-1 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708manchester-utd-0-1-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818132252/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708manchester-utd-0-1-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 September 2006 |title=Arsenal 3-0 Sheffield United |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-sheffield-united-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402214448/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708arsenal-3-0-sheffield-united-match-report |archive-date=2 April 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2006, an sanar da cewa Djourou ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru shida da kulob din. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya rasa wasanni huɗu, saboda jajircewar ƙasashen duniya da gasa, ya koma ƙungiyar farko da Fulham a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2006, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 65, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1. Wannan ya biyo bayan rashin daidaito a wasanni biyu a jere tsakanin [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] da FC Porto . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2006 |title=Premiership: Arsenal 3-0 Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-3-0-tottenham-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412003012/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-3-0-tottenham-match-report |archive-date=12 April 2010 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=6 December 2007 |title=FC Porto 0-0 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/first-team/fc-porto-v-arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915155813/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/first-team/fc-porto-v-arsenal |archive-date=15 September 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Watanni biyu da suka biyo baya Djourou ya buga wasanni biyu kacal saboda raunin da ya samu. Sai a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2007 lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar farko da Wigan Athletic, ya fara wasa kuma ya buga mintuna 51 kafin a maye gurbinsa, inda suka yi nasara da ci 2-1. Duk da haka, dawowarsa ba ta daɗe ba lokacin da Djourou ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda ya hana shi yin wasa a duk watan Fabrairu. Sai a ranar 3 ga Maris 2007 lokacin da ya dawo cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-1 a kan Reading. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2007 |title=Premiership: Arsenal 2-1 Reading |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-2-1-reading-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606160633/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-arsenal-2-1-reading-match-report |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Bayan bai buga wasa ba tsawon watanni biyu, Djourou ya koma cikin 'yan wasan farko a wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Portsmouth, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsaron gida, yayin da Arsenal ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2007 |title=Premiership: Portsmouth 0-0 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-portsmouth-0-0-arsenal-match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509082402/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premiership-portsmouth-0-0-arsenal-match-report |archive-date=9 May 2014 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=15 May 2007 |title=Djourou – What I have learned this season |url=http://www.arsenal.com/djourou-what-i-have-learned-this-season |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511091559/http://www.arsenal.com/djourou-what-i-have-learned-this-season |archive-date=11 May 2014 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006–07, ya buga wasanni talatin a dukkan gasannin da ya buga. ==== Aron kudi ga Birmingham City ==== A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2007, Djourou ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro zuwa Birmingham City na tsawon watanni biyar. Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana biyu da fara wasa da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] wadda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma League Cup a kakar wasa ta baya. Wannan gasa ce mai cike da tarihi inda Chelsea ta yi nasara da ci 3-2, inda Djourou ya cire layin daga hannun [[Frank Lampard]] don ci gaba da kasancewa a Birmingham City a wasan. Daga nan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa biyu a jere ba tare da an zura mata kwallo a raga ba tsakanin 15 ga Satumba 2007 da 22 ga Satumba 2007 a wasan da suka yi da Bolton Wanderers da Liverpool. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2007 |title=Match Report: Birmingham City 1–0 Bolton Wanderers |url=http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37567,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516212016/http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37567,00.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Birmingham City F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 September 2007 |title=Match Report: Liverpool 0–0 Birmingham City |url=http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37570,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235854/http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10412~37570,00.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Birmingham City F.C.}}</ref> Djourou ya ci gaba da bugawa Birmingham wasa a duk tsawon lokacin aronsa har zuwa ranar 22 ga Disamba 2007, lokacin da ya bai wa Nicolas Anelka na Bolton Wanderers kwallo ta hanyar jefa kwallo a raga. Wannan ya zama wasansa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar. Duk da cewa kocin Birmingham Alex McLeish yana son ya riƙe shi, Djourou ya koma Arsenal a ƙarshen zaman aronsa, a matsayin mai kare [[Kolo Touré]] da Alex Song waɗanda ke wasa a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2008. Lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar iyayensa, Djourou ya buga wasanni 13 a dukkan gasannin da ya fafata. [[File:Johan_Djourou_2010.jpg|thumb| Djourou a gasar cin kofin Emirates na 2010]] Jim kaɗan bayan dawowa daga zaman aro a Birmingham City, Djourou ya fara buga wasa a Arsenal a kakar wasa ta 2007–08, inda ya zo wasan da Tottenham Hotspur a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar League Cup, kuma ya buga mintuna 45 kafin a sauya shi a hutun rabin lokaci, inda suka yi kunnen doki 1-1. Duk da haka, ya samu rauni a kugu wanda ya sa ya yi jinyar watanni uku. Duk da cewa Djourou ya koma benci a tsakiyar watan Afrilu, bai koma ba sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar farko, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 78, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Derby County da ci 6-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2008 |title=Premier League: Manchester United 2-1 Arsenal – Report |url=https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-man-utd-2-1-arsenal-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103053632/http://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-man-utd-2-1-arsenal-report |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Premier League: Derby County 2-6 Arsenal – Report |url=https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-derby-2-6-arsenal-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015204654/https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0708premier-league-derby-2-6-arsenal-report |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007–08, Djourou ya buga wasanni uku a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa Arsenal. A watan Mayun 2008, Djourou ya bayyana cewa zai yarda ya haɗu da [[Cesc Fabregas|Cesc Fàbregas]] a tsakiyar fili bayan tafiyar Mathieu Flamini zuwa [[AC Milan]] . Madadin haka, ya buga wasa a tsakiyar 'yan wasan baya a matsayin madadin farko bayan tafiyar abokin wasansa na baya Philippe Senderos zuwa AC Milan a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Djourou ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2008–09, inda ya fara wasan gaba daya, kuma ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke [[West Bromwich Albion FC|West Bromwich Albion]] da ci 1-0 a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2008 |title=Arsenal 1–0 West Bromwich Albion |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3002937/first-team/arsenal-v-w.b.a.?tab=report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818234538/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3002937/first-team/arsenal-v-w.b.a.?tab=report |archive-date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni biyu a karawar da suka yi da FC Twente a zagaye na uku na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, yayin da Arsenal ta yi nasara da ci 6-0 a jimilla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2008 |title=FC Twente 0-2 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171344/first-team/fc-twente-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232621/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171344/first-team/fc-twente-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 August 2008 |title=Arsenal 4-0 FC Twente |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171345/first-team/arsenal-v-fc-twente?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830013754/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/171345/first-team/arsenal-v-fc-twente?tab=report |archive-date=30 August 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Satumba 2008, Djourou ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila ta dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2008 |title=Johan Djourou signs new long-term contract |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/johan-djourou-signs-new-long-term-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923181537/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/johan-djourou-signs-new-long-term-contract |archive-date=23 September 2008 |access-date=22 September 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Bayan rashin William Gallas, ya fara wasa a wasanni bakwai masu zuwa ga ƙungiyar. A lokacin wasannin farko da ya buga wa ƙungiyar, Djourou ya zura ƙwallo a ragar [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2008, amma Arsenal ta yi nasarar cimma nasara inda ta ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2008 |title=Chelsea 1-2 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3023037/first-team/chelsea-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207073931/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3023037/first-team/chelsea-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Wannan ya ci gaba har sai da ya gyara kuncinsa a lokacin ɗumama wasan sannan ya fice a minti na ƙarshe kafin a tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Aston Villa a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2008 |title=Aston Villa 2-2 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3004216/first-team/aston-villa-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227043423/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3004216/first-team/aston-villa-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=Premier League: Everton v Arsenal – Preview |url=https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/pre/first-team/everton-v-arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016083026/https://www.arsenal.com/match/report/0809/pre/first-team/everton-v-arsenal |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Bayan rashin buga wasanni biyu sakamakon haka, Djourou ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa da Plymouth Argyle a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA kuma ya taimaka wa Arsenal ta lashe 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2009 |title=Arsenal 3-1 Plymouth |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3087952/first-team/arsenal-v-plymouth?tab=report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116030724/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3087952/first-team/arsenal-v-plymouth?tab=report |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowarsa daga rauni, ya tsinci kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko da kuma fita daga ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2009, a wasan lig da Wigan Athletic, Djourou ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda daga baya ya buƙaci tiyata. Ya warke daga gwiwa kuma ya koma ƙungiyar farko, inda ya dawo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu, a wasan da suka doke [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2009. Djourou ya sake buga wasanni biyu daga baya a kakar wasa ta 2008–09. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2009 |title=Portsmouth 0-3 Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3005538/first-team/portsmouth-v-arsenal?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507110145/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3005538/first-team/portsmouth-v-arsenal?tab=report |archive-date=7 May 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 May 2009 |title=Arsenal 1-3 Manchester United |url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3132703/first-team/arsenal-v-manchester-united?tab=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509142912/http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3132703/first-team/arsenal-v-manchester-united?tab=report |archive-date=9 May 2009 |access-date=18 October 2020 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 29 a dukkan gasannin. [[File:Johan_Djourou.jpg|left|thumb|Djourou about to chase the ball while playing for [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in 2012]] Bayan tafiyar Touré zuwa [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], Djourou ya samu damar shiga cikin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya da za su fara wasa. Duk da haka, ya ji rauni a gwiwa yayin da yake buga wasa a ƙasashen waje. An sanar a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2009 cewa lokacin murmurewa na Djourou zai ɗauki kimanin watanni shida zuwa takwas; Arsene Wenger ya ce: "Dole ne ya yi haƙuri a wannan kakar." Bayan dawowa atisaye a watan Afrilu, Djourou ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya maye gurbin Mikaël Silvestre da ya ji rauni a rabin lokaci na biyu, a wasan da Arsenal ta doke Fulham da ci 4-0 a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta bana, wanda hakan ya zama wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta 2009-10. A shekara mai zuwa, an kira Djourou zuwa gasar cin kofin matasa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Switzerland a [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Ya ci gaba da buga wasa sau uku a gasar, yayin da aka fitar da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a matakin rukuni. A watan Satumba na 2006, Djourou ya buga wasanni biyu a lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta ' yan kasa da shekara 21 ta 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Switzerland . Bayan ya cancanci buga wa Switzerland da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] wasa, Djourou ya zaɓi ya buga wa Switzerland wasa. Ya fara buga wa tawagarsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a Switzerland a wasan sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland|Scotland]] a ranar 1 ga Maris 2006, inda ya maye gurbin Valon Behrami a wasan da suka ci 3-1. [[File:AUT_vs._SUI_2015-11-17_(244).jpg|left|thumb| Djourou yana buga ƙwallon a lokacin wasan Switzerland da Austria a watan Nuwamba 2015]] An kira Djourou cikin tawagar 'yan wasan da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta Switzerland a shekarar 2006, duk da cewa bai buga wasannin share fage ba. Bayan an kira shi, ya ce: "Zai zama abin mamaki domin an haife ni a Ivory Coast kuma har yanzu ina jin akwai wani ɓangare na Afirka a cikina. Mahaifiyata ta haihuwa har yanzu tana zaune a can kuma ina da yawan tuntuɓar iyalina ta waya a can, don haka idan aka zaɓe ni don in buga wa Switzerland wasa da 'wata ƙasata' tabbas zai zama lokaci na musamman. Kullum abu ne na musamman a zama ƙarami a cikin ƙungiyar amma ban ɗauki wannan ɓangaren da muhimmanci ba domin muna nan don buga ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ga wannan shekarun ba shi da mahimmanci," in ji Djourou. "Burin da nake da shi na gasar cin kofin duniya shine kawai in buga wasa kuma yanzu dole ne in shirya kaina don nuna wa kocin cewa na shirya." Mahaifinsa ya yi nasarar annabta cewa Djourou zai buga gasar cin kofin duniya lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma. Djourou ya fara buga gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 75 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Faransa . Ya fara wasan zagaye na 16 na Switzerland da Ukraine, kuma an sauya shi bayan ya ji rauni a rabin farko. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="13" | Switzerland | 2006 | 8 | 0 |- | 2007 | 8 | 1 |- | 2008 | 6 | 0 |- | 2009 | 2 | 0 |- | 2010 | 1 | 0 |- | 2011 | 5 | 0 |- | 2012 | 8 | 0 |- | 2013 | 4 | 0 |- | 2014 | 10 | 0 |- | 2015 | 7 | 1 |- | 2016 | 7 | 0 |- | 2017 | 6 | 0 |- | 2018 | 4 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 76 ! 2 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Johan Djourou ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 11 Satumba 2007 | Wörthersee Stadion, Klagenfurt, Austria |{{Fb|JPN}} | align="center" | 3–3 | align="center" | 3–4 | Aboki |- | align="center" | 2 | 9 Oktoba 2015 | Filin wasa na AFG, St. Gallen, Switzerland |{{Fb|SMR}} | align="center" | 4–0 | align="center" | 7–0 | Takaddamar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2016 |} * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta League : 2006–07, 2010–11 * Kyautar Wasanni ta Switzerland: Mafi kyawun Sabon Shiga 2006 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 35eopd6br7dqkslbmizlku8j3u2t3go Tattalin arzikin Rwanda 0 178888 966234 2026-10-11T16:12:45Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379050818|Economy of Rwanda]]" 966234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] tana da [[Developing country|tattalin arziki mai tasowa]]. Jiha ce mai karamin karfi da ke da alaƙa da ayyuka, noma da masana'antu. An bayyana shi a matsayin mai fuskantar masana'antu na farko saboda sabbin manufofin gwamnati. Yana da tattalin arziki mai gauraye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Introduction |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/rwanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704122925/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/rwanda/ |archive-date=2022-07-04 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}</ref> Tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ta ga ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda ya inganta yanayin rayuwa na mutanen Rwanda da yawa. Shugaban Rwanda, [[Paul Kagame]], ya lura da burinsa na sanya Rwanda "[[Singafora|Singapore]] na [[Afirka]]". A cikin 2025 tattalin arzikin ya karu da kashi 9.4%; ayyuka sun ba da gudummawa 52% na GDP, masana'antu 22% da aikin gona 20% . == Tarihi == [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png|thumb|Kimanin ci gaban GDP na ainihi ga kowane mutum a Rwanda, tun daga 1950]] === Kafin yakin basasa da kisan kare dangi === A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, manufofin kudi na Rwanda, tare da taimakon waje mai karimci da kuma yanayin kasuwanci mai kyau, ya haifar da ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ƙarancin hauhawar farashi. Koyaya, lokacin da farashin kofi na duniya ya faɗi sosai a cikin shekarun 1980, ci gaban ya zama mara kyau. Idan aka kwatanta da ci gaban GDP na shekara-shekara na 6.5% daga 1973 zuwa 1980, ci gaban ya ragu zuwa matsakaicin 2.9% a shekara daga 1980 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tsaya daga 1986 zuwa 1990. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1990 lokacin da aka aiwatar da matakan farko na shirin daidaita tsarin IMF. Duk da yake ba a aiwatar da shirin ba kafin yaƙin, an aiwatar da mahimman matakai kamar manyan raguwa guda biyu da kuma cire farashin hukuma. Sakamakon albashi da ikon sayen sun kasance masu sauri da ban mamaki. Wannan rikicin ya shafi masu ilimi musamman, mafi yawansu suna aiki a cikin aikin gwamnati ko kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati. A cikin shekaru 5 na yakin basasa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kisan kare dangi na 1994, GDP ya ragu a cikin shekaru 3 cikin 5, yana sanya saurin raguwa a sama da 40% a cikin 1994, shekarar kisan kare kare dangi. Karin kashi 9% na ainihin GDP na 1995, shekarar farko bayan yakin, ya nuna farfadowar ayyukan tattalin arziki. === Bayan kisan kare dangi (1994-2005) === [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na 1994]] ya lalata tushen tattalin arzikin Rwanda, ya talaucin jama'a, musamman mata, kuma ya lalata ikon kasar na jawo hankalin masu zaman kansu da na waje. Koyaya, Rwanda ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen daidaitawa da sake farfado da tattalin arzikinta. A watan Yunin 1998, Rwanda ta sanya hannu kan ingantaccen tsarin gyaran gyare-gyare tare da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya. Rwanda kuma ta fara wani shiri mai ban sha'awa tare da [[Bankin Duniya]]. A cikin lokacin bayan yakin - tsakiyar 1994 zuwa 1995 - taimakon jin kai na gaggawa na sama da dala miliyan 307.4 an ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan agaji a Rwanda da kuma sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a kasashe makwabta inda Rwandan suka tsere a lokacin yakin. A cikin 1996, taimakon agaji na jin kai ya fara canzawa zuwa sake ginawa da taimakon ci gaba. 97dhs5eo3v4povcymuqn1dozj18q0yq 966239 966234 2026-10-11T16:13:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 966239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] tana da [[Developing country|tattalin arziki mai tasowa]]. Jiha ce mai karamin karfi da ke da alaƙa da ayyuka, noma da masana'antu. An bayyana shi a matsayin mai fuskantar masana'antu na farko saboda sabbin manufofin gwamnati. Yana da tattalin arziki mai gauraye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Introduction |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/rwanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704122925/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/rwanda/ |archive-date=2022-07-04 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}</ref> Tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ta ga ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda ya inganta yanayin rayuwa na mutanen Rwanda da yawa. Shugaban Rwanda, [[Paul Kagame]], ya lura da burinsa na sanya Rwanda "[[Singafora|Singapore]] na [[Afirka]]". A cikin 2025 tattalin arzikin ya karu da kashi 9.4%; ayyuka sun ba da gudummawa 52% na GDP, masana'antu 22% da aikin gona 20% . == Tarihi == [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png|thumb|Kimanin ci gaban GDP na ainihi ga kowane mutum a Rwanda, tun daga 1950]] === Kafin yakin basasa da kisan kare dangi === A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, manufofin kudi na Rwanda, tare da taimakon waje mai karimci da kuma yanayin kasuwanci mai kyau, ya haifar da ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ƙarancin hauhawar farashi. Koyaya, lokacin da farashin kofi na duniya ya faɗi sosai a cikin shekarun 1980, ci gaban ya zama mara kyau. Idan aka kwatanta da ci gaban GDP na shekara-shekara na 6.5% daga 1973 zuwa 1980, ci gaban ya ragu zuwa matsakaicin 2.9% a shekara daga 1980 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tsaya daga 1986 zuwa 1990. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1990 lokacin da aka aiwatar da matakan farko na shirin daidaita tsarin IMF. Duk da yake ba a aiwatar da shirin ba kafin yaƙin, an aiwatar da mahimman matakai kamar manyan raguwa guda biyu da kuma cire farashin hukuma. Sakamakon albashi da ikon sayen sun kasance masu sauri da ban mamaki. Wannan rikicin ya shafi masu ilimi musamman, mafi yawansu suna aiki a cikin aikin gwamnati ko kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati. A cikin shekaru 5 na yakin basasa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kisan kare dangi na 1994, GDP ya ragu a cikin shekaru 3 cikin 5, yana sanya saurin raguwa a sama da 40% a cikin 1994, shekarar kisan kare kare dangi. Karin kashi 9% na ainihin GDP na 1995, shekarar farko bayan yakin, ya nuna farfadowar ayyukan tattalin arziki. === Bayan kisan kare dangi (1994-2005) === [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na 1994]] ya lalata tushen tattalin arzikin Rwanda, ya talaucin jama'a, musamman mata, kuma ya lalata ikon kasar na jawo hankalin masu zaman kansu da na waje. Koyaya, Rwanda ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen daidaitawa da sake farfado da tattalin arzikinta. A watan Yunin 1998, Rwanda ta sanya hannu kan ingantaccen tsarin gyaran gyare-gyare tare da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya. Rwanda kuma ta fara wani shiri mai ban sha'awa tare da [[Bankin Duniya]]. A cikin lokacin bayan yakin - tsakiyar 1994 zuwa 1995 - taimakon jin kai na gaggawa na sama da dala miliyan 307.4 an ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan agaji a Rwanda da kuma sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a kasashe makwabta inda Rwandan suka tsere a lokacin yakin. A cikin 1996, taimakon agaji na jin kai ya fara canzawa zuwa sake ginawa da taimakon ci gaba. ==manazarta== nw1p8l0udc5uo9hfp6j1wkbhdc2pgb5 Kingdom of al-Abwab 0 178889 966235 2026-10-11T16:12:49Z Dev moha2507 21576 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 966235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kingdom of al-Abwab''' ("Kofofi") wata masarautar Nubia ce ta zamanin tsakiyar tarihi a tsakiyar ƙasar Sudan ta yanzu. Da farko ta kasance lardin da yake mafi arewa a masarautar Alodia, kuma ta bayyana a matsayin 'yantacciyar daula mai zaman kanta daga shekarar 1268 ko 1269. Daga nan gaba, majiyoyin Larabawa sun sha ambatonta dangane da yakin da aka yi tsakanin makwabciyarta ta arewa ya tsaya wato Makuria da kuma masarautar Mamluk ta ƙasar Misra, inda galibi ta kasance tana goyon bayan ɓangaren Misra. A shekara ta 1367 an ambace ta a karon ƙarshe, amma bisa la'akari da samfuran tukunyar laka da aka gano, masana sun nuna cewa masarautar ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarni na 15, ko ma ƙarni na 16. A lokacin mulkin Sarkin Funj mai suna Amara Dunqas (mulki: 1504–1533/4), a san cewa yankin ya zama ɓangare na Daular Funj. ==History== Kaɗan ne kawai aka sani game da tarihin al-Abwab.[5] Kafin ta samun ƴancin kanta, ta kasance lardin da yake mafi arewa a masarautar Alodia.[6] Daga dukkan alama, lardin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani jami'i ne da sarki Alodia ke naɗawa.[7] Shaidun gine-gine da kayan tarihi daga Soba, wato babban birnin Alodia, sun nuna cewa birnin ya soma darushewa — sakamakon haka watakila ma gaba ɗaya masarautar — tun daga ƙarni na 12.[8] Ba a san yadda al-Abwab ta ɓalle daga Alodia ba.[9] Ta bayyana a matsayin 'yantacciyar ƙasa a shekarar 1268/9, bayan da Sarki David na Makuria ya tsire kawunsa Murtashkara daga mulki tare da korar ƴaƴansa zuwa can.[10] Zuwa shekara ta 1276, al-Mufaddal ya bayyana ta da cewa tana iko da "manya da faɗaɗɗun yankuna" An ambace ta dangane da yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin Makuria da masarautar Mamluk: Sarki David ya kai hari a Aydhab da Aswan, wanda hakan ya sa Sarkin Mamluk wato Baybars ya ɗauki matakin ramuwa. A watan Maris na shekarar 1276, rundunarsa ta isa Dongola, inda aka yi nasara a kan David a yaƙin. Bayan nan ya ƙaurace ya gudu zuwa masarautar al-Abwab da ke kudu. Sai dai kuma, Adur, sarkin al-Abwab, ya mika shi ga hannun Musulmi,[12] wanda bisa ga bayanin al-Nuwayri, hakan ya faru ne bayan Adur ya doke David a yaƙi sannan ya kama shi.[13] Al-Mufaddal ya bayyana cewa ya mika David ne saboda tsoron Sarkin Mamluk da yake ji.[11] Sakamakon wannan yaƙin, an naɗa wani sarki ɗan amshin shatan Mamluk a Dongola,[14] wanda wani mai kisan sirri (Assassin) daga al-Abwab yake tsare shi da sa ido a kansa. A shekarar 1286, a sake ambatar Adur. An rubuta cewa ya aike da jakada zuwa wajen Sarkin Mamluk, wanda ba kawai ya gabatar masa da kyaututtukan giwa da rakumin ɗawa (jiraf) ba, har ma ya nuna masa biyayya.[9] Haka kuma, jakadan ya kai ƙorafi game da ƙiyayyar da sarki ɗan amshin shatan Mamluk na Dongola ke nuna musu.[16] A farkon shekara mai biyo baya, Mamluk suka sake tura jakada zuwa can.[17] A shekarar 1290, an ce Adur ya kai hari kan wani sarkin Makuria mai suna Any, wanda ya gudu daga ƙasar a shekarar 1289. Sai dai kuma, ba a fito sarai an sani ko waye Any ɗin ba:[18] a shekarar 1289, sarakunan Dongola sun kasance sune Shemamun da Budemma.[19] Mai yiwuwa shi wani shugaban ƙabila ne kawai. Bayan yaƙin da ya yi da Any, Adur ya kuma shagaltu da wani yaƙin a kan wani sarki da ba a ambaci sunansa ba wanda ya faɗa yankin Anaj, wanda watakila yake nufin Alodia. Ya yi ikirarin cewa da zarar yaƙe-yaƙensa sun yi nasara, gaba ɗaya ƙasar Bilad al-Sudan za ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Sarkin Mamluk.[20] A shekarar 1292, Sarkin Makuria ya zarge Adur da barna da tsagera a ƙasarsa. ==manazarta== <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemamun?action=edit&redlink=1 </ref> <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars </ref> ev6pqt0grkek57rvmpx81sle9u0sogs 966273 966235 2026-10-11T16:17:31Z Dev moha2507 21576 966273 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kingdom of al-Abwab''' {{databox}} ("Kofofi") wata masarautar Nubia ce ta zamanin tsakiyar tarihi a tsakiyar ƙasar Sudan ta yanzu. Da farko ta kasance lardin da yake mafi arewa a masarautar Alodia, kuma ta bayyana a matsayin 'yantacciyar daula mai zaman kanta daga shekarar 1268 ko 1269. Daga nan gaba, majiyoyin Larabawa sun sha ambatonta dangane da yakin da aka yi tsakanin makwabciyarta ta arewa ya tsaya wato Makuria da kuma masarautar Mamluk ta ƙasar Misra, inda galibi ta kasance tana goyon bayan ɓangaren Misra. A shekara ta 1367 an ambace ta a karon ƙarshe, amma bisa la'akari da samfuran tukunyar laka da aka gano, masana sun nuna cewa masarautar ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarni na 15, ko ma ƙarni na 16. A lokacin mulkin Sarkin Funj mai suna Amara Dunqas (mulki: 1504–1533/4), a san cewa yankin ya zama ɓangare na Daular Funj. ==History== Kaɗan ne kawai aka sani game da tarihin al-Abwab.[5] Kafin ta samun ƴancin kanta, ta kasance lardin da yake mafi arewa a masarautar Alodia.[6] Daga dukkan alama, lardin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani jami'i ne da sarki Alodia ke naɗawa.[7] Shaidun gine-gine da kayan tarihi daga Soba, wato babban birnin Alodia, sun nuna cewa birnin ya soma darushewa — sakamakon haka watakila ma gaba ɗaya masarautar — tun daga ƙarni na 12.[8] Ba a san yadda al-Abwab ta ɓalle daga Alodia ba.[9] Ta bayyana a matsayin 'yantacciyar ƙasa a shekarar 1268/9, bayan da Sarki David na Makuria ya tsire kawunsa Murtashkara daga mulki tare da korar ƴaƴansa zuwa can.[10] Zuwa shekara ta 1276, al-Mufaddal ya bayyana ta da cewa tana iko da "manya da faɗaɗɗun yankuna" An ambace ta dangane da yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin Makuria da masarautar Mamluk: Sarki David ya kai hari a Aydhab da Aswan, wanda hakan ya sa Sarkin Mamluk wato Baybars ya ɗauki matakin ramuwa. A watan Maris na shekarar 1276, rundunarsa ta isa Dongola, inda aka yi nasara a kan David a yaƙin. Bayan nan ya ƙaurace ya gudu zuwa masarautar al-Abwab da ke kudu. Sai dai kuma, Adur, sarkin al-Abwab, ya mika shi ga hannun Musulmi,[12] wanda bisa ga bayanin al-Nuwayri, hakan ya faru ne bayan Adur ya doke David a yaƙi sannan ya kama shi.[13] Al-Mufaddal ya bayyana cewa ya mika David ne saboda tsoron Sarkin Mamluk da yake ji.[11] Sakamakon wannan yaƙin, an naɗa wani sarki ɗan amshin shatan Mamluk a Dongola,[14] wanda wani mai kisan sirri (Assassin) daga al-Abwab yake tsare shi da sa ido a kansa. A shekarar 1286, a sake ambatar Adur. An rubuta cewa ya aike da jakada zuwa wajen Sarkin Mamluk, wanda ba kawai ya gabatar masa da kyaututtukan giwa da rakumin ɗawa (jiraf) ba, har ma ya nuna masa biyayya.[9] Haka kuma, jakadan ya kai ƙorafi game da ƙiyayyar da sarki ɗan amshin shatan Mamluk na Dongola ke nuna musu.[16] A farkon shekara mai biyo baya, Mamluk suka sake tura jakada zuwa can.[17] A shekarar 1290, an ce Adur ya kai hari kan wani sarkin Makuria mai suna Any, wanda ya gudu daga ƙasar a shekarar 1289. Sai dai kuma, ba a fito sarai an sani ko waye Any ɗin ba:[18] a shekarar 1289, sarakunan Dongola sun kasance sune Shemamun da Budemma.[19] Mai yiwuwa shi wani shugaban ƙabila ne kawai. Bayan yaƙin da ya yi da Any, Adur ya kuma shagaltu da wani yaƙin a kan wani sarki da ba a ambaci sunansa ba wanda ya faɗa yankin Anaj, wanda watakila yake nufin Alodia. Ya yi ikirarin cewa da zarar yaƙe-yaƙensa sun yi nasara, gaba ɗaya ƙasar Bilad al-Sudan za ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Sarkin Mamluk.[20] A shekarar 1292, Sarkin Makuria ya zarge Adur da barna da tsagera a ƙasarsa. ==manazarta== <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemamun?action=edit&redlink=1 </ref> <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars </ref> llkjjowgsoxdrsq6se2tx5zrhwho5x1 Yaƙin basasar Liberia na farko 0 178890 966240 2026-10-11T16:13:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374428613|First Liberian Civil War]]" 966240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaƙin basasar Liberia na farko''' shi ne na farko na yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a cikin ƙasar [[Laberiya]] ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1989 da 1997. Gwamnatin Shugaba [[Samuel Doe]] ta mulkin kama karya da cin hanci da rashawa ya haifar da kira don janye goyon bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1989, National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) karkashin jagorancin Charles Taylor ya mamaye Laberiya daga [[Ivory Coast]] don hambarar da Doe, kuma ya sami iko a kan mafi yawan Laberiya a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 years later, we remember the long hunt for Charles Taylor |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/73802/liberia-15-years-later-we-remember-the-long-hunt-for-charles-taylor/ |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=The Africa Report}}</ref> An kama Doe, an azabtar da shi, kuma an kashe shi ta hanyar Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL), wani bangare mai rarraba na NPFL karkashin jagorancin Prince Johnson, a watan Satumbar 1990. NPFL da INPFL daga nan suka yi yaƙi da juna don kula da babban birnin, [[Monrovia]] da kuma [[Armed Forces of Liberia|Sojojin Laberiya]] da kuma goyon bayan Joe United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy. A cikin 1995, tattaunawar zaman lafiya da sa hannun kasashen waje ya haifar da tsagaita wuta. Yaƙi ya ci gaba har sai yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyi ta faru a watan Agusta 1996. An zabi Taylor a matsayin Shugaban Laberiya bayan Babban zaben Liberia na 1997 kuma ya shiga ofis a watan Agustan shekara ta 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=15 years later, we remember the long hunt for Charles Taylor |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/73802/liberia-15-years-later-we-remember-the-long-hunt-for-charles-taylor/ |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=The Africa Report}}</ref> Yaƙin basasar Liberia na farko ya kashe kusan mutane 200,000 kuma daga ƙarshe ya haifar da shiga tsakani daga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Zaman lafiya ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru biyu har sai Yaƙin basasar Liberia na Biyu ya ɓarke lokacin da sojojin da ke adawa da Taylor suka mamaye Laberiya daga [[Gini|Guinea]] a watan Afrilun 1999. [[File:Secretary_of_Defense_Caspar_W._Weinberger_-_Samuel_K._Doe.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Samuel Doe]] tare da Sakataren Tsaro na Amurka Caspar W. Weinberger a waje da Pentagon a 1982.]] === Samuel Doe ya karɓi mulki a juyin mulki (1980) === A shekara ta 1980, [[Samuel Doe]] ya hau mulki a cikin wani shahararren tawaye da Gwamnatin Laberiya, ya zama shugaban kasar Laberiya na farko. Doe ya kasance memba na kabilar [[Mutanen Krahn|Krahn]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Samuel K. Doe {{!}} president of Liberia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-K-Doe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004042559/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-K-Doe |archive-date=4 October 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Doe ya kafa mulkin soja da ake kira Majalisar Ceto ta Jama'a kuma ya sami goyon baya daga kabilun Laberiya waɗanda aka hana su iko tun lokacin da aka kafa Laberiya a 1847. Duk wani bege cewa Doe zai inganta hanyar da aka gudanar da Laberiya an ajiye shi yayin da ya yi saurin kai farmaki ga 'yan adawa, wanda ya haifar da tsananin yunkurin juyin mulki a kansa. Kamar yadda ya yi alkawari, Doe ya gudanar da zaben a shekarar 1985 kuma ya lashe shugabancin da isasshen gefe don kauce wa runoff. Koyaya, masu sa ido na duniya sun yi Allah wadai da wannan zaben a matsayin zamba.[1] === Yunkurin juyin mulki na Thomas Quiwonkpa (Nuwamba 1985) === A shekara ta 1985, Thomas Quiwonkpa, tsohon Kwamandan Janar na Sojojin Laberiya, wanda Doe ya sauke shi kuma ya tilasta masa ya tsere daga kasar, ya yi ƙoƙari ya hambarar da mulkin Doe daga makwabciyar [[Saliyo]]. Yunkurin juyin mulki ya gaza kuma an kashe Quiwonkpa kuma an ce an ci shi. An nuna jikinsa a fili a filin Executive Mansion a Monrovia jim kadan bayan mutuwarsa. === Rashin kula da kabilun Gio da Mano (1985) === An tsananta wa kabilun Gio da Mano saboda ana zargin su da cin amana kuma ana ganin su a matsayin ƙasa da kabilar Shugaban, Krahn. Rashin kula da Gio da Mano ya kara tashin hankali a Laberiya, wanda ya riga ya karu saboda yadda Doe ya fi dacewa da ƙungiyarsa. === Charles Taylor ya gina dakarun masu tayar da kayar baya (1985-1989) === cs0fgixta098q7j8jmuhgedd10r09ef 966244 966240 2026-10-11T16:14:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 966244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaƙin basasar Liberia na farko''' shi ne na farko na yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a cikin ƙasar [[Laberiya]] ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1989 da 1997. Gwamnatin Shugaba [[Samuel Doe]] ta mulkin kama karya da cin hanci da rashawa ya haifar da kira don janye goyon bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1989, National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) karkashin jagorancin Charles Taylor ya mamaye Laberiya daga [[Ivory Coast]] don hambarar da Doe, kuma ya sami iko a kan mafi yawan Laberiya a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 years later, we remember the long hunt for Charles Taylor |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/73802/liberia-15-years-later-we-remember-the-long-hunt-for-charles-taylor/ |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=The Africa Report}}</ref> An kama Doe, an azabtar da shi, kuma an kashe shi ta hanyar Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL), wani bangare mai rarraba na NPFL karkashin jagorancin Prince Johnson, a watan Satumbar 1990. NPFL da INPFL daga nan suka yi yaƙi da juna don kula da babban birnin, [[Monrovia]] da kuma [[Armed Forces of Liberia|Sojojin Laberiya]] da kuma goyon bayan Joe United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy. A cikin 1995, tattaunawar zaman lafiya da sa hannun kasashen waje ya haifar da tsagaita wuta. Yaƙi ya ci gaba har sai yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyi ta faru a watan Agusta 1996. An zabi Taylor a matsayin Shugaban Laberiya bayan Babban zaben Liberia na 1997 kuma ya shiga ofis a watan Agustan shekara ta 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=15 years later, we remember the long hunt for Charles Taylor |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/73802/liberia-15-years-later-we-remember-the-long-hunt-for-charles-taylor/ |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=The Africa Report}}</ref> Yaƙin basasar Liberia na farko ya kashe kusan mutane 200,000 kuma daga ƙarshe ya haifar da shiga tsakani daga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Zaman lafiya ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru biyu har sai Yaƙin basasar Liberia na Biyu ya ɓarke lokacin da sojojin da ke adawa da Taylor suka mamaye Laberiya daga [[Gini|Guinea]] a watan Afrilun 1999. [[File:Secretary_of_Defense_Caspar_W._Weinberger_-_Samuel_K._Doe.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Samuel Doe]] tare da Sakataren Tsaro na Amurka Caspar W. Weinberger a waje da Pentagon a 1982.]] === Samuel Doe ya karɓi mulki a juyin mulki (1980) === A shekara ta 1980, [[Samuel Doe]] ya hau mulki a cikin wani shahararren tawaye da Gwamnatin Laberiya, ya zama shugaban kasar Laberiya na farko. Doe ya kasance memba na kabilar [[Mutanen Krahn|Krahn]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Samuel K. Doe {{!}} president of Liberia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-K-Doe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004042559/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-K-Doe |archive-date=4 October 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Doe ya kafa mulkin soja da ake kira Majalisar Ceto ta Jama'a kuma ya sami goyon baya daga kabilun Laberiya waɗanda aka hana su iko tun lokacin da aka kafa Laberiya a 1847. Duk wani bege cewa Doe zai inganta hanyar da aka gudanar da Laberiya an ajiye shi yayin da ya yi saurin kai farmaki ga 'yan adawa, wanda ya haifar da tsananin yunkurin juyin mulki a kansa. Kamar yadda ya yi alkawari, Doe ya gudanar da zaben a shekarar 1985 kuma ya lashe shugabancin da isasshen gefe don kauce wa runoff. Koyaya, masu sa ido na duniya sun yi Allah wadai da wannan zaben a matsayin zamba.[1] === Yunkurin juyin mulki na Thomas Quiwonkpa (Nuwamba 1985) === A shekara ta 1985, Thomas Quiwonkpa, tsohon Kwamandan Janar na Sojojin Laberiya, wanda Doe ya sauke shi kuma ya tilasta masa ya tsere daga kasar, ya yi ƙoƙari ya hambarar da mulkin Doe daga makwabciyar [[Saliyo]]. Yunkurin juyin mulki ya gaza kuma an kashe Quiwonkpa kuma an ce an ci shi. An nuna jikinsa a fili a filin Executive Mansion a Monrovia jim kadan bayan mutuwarsa. === Rashin kula da kabilun Gio da Mano (1985) === An tsananta wa kabilun Gio da Mano saboda ana zargin su da cin amana kuma ana ganin su a matsayin ƙasa da kabilar Shugaban, Krahn. Rashin kula da Gio da Mano ya kara tashin hankali a Laberiya, wanda ya riga ya karu saboda yadda Doe ya fi dacewa da ƙungiyarsa. === Charles Taylor ya gina dakarun masu tayar da kayar baya (1985-1989) === == Manazarta == 8mog131w4nc8dttmwdu4k9u3y0xw1du Evarcha flagellaris 0 178891 966245 2026-10-11T16:14:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367932840|Evarcha flagellaris]]" 966245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha flagellaris''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' wanda ke zaune a Ghana, Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu da Zimbabwe. An fara bayyana gizo -gizon a shekarar 2011 ta Charles R. Haddad da Wanda Wesołowska, ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, yana da sashe na gaba, ko kuma carapace, wanda girmansa ya kai tsakanin {{Convert|2.0|and|2.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi kuma, a bayan hakan, ciki wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|3.6|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Mace ta fi namiji girma, musamman girman cikinta. Dukansu suna da ratsi a cikin cikinsu, namijin ya fi bambanta da ratsi huɗu masu launin ruwan kasa daban-daban da asalinsu rawaya. Wannan yayi kama da ''Evarcha striolata'' mai alaƙa, wanda za'a iya bambanta shi da kasancewar garkuwar lemu, ko scutum . Ana iya gano shi ta hanyar gabobinsa na haɗin gwiwa . Macen tana da hanyoyin haihuwa masu faɗi waɗanda ke haifar da maniyyi mai ɗakunan ƙwallo da yawa. Namiji yana da dogon gefuna madaidaiciya daga tibia, ko tibia apophysis, da kuma embolus mai kama da bulala. Bayan fasalin na ƙarshe ne aka sanya masa suna . == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha flagellaris'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba na dangin Salticidae, wanda masana ilimin lissafi Charles R. Haddad da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2011. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2026 |title=''Evarcha flagellaris'' Haddad & Wesolowska, 2011 |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/lsid/urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:044045 |access-date=5 August 2026 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin kimiyyar ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wanda masanin kimiyyar halitta ɗan Faransa Eugène Simon ya fara rubutawa a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} In 1976, Polish arachnologist Jerzy Prószyński placed the genus in the subfamily Pelleninae, along with the genera ''Bianor'' and ''Pellenes''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} In Australian biologist Wayne Maddison's 2015 study of spider phylogenetic classification, the genus ''Evarcha'' was moved to the subtribe Plexippina.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} This is a member of the tribe Plexippini, in the subclade Simonida in the clade Saltafresia.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} It is closer to the genera ''Hyllus'' and ''Plexippus''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Analysis of protein-coding genes showed it was particularly related to ''Telamonia''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} In the following year, Prószyński added the genus to a group of genera named Evarchines, named after the genus, along with ''Hasarinella'' and ''Nigorella'' based on similarities in the spiders' copulatory organs.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in ''Evacin'' a cikin 2018 bisa ga kamanceceniya da ''Evarcha striolata'' da kuma bambanci da sauran gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' . {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} An sanya wa wannan nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da ke nufin bulala kuma tana tuna siffar embolus na namiji. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} == Bayani == [[File:Evarcha_flagellaris_309655715_558805978.jpg|alt=view of a spider from the front standing on a leaf|thumb| Hoton gaba na namiji ''Evarcha flagellaris'']] ''Evarcha flagellaris'' ƙarami ne, yana da siffofi na musamman ga wannan nau'in. Namiji yana da karafa mai tsayi tsakanin {{Convert|2.0|and|2.1|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.5|and|1.6|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Yana da siffar oval, tsayi kuma mai gangara. {{Sfn|Dawidowicz|Wesołowska|2016}} Saman yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da tsiri mai haske mara bambanci a tsakiya, a bayansa kuma ana iya samun duhun da aka yi da gashin launin ruwan kasa. Filin ido baƙi ne tare da fararen gashi a gaba. Ana iya samun farin gashi a fuskar gizo-gizo ko kuma a kan gashin clypeus . Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙashin baya, rawaya ne. Bakin yana da bambanci da chelicerae mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, labium mai launin rawaya da kuma maxillae mai launin rawaya. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Cikin gizo-gizo na namiji ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da nasa, yana da girman tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.0|mm|in|2}} tsayi kuma yana da faɗi na yawanci {{Convert|1.2|mm|in|2}} . {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Yana da launin rawaya a samansa da ratsi huɗu na launin ruwan kasa. An rufe ɓangaren gaba da wani ɗan ƙaramin gyale mai launin ruwan kasa mai kauri a baya. Ƙasan ƙasan ya yi fari. Gizo-gizo yana da launin toka mai launin toka. Kafafun rawaya suna da ratsi masu duhu, gashin launin ruwan kasa, da kuma kashin baya da yawa. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna da bambanci. Ƙafar ƙafa tana da dogon gefuna madaidaiciya daga tibia ɗinta da ake kira tibial apophysis . Kwandon palpal yana zagaye da wani bulbule da ke fitowa daga tsakiya da kuma wani dogon bulbuli mai kama da bulala mai ɗan lanƙwasa. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Mace ta fi namiji girma kaɗan, tare da karafa mai tsayi tsakanin 2.3 and 2.4 millimetres (0.09 and 0.09 in) tsayi da 1.7 and 1.8 millimetres (0.07 and 0.07 in) faɗi kuma babban ciki wanda girmansa ya kai 3.3 and 3.6 millimetres (0.13 and 0.14 in) tsayi da 2.3 and 2.4 millimetres (0.09 and 0.09 in) a ciki. [1] Karamin ya fi na namiji launin fari, inda yawancin saman rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske, sannan ƙasan gefen ya yi launin rawaya mai duhu. Ana iya ganin wasu gashin gashi masu launin ruwan kasa, tare da gashin fari da ke bayyane kusa da idanu, waɗanda ke kewaye da zobba baƙi. Clypeus ɗin yana da ƙasa kuma yana da gashin da ya watse. Bakin suna da launin rawaya mai duhu. [1] == Manazarta == eteqb1n5ol90yvk69gzfbwx3icgrej3 966263 966245 2026-10-11T16:16:25Z Sardeeq 39275 966263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha flagellaris''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' wanda ke zaune a Ghana, Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu da Zimbabwe. An fara bayyana gizo -gizon a shekarar 2011 ta Charles R. Haddad da Wanda Wesołowska, ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, yana da sashe na gaba, ko kuma carapace, wanda girmansa ya kai tsakanin {{Convert|2.0|and|2.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi kuma, a bayan hakan, ciki wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|3.6|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Mace ta fi namiji girma, musamman girman cikinta. Dukansu suna da ratsi a cikin cikinsu, namijin ya fi bambanta da ratsi huɗu masu launin ruwan kasa daban-daban da asalinsu rawaya. Wannan yayi kama da ''Evarcha striolata'' mai alaƙa, wanda za'a iya bambanta shi da kasancewar garkuwar lemu, ko scutum . Ana iya gano shi ta hanyar gabobinsa na haɗin gwiwa . Macen tana da hanyoyin haihuwa masu faɗi waɗanda ke haifar da maniyyi mai ɗakunan ƙwallo da yawa. Namiji yana da dogon gefuna madaidaiciya daga tibia, ko tibia apophysis, da kuma embolus mai kama da bulala. Bayan fasalin na ƙarshe ne aka sanya masa suna . == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha flagellaris'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba na dangin Salticidae, wanda masana ilimin lissafi Charles R. Haddad da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2011. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2026 |title=''Evarcha flagellaris'' Haddad & Wesolowska, 2011 |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/lsid/urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:044045 |access-date=5 August 2026 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin kimiyyar ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wanda masanin kimiyyar halitta ɗan Faransa Eugène Simon ya fara rubutawa a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} In 1976, Polish arachnologist Jerzy Prószyński placed the genus in the subfamily Pelleninae, along with the genera ''Bianor'' and ''Pellenes''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} In Australian biologist Wayne Maddison's 2015 study of spider phylogenetic classification, the genus ''Evarcha'' was moved to the subtribe Plexippina.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} This is a member of the tribe Plexippini, in the subclade Simonida in the clade Saltafresia.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} It is closer to the genera ''Hyllus'' and ''Plexippus''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Analysis of protein-coding genes showed it was particularly related to ''Telamonia''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} In the following year, Prószyński added the genus to a group of genera named Evarchines, named after the genus, along with ''Hasarinella'' and ''Nigorella'' based on similarities in the spiders' copulatory organs.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in ''Evacin'' a cikin 2018 bisa ga kamanceceniya da ''Evarcha striolata'' da kuma bambanci da sauran gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' . {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} An sanya wa wannan nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da ke nufin bulala kuma tana tuna siffar embolus na namiji. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} == Bayani == [[File:Evarcha_flagellaris_309655715_558805978.jpg|alt=view of a spider from the front standing on a leaf|thumb| Hoton gaba na namiji ''Evarcha flagellaris'']] ''Evarcha flagellaris'' ƙarami ne, yana da siffofi na musamman ga wannan nau'in. Namiji yana da karafa mai tsayi tsakanin {{Convert|2.0|and|2.1|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.5|and|1.6|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Yana da siffar oval, tsayi kuma mai gangara. {{Sfn|Dawidowicz|Wesołowska|2016}} Saman yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da tsiri mai haske mara bambanci a tsakiya, a bayansa kuma ana iya samun duhun da aka yi da gashin launin ruwan kasa. Filin ido baƙi ne tare da fararen gashi a gaba. Ana iya samun farin gashi a fuskar gizo-gizo ko kuma a kan gashin clypeus . Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙashin baya, rawaya ne. Bakin yana da bambanci da chelicerae mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, labium mai launin rawaya da kuma maxillae mai launin rawaya. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Cikin gizo-gizo na namiji ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da nasa, yana da girman tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.0|mm|in|2}} tsayi kuma yana da faɗi na yawanci {{Convert|1.2|mm|in|2}} . {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Yana da launin rawaya a samansa da ratsi huɗu na launin ruwan kasa. An rufe ɓangaren gaba da wani ɗan ƙaramin gyale mai launin ruwan kasa mai kauri a baya. Ƙasan ƙasan ya yi fari. Gizo-gizo yana da launin toka mai launin toka. Kafafun rawaya suna da ratsi masu duhu, gashin launin ruwan kasa, da kuma kashin baya da yawa. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna da bambanci. Ƙafar ƙafa tana da dogon gefuna madaidaiciya daga tibia ɗinta da ake kira tibial apophysis . Kwandon palpal yana zagaye da wani bulbule da ke fitowa daga tsakiya da kuma wani dogon bulbuli mai kama da bulala mai ɗan lanƙwasa. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}} Mace ta fi namiji girma kaɗan, tare da karafa mai tsayi tsakanin 2.3 and 2.4 millimetres (0.09 and 0.09 in) tsayi da 1.7 and 1.8 millimetres (0.07 and 0.07 in) faɗi kuma babban ciki wanda girmansa ya kai 3.3 and 3.6 millimetres (0.13 and 0.14 in) tsayi da 2.3 and 2.4 millimetres (0.09 and 0.09 in) a ciki. [1] Karamin ya fi na namiji launin fari, inda yawancin saman rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske, sannan ƙasan gefen ya yi launin rawaya mai duhu. Ana iya ganin wasu gashin gashi masu launin ruwan kasa, tare da gashin fari da ke bayyane kusa da idanu, waɗanda ke kewaye da zobba baƙi. Clypeus ɗin yana da ƙasa kuma yana da gashin da ya watse. Bakin suna da launin rawaya mai duhu. [1] == Manazarta == 5c78yt8a5b9971mnh4aobuptuuq3h9j François Fénelon 0 178892 966247 2026-10-11T16:14:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379721512|François Fénelon]]" 966247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon''', P.S.S. ( [fʁɑ̃swa də saliɲak də la mɔt fenəlɔ̃]), wanda aka fi sani da '''François Fénelon''' (6 ga Agusta 1651 - 7 ga Janairu 1715), babban bishop ne na [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na Faransa, masanin tauhidi, mawaki da marubuci. {{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃swa də saliɲak də la mɔt fenəlɔ̃|lang}}A yau, ana tunawa da shi galibi a matsayin marubucin The Adventures of Telemachus, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1699. Ya kasance memba na Sulpician Fathers . == Yaron yaro da ilimi, 1651-75 == An haifi Fénelon a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1651 a Château de Fénelon, a Sainte-Mondane, Périgord, Aquitaine, a kwarin kogin Dordogne, na biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya uku na Pons de Salignac, Comte de La Mothe-Fénelon da matarsa Louise de La Cropte. An rage shi zuwa matsayin "tsoffin masu daraja" a lokacin François, La Mothe-Fénelons sun samar da shugabannin a cikin Ikilisiya da jihar. A lokacin haihuwar Fénelon, kawunsa Francois ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na Sarlat da ke kusa, inda tsararraki goma sha biyar na iyalin Fénelon suka cika kujerar bishop. "A zahiri, yawancin dangin sun mamaye matsayin da aka fara la'akari da shi a matsayin kusan iyali wanda Salignac-Fénelon ke da haƙƙin a matsayin seigneurs na yankin. " An fara ba wa Fénelon ilimi a Château de Fénelon ta hannun malamai masu zaman kansu, waɗanda suka ba shi cikakken tushe a fannin harshe da adabin tsoffin Girkanci da Latin. A shekarar 1663, yana da shekaru 12, an tura shi Jami'ar Cahors, inda ya yi karatu a fannin fasahar jawabi (rhetoric) da falsafa bisa tsarin koyarwa na Jesuit (ratio studiorum). Lokacin da matashin ya nuna sha'awar yin aikin coci, kawunsa, Marquis Antoine de Fénelon (wanda aboki ne ga Jean-Jacques Olier da Vincent de Paul), ya shirya masa damar yin karatu a Collège du Plessis da ke Paris; a can, ɗaliban ilimin tauhidi suna bin tsarin karatu iri ɗaya da na ɗaliban tauhidi na Sorbonne. Yayin da yake can, ya kếta abota da Antoine de Noailles, wanda daga baya ya zama Kadinal kuma Babban Bishop na Paris. Fénelon ya nuna hazaka sosai a Collège du Plessis har aka nemi ya yi wa jama'a wa'azi yana da shekaru 15. A shekarar 1672 (wato lokacin da yake da shekaru 21), kawun Fénelon ya yi nasarar sanya shi a Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice, wato makarantar horar da limaman coci ta Sulpician da ke Paris. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Shekaru na farko a matsayin firist, 1675-85 == A kusa da shekara ta 1675 (lokacin da zai kasance 24), an naɗa Fénelon a matsayin firist. Da farko ya yi mafarki na zama mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a Gabas, amma a maimakon haka, kuma a kan matsin abokai, ya yi wa'azi ne a cikin Ikklisiyoyin Sulpician kuma ya yi aikin fastoci na yau da kullun yayin da sunansa na magana ya fara girma. A farkon shekara ta 1679, François Harlay de Champvallon, Babban bishop na Paris, ya zaɓi Fénelon a matsayin darektan Nouvelles-Catholiques, al'umma a Paris don 'yan mata Huguenot, waɗanda aka cire su daga iyalansu kuma suna gab da shiga Cocin Roma. [1] A shekara ta 1687, ya wallafa wani aikin koyarwa, Traité de l'éducation des filles (Treatise on the Education of Girls), wanda ya kawo masa kulawa sosai, ba kawai a Faransa ba, har ma a kasashen waje.[2] Daga 1681 zuwa 1695, Fénelon ya kasance a gaban gidan ibada mai garu a Carennac . == Mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ga Huguenots, 1686-87 == A wannan lokacin, Fénelon ya zama abokantaka da abokin hamayyarsa na gaba Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet . Lokacin da Louis na 14 ya soke Dokar Nantes a cikin 1685, Ikilisiyar ta fara kamfen don aika manyan masu magana a cikin ƙasar zuwa yankunan Faransa tare da mafi yawan Huguenots don shawo kansu game da kuskuren [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]]. A kan shawarar Bossuet, an haɗa Fénelon a cikin wannan rukuni, tare da irin waɗannan manyan masu magana kamar Louis Bourdaloue da Esprit Fléchier . pxls9l9sdnzqgk6khiujfb8v3ua3f8i 966301 966247 2026-10-11T16:20:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 966301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon''', P.S.S. ( [fʁɑ̃swa də saliɲak də la mɔt fenəlɔ̃]), wanda aka fi sani da '''François Fénelon''' (6 ga Agusta 1651 - 7 ga Janairu 1715), babban bishop ne na [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na Faransa, masanin tauhidi, mawaki da marubuci. {{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃swa də saliɲak də la mɔt fenəlɔ̃|lang}}A yau, ana tunawa da shi galibi a matsayin marubucin The Adventures of Telemachus, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1699. Ya kasance memba na Sulpician Fathers . == Yaron yaro da ilimi, 1651-75 == An haifi Fénelon a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1651 a Château de Fénelon, a Sainte-Mondane, Périgord, Aquitaine, a kwarin kogin Dordogne, na biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya uku na Pons de Salignac, Comte de La Mothe-Fénelon da matarsa Louise de La Cropte. An rage shi zuwa matsayin "tsoffin masu daraja" a lokacin François, La Mothe-Fénelons sun samar da shugabannin a cikin Ikilisiya da jihar. A lokacin haihuwar Fénelon, kawunsa Francois ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na Sarlat da ke kusa, inda tsararraki goma sha biyar na iyalin Fénelon suka cika kujerar bishop. "A zahiri, yawancin dangin sun mamaye matsayin da aka fara la'akari da shi a matsayin kusan iyali wanda Salignac-Fénelon ke da haƙƙin a matsayin seigneurs na yankin. "<ref>Chad Helms, ed. and tr., Fénelon: Selected Writings. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York and Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2006, p. 6f.</ref> An fara ba wa Fénelon ilimi a Château de Fénelon ta hannun malamai masu zaman kansu, waɗanda suka ba shi cikakken tushe a fannin harshe da adabin tsoffin Girkanci da Latin. A shekarar 1663, yana da shekaru 12, an tura shi Jami'ar Cahors, inda ya yi karatu a fannin fasahar jawabi (rhetoric) da falsafa bisa tsarin koyarwa na Jesuit (ratio studiorum). Lokacin da matashin ya nuna sha'awar yin aikin coci, kawunsa, Marquis Antoine de Fénelon (wanda aboki ne ga Jean-Jacques Olier da Vincent de Paul), ya shirya masa damar yin karatu a Collège du Plessis da ke Paris; a can, ɗaliban ilimin tauhidi suna bin tsarin karatu iri ɗaya da na ɗaliban tauhidi na Sorbonne. Yayin da yake can, ya kếta abota da Antoine de Noailles, wanda daga baya ya zama Kadinal kuma Babban Bishop na Paris. Fénelon ya nuna hazaka sosai a Collège du Plessis har aka nemi ya yi wa jama'a wa'azi yana da shekaru 15. A shekarar 1672 (wato lokacin da yake da shekaru 21), kawun Fénelon ya yi nasarar sanya shi a Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice, wato makarantar horar da limaman coci ta Sulpician da ke Paris. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Shekaru na farko a matsayin firist, 1675-85 == A kusa da shekara ta 1675 (lokacin da zai kasance 24), an naɗa Fénelon a matsayin firist. Da farko ya yi mafarki na zama mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a Gabas, amma a maimakon haka, kuma a kan matsin abokai, ya yi wa'azi ne a cikin Ikklisiyoyin Sulpician kuma ya yi aikin fastoci na yau da kullun yayin da sunansa na magana ya fara girma. A farkon shekara ta 1679, François Harlay de Champvallon, Babban bishop na Paris, ya zaɓi Fénelon a matsayin darektan Nouvelles-Catholiques, al'umma a Paris don 'yan mata Huguenot, waɗanda aka cire su daga iyalansu kuma suna gab da shiga Cocin Roma. [1] A shekara ta 1687, ya wallafa wani aikin koyarwa, Traité de l'éducation des filles (Treatise on the Education of Girls), wanda ya kawo masa kulawa sosai, ba kawai a Faransa ba, har ma a kasashen waje.[2] Daga 1681 zuwa 1695, Fénelon ya kasance a gaban gidan ibada mai garu a Carennac . == Mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ga Huguenots, 1686-87 == A wannan lokacin, Fénelon ya zama abokantaka da abokin hamayyarsa na gaba Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet . Lokacin da Louis na 14 ya soke Dokar Nantes a cikin 1685, Ikilisiyar ta fara kamfen don aika manyan masu magana a cikin ƙasar zuwa yankunan Faransa tare da mafi yawan Huguenots don shawo kansu game da kuskuren [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]]. A kan shawarar Bossuet, an haɗa Fénelon a cikin wannan rukuni, tare da irin waɗannan manyan masu magana kamar Louis Bourdaloue da Esprit Fléchier . == Manazarta == 4mhfyw08ceupqfo9126z8s3yuixamn3 Nadine gordimer 0 178893 966254 2026-10-11T16:15:30Z Najaatuhd 25547 Kirkira shafi 966254 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".[1] pjubt6p5abx8jzm6yrp993m8smv8yhr 966262 966254 2026-10-11T16:16:20Z Najaatuhd 25547 966262 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".[1] Gordimer tana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi daraja a zamaninta. Ta sami kyautar Booker don The Conservativeist (1974), da kuma lambar yabo ta Adabi ta Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Central News Agency don The Conservativeist, Burger's Daughter (1979) da kuma July's People (1981). Rubutun Gordimer ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan ɗabi'a da na ƙabilanci, musamman wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnatin, an haramta ayyukan kamar Burger's Daughter. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka a lokacin da aka haramta ƙungiyar, kuma ta ba Nelson Mandela shawara kan sanannen jawabinsa na kariya a shekarar 1964 a shari'ar da ta kai ga yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ta fara aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS. expc2ulqfm3fx9i6cxt583he0csxozg 966270 966262 2026-10-11T16:17:19Z Najaatuhd 25547 966270 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".[1] Gordimer tana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi daraja a zamaninta. Ta sami kyautar Booker don The Conservativeist (1974), da kuma lambar yabo ta Adabi ta Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Central News Agency don The Conservativeist, Burger's Daughter (1979) da kuma July's People (1981). Rubutun Gordimer ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan ɗabi'a da na ƙabilanci, musamman wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnatin, an haramta ayyukan kamar Burger's Daughter. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka a lokacin da aka haramta ƙungiyar, kuma ta ba Nelson Mandela shawara kan sanannen jawabinsa na kariya a shekarar 1964 a shari'ar da ta kai ga yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ta fara aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordimer a cikin iyalin Yahudawa kusa da Springs, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai a yankin East Rand da ke wajen birnin Johannesburg. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Isidore Gordimer (1887–1962), wani mai gyaran agogo ɗan asalin Yahudawan Lithuania da ya yi hijira daga Žagarė (wanda a lokacin yake cikin Daular Rasha),[2][3] da kuma Hannah "Nan" (wadda aka fi sani da Myers kafin aure) Gordimer (1897–1973), 'yar asalin Yahudawan Birtaniya da ta yi hijira daga Landan.[4][5] An yi wa mahaifinta tarbiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox kafin ya yi hijira tare da iyalinsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru 13.[6] Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga iyali mai tushe, kuma ta zo Afirka ta Kudu tana da shekaru 6 tare da iyayenta.[6] An yi wa Gordimer tarbiyya a cikin gidan da ba ya sanya tsananin bin ka'idojin addini a gaba.[2][7] Mahaifiyarta ba ta kasance mai tsananin bin addini ba kuma ta fi dacewa da al'adun zamani na gama-gari, yayin da mahaifinta ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba a majami'ar Yahudawa ta Orthodox ta yankin, inda yake halartar ibada sau ɗaya a shekara domin bukukuwan Yom Kippur.[8] 0qgvpkc63uyoxprr6fc48gruaq57at9 966282 966270 2026-10-11T16:18:25Z Najaatuhd 25547 966282 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".[1] Gordimer tana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi daraja a zamaninta. Ta sami kyautar Booker don The Conservativeist (1974), da kuma lambar yabo ta Adabi ta Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Central News Agency don The Conservativeist, Burger's Daughter (1979) da kuma July's People (1981). Rubutun Gordimer ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan ɗabi'a da na ƙabilanci, musamman wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnatin, an haramta ayyukan kamar Burger's Daughter. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka a lokacin da aka haramta ƙungiyar, kuma ta ba Nelson Mandela shawara kan sanannen jawabinsa na kariya a shekarar 1964 a shari'ar da ta kai ga yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ta fara aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordimer a cikin iyalin Yahudawa kusa da Springs, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai a yankin East Rand da ke wajen birnin Johannesburg. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Isidore Gordimer (1887–1962), wani mai gyaran agogo ɗan asalin Yahudawan Lithuania da ya yi hijira daga Žagarė (wanda a lokacin yake cikin Daular Rasha),[2][3] da kuma Hannah "Nan" (wadda aka fi sani da Myers kafin aure) Gordimer (1897–1973), 'yar asalin Yahudawan Birtaniya da ta yi hijira daga Landan.[4][5] An yi wa mahaifinta tarbiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox kafin ya yi hijira tare da iyalinsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru 13.[6] Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga iyali mai tushe, kuma ta zo Afirka ta Kudu tana da shekaru 6 tare da iyayenta.[6] An yi wa Gordimer tarbiyya a cikin gidan da ba ya sanya tsananin bin ka'idojin addini a gaba.[2][7] Mahaifiyarta ba ta kasance mai tsananin bin addini ba kuma ta fi dacewa da al'adun zamani na gama-gari, yayin da mahaifinta ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba a majami'ar Yahudawa ta Orthodox ta yankin, inda yake halartar ibada sau ɗaya a shekara domin bukukuwan Yom Kippur.[8] '''Asalin iyali''' aoffrfyhwlsueseyqjs91ui9yphrbtt 966292 966282 2026-10-11T16:19:05Z Najaatuhd 25547 966292 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".[1] Gordimer tana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi daraja a zamaninta. Ta sami kyautar Booker don The Conservativeist (1974), da kuma lambar yabo ta Adabi ta Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Central News Agency don The Conservativeist, Burger's Daughter (1979) da kuma July's People (1981). Rubutun Gordimer ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan ɗabi'a da na ƙabilanci, musamman wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnatin, an haramta ayyukan kamar Burger's Daughter. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka a lokacin da aka haramta ƙungiyar, kuma ta ba Nelson Mandela shawara kan sanannen jawabinsa na kariya a shekarar 1964 a shari'ar da ta kai ga yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ta fara aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordimer a cikin iyalin Yahudawa kusa da Springs, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai a yankin East Rand da ke wajen birnin Johannesburg. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Isidore Gordimer (1887–1962), wani mai gyaran agogo ɗan asalin Yahudawan Lithuania da ya yi hijira daga Žagarė (wanda a lokacin yake cikin Daular Rasha),[2][3] da kuma Hannah "Nan" (wadda aka fi sani da Myers kafin aure) Gordimer (1897–1973), 'yar asalin Yahudawan Birtaniya da ta yi hijira daga Landan.[4][5] An yi wa mahaifinta tarbiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox kafin ya yi hijira tare da iyalinsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru 13.[6] Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga iyali mai tushe, kuma ta zo Afirka ta Kudu tana da shekaru 6 tare da iyayenta.[6] An yi wa Gordimer tarbiyya a cikin gidan da ba ya sanya tsananin bin ka'idojin addini a gaba.[2][7] Mahaifiyarta ba ta kasance mai tsananin bin addini ba kuma ta fi dacewa da al'adun zamani na gama-gari, yayin da mahaifinta ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba a majami'ar Yahudawa ta Orthodox ta yankin, inda yake halartar ibada sau ɗaya a shekara domin bukukuwan Yom Kippur.[8] '''Asalin iyali''' Sha'awar Gordimer game da rashin daidaiton launin fata da tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne daga iyayenta. Kwarewar mahaifinta a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira daga Tsarist Rasha ta taimaka wajen samar da asalin siyasar Gordimer, amma bai kasance mai fafutuka ba kuma ba shi da tausayi musamman game da abubuwan da baƙar fata suka fuskanta a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata.[9] Akasin haka, Gordimer ta ga fafutukar da mahaifiyarta ta yi, wacce damuwarta game da talauci da wariya da baƙar fata ke fuskanta a Afirka ta Kudu ta sa ta sami wurin kula da yara baƙar fata.[5] Gordimer ta kuma shaida danne gwamnati da kanta tun tana ƙarama; 'yan sanda sun kai samame gidan iyalinta, suna kwace wasiƙu da littattafan tarihi daga ɗakin mai hidima.[5] om2f6mo48b0cchf27nad5qjp6kzt1oe 966300 966292 2026-10-11T16:20:08Z Najaatuhd 25547 966300 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".[1] Gordimer tana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi daraja a zamaninta. Ta sami kyautar Booker don The Conservativeist (1974), da kuma lambar yabo ta Adabi ta Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Central News Agency don The Conservativeist, Burger's Daughter (1979) da kuma July's People (1981). Rubutun Gordimer ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan ɗabi'a da na ƙabilanci, musamman wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnatin, an haramta ayyukan kamar Burger's Daughter. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka a lokacin da aka haramta ƙungiyar, kuma ta ba Nelson Mandela shawara kan sanannen jawabinsa na kariya a shekarar 1964 a shari'ar da ta kai ga yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ta fara aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordimer a cikin iyalin Yahudawa kusa da Springs, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai a yankin East Rand da ke wajen birnin Johannesburg. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Isidore Gordimer (1887–1962), wani mai gyaran agogo ɗan asalin Yahudawan Lithuania da ya yi hijira daga Žagarė (wanda a lokacin yake cikin Daular Rasha),[2][3] da kuma Hannah "Nan" (wadda aka fi sani da Myers kafin aure) Gordimer (1897–1973), 'yar asalin Yahudawan Birtaniya da ta yi hijira daga Landan.[4][5] An yi wa mahaifinta tarbiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox kafin ya yi hijira tare da iyalinsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru 13.[6] Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga iyali mai tushe, kuma ta zo Afirka ta Kudu tana da shekaru 6 tare da iyayenta.[6] An yi wa Gordimer tarbiyya a cikin gidan da ba ya sanya tsananin bin ka'idojin addini a gaba.[2][7] Mahaifiyarta ba ta kasance mai tsananin bin addini ba kuma ta fi dacewa da al'adun zamani na gama-gari, yayin da mahaifinta ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba a majami'ar Yahudawa ta Orthodox ta yankin, inda yake halartar ibada sau ɗaya a shekara domin bukukuwan Yom Kippur.[8] '''Asalin iyali''' Sha'awar Gordimer game da rashin daidaiton launin fata da tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne daga iyayenta. Kwarewar mahaifinta a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira daga Tsarist Rasha ta taimaka wajen samar da asalin siyasar Gordimer, amma bai kasance mai fafutuka ba kuma ba shi da tausayi musamman game da abubuwan da baƙar fata suka fuskanta a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata.[9] Akasin haka, Gordimer ta ga fafutukar da mahaifiyarta ta yi, wacce damuwarta game da talauci da wariya da baƙar fata ke fuskanta a Afirka ta Kudu ta sa ta sami wurin kula da yara baƙar fata.[5] Gordimer ta kuma shaida danne gwamnati da kanta tun tana ƙarama; 'yan sanda sun kai samame gidan iyalinta, suna kwace wasiƙu da littattafan tarihi daga ɗakin mai hidima.[5] Gordimer ta yi karatu a makarantar kwana ta 'yan zuhudu mata na Katolika, amma a lokacin yarinta ta fi zama a gida ne saboda mahaifiyarta, bisa "wasu dalilai na kashin kanta", ba ta sanya ta a makaranta ba (da alama dai tana fargabar cewa Gordimer tana da raunin zuciya). Kasancewar tana zama a gida kuma sau da yawa tana keɓewa, ta fara rubutu tun tana ƙarama, inda ta wallafa labaranta na farko a shekarar 1937 tana da shekaru 13. Aikin farko da ta wallafa shi ne gajeren labari na yara mai suna "The Quest for Seen Gold", wanda ya fito a jaridar *Children's Sunday Express* a shekarar 1937; haka kuma wani labarin yaran mai suna "Come Again Tomorrow" ya fito a mujallar *Forum* a daidai wannan lokacin. Tana da shekaru 16, aka wallafa labarinta na farko da aka rubuta domin manya. 4fq5dzyu0z76wsop649x9z8q2jvzdxa 966326 966300 2026-10-11T16:24:08Z Najaatuhd 25547 966326 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".<ref>The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobelprize. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010</ref> Gordimer tana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi daraja a zamaninta. Ta sami kyautar Booker don The Conservativeist (1974), da kuma lambar yabo ta Adabi ta Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Central News Agency don The Conservativeist, Burger's Daughter (1979) da kuma July's People (1981). Rubutun Gordimer ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan ɗabi'a da na ƙabilanci, musamman wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnatin, an haramta ayyukan kamar Burger's Daughter. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka a lokacin da aka haramta ƙungiyar, kuma ta ba Nelson Mandela shawara kan sanannen jawabinsa na kariya a shekarar 1964 a shari'ar da ta kai ga yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ta fara aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordimer a cikin iyalin Yahudawa kusa da Springs, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai a yankin East Rand da ke wajen birnin Johannesburg. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Isidore Gordimer (1887–1962), wani mai gyaran agogo ɗan asalin Yahudawan Lithuania da ya yi hijira daga Žagarė (wanda a lokacin yake cikin Daular Rasha),<ref>Ettin, Andrew Vogel (1993). ''Betrayals of the Body Politic: The Literary Commitments of Nadine Gordimer''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp.&nbsp;29–30. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-8139-1430-5</bdi>. <q>although she had always referred to her father as Lithuanian, in recent years she has noted that his parents lived and worked in Riga, and now she identifies him as Latvian.</q></ref>da kuma Hannah "Nan" (wadda aka fi sani da Myers kafin aure) Gordimer (1897–1973), 'yar asalin Yahudawan Birtaniya da ta yi hijira daga Landan.<ref>Gordimer, Nadine (1990). Bazin, Nancy Topping; Seymour, Marilyn Dallman (eds.). ''Conversations with Nadine Gordimer''. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p.&nbsp;xix. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-87805-445-9</bdi>. <q>1923 – Born, 20 November in Springs, a small mining town in the Transvaal, South Africa. Second daughter of Isidore Gordimer, Jewish watchmaker and jeweler who had emigrated from Latvia at age 13, and Nan Myers Gordimer, a native of England</q></ref>An yi wa mahaifinta tarbiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox kafin ya yi hijira tare da iyalinsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru 13.Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga iyali mai tushe, kuma ta zo Afirka ta Kudu tana da shekaru 6 tare da iyayenta.An yi wa Gordimer tarbiyya a cikin gidan da ba ya sanya tsananin bin ka'idojin addini a gaba.[2]Mahaifiyarta ba ta kasance mai tsananin bin addini ba kuma ta fi dacewa da al'adun zamani na gama-gari, yayin da mahaifinta ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba a majami'ar Yahudawa ta Orthodox ta yankin, inda yake halartar ibada sau ɗaya a shekara domin bukukuwan Yom Kippur. '''Asalin iyali''' Sha'awar Gordimer game da rashin daidaiton launin fata da tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne daga iyayenta. Kwarewar mahaifinta a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira daga Tsarist Rasha ta taimaka wajen samar da asalin siyasar Gordimer, amma bai kasance mai fafutuka ba kuma ba shi da tausayi musamman game da abubuwan da baƙar fata suka fuskanta a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata.akasin haka, Gordimer ta ga fafutukar da mahaifiyarta ta yi, wacce damuwarta game da talauci da wariya da baƙar fata ke fuskanta a Afirka ta Kudu ta sa ta sami wurin kula da yara baƙar fata.Gordimer ta kuma shaida danne gwamnati da kanta tun tana ƙarama; 'yan sanda sun kai samame gidan iyalinta, suna kwace wasiƙu da littattafan tarihi daga ɗakin mai hidima. Gordimer ta yi karatu a makarantar kwana ta 'yan zuhudu mata na Katolika, amma a lokacin yarinta ta fi zama a gida ne saboda mahaifiyarta, bisa "wasu dalilai na kashin kanta", ba ta sanya ta a makaranta ba (da alama dai tana fargabar cewa Gordimer tana da raunin zuciya). Kasancewar tana zama a gida kuma sau da yawa tana keɓewa, ta fara rubutu tun tana ƙarama, inda ta wallafa labaranta na farko a shekarar 1937 tana da shekaru 13. Aikin farko da ta wallafa shi ne gajeren labari na yara mai suna "The Quest for Seen Gold", wanda ya fito a jaridar *Children's Sunday Express* a shekarar 1937; haka kuma wani labarin yaran mai suna "Come Again Tomorrow" ya fito a mujallar *Forum* a daidai wannan lokacin. Tana da shekaru 16, aka wallafa labarinta na farko da aka rubuta domin manya. 8xxf0n41l8mkxc7v107n6ntlsyfv8qx 966332 966326 2026-10-11T16:24:47Z Najaatuhd 25547 966332 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> Nadine Gordimer (20 ga Nuwamba 1923 – 13 ga Yuli 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi a shekarar 1991, inda aka gane ta a matsayin marubuciya "wadda ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta masu ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'ana... ta yi babban amfani ga bil'adama".<ref>The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobelprize. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010</ref> Gordimer tana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi daraja a zamaninta. Ta sami kyautar Booker don The Conservativeist (1974), da kuma lambar yabo ta Adabi ta Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Central News Agency don The Conservativeist, Burger's Daughter (1979) da kuma July's People (1981). Rubutun Gordimer ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan ɗabi'a da na ƙabilanci, musamman wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnatin, an haramta ayyukan kamar Burger's Daughter. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka a lokacin da aka haramta ƙungiyar, kuma ta ba Nelson Mandela shawara kan sanannen jawabinsa na kariya a shekarar 1964 a shari'ar da ta kai ga yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ta fara aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordimer a cikin iyalin Yahudawa kusa da Springs, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai a yankin East Rand da ke wajen birnin Johannesburg. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Isidore Gordimer (1887–1962), wani mai gyaran agogo ɗan asalin Yahudawan Lithuania da ya yi hijira daga Žagarė (wanda a lokacin yake cikin Daular Rasha),<ref>Ettin, Andrew Vogel (1993). ''Betrayals of the Body Politic: The Literary Commitments of Nadine Gordimer''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp.&nbsp;29–30. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-8139-1430-5</bdi>. <q>although she had always referred to her father as Lithuanian, in recent years she has noted that his parents lived and worked in Riga, and now she identifies him as Latvian.</q></ref>da kuma Hannah "Nan" (wadda aka fi sani da Myers kafin aure) Gordimer (1897–1973), 'yar asalin Yahudawan Birtaniya da ta yi hijira daga Landan.<ref>Gordimer, Nadine (1990). Bazin, Nancy Topping; Seymour, Marilyn Dallman (eds.). ''Conversations with Nadine Gordimer''. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p.&nbsp;xix. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-87805-445-9</bdi>. <q>1923 – Born, 20 November in Springs, a small mining town in the Transvaal, South Africa. Second daughter of Isidore Gordimer, Jewish watchmaker and jeweler who had emigrated from Latvia at age 13, and Nan Myers Gordimer, a native of England</q></ref>An yi wa mahaifinta tarbiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox kafin ya yi hijira tare da iyalinsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru 13.Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga iyali mai tushe, kuma ta zo Afirka ta Kudu tana da shekaru 6 tare da iyayenta.An yi wa Gordimer tarbiyya a cikin gidan da ba ya sanya tsananin bin ka'idojin addini a gaba.[2]Mahaifiyarta ba ta kasance mai tsananin bin addini ba kuma ta fi dacewa da al'adun zamani na gama-gari, yayin da mahaifinta ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba a majami'ar Yahudawa ta Orthodox ta yankin, inda yake halartar ibada sau ɗaya a shekara domin bukukuwan Yom Kippur. '''Asalin iyali''' Sha'awar Gordimer game da rashin daidaiton launin fata da tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne daga iyayenta. Kwarewar mahaifinta a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira daga Tsarist Rasha ta taimaka wajen samar da asalin siyasar Gordimer, amma bai kasance mai fafutuka ba kuma ba shi da tausayi musamman game da abubuwan da baƙar fata suka fuskanta a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata.akasin haka, Gordimer ta ga fafutukar da mahaifiyarta ta yi, wacce damuwarta game da talauci da wariya da baƙar fata ke fuskanta a Afirka ta Kudu ta sa ta sami wurin kula da yara baƙar fata.Gordimer ta kuma shaida danne gwamnati da kanta tun tana ƙarama; 'yan sanda sun kai samame gidan iyalinta, suna kwace wasiƙu da littattafan tarihi daga ɗakin mai hidima. Gordimer ta yi karatu a makarantar kwana ta 'yan zuhudu mata na Katolika, amma a lokacin yarinta ta fi zama a gida ne saboda mahaifiyarta, bisa "wasu dalilai na kashin kanta", ba ta sanya ta a makaranta ba (da alama dai tana fargabar cewa Gordimer tana da raunin zuciya). Kasancewar tana zama a gida kuma sau da yawa tana keɓewa, ta fara rubutu tun tana ƙarama, inda ta wallafa labaranta na farko a shekarar 1937 tana da shekaru 13. Aikin farko da ta wallafa shi ne gajeren labari na yara mai suna "The Quest for Seen Gold", wanda ya fito a jaridar *Children's Sunday Express* a shekarar 1937; haka kuma wani labarin yaran mai suna "Come Again Tomorrow" ya fito a mujallar *Forum* a daidai wannan lokacin. Tana da shekaru 16, aka wallafa labarinta na farko da aka rubuta domin manya. == manazarta == nflo7e1vrlmk0t45qzfz86trhpg07mb Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Masar 0 178894 966258 2026-10-11T16:15:57Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378846312|Foreign relations of Egypt]]" 966258 wikitext text/x-wiki Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Masar ita ce dangantakar kasashen waje da gwamnatin Masar da ke da ita. Manufofin kasashen waje na Masar suna aiki tare da matakin da ba a haɗa shi ba. Abubuwa kamar yawan jama'a, abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, ƙarfin soja, ƙwarewar diflomasiyya da matsayi na dabarun ƙasa suna ba Masar babban tasirin siyasa a Afirka, Bahar Rum, Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, da kuma cikin Ƙungiyar da ba ta Haɗuwa ba gaba ɗaya. Alkahira ta kasance hanyar haɗuwa da kasuwancin Bahar Rum, Afirka da Asiya da al'adu na dubban shekaru, kuma cibiyoyin ilimi da addini suna tsakiyar wuraren zamantakewa da al'adun yankin. == Dangantakar diflomasiyya == === Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu === Masar tana neman taka rawa wajen warware Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. Masar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar da ta kai ga Taron Madrid na 1991, wanda, a karkashin tallafin Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]], ya tara dukkan jam'iyyun da ke yankin, gami da tawagar Palasdinawa a karon farko, don tattauna zaman lafiya na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wannan goyon baya ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu, tare da tsohon Shugaba [[Hosni Mubarak]] sau da yawa yana shiga tsakani da kansa don inganta tattaunawar zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1996, ya dauki bakuncin Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" wanda Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] da sauran shugabannin duniya suka halarta. A shekara ta 2000, ya dauki bakuncin taron koli guda biyu a Sharm El-Sheikh da daya a Taba a kokarin ci gaba da tattaunawar Camp David da aka dakatar a watan Yulin 2000, kuma a watan Yunin 2003, Mubarak ya dauki bakaministan shugaban kasar [[George W. Bush]] don wani taron koli kan tsarin zaman lafiya na Gabas ta Tsakiya. An shirya wani taron koli a Sharm El Sheik a farkon shekara ta 2005, wanda Masar, [[Isra'ila]], Hukumar Falasdinawa da [[Jodan|Jordan]] suka halarta. Tsohon shugaban leken asiri na Masar, Janar [[Omar Suleiman (ɗan siyasa)|Omar Suleiman]], ya taka rawar gani a tattaunawar tsakanin bangarorin Isra'ila da Palasdinawa. === Jerin === Jerin ƙasashen da Masar ke kula da dangantakar diflomasiyya da: 81ff3dsfrhy4e12bcovo22ygsto19hb 966316 966258 2026-10-11T16:22:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 966316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Masar ita ce dangantakar kasashen waje da gwamnatin Masar da ke da ita. Manufofin kasashen waje na Masar suna aiki tare da matakin da ba a haɗa shi ba. Abubuwa kamar yawan jama'a, abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, ƙarfin soja, ƙwarewar diflomasiyya da matsayi na dabarun ƙasa suna ba Masar babban tasirin siyasa a Afirka, Bahar Rum, Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, da kuma cikin Ƙungiyar da ba ta Haɗuwa ba gaba ɗaya. Alkahira ta kasance hanyar haɗuwa da kasuwancin Bahar Rum, Afirka da Asiya da al'adu na dubban shekaru, kuma cibiyoyin ilimi da addini suna tsakiyar wuraren zamantakewa da al'adun yankin.<ref>"Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.</ref> == Dangantakar diflomasiyya == === Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu === Masar tana neman taka rawa wajen warware Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. Masar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar da ta kai ga Taron Madrid na 1991, wanda, a karkashin tallafin Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]], ya tara dukkan jam'iyyun da ke yankin, gami da tawagar Palasdinawa a karon farko, don tattauna zaman lafiya na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wannan goyon baya ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu, tare da tsohon Shugaba [[Hosni Mubarak]] sau da yawa yana shiga tsakani da kansa don inganta tattaunawar zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1996, ya dauki bakuncin Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" wanda Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] da sauran shugabannin duniya suka halarta. A shekara ta 2000, ya dauki bakuncin taron koli guda biyu a Sharm El-Sheikh da daya a Taba a kokarin ci gaba da tattaunawar Camp David da aka dakatar a watan Yulin 2000, kuma a watan Yunin 2003, Mubarak ya dauki bakaministan shugaban kasar [[George W. Bush]] don wani taron koli kan tsarin zaman lafiya na Gabas ta Tsakiya. An shirya wani taron koli a Sharm El Sheik a farkon shekara ta 2005, wanda Masar, [[Isra'ila]], Hukumar Falasdinawa da [[Jodan|Jordan]] suka halarta. Tsohon shugaban leken asiri na Masar, Janar [[Omar Suleiman (ɗan siyasa)|Omar Suleiman]], ya taka rawar gani a tattaunawar tsakanin bangarorin Isra'ila da Palasd == Manazarta == 77nmde6gajgdikh2td1uc8dhnfusgb7 Djed 0 178895 966260 2026-10-11T16:16:14Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340356930|Djed]]" 966260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hiero|ḏd|<hiero>R11</hiero>|align=left|era=egypt|gardiner=R11}}  == Tatsuniya == A cikin tatsuniyar Osiris, Set ya kashe Osiris ta hanyar yaudarar sa a cikin akwatin gawa da aka yi don ya dace da Osiris daidai. Sai Set ya sa aka jefa akwatin gawar Osiris da ya mutu a yanzu cikin [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] . An ɗauki akwatin gawar zuwa teku ta kogin Nilu sannan aka wuce da ita zuwa birnin Byblos da ke [[Lebanon]] . Ya yi gudu a ƙasa kuma wata bishiya mai tsarki ta yi tushe kuma ta girma cikin sauri a kusa da akwatin gawar, ta rufe akwatin gawar a cikin akwatin gawar. Sarkin ƙasar, wanda ya yi mamakin girman bishiyar da sauri, ya ba da umarnin a sare itacen a sanya shi a matsayin ginshiƙi a fadarsa, ba tare da sanin cewa itacen yana ɗauke da gawar Osiris ba. A halin yanzu, Isis ya nemi Osiris tare da taimakon Anubis, kuma ya gano wurin da Osiris yake a Byblos. Isis ta yi amfani da kanta don neman yardar sarki da sarauniya kuma an ba ta lada. Ta nemi ginshiƙin da ke cikin zauren fada, kuma bayan an ba ta izini, sai ta fitar da akwatin gawar daga cikin ginshiƙin. Sai ta tsarkake ginshiƙin, ta shafa masa man shafawa ta kuma naɗe shi da lilin . An san wannan ginshiƙi da ginshiƙin ''djed'' . == Asali da ci gaba == [[File:Seal_ring_Ptah_the_one_with_durable_favours_N2080_mp3h8731.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Zoben hatimi mai ɗauke da rubutun ''ptḏ ḏd ḥzwt'' "Ptah, wanda ke da ni'imomi masu ɗorewa" Hieroglyphs (karanta daga dama, sama): [allahn mahalicci] Ptah ( ''ptḥ'' ) [yana ba] ni'imomi masu ɗorewa ( ''djed'' ) (watau hadayun sha, wanda aka bayyana tare da ''ḥz'' na bi-literal wanda aka nuna sau uku don jam'i).]] Da farko dai, ''djed'' wani ginshiki ne da ya shafi haihuwa wanda aka yi da ciyawa ko dami ko kuma wani totem wanda aka rataye dami na hatsi ko aka tara hatsi a kusa da shi. Erich Neumann ya lura cewa ginshiƙin ''djed'' wani abu ne da ya shafi bishiyoyi, wanda yake da muhimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Masar ba ta da bishiyoyi. Ya nuna cewa tatsuniyar na iya wakiltar mahimmancin shigo da bishiyoyi daga Masar daga Siriya. An fara danganta ''djed'' da Seker, allahn shaho na Memphite Necropolis, sannan kuma da Ptah, allahn [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphite]] mai kula da masu sana'a. Sau da yawa ana kiran Ptah da " ''djed'' mai daraja", kuma yana ɗauke da sandar da ta haɗu da alamar ''djed'' da ankh, alamar rai. <ref name="clio" /> A hankali Ptah ya fara shiga cikin Osiris. A lokacin [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar]], an danganta ''djed'' da Osiris sosai. <ref name="clio" /> A cikin littafinsu na 2004 mai suna ''The Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt'', Andrew Hunt Gordon da Calvin W. Schwabe sun yi hasashen cewa alamomin ankh, djed, da was suna da tushen halitta wanda ya samo asali daga al'adun shanu na da (wanda ke da alaƙa da imanin Masarawa cewa an halicci maniyyi a cikin kashin baya), don haka: * ''ankh'', alamar rai, ƙashin bayan bijimi (wanda aka gani a sashe na giciye ) * ''djed'', alamar kwanciyar hankali, bisa ga sacrum na kashin baya na bijimi * sandar mulki <nowiki><i id="mwfw">ce</i></nowiki>, alamar iko da mulki, sanda mai ɗauke da kai da wutsiyar allahn Set, "mai girma da ƙarfi" == Amfani da Hieroglyphics == {{Hiero|ḏd|<hiero>R11</hiero>|align=left|era=egypt|gardiner=R11}}Rubutun ''djed'' wani alama ce mai kama da ginshiƙi wadda ke wakiltar kwanciyar hankali. Haka kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da shi don wakiltar Osiris da kansa, sau da yawa ana haɗa shi "da idanu biyu tsakanin sandunan giciye da riƙe da maƙarƙashiya da lanƙwasa." Sau da yawa ana samun zanen ''djed'' tare da hoton tyet (wanda aka fi sani da Isis knot), wanda aka fassara a matsayin rai ko jin daɗi. An yi amfani da ''djed'' da tyet tare a matsayin ma'auni na biyu na rayuwa. Ana iya danganta rubutun tyet da Isis saboda yawan haɗuwa da shi da ''djed'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Egypt&nbsp;– The Mythology |url=http://www.egyptianmyths.net/isisknot.htm |access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> == Amfani da biki == [[File:Abydos_seti_16.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Wani abu da ke kan bangon yamma na Osiris Hall da ke Abydos ya nuna yadda aka ɗaga ginshiƙin ''Djed'' .]] [[File:Limestone_pyramidion._Curved_sides,_no_hieroglyphic_inscriptions._Relief_showing_arms_of_djed_holding_sun_disc._2_adoring_baboons._From_Gurob,_Fayum,_Egypt._19th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg|thumb| Dalamin dutse mai kauri. Gefen da aka lanƙwasa, babu rubuce-rubucen hieroglyphics. Jin daɗi yana nuna hannayen ''djed'' riƙe da faifan rana. Babboon guda biyu masu ban sha'awa. Daga Gurob, [[Faiyum]] . Daular XIX . Gidan Tarihi na Petrie na Masana Tarihi na Masar, London]] An yi bikin ''Djed'' a wani muhimmin bangare na bikin da ake kira "hawan ''djed'' ", wanda wani bangare ne na bikin Sed, bikin cika shekaru hamsin na Masar. An bayyana aikin ɗaga ''djed'' a matsayin wanda ke wakiltar nasarar Osiris akan Seth. An bayyana bukukuwan da aka yi a Memphis inda Fir'auna, tare da taimakon firistoci, ya ɗaga ginshiƙin ''katako'' mai igiya. An yi bikin ne a lokacin da ake shuka gonaki kuma lokacin noma na shekarar zai fara, wanda ya yi daidai da watan Koiak, wata na huɗu na Lokacin Ruwan Sama . Wannan bikin wani ɓangare ne na ɗaya daga cikin bukukuwa da bukukuwan da suka fi shahara a lokacin, wani babban biki da aka keɓe ga Osiris wanda aka gudanar daga ranar 13 zuwa 30 ga Koiak. Ana bikin ne a lokacin da ƙasar da yanayi suka fi dacewa da noma, ana iya ganin bikin da bukukuwansa a matsayin roƙo ga Osiris, wanda shi ne Allahn shuke-shuke, don ya fifita girman irin da aka shuka, wanda ya yi daidai da tashinsa daga matattu da sabuntawa bayan kisan da Seth ya yi masa. An bayyana ƙarin bukukuwan da suka shafi ɗaga ''djed'' a cikin wani zane mai ban sha'awa a [[Haikali na Luxor|Haikalin Luxor]] na Amenhotep III . A cikin kabarin da ke cikin haikalin, abin da ya faru ya nuna ɗaga ginshiƙin ''djed'' da aka yi a safiyar bikin Sed na uku na Amenhotep na uku, wanda ya gudana a shekararsa ta talatin da bakwai a kan karagar mulki. Sigrid Hodel-Hoenes ya bayyana yanayin: == Manazarta == 20y11vry5r978wvxrgslwoobrpqbd2e 966265 966260 2026-10-11T16:16:41Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Hiero|ḏd|<hiero>R11</hiero>|align=left|era=egypt|gardiner=R11}}  == Tatsuniya == A cikin tatsuniyar Osiris, Set ya kashe Osiris ta hanyar yaudarar sa a cikin akwatin gawa da aka yi don ya dace da Osiris daidai. Sai Set ya sa aka jefa akwatin gawar Osiris da ya mutu a yanzu cikin [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] . An ɗauki akwatin gawar zuwa teku ta kogin Nilu sannan aka wuce da ita zuwa birnin Byblos da ke [[Lebanon]] . Ya yi gudu a ƙasa kuma wata bishiya mai tsarki ta yi tushe kuma ta girma cikin sauri a kusa da akwatin gawar, ta rufe akwatin gawar a cikin akwatin gawar. Sarkin ƙasar, wanda ya yi mamakin girman bishiyar da sauri, ya ba da umarnin a sare itacen a sanya shi a matsayin ginshiƙi a fadarsa, ba tare da sanin cewa itacen yana ɗauke da gawar Osiris ba. A halin yanzu, Isis ya nemi Osiris tare da taimakon Anubis, kuma ya gano wurin da Osiris yake a Byblos. Isis ta yi amfani da kanta don neman yardar sarki da sarauniya kuma an ba ta lada. Ta nemi ginshiƙin da ke cikin zauren fada, kuma bayan an ba ta izini, sai ta fitar da akwatin gawar daga cikin ginshiƙin. Sai ta tsarkake ginshiƙin, ta shafa masa man shafawa ta kuma naɗe shi da lilin . An san wannan ginshiƙi da ginshiƙin ''djed'' . == Asali da ci gaba == [[File:Seal_ring_Ptah_the_one_with_durable_favours_N2080_mp3h8731.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Zoben hatimi mai ɗauke da rubutun ''ptḏ ḏd ḥzwt'' "Ptah, wanda ke da ni'imomi masu ɗorewa" Hieroglyphs (karanta daga dama, sama): [allahn mahalicci] Ptah ( ''ptḥ'' ) [yana ba] ni'imomi masu ɗorewa ( ''djed'' ) (watau hadayun sha, wanda aka bayyana tare da ''ḥz'' na bi-literal wanda aka nuna sau uku don jam'i).]] Da farko dai, ''djed'' wani ginshiki ne da ya shafi haihuwa wanda aka yi da ciyawa ko dami ko kuma wani totem wanda aka rataye dami na hatsi ko aka tara hatsi a kusa da shi. Erich Neumann ya lura cewa ginshiƙin ''djed'' wani abu ne da ya shafi bishiyoyi, wanda yake da muhimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Masar ba ta da bishiyoyi. Ya nuna cewa tatsuniyar na iya wakiltar mahimmancin shigo da bishiyoyi daga Masar daga Siriya. An fara danganta ''djed'' da Seker, allahn shaho na Memphite Necropolis, sannan kuma da Ptah, allahn [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphite]] mai kula da masu sana'a. Sau da yawa ana kiran Ptah da " ''djed'' mai daraja", kuma yana ɗauke da sandar da ta haɗu da alamar ''djed'' da ankh, alamar rai. <ref name="clio" /> A hankali Ptah ya fara shiga cikin Osiris. A lokacin [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar]], an danganta ''djed'' da Osiris sosai. <ref name="clio" /> A cikin littafinsu na 2004 mai suna ''The Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt'', Andrew Hunt Gordon da Calvin W. Schwabe sun yi hasashen cewa alamomin ankh, djed, da was suna da tushen halitta wanda ya samo asali daga al'adun shanu na da (wanda ke da alaƙa da imanin Masarawa cewa an halicci maniyyi a cikin kashin baya), don haka: * ''ankh'', alamar rai, ƙashin bayan bijimi (wanda aka gani a sashe na giciye ) * ''djed'', alamar kwanciyar hankali, bisa ga sacrum na kashin baya na bijimi * sandar mulki <nowiki><i id="mwfw">ce</i></nowiki>, alamar iko da mulki, sanda mai ɗauke da kai da wutsiyar allahn Set, "mai girma da ƙarfi" == Amfani da Hieroglyphics == {{Hiero|ḏd|<hiero>R11</hiero>|align=left|era=egypt|gardiner=R11}}Rubutun ''djed'' wani alama ce mai kama da ginshiƙi wadda ke wakiltar kwanciyar hankali. Haka kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da shi don wakiltar Osiris da kansa, sau da yawa ana haɗa shi "da idanu biyu tsakanin sandunan giciye da riƙe da maƙarƙashiya da lanƙwasa." Sau da yawa ana samun zanen ''djed'' tare da hoton tyet (wanda aka fi sani da Isis knot), wanda aka fassara a matsayin rai ko jin daɗi. An yi amfani da ''djed'' da tyet tare a matsayin ma'auni na biyu na rayuwa. Ana iya danganta rubutun tyet da Isis saboda yawan haɗuwa da shi da ''djed'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Egypt&nbsp;– The Mythology |url=http://www.egyptianmyths.net/isisknot.htm |access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> == Amfani da biki == [[File:Abydos_seti_16.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Wani abu da ke kan bangon yamma na Osiris Hall da ke Abydos ya nuna yadda aka ɗaga ginshiƙin ''Djed'' .]] [[File:Limestone_pyramidion._Curved_sides,_no_hieroglyphic_inscriptions._Relief_showing_arms_of_djed_holding_sun_disc._2_adoring_baboons._From_Gurob,_Fayum,_Egypt._19th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg|thumb| Dalamin dutse mai kauri. Gefen da aka lanƙwasa, babu rubuce-rubucen hieroglyphics. Jin daɗi yana nuna hannayen ''djed'' riƙe da faifan rana. Babboon guda biyu masu ban sha'awa. Daga Gurob, [[Faiyum]] . Daular XIX . Gidan Tarihi na Petrie na Masana Tarihi na Masar, London]] An yi bikin ''Djed'' a wani muhimmin bangare na bikin da ake kira "hawan ''djed'' ", wanda wani bangare ne na bikin Sed, bikin cika shekaru hamsin na Masar. An bayyana aikin ɗaga ''djed'' a matsayin wanda ke wakiltar nasarar Osiris akan Seth. An bayyana bukukuwan da aka yi a Memphis inda Fir'auna, tare da taimakon firistoci, ya ɗaga ginshiƙin ''katako'' mai igiya. An yi bikin ne a lokacin da ake shuka gonaki kuma lokacin noma na shekarar zai fara, wanda ya yi daidai da watan Koiak, wata na huɗu na Lokacin Ruwan Sama . Wannan bikin wani ɓangare ne na ɗaya daga cikin bukukuwa da bukukuwan da suka fi shahara a lokacin, wani babban biki da aka keɓe ga Osiris wanda aka gudanar daga ranar 13 zuwa 30 ga Koiak. Ana bikin ne a lokacin da ƙasar da yanayi suka fi dacewa da noma, ana iya ganin bikin da bukukuwansa a matsayin roƙo ga Osiris, wanda shi ne Allahn shuke-shuke, don ya fifita girman irin da aka shuka, wanda ya yi daidai da tashinsa daga matattu da sabuntawa bayan kisan da Seth ya yi masa. An bayyana ƙarin bukukuwan da suka shafi ɗaga ''djed'' a cikin wani zane mai ban sha'awa a [[Haikali na Luxor|Haikalin Luxor]] na Amenhotep III . A cikin kabarin da ke cikin haikalin, abin da ya faru ya nuna ɗaga ginshiƙin ''djed'' da aka yi a safiyar bikin Sed na uku na Amenhotep na uku, wanda ya gudana a shekararsa ta talatin da bakwai a kan karagar mulki. Sigrid Hodel-Hoenes ya bayyana yanayin: == Manazarta == hincnpi5htsyp0spgd1tpyma7ewp91f Daular Gao 0 178896 966264 2026-10-11T16:16:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360095329|Gao Empire]]" 966264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daular Gao''' masarautar Musulunci ce mai magana da harshen Songhai wacce ta mallaki [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] a [[Mali]] daga kusan karni na 7 AZ har zuwa faduwarsu ga [[Daular Mali]] a ƙarshen karni na 14. Daular Za ce ke mulkinta daga babban birnin [[Gao (gari)|Gao]], daular ta kasance muhimmiyar magajin [[Daular Songhai]]. == Tarihi == Akwai rubuce-rubuce sama da 100 na zamani a cikin Larabci daga Gao da Gao-Saney da ke kusa, : 3-84 mafi tsufa daga 1042 AZ.<ref name=":02" />: 31-32 Sun ƙunshi shayari, <ref name=":02" />:: lviii  kuma suna ba da takardun tushe na zamani ga tsararraki da yawa na sarakuna da sarauniya a cikin nau'ikan epitaphs.<ref name=":02" />: clix-clxiv . Wannan yana haifar da tambaya da'awar cewa babu rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce na asali da suka tsira daga kafin tsakiyar karni na 17.{{Sfn|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}}Saninmu game da tarihin farko na garin ya dogara ne akan rubuce-rubucen masu ilimin ƙasa na Larabawa da ke zaune a Maroko, Misira da Andalusia, mafi yawansu ba su taɓa ziyartar yankin ba. Wadannan marubutan sun kira garin Kawkaw ko Kuku . Magana ta farko game da Gao ta [[Muhammad Ibn Musa Alkhwarizmi|al-Khwārizmī]] ce wanda ya rubuta a farkon rabin karni na 9. {{Sfn|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}} Tarihin Songhai guda biyu na ƙarni na 17, ''Tarikh al-Sudan'' da Tarikh al'Fattash, sun ba da bayani game da garin a lokacin [[Daular Songhai]] amma suna ƙunshe da alamomi masu ban mamaki kawai game da lokacin da ya gabata kafin rubuce-rubuce.{{Sfn|Hunwick|2003}}Tarihin ba su yarda da tushe ba.{{Sfn|Hunwick|2003}}Bayanan su na lokutan da suka gabata kusan tabbas sun dogara ne akan al'adar baki, kuma wani lokacin suna ba da bayanai masu rikitarwa. Yin amfani da epitaphs a matsayin tushen farko, masana na zamani suna ƙara yin tambaya ko tarihin, a matsayin takardun siyasa masu son kai, suna da amfani ga bayyana lokacin Daular Gao.{{Sfn|Conrad|2005}} Masana tarihi na ƙarni na ashirin sun ga Gao ba shi da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da [[Daular Ghana]] ta zamani, amma binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 na Afirka ta Yamma ya yi jayayya cewa Gao ita ce birni na farko na Afirka ta Kudu, tana ba da mahimmin misali ga Daular Ghana kuma daga baya da daular [[Daular Mali|Mali]] da [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], kuma yankin Nijar ta Tsakiya da ta mamaye ta kasance da tattalin arziki da siyasa tare da Sahel, Savannah, da Gabas ta Tsakiya a hanyoyin da suka sanya shi wani muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin duniya.{{Sfn|Gomez|2018}} == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon tarihi === An kafa Gao-Saney a cikin karni na 7 a kudancin ƙarshen hanyar kasuwanci ta Sahara da ke amfani da karusai.{{Sfn|Cissé|McIntosh|Dussubieux|Fenn|2013}}{{Sfn|Takezawa|Cisse|2012}}'Yan kasuwa na [[Ibadi]] [[Abzinawa|Berber]] ne suka mamaye hanyar, wadanda suka zauna a can.{{Sfn|Takezawa|Cisse|2012}}Yankin kuma muhimmiyar cibiyar ce ga al'ummomin kamun kifi na yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gao {{!}} Mali |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gao-Mali |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Djenne-locmap2.png|thumb|Taswirar [[Mali]]]] Gao ya girma tsakanin ƙarni na takwas da na goma, ya zama ikon yanki wanda ya wuce [[Daular Ghana|Wagadu]]. {{Sfn|Gomez|2018}}Al-Yaʿqūbī ya rubuta a cikin ''Tarikh'' a kusa da 872:<blockquote>Akwai mulkin Kawkaw, wanda shine mafi girma daga cikin masarautun Sūdān, mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi iko. Dukkanin masarautun suna yin biyayya da sarkin su. Al-Kawkaw shine sunan garin. Baya ga wannan akwai mulkoki da yawa waɗanda sarakuna ke biyayya da shi kuma suna amincewa da ikon mallakarsa, kodayake su sarakuna ne a ƙasashensu.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Levtzion|1973}}</ref></blockquote>Sarakunan yankin sun kasance daga daular da ake kira Qanda, kuma sun yi amfani da taken 'Za'.{{Sfn|Lange|1991}}Wataƙila sun kasance da farko a cikin Kukiya kafin su koma Gao a farkon karni na 10.{{Sfn|Takezawa|Cisse|2012}}Ikon su ya dogara ne akan sojan doki da raƙumi.{{Sfn|Gomez|2018}} Ibn al-Faqih (rubuce-rubuce c. 903) ya ambaci hanyar tafiya daga Misira zuwa Ghana ta dā ta hanyar Kawkaw . [1]amma Ibn Hawqal (rubuce-rubuce c. 988) ya bayyana cewa an watsar da tsohuwar hanyar daga Misira zuwa Sudan a cikin mulkin mai mulkin Masar Ibn Tulun (mai mulki 868-884) yayin da wasu daga cikin masu zanga-zangar suka kai hari yayin da wasu suka mamaye yashi mai iska.[1]An maye gurbin hanyar da ta fi kai tsaye da wanda ya tafi Sijilmasa kafin ya tafi kudu a fadin Sahara. A cewar Akhbar al-zaman, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarshen karni na 10 ko farkon karni na 11, an ruwaito Gao yana yaƙi da mulkin Dahdam zuwa yamma. nhrln2kwh6lbk2ju1jq4jzowzdfdrjg Kamfanin Jamus na Yammacin Afirka 0 178897 966266 2026-10-11T16:16:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289092776|German West African Company]]" 966266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamfanin Jamus na Yammacin Afirka''', a cikin Jamusanci Deutsch-Westafrikanische Gesellschaft / Compagnie, kamfani ne na Jamus, wanda aka kafa a 1885. Ya yi amfani da masu kare Jamus guda biyu a Afirka ta Yamma ([[Togo]] da [[Kamaru]]) amma bai mallake su ba - ba kamar takwaransa a Gabashin Afirka ba. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Jamus na Yammacin Afirka an kafa shi ne a matsayin kamfani mai hayar da ke da hedikwatar a [[Hamburg]]. Kamfanin ya kasance mai aiki a [[Kamerun|Kameru]] da Togoland. Saboda shekaru na ƙananan riba, Daular Jamus ta shawo kan kamfanin a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1903. == Kameru == == Togo == Yanzu, [[Togo]] ta zamani da kuma wani ɓangare na [[Ghana]]. == Dubi kuma == * Daular mulkin mallaka ta Jamus * Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka == Manazarta == p0tottjp53ela2btq8bi2m5edp5f37k 966268 966266 2026-10-11T16:17:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 966268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Jamus na Yammacin Afirka''', a cikin Jamusanci Deutsch-Westafrikanische Gesellschaft / Compagnie, kamfani ne na Jamus, wanda aka kafa a 1885. Ya yi amfani da masu kare Jamus guda biyu a Afirka ta Yamma ([[Togo]] da [[Kamaru]]) amma bai mallake su ba - ba kamar takwaransa a Gabashin Afirka ba. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Jamus na Yammacin Afirka an kafa shi ne a matsayin kamfani mai hayar da ke da hedikwatar a [[Hamburg]]. Kamfanin ya kasance mai aiki a [[Kamerun|Kameru]] da Togoland. Saboda shekaru na ƙananan riba, Daular Jamus ta shawo kan kamfanin a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1903. == Kameru == == Togo == Yanzu, [[Togo]] ta zamani da kuma wani ɓangare na [[Ghana]]. == Dubi kuma == * Daular mulkin mallaka ta Jamus * Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka == Manazarta == mzqi3iar7qly9dlo9hqvz9igpanf5xh 966272 966268 2026-10-11T16:17:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 966272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Jamus na Yammacin Afirka''', a cikin Jamusanci Deutsch-Westafrikanische Gesellschaft / Compagnie, kamfani ne na Jamus, wanda aka kafa a 1885. Ya yi amfani da masu kare Jamus guda biyu a Afirka ta Yamma ([[Togo]] da [[Kamaru]]) amma bai mallake su ba - ba kamar takwaransa a Gabashin Afirka ba. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Jamus na Yammacin Afirka an kafa shi ne a matsayin kamfani mai hayar da ke da hedikwatar a [[Hamburg]]. Kamfanin ya kasance mai aiki a [[Kamerun|Kameru]] da Togoland. Saboda shekaru na ƙananan riba, Daular Jamus ta shawo kan kamfanin a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1903. == Togo == Yanzu, [[Togo]] ta zamani da kuma wani ɓangare na [[Ghana]]. == Dubi kuma == * Daular mulkin mallaka ta Jamus * Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka == Manazarta == 2foy5ytmrxeujq5xszwbuvhy7sc2usi Fort Capuzzo 0 178898 966267 2026-10-11T16:17:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370619870|Fort Capuzzo]]" 966267 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox military conflict/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fort Capuzzo (a Italiyanci: Ridotta Capuzzo) wani sansanin soja ne da ke cikin yankin mulkin mallaka na Italiya a Libya, kusa da iyakar Libya da Masar, tare da layin shingen iyaka na Italiya. Babbar hanyar Litoranea Balbo (Via Balbo) ta taso daga Bardia zuwa kudu har zuwa Fort Capuzzo—wanda ke da nisan mil 8 (kilomita 13) daga bakin teku zuwa cikin kasa, a yammacin Sollum—sannan ta ci gaba zuwa gabas ta ketare iyakar Masar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da ke bayan tsaunin bakin teku. An gina sansanin ne a lokacin da Italiya ke murkushe juriyar 'yan Senussi a yakin Italiya da Senussi na biyu (1923–1931), a matsayin wani bangare na shingen tsaro a kan iyakokin Libya da Masar da kuma Libya da Sudan. An yi amfani da waya na Frontier da layin tsaunuka ciki har da Fort Capuzzo don dakatar da Senussi daga motsawa kyauta a fadin iyaka. Ginin yana da ganuwar crenellated guda huɗu da ke kewaye da yadi. An gina wuraren zama a gefen gefen kuma sun samar da tushe ga masu tsaron iyaka da sojojin Italiya masu sintiri. Wata hanya ta gudana a kudu daga sansanin, a yammacin waya na iyaka da iyaka, zuwa Sidi Omar, Fort Maddalena da [[Jaghbub|Giarabub]]. Ginin ya sauya hannaye sau da yawa a lokacin [[Yaƙin Hamadar Yamma|Yakin Yammacin Yamma]] (1940-1943) na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . == Tarihi == [[File:Capuzzo_air_view.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Aerial photograph of Fort Capuzzo.}}]] A cikin 1922, Benito Mussolini ya ci gaba da {{Lang|it|Riconquista}} na Libya a Yaƙin Italo-Sanussi na Biyu (1921-1931). {{Sfn|Wright|1982}}{{Sfn|Metz|1989}}Sojojin Italiya ne suka gina waya ta Frontier, a karkashin umurnin Janar Rodolfo Graziani, a cikin hunturu na 1930-1931, a matsayin hanyar da za a murkushe juriyar [[Sanusiyya|Senussi]] game da [[Mulkin mallaka na Italiya a Libya|Mulkin mallaka na Italiya]]. An yi amfani da waya da tsarin sansani na iyaka don hana motsi na mayakan Senussi da kayan aiki daga Masar.{{Sfn|Christie|1999}}Waya ta ƙunshi layi huɗu na {{Cvt|1.7|m}} in) tsaunuka masu tsawo tushe na kankare, an ɗaure shi da waya mai tsayi, {{Cvt|320|km}} tsawo, kawai a cikin iyaka daga El Ramleh a kan Tekun Sollum, bayan Fort Capuzzo zuwa Sidi Omar, sannan kudu, dan kadan zuwa yammacin 25th meridian gabas, zuwa iyakar Libya-Masar da Libya-Sudan. {{Sfn|Metz|1989}}{{Sfn|Cody|1956}}An gina manyan sansanoni uku tare da waya a Amseat (Fort Capuzzo), Scegga ([[Fort Maddalena]]) da [[Jaghbub|Giarabub]] da ƙananan shida a El Ramleh a kan gulf na Sollum, a Sidi Omar, Sceferzen, Vescechet, Garn ul Grein da El Aamara . {{Sfn|Christie|1999}}{{Efn|Soon after the frontier wire system was built, the colonial administration deported the people of the [[Jebel Akhdar, Libya|Jebel Akhdar]] to deny the rebels local support. More than {{nowrap|100,000 people}} were imprisoned in [[concentration camp]]s at [[Suluq]] and El Agheila, where up to one third of the Cyrenaican population died in squalor. [[Omar Mukhtar]] was captured and killed in 1931, after which the resistance petered out, apart from the followers of [[Idris of Libya|Sheik Idris]], Emir of Cyrenaica, who went into exile in Egypt.{{sfn|Metz|1989}}}} Sojojin Italiya da masu tsaron iyaka sun yi sintiri da waya ta amfani da motoci da jirgin sama daga sansanonin, wadanda suka kai hari kan duk wanda aka gani a yankin iyaka.{{Sfn|Wright|1982}} == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu == === 1940 === A ranar 14 ga Yuni 1940, kwanaki hudu bayan sanarwar Italiya ta yaki a Birtaniya, Hussars na 7 da wasu daga cikin 1st Royal Tank Regiment sun kama Fort Capuzzo. Royal Air Force (RAF) ta ba da gudummawa ga mayakan Gladiator na 33 Squadron da Blenheim bom na 211 Squadron zuwa harin kuma 11th Hussars ya ɗauki Fort Maddalena kusan {{Cvt|60|mi}} zuwa kudu.{{Sfn|Playfair|Stitt|Molony|Toomer|2004a}}Ba a mamaye sansanin ba na dogon lokaci saboda rashin sojoji da kayan aiki amma ƙungiyoyin rushewa suna ziyartar kowace dare don lalata makamai da motocin Italiya.{{Sfn|Moorehead|2009}}A sauran watan Yuni, Birtaniya sun yi sintiri zuwa arewa, kudu da yamma kuma sun fara Siege na Giarabub . Sojojin Italiya na 10 sun mayar da hankali a yankin daga Bardia zuwa Tobruk kuma sun kawo gaba da Maletti Group, tanki mai haɗuwa, sojan ƙasa da bindigogi, sanye take da kamfanin Fiat M11/39 matsakaicin tankuna, waɗanda suka fi tsofaffin tankuna L3/33. {{Sfn|Christie|1999}} Italiyanci sun sake mamaye Fort Capuzzo kuma sun riƙe shi tare da wani ɓangare na 2nd CC. NN. Rukunin "28 Oktoba" (Lieutenant-General [Luogotenente Generale] Francesco Argentino). A ranar 29 ga Yuni, Maletti Group ta kori tankunan Burtaniya tare da bindigogin ta sannan ta kayar da hari na dare.[1][1] A lokacin rikice-rikicen kan iyaka daga 11 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Satumba, Birtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun yi asarar mutane 3,500 saboda asarar mutane 150.[1] A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, a lokacin Operation Compass (9 ga watan Disambar 1940 - 9 ga watan Fabrairun 1941) Brigade na 4 na Sojojin Yammacin Yamma sun kama Sidi Omar kuma Italiyanci sun janye daga Sollum, Fort Capuzzo da sauran sansanonin kan iyaka; An kafa Depot na 9 a sansanin don 7th Armoured Division.[1] kqywr8l1rvdishsijutx8ln0m34renf 966321 966267 2026-10-11T16:23:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 966321 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox military conflict/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Databox}} Fort Capuzzo (a Italiyanci: Ridotta Capuzzo) wani sansanin soja ne da ke cikin yankin mulkin mallaka na Italiya a Libya, kusa da iyakar Libya da Masar, tare da layin shingen iyaka na Italiya. Babbar hanyar Litoranea Balbo (Via Balbo) ta taso daga Bardia zuwa kudu har zuwa Fort Capuzzo—wanda ke da nisan mil 8 (kilomita 13) daga bakin teku zuwa cikin kasa, a yammacin Sollum—sannan ta ci gaba zuwa gabas ta ketare iyakar Masar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da ke bayan tsaunin bakin teku. An gina sansanin ne a lokacin da Italiya ke murkushe juriyar 'yan Senussi a yakin Italiya da Senussi na biyu (1923–1931), a matsayin wani bangare na shingen tsaro a kan iyakokin Libya da Masar da kuma Libya da Sudan. An yi amfani da waya na Frontier da layin tsaunuka ciki har da Fort Capuzzo don dakatar da Senussi daga motsawa kyauta a fadin iyaka. Ginin yana da ganuwar crenellated guda huɗu da ke kewaye da yadi. An gina wuraren zama a gefen gefen kuma sun samar da tushe ga masu tsaron iyaka da sojojin Italiya masu sintiri. Wata hanya ta gudana a kudu daga sansanin, a yammacin waya na iyaka da iyaka, zuwa Sidi Omar, Fort Maddalena da [[Jaghbub|Giarabub]]. Ginin ya sauya hannaye sau da yawa a lokacin [[Yaƙin Hamadar Yamma|Yakin Yammacin Yamma]] (1940-1943) na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . == Tarihi == [[File:Capuzzo_air_view.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Aerial photograph of Fort Capuzzo.}}]] A cikin 1922, Benito Mussolini ya ci gaba da {{Lang|it|Riconquista}} na Libya a Yaƙin Italo-Sanussi na Biyu (1921-1931). {{Sfn|Wright|1982}}{{Sfn|Metz|1989}}Sojojin Italiya ne suka gina waya ta Frontier, a karkashin umurnin Janar Rodolfo Graziani, a cikin hunturu na 1930-1931, a matsayin hanyar da za a murkushe juriyar [[Sanusiyya|Senussi]] game da [[Mulkin mallaka na Italiya a Libya|Mulkin mallaka na Italiya]]. An yi amfani da waya da tsarin sansani na iyaka don hana motsi na mayakan Senussi da kayan aiki daga Masar.{{Sfn|Christie|1999}}Waya ta ƙunshi layi huɗu na {{Cvt|1.7|m}} in) tsaunuka masu tsawo tushe na kankare, an ɗaure shi da waya mai tsayi, {{Cvt|320|km}} tsawo, kawai a cikin iyaka daga El Ramleh a kan Tekun Sollum, bayan Fort Capuzzo zuwa Sidi Omar, sannan kudu, dan kadan zuwa yammacin 25th meridian gabas, zuwa iyakar Libya-Masar da Libya-Sudan. {{Sfn|Metz|1989}}{{Sfn|Cody|1956}}An gina manyan sansanoni uku tare da waya a Amseat (Fort Capuzzo), Scegga ([[Fort Maddalena]]) da [[Jaghbub|Giarabub]] da ƙananan shida a El Ramleh a kan gulf na Sollum, a Sidi Omar, Sceferzen, Vescechet, Garn ul Grein da El Aamara . {{Sfn|Christie|1999}}{{Efn|Soon after the frontier wire system was built, the colonial administration deported the people of the [[Jebel Akhdar, Libya|Jebel Akhdar]] to deny the rebels local support. More than {{nowrap|100,000 people}} were imprisoned in [[concentration camp]]s at [[Suluq]] and El Agheila, where up to one third of the Cyrenaican population died in squalor. [[Omar Mukhtar]] was captured and killed in 1931, after which the resistance petered out, apart from the followers of [[Idris of Libya|Sheik Idris]], Emir of Cyrenaica, who went into exile in Egypt.{{sfn|Metz|1989}}}} Sojojin Italiya da masu tsaron iyaka sun yi sintiri da waya ta amfani da motoci da jirgin sama daga sansanonin, wadanda suka kai hari kan duk wanda aka gani a yankin iyaka.{{Sfn|Wright|1982}} == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu == === 1940 === A ranar 14 ga Yuni 1940, kwanaki hudu bayan sanarwar Italiya ta yaki a Birtaniya, Hussars na 7 da wasu daga cikin 1st Royal Tank Regiment sun kama Fort Capuzzo. Royal Air Force (RAF) ta ba da gudummawa ga mayakan Gladiator na 33 Squadron da Blenheim bom na 211 Squadron zuwa harin kuma 11th Hussars ya ɗauki Fort Maddalena kusan {{Cvt|60|mi}} zuwa kudu.{{Sfn|Playfair|Stitt|Molony|Toomer|2004a}}Ba a mamaye sansanin ba na dogon lokaci saboda rashin sojoji da kayan aiki amma ƙungiyoyin rushewa suna ziyartar kowace dare don lalata makamai da motocin Italiya.{{Sfn|Moorehead|2009}}A sauran watan Yuni, Birtaniya sun yi sintiri zuwa arewa, kudu da yamma kuma sun fara Siege na Giarabub . Sojojin Italiya na 10 sun mayar da hankali a yankin daga Bardia zuwa Tobruk kuma sun kawo gaba da Maletti Group, tanki mai haɗuwa, sojan ƙasa da bindigogi, sanye take da kamfanin Fiat M11/39 matsakaicin tankuna, waɗanda suka fi tsofaffin tankuna L3/33. {{Sfn|Christie|1999}} Italiyanci sun sake mamaye Fort Capuzzo kuma sun riƙe shi tare da wani ɓangare na 2nd CC. NN. Rukunin "28 Oktoba" (Lieutenant-General [Luogotenente Generale] Francesco Argentino). A ranar 29 ga Yuni, Maletti Group ta kori tankunan Burtaniya tare da bindigogin ta sannan ta kayar da hari na dare.[1][1] A lokacin rikice-rikicen kan iyaka daga 11 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Satumba, Birtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun yi asarar mutane 3,500 saboda asarar mutane 150.[1] A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, a lokacin Operation Compass (9 ga watan Disambar 1940 - 9 ga watan Fabrairun 1941) Brigade na 4 na Sojojin Yammacin Yamma sun kama Sidi Omar kuma Italiyanci sun janye daga Sollum, Fort Capuzzo da sauran sansanonin kan iyaka; An kafa Depot na 9 a sansanin don 7th Armoured Division.[1] == Manazarta == <references /> 0gowl3p8nmtsafnpaxj1jlf7cf9vzvj Ginin Fez 0 178899 966269 2026-10-11T16:17:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378630803|Fortifications of Fez]]" 966269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ginin Fez''' (wanda aka rubuta ''Fes'') ya ƙunshi wani rikitarwa na Ganuwar da ƙofofi da ke kewaye da [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]]_el_Bali" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fes el Bali">Fes el-Bali da Fes lo-Jdid, birane biyu da suka hada da tsohuwar "medina" na Fes, Morocco. Har ila yau, sun haɗa da kasbahs (birane) da yawa da kuma tsaunuka waɗanda aka gina don karewa da sarrafa birnin. An gina waɗannan ganuwar a cikin ƙarni da yawa kuma ragowar da ta ragu a yau ta fito ne daga lokuta daban-daban. Ganuwar birni ta sami ci gaba mai rikitarwa a cikin ƙarni tare da matakai da yawa na fadadawa, lalacewa, da sake ginawa wanda ya shafi sassa daban-daban na tsarin birni. Hakazalika, ƙofofin birni sun bambanta sosai a cikin ƙira da kwanan wata, daga ƙofofin tsaro masu ƙarfi zuwa buɗewa masu sauƙi a cikin ganuwar a yau. Ganuwar ta nuna iyakokin jiki da na alama na birnin (kuma wani lokacin ma na sassanta), saboda haka ƙofofin da kansu zasu iya samun ƙarin muhimmancin zamantakewa ko siyasa. Manyan makabarta na birnin suna waje da manyan ƙofofin, musamman: Bab Ftouh, Bab Mahrouk, da Bab Guissa . == Matsayin ganuwar birni == Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran ganuwar birni na zamani, ganuwar Fes ta yi aiki a matsayin kariya da kuma sarrafawa. Sun kare birnin daga hari kuma sun kori baƙi. Ana rufe ƙofofin birni da dare; matafiya gabaɗaya ba za su iya shiga birni da ƙarfe ba. Ganuwar da ƙofofi sun kuma sarrafa isowa da tafiyar mazaunan garin, suna hana kowa barin idan hukumomi sun so. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyukansu wajen sarrafa damar shine sarrafa kwararar kayayyaki da kuma tabbatar da cewa an biya su haraji yadda ya kamata. Wannan ya tabbatar da ingantaccen tattara kudaden shiga a madadin hukumomi (yana tunawa da cewa duk mahimman Suks (kasuwanci) suna cikin birni). <ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshe, wani aiki mai mahimmanci ko alama na ganuwar birni shine a hukumance ya bayyana iyakokin sararin birni, wanda wasu dokoki, ka'idoji, ko ka'idojin zasu iya amfani da su.<ref name=":0" /> Tare da zuwan gunpowder, ganuwar zamani ta zama wani ɓangare mara amfani a matsayin kariya ta soja a kan wasu sojoji; duk da haka sun kasance ba su canza ba a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa kuma ba a sake gina su ba ko sake tsara su don karewa daga bindigogi.[1] Wannan wani bangare ne saboda Fes birni ne na tsakiya kuma ba ya fuskantar barazanar waje daga sojojin da ke dauke da irin wadannan makamai, ba kamar biranen da ke bakin tekun Atlantika na Maroko waɗanda sojojin Portugal da Mutanen Espanya ke barazana ko mamayewa akai-akai. A wani lokaci ne kawai sojojin kasashen waje suka kwace Fes: Ottomans, tare da taimakon wanda ya tsira daga Daular Wattasid, sun mamaye shi a cikin 1554 na kasa da shekara guda kafin Saadi na Maroko suka dawo da shi.[2] Saadis daga baya sun gina sansanoni kawai a Fes da aka tsara don tsayayya da fasahar gunpowder, kuma har ma da waɗannan suna da niyyar sanya ikon Saadi a kan birni mai tawaye.[3] Sabanin haka, Bedouin na gida ko wasu masu kai hari daga ƙauyuka ba su da isasshen kayan aiki da bindigogi, don haka ganuwar da ke akwai sun isa su kare su.[1] Ganuwar ta ci gaba da yin ayyukan gudanarwa. Kofofin birni daidai da haka sun zama abin da ya fi dacewa da kayan ado, wani lokacin suna aiki a matsayin shigarwa mai mahimmanci ga birnin; gina ƙarni na 20 na ƙofar Bab Bou Jeloud mai ban sha'awa ta [[Kariyar Faransa a Maroko|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa]] ana iya ganin shi a matsayin sakamakon da ya dace na wannan canjin a cikin manufa. mrj99of4dvmlxzt2waosg2do6p5u7l3 1912 Rikicin Fez 0 178900 966271 2026-10-11T16:17:23Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370703429|1912 Fez riots]]" 966271 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin [[Fas|Fes]], wanda aka fi sani da Fes Uprising ko Mutiny (daga Larabci: انتفاضة فاس, ''{{Transl|ar|[[Intifada]]t Fes}}''), '''Tritl''' (Ibraniyawa: , tsakanin Al'ummar Yahudawa) da Ranar Rashin Rashin Rashi (daga [[Faransa|Faransanci]]: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) rikice-rikicen ne wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Fes, babban birnin [[Moroko|Maroko]] a lokacin, lokacin, lokacin da jami'an Faransa suka sanar da matakan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wacce ta haifar da kariya ta Faransa a Maroko. Rikicin ya ɓarke jim kadan bayan yawan mutanen Fes sun koyi game da yarjejeniyar, wanda galibi suna kallon shi a matsayin cin amana daga Sultan Abd al-Hafid, wanda ya bar Fes zuwa [[Rabat]] don tabbatar da amincinsa. Bayan tashin hankali, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗan'uwansa Yusuf.{{Sfn|Gershovich|2000}} dqh3llvj8zjoicqw3cz5b5kr755rcpj 966287 966271 2026-10-11T16:18:40Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370703429|1912 Fez riots]]" 966287 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin [[Fas|Fes]], wanda aka fi sani da Fes Uprising ko Mutiny (daga Larabci: انتفاضة فاس, ''{{Transl|ar|[[Intifada]]t Fes}}''), '''Tritl''' (Ibraniyawa: , tsakanin Al'ummar Yahudawa) da Ranar Rashin Rashin Rashi (daga [[Faransa|Faransanci]]: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) rikice-rikicen ne wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Fes, babban birnin [[Moroko|Maroko]] a lokacin, lokacin, lokacin da jami'an Faransa suka sanar da matakan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wacce ta haifar da kariya ta Faransa a Maroko. Rikicin ya ɓarke jim kadan bayan yawan mutanen Fes sun koyi game da yarjejeniyar, wanda galibi suna kallon shi a matsayin cin amana daga Sultan Abd al-Hafid, wanda ya bar Fes zuwa [[Rabat]] don tabbatar da amincinsa. Bayan tashin hankali, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗan'uwansa Yusu Duk da gargadi game da tashin hankali, yawancin sojojin Faransa sun bar Fes, sun bar sojojin Faransa 1,500 da <nowiki><i id="mwKA">askars</i></nowiki> 5,000 na Maroko (masu mulkin mallaka na yankin) karkashin umarnin jami'an Faransa. A safiyar ranar 17 ga Afrilu, jami'an Faransa sun sanar da sabbin matakan ga ''askars''. Yawancin raka'a nan da nan suka yi tawaye, wanda ya haifar da asarar iko. l98lctweoqfze4za54waqe36uluqq7s 966302 966287 2026-10-11T16:20:53Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370703429|1912 Fez riots]]" 966302 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin [[Fas|Fes]], wanda aka fi sani da Fes Uprising ko Mutiny (daga Larabci: انتفاضة فاس, ''{{Transl|ar|[[Intifada]]t Fes}}''), '''Tritl''' (Ibraniyawa: , tsakanin Al'ummar Yahudawa) da Ranar Rashin Rashin Rashi (daga [[Faransa|Faransanci]]: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) rikice-rikicen ne wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Fes, babban birnin [[Moroko|Maroko]] a lokacin, lokacin, lokacin da jami'an Faransa suka sanar da matakan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wacce ta haifar da kariya ta Faransa a Maroko. Rikicin ya ɓarke jim kadan bayan yawan mutanen Fes sun koyi game da yarjejeniyar, wanda galibi suna kallon shi a matsayin cin amana daga Sultan Abd al-Hafid, wanda ya bar Fes zuwa [[Rabat]] don tabbatar da amincinsa. Bayan tashin hankali, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗan'uwansa Yusu Duk da gargadi game da tashin hankali, yawancin sojojin Faransa sun bar Fes, sun bar sojojin Faransa 1,500 da <nowiki><i id="mwKA">askars</i></nowiki> 5,000 na Maroko (masu mulkin mallaka na yankin) karkashin umarnin jami'an Faransa. A safiyar ranar 17 ga Afrilu, jami'an Faransa sun sanar da sabbin matakan ga ''askars''. Yawancin raka'a nan da nan suka yi tawaye, wanda ya haifar da asarar iko. cewar rahoton da ke shafin farko na Le Matin a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1912, tashin hankali ya barke a Fes da misalin karfe 11:00 na <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Safiya</i></nowiki> Laraba, 17 ga Afrilu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1912-04-19 |title=Le Matin : derniers télégrammes de la nuit |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k570131d |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> 'Yan tawaye sun kashe ma'aikatan telegraphy guda uku kuma sun ji rauni na huɗu don yanke haɗin kai da duniyar waje.<ref name=":0" /> Sultan, Abdulhafid, 'yan tawaye ne suka kewaye shi a fadarsa.<ref name=":0" /> q9tty0zbca3gy7n6oeqi2g0fkasz7rs 966311 966302 2026-10-11T16:21:52Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370703429|1912 Fez riots]]" 966311 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin [[Fas|Fes]], wanda aka fi sani da Fes Uprising ko Mutiny (daga Larabci: انتفاضة فاس, ''{{Transl|ar|[[Intifada]]t Fes}}''), '''Tritl''' (Ibraniyawa: , tsakanin Al'ummar Yahudawa) da Ranar Rashin Rashin Rashi (daga [[Faransa|Faransanci]]: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) rikice-rikicen ne wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Fes, babban birnin [[Moroko|Maroko]] a lokacin, lokacin, lokacin da jami'an Faransa suka sanar da matakan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wacce ta haifar da kariya ta Faransa a Maroko. Rikicin ya ɓarke jim kadan bayan yawan mutanen Fes sun koyi game da yarjejeniyar, wanda galibi suna kallon shi a matsayin cin amana daga Sultan Abd al-Hafid, wanda ya bar Fes zuwa [[Rabat]] don tabbatar da amincinsa. Bayan tashin hankali, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗan'uwansa Yusu Duk da gargadi game da tashin hankali, yawancin sojojin Faransa sun bar Fes, sun bar sojojin Faransa 1,500 da <nowiki><i id="mwKA">askars</i></nowiki> 5,000 na Maroko (masu mulkin mallaka na yankin) karkashin umarnin jami'an Faransa. A safiyar ranar 17 ga Afrilu, jami'an Faransa sun sanar da sabbin matakan ga ''askars''. Yawancin raka'a nan da nan suka yi tawaye, wanda ya haifar da asarar iko. cewar rahoton da ke shafin farko na Le Matin a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1912, tashin hankali ya barke a Fes da misalin karfe 11:00 na <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Safiya</i></nowiki> Laraba, 17 ga Afrilu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1912-04-19 |title=Le Matin : derniers télégrammes de la nuit |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k570131d |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> 'Yan tawaye sun kashe ma'aikatan telegraphy guda uku kuma sun ji rauni na huɗu don yanke haɗin kai da duniyar waje.<ref name=":0" /> Sultan, Abdulhafid, 'yan tawaye ne suka kewaye shi a fadarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Sojojin sun kai hari kan kwamandojin su na Faransa, sannan suka barikin su suka kai hari kan yankunan Turai da na Yahudawa na birnin. A cewar masanin tarihin Maroko Mohammed Kenbib, "kwamanda na Faransa, Janar Brulard, yana tunanin cewa Yahudawa suna tallafawa masu tayar da kayar baya, ya umarci bindigoginsa su harbe ''mallāḥ'', wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa, da raunata da kashe mutane da yawa, Yahudawa da Musulmai. "<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fez Riots (1912) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>'Yan tawaye sun mika wuya bayan kwana biyu. Adadin wadanda suka mutu sun hada da kimanin Musulmai 600 na Maroko, 'yan Turai 66, da Yahudawa 42 na Maroko.{{Sfn|Gershovich|2000}} 9hi3w2e1jnnefdfmkje9rce0gs9c723 966319 966311 2026-10-11T16:22:55Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370703429|1912 Fez riots]]" 966319 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin [[Fas|Fes]], wanda aka fi sani da Fes Uprising ko Mutiny (daga Larabci: انتفاضة فاس, ''{{Transl|ar|[[Intifada]]t Fes}}''), '''Tritl''' (Ibraniyawa: , tsakanin Al'ummar Yahudawa) da Ranar Rashin Rashin Rashi (daga [[Faransa|Faransanci]]: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) rikice-rikicen ne wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Fes, babban birnin [[Moroko|Maroko]] a lokacin, lokacin, lokacin da jami'an Faransa suka sanar da matakan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wacce ta haifar da kariya ta Faransa a Maroko. Rikicin ya ɓarke jim kadan bayan yawan mutanen Fes sun koyi game da yarjejeniyar, wanda galibi suna kallon shi a matsayin cin amana daga Sultan Abd al-Hafid, wanda ya bar Fes zuwa [[Rabat]] don tabbatar da amincinsa. Bayan tashin hankali, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗan'uwansa Yusu Duk da gargadi game da tashin hankali, yawancin sojojin Faransa sun bar Fes, sun bar sojojin Faransa 1,500 da <nowiki><i id="mwKA">askars</i></nowiki> 5,000 na Maroko (masu mulkin mallaka na yankin) karkashin umarnin jami'an Faransa. A safiyar ranar 17 ga Afrilu, jami'an Faransa sun sanar da sabbin matakan ga ''askars''. Yawancin raka'a nan da nan suka yi tawaye, wanda ya haifar da asarar iko. cewar rahoton da ke shafin farko na Le Matin a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1912, tashin hankali ya barke a Fes da misalin karfe 11:00 na <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Safiya</i></nowiki> Laraba, 17 ga Afrilu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1912-04-19 |title=Le Matin : derniers télégrammes de la nuit |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k570131d |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> 'Yan tawaye sun kashe ma'aikatan telegraphy guda uku kuma sun ji rauni na huɗu don yanke haɗin kai da duniyar waje.<ref name=":0" /> Sultan, Abdulhafid, 'yan tawaye ne suka kewaye shi a fadarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Sojojin sun kai hari kan kwamandojin su na Faransa, sannan suka barikin su suka kai hari kan yankunan Turai da na Yahudawa na birnin. A cewar masanin tarihin Maroko Mohammed Kenbib, "kwamanda na Faransa, Janar Brulard, yana tunanin cewa Yahudawa suna tallafawa masu tayar da kayar baya, ya umarci bindigoginsa su harbe ''mallāḥ'', wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa, da raunata da kashe mutane da yawa, Yahudawa da Musulmai. "<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fez Riots (1912) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>'Yan tawaye sun mika wuya bayan kwana biyu. Adadin wadanda suka mutu sun hada da kimanin Musulmai 600 na Maroko, 'yan Turai 66, da Yahudawa 42 na Maroko.{{Sfn|Gershovich|2000}} Labarin farko na tashin hankali ya rubuta Hubert Jacques, ɗan jarida a Le Matin, kuma abokin Hubert Lyautey. Rahoton ya soki [[:fr:Eugène Regnault|Eugène Regnault]] sosai. Wannan jaridar ta lissafa duka Regnault da Lyautey daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu da za a iya la'akari da su don matsayin mazaunin Faransa a Maroko. szuyhego8n4jsuqakt26qqdfpq44vu2 966320 966319 2026-10-11T16:23:26Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370703429|1912 Fez riots]]" 966320 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin [[Fas|Fes]], wanda aka fi sani da Fes Uprising ko Mutiny (daga Larabci: انتفاضة فاس, ''{{Transl|ar|[[Intifada]]t Fes}}''), '''Tritl''' (Ibraniyawa: , tsakanin Al'ummar Yahudawa) da Ranar Rashin Rashin Rashi (daga [[Faransa|Faransanci]]: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) rikice-rikicen ne wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Fes, babban birnin [[Moroko|Maroko]] a lokacin, lokacin, lokacin da jami'an Faransa suka sanar da matakan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wacce ta haifar da kariya ta Faransa a Maroko. Rikicin ya ɓarke jim kadan bayan yawan mutanen Fes sun koyi game da yarjejeniyar, wanda galibi suna kallon shi a matsayin cin amana daga Sultan Abd al-Hafid, wanda ya bar Fes zuwa [[Rabat]] don tabbatar da amincinsa. Bayan tashin hankali, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗan'uwansa Yusu Duk da gargadi game da tashin hankali, yawancin sojojin Faransa sun bar Fes, sun bar sojojin Faransa 1,500 da <nowiki><i id="mwKA">askars</i></nowiki> 5,000 na Maroko (masu mulkin mallaka na yankin) karkashin umarnin jami'an Faransa. A safiyar ranar 17 ga Afrilu, jami'an Faransa sun sanar da sabbin matakan ga ''askars''. Yawancin raka'a nan da nan suka yi tawaye, wanda ya haifar da asarar iko. cewar rahoton da ke shafin farko na Le Matin a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1912, tashin hankali ya barke a Fes da misalin karfe 11:00 na <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Safiya</i></nowiki> Laraba, 17 ga Afrilu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1912-04-19 |title=Le Matin : derniers télégrammes de la nuit |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k570131d |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> 'Yan tawaye sun kashe ma'aikatan telegraphy guda uku kuma sun ji rauni na huɗu don yanke haɗin kai da duniyar waje.<ref name=":0" /> Sultan, Abdulhafid, 'yan tawaye ne suka kewaye shi a fadarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Sojojin sun kai hari kan kwamandojin su na Faransa, sannan suka barikin su suka kai hari kan yankunan Turai da na Yahudawa na birnin. A cewar masanin tarihin Maroko Mohammed Kenbib, "kwamanda na Faransa, Janar Brulard, yana tunanin cewa Yahudawa suna tallafawa masu tayar da kayar baya, ya umarci bindigoginsa su harbe ''mallāḥ'', wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa, da raunata da kashe mutane da yawa, Yahudawa da Musulmai. "<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fez Riots (1912) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>'Yan tawaye sun mika wuya bayan kwana biyu. Adadin wadanda suka mutu sun hada da kimanin Musulmai 600 na Maroko, 'yan Turai 66, da Yahudawa 42 na Maroko.{{Sfn|Gershovich|2000}} Labarin farko na tashin hankali ya rubuta Hubert Jacques, ɗan jarida a Le Matin, kuma abokin Hubert Lyautey. Rahoton ya soki [[:fr:Eugène Regnault|Eugène Regnault]] sosai. Wannan jaridar ta lissafa duka Regnault da Lyautey daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu da za a iya la'akari da su don matsayin mazaunin Faransa a Maroko. Bayan tashin hankali, Janar Janar Hubert Lyautey ya yanke shawarar sanya [[Rabat]] babban birni maimakon Fes. Tsayayya da Faransanci ya ci gaba a watan Mayu, tare da Siege of Fez (1912). fpg4mn61poylk7bekrmsoqht9by0d2u 966347 966320 2026-10-11T16:26:59Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 Inganta muqala 966347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rikicin [[Fas|Fes]], wanda aka fi sani da Fes Uprising ko Mutiny (daga Larabci: انتفاضة فاس, ''{{Transl|ar|[[Intifada]]t Fes}}''), '''Tritl''' (Ibraniyawa: , tsakanin Al'ummar Yahudawa) da Ranar Rashin Rashin Rashi (daga [[Faransa|Faransanci]]: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) rikice-rikicen ne wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Fes, babban birnin [[Moroko|Maroko]] a lokacin, lokacin, lokacin da jami'an Faransa suka sanar da matakan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wacce ta haifar da kariya ta Faransa a Maroko. Rikicin ya ɓarke jim kadan bayan yawan mutanen Fes sun koyi game da yarjejeniyar, wanda galibi suna kallon shi a matsayin cin amana daga Sultan Abd al-Hafid, wanda ya bar Fes zuwa [[Rabat]] don tabbatar da amincinsa. Bayan tashin hankali, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗan'uwansa Yusu Duk da gargadi game da tashin hankali, yawancin sojojin Faransa sun bar Fes, sun bar sojojin Faransa 1,500 da <nowiki><i id="mwKA">askars</i></nowiki> 5,000 na Maroko (masu mulkin mallaka na yankin) karkashin umarnin jami'an Faransa. A safiyar ranar 17 ga Afrilu, jami'an Faransa sun sanar da sabbin matakan ga ''askars''. Yawancin raka'a nan da nan suka yi tawaye, wanda ya haifar da asarar iko. cewar rahoton da ke shafin farko na Le Matin a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1912, tashin hankali ya barke a Fes da misalin karfe 11:00 na <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Safiya</i></nowiki> Laraba, 17 ga Afrilu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1912-04-19 |title=Le Matin : derniers télégrammes de la nuit |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k570131d |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> 'Yan tawaye sun kashe ma'aikatan telegraphy guda uku kuma sun ji rauni na huɗu don yanke haɗin kai da duniyar waje.<ref name=":0" /> Sultan, Abdulhafid, 'yan tawaye ne suka kewaye shi a fadarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Sojojin sun kai hari kan kwamandojin su na Faransa, sannan suka barikin su suka kai hari kan yankunan Turai da na Yahudawa na birnin. A cewar masanin tarihin Maroko Mohammed Kenbib, "kwamanda na Faransa, Janar Brulard, yana tunanin cewa Yahudawa suna tallafawa masu tayar da kayar baya, ya umarci bindigoginsa su harbe ''mallāḥ'', wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa, da raunata da kashe mutane da yawa, Yahudawa da Musulmai. "<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fez Riots (1912) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>'Yan tawaye sun mika wuya bayan kwana biyu. Adadin wadanda suka mutu sun hada da kimanin Musulmai 600 na Maroko, 'yan Turai 66, da Yahudawa 42 na Maroko.{{Sfn|Gershovich|2000}} Labarin farko na tashin hankali ya rubuta Hubert Jacques, ɗan jarida a Le Matin, kuma abokin Hubert Lyautey. Rahoton ya soki [[:fr:Eugène Regnault|Eugène Regnault]] sosai. Wannan jaridar ta lissafa duka Regnault da Lyautey daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu da za a iya la'akari da su don matsayin mazaunin Faransa a Maroko. Bayan tashin hankali, Janar Janar Hubert Lyautey ya yanke shawarar sanya [[Rabat]] babban birni maimakon Fes. Tsayayya da Faransanci ya ci gaba a watan Mayu, tare da Siege of Fez (1912). 0348i6labg983xs8ni8ieoeyr3mndgo Dian Fossey 0 178901 966274 2026-10-11T16:17:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376198835|Dian Fossey]]" 966274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dian Fossey''' (Janairu 16, 1932 - Disamba 26, 1985) masanin ilimin halittu ne na Amurka kuma mai kiyayewa wanda aka sani da gudanar da babban binciken kungiyoyin Gorilla na dutse daga 1966 har zuwa kisan da aka yi a shekarar 1985.{{Efn|On Sunday, December 29, 1985, the [[Associated Press]] reported Fossey's death: "A Nairobi-based diplomat, Gregoire Karambizi, told the Associated Press the killing was reported Saturday morning on state-run Radio Rwanda. Officials at the radio station, in the Rwandan capital of Kigali, later said by telephone that Fossey was killed Thursday [December 26]."<ref>{{cite news |date=December 29, 1985 |title=Leading gorilla expert Dian Fossey killed at mountain camp in Africa |work=[[St. Paul Pioneer Press|St. Paul Pioneer Press and Dispatch]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |page=3A}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 29, 1985 |title=Naturalist Dian Fossey Slain at Camp in Rwanda : American Was Expert on Mountain Gorillas; Assailants Hunted |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-29-mn-25922-story.html |access-date=May 13, 2026 }}</ref>}}<ref name="history">{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2019 |title=World-renowned primatologist Dian Fossey is found murdered in Rwanda |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/primatologist-dian-fossey-found-murdered-in-rwanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721135846/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/primatologist-dian-fossey-found-murdered-in-rwanda |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi nazarin su kowace rana a cikin gandun daji na tsaunuka na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], da farko an ƙarfafa ta aiki a can ta hanyar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Louis Leakey. gorillas in the Mist, wani littafi da aka buga shekaru biyu kafin mutuwarta, shine asusun Fossey game da binciken kimiyya game da gorillas a Cibiyar Bincike ta Karisoke da kuma aikinta na baya. Yana daya daga cikin tushe don fim na 1988 na wannan sunan.<ref name="WareBraukman">Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy (2004). ''Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 5''. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. pp. 220–1. {{ISBN|0-674-01488-X}}.</ref> Fossey ta kasance babban masanin ilimin dabbobi kuma ɗaya daga cikin The Trimates, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya mata da Leakey ya dauka don nazarin manyan birai a cikin yanayin su na halitta. Abokan aikinta [[Jane Goodall]] da [[Biruté Galdikas|Birutė Galdikas]] sun yi nazarin chimpanzees da Orangutans, bi da bi. Fossey ta shafe shekaru 20 a Rwanda, inda ta inganta "tsaron kiyayewa", ta yi tsayayya da farauta da yawon bude ido a wuraren dabbobin daji ke zaune, kuma ta sa mutane da yawa su amince da Hikimar gorillas.[lower-alpha 1] Bayan kisan da ta fi so a shekarar 1977, Digit, da kuma mutuwar wasu dabbobin da ta fi nazarin su, Fossey ta ba da karancin lokacinta ga binciken kimiyya da kuma kare gorillas. Hanyoyinta kai tsaye sun kara tashin hankali, kuma an kashe ta a cikin gidanta a Karisoke a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1985. Kodayake an yanke mataimakin binciken Amurka na Fossey hukunci ba tare da halarta ba, babu wata yarjejeniya game da wanda ya kashe ta. An binne Fossey a gefen Digit a cikin kabari na gorilla da ta gina a Karisoke. Kodayake Fossey ta yi tsammanin cewa gorilla na dutse ba zai tsira ba har zuwa shekara ta 2000, bincikenta da aikin kiyayewa ya taimaka wajen rage yawan mutanen da ke raguwa.{{Efn|"At present," Fossey wrote in 1983, "the next two decades are estimated to see the extinction of twenty species of animals. Human beings must decide now whether or not the mountain gorilla will become one of them, a species discovered and extinct within the same century."<ref name="fossey"/>{{Rp|240}}}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Fossey a [[San Francisco]], [[California]], 'yar Hazel (née Kidd), samfurin kayan ado, da George Edward Fossey III, wakilin ƙasa da mai kasuwanci.<ref name="WareBraukman" /> Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida.<ref name="farley" />: 1 Mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure a shekara mai zuwa, ga ɗan kasuwa Richard Price . Mahaifinta ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci gaba da hulɗa, amma mahaifiyarta ta hana shi, kuma duk hulɗa ya ɓace daga baya.<ref name="webster">{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey |url=http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/fossey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205143418/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/fossey.html |archive-date=December 5, 2009 |access-date=December 14, 2009 |publisher=Webster.edu}}</ref> Mahaifin Fossey, Richard Price, bai taba bi da ita a matsayin ɗansa ba. Ba zai bari Fossey ya zauna a teburin dakin cin abinci tare da shi ko mahaifiyarta yayin abincin dare ba.<ref name="farley">{{Cite book|last3=Farley Mowat}}</ref>: 2 Mutumin da ke bin horo mai tsauri, Richard Price ya ba Fossey kadan ko babu goyon baya na motsin rai. A cikin 1950, Richard da Hazel sun koma tare da Dian zuwa Marin County, wannan gundumar inda mahaifinta George Fossey, yanzu ya auri Mrs. Gladys Bove (née Kohler), ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey in the 1950 United States Federal Census |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/256950264:62308 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=www.ancestry.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Fossey in the 1950 United States Federal Census |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/256925688:62308 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=www.ancestry.com}}</ref> George da Gladys daga baya sun sake aure. Auren George Fossey na uku kuma na karshe ya kasance ga Kathryn Smith a shekara ta 1959. Kathryn an ambaci ta a matsayin mahaifiyar Dian a cikin shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathryn S Fossey in the California Death Index, 1940–1997 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/search/ark:/61903/1:1:VGRB-NWP |url-access=registration |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> Gwagwarmaya da rashin tsaro na mutum, Fossey ya juya ga dabbobi a matsayin hanyar samun karɓa. Ƙaunar da take yi wa dabbobi ta fara ne da kifin zinare na farko kuma ta ci gaba a duk rayuwarta.<ref name="farley" /> A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, ta fara hawa dawakai, ta sami wasika daga makarantar ta; ta hanyar kammala karatunta a kwaleji a shekara ta 1954, Fossey ta kafa kanta a matsayin mai hawan doki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey Biography |url=https://gorillafund.org/who-we-are/dian-fossey/dian-fossey-bio/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915134739/https://gorillafund.org/who-we-are/dian-fossey/dian-fossey-bio/ |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Dian Fossey |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ilimi da aikin likita === Kodayake Fossey koyaushe ɗaliba ce mai kyau, tana da matsala tare da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] da kimiyyar lissafi kuma ta kasa shekara ta biyu ta shirin. Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar San Jose <ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Angie |date=January 18, 2014 |orig-date=January 18, 2014 |title=Zoologist Dian Fossey: A Storied Life with Gorillas |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717130726/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=November 5, 2024 |website=Adventure |language=en}}</ref> inda ta zama memba na Kappa Alpha Theta sorority kuma ta yi karatun maganin aiki, ta sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 1954. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Thetas – Heritage – Kappa Alpha Theta |url=http://heritage.kappaalphatheta.org/page/notablethetas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019001306/http://heritage.kappaalphatheta.org/page/notablethetas |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref> Fossey ta fara aikinta a fannin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Angie |date=January 18, 2014 |orig-date=January 18, 2014 |title=Zoologist Dian Fossey: A Storied Life With Gorillas |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213085517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a asibitoci a California kuma ta yi aiki tare da marasa lafiya na [[tarin fuka]].<ref name="GFDFL">{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey – Biography |url=http://gorillafund.org/page.aspx?pid=380 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620175006/http://gorillafund.org/Page.aspx?pid=380 |archive-date=June 20, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2013 |publisher=The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International}}</ref> Fossey ta zama mai cin nasara, wanda ya ja ta zuwa [[Kentucky]] a shekarar 1955, kuma bayan shekara guda ta dauki aiki a matsayin mai warkar da aiki a Asibitin Yara na Kosair da ke Louisville. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] 8dbu4ar5lu6co1vxsv79b9adlk99oxx 966327 966274 2026-10-11T16:24:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 966327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dian Fossey''' (Janairu 16, 1932 - Disamba 26, 1985) masanin ilimin halittu ne na Amurka kuma mai kiyayewa wanda aka sani da gudanar da babban binciken kungiyoyin Gorilla na dutse daga 1966 har zuwa kisan da aka yi a shekarar 1985.{{Efn|On Sunday, December 29, 1985, the [[Associated Press]] reported Fossey's death: "A Nairobi-based diplomat, Gregoire Karambizi, told the Associated Press the killing was reported Saturday morning on state-run Radio Rwanda. Officials at the radio station, in the Rwandan capital of Kigali, later said by telephone that Fossey was killed Thursday [December 26]."<ref>{{cite news |date=December 29, 1985 |title=Leading gorilla expert Dian Fossey killed at mountain camp in Africa |work=[[St. Paul Pioneer Press|St. Paul Pioneer Press and Dispatch]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |page=3A}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 29, 1985 |title=Naturalist Dian Fossey Slain at Camp in Rwanda : American Was Expert on Mountain Gorillas; Assailants Hunted |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-29-mn-25922-story.html |access-date=May 13, 2026 }}</ref>}}<ref name="history">{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2019 |title=World-renowned primatologist Dian Fossey is found murdered in Rwanda |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/primatologist-dian-fossey-found-murdered-in-rwanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721135846/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/primatologist-dian-fossey-found-murdered-in-rwanda |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi nazarin su kowace rana a cikin gandun daji na tsaunuka na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], da farko an ƙarfafa ta aiki a can ta hanyar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Louis Leakey. gorillas in the Mist, wani littafi da aka buga shekaru biyu kafin mutuwarta, shine asusun Fossey game da binciken kimiyya game da gorillas a Cibiyar Bincike ta Karisoke da kuma aikinta na baya. Yana daya daga cikin tushe don fim na 1988 na wannan sunan.<ref name="WareBraukman">Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy (2004). ''Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 5''. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. pp. 220–1. {{ISBN|0-674-01488-X}}.</ref> Fossey ta kasance babban masanin ilimin dabbobi kuma ɗaya daga cikin The Trimates, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya mata da Leakey ya dauka don nazarin manyan birai a cikin yanayin su na halitta. Abokan aikinta [[Jane Goodall]] da [[Biruté Galdikas|Birutė Galdikas]] sun yi nazarin chimpanzees da Orangutans, bi da bi. Fossey ta shafe shekaru 20 a Rwanda, inda ta inganta "tsaron kiyayewa", ta yi tsayayya da farauta da yawon bude ido a wuraren dabbobin daji ke zaune, kuma ta sa mutane da yawa su amince da Hikimar gorillas.[lower-alpha 1] Bayan kisan da ta fi so a shekarar 1977, Digit, da kuma mutuwar wasu dabbobin da ta fi nazarin su, Fossey ta ba da karancin lokacinta ga binciken kimiyya da kuma kare gorillas. Hanyoyinta kai tsaye sun kara tashin hankali, kuma an kashe ta a cikin gidanta a Karisoke a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1985. Kodayake an yanke mataimakin binciken Amurka na Fossey hukunci ba tare da halarta ba, babu wata yarjejeniya game da wanda ya kashe ta. An binne Fossey a gefen Digit a cikin kabari na gorilla da ta gina a Karisoke. Kodayake Fossey ta yi tsammanin cewa gorilla na dutse ba zai tsira ba har zuwa shekara ta 2000, bincikenta da aikin kiyayewa ya taimaka wajen rage yawan mutanen da ke raguwa.{{Efn|"At present," Fossey wrote in 1983, "the next two decades are estimated to see the extinction of twenty species of animals. Human beings must decide now whether or not the mountain gorilla will become one of them, a species discovered and extinct within the same century."<ref name="fossey"/>{{Rp|240}}}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Fossey a [[San Francisco]], [[California]], 'yar Hazel (née Kidd), samfurin kayan ado, da George Edward Fossey III, wakilin ƙasa da mai kasuwanci.<ref name="WareBraukman" /> Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida.<ref name="farley" />: 1 Mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure a shekara mai zuwa, ga ɗan kasuwa Richard Price . Mahaifinta ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci gaba da hulɗa, amma mahaifiyarta ta hana shi, kuma duk hulɗa ya ɓace daga baya.<ref name="webster">{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey |url=http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/fossey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205143418/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/fossey.html |archive-date=December 5, 2009 |access-date=December 14, 2009 |publisher=Webster.edu}}</ref> Mahaifin Fossey, Richard Price, bai taba bi da ita a matsayin ɗansa ba. Ba zai bari Fossey ya zauna a teburin dakin cin abinci tare da shi ko mahaifiyarta yayin abincin dare ba.<ref name="farley">{{Cite book|last3=Farley Mowat}}</ref>: 2 Mutumin da ke bin horo mai tsauri, Richard Price ya ba Fossey kadan ko babu goyon baya na motsin rai. A cikin 1950, Richard da Hazel sun koma tare da Dian zuwa Marin County, wannan gundumar inda mahaifinta George Fossey, yanzu ya auri Mrs. Gladys Bove (née Kohler), ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey in the 1950 United States Federal Census |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/256950264:62308 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=www.ancestry.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Fossey in the 1950 United States Federal Census |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/256925688:62308 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=www.ancestry.com}}</ref> George da Gladys daga baya sun sake aure. Auren George Fossey na uku kuma na karshe ya kasance ga Kathryn Smith a shekara ta 1959. Kathryn an ambaci ta a matsayin mahaifiyar Dian a cikin shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathryn S Fossey in the California Death Index, 1940–1997 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/search/ark:/61903/1:1:VGRB-NWP |url-access=registration |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> Gwagwarmaya da rashin tsaro na mutum, Fossey ya juya ga dabbobi a matsayin hanyar samun karɓa. Ƙaunar da take yi wa dabbobi ta fara ne da kifin zinare na farko kuma ta ci gaba a duk rayuwarta.<ref name="farley" /> A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, ta fara hawa dawakai, ta sami wasika daga makarantar ta; ta hanyar kammala karatunta a kwaleji a shekara ta 1954, Fossey ta kafa kanta a matsayin mai hawan doki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey Biography |url=https://gorillafund.org/who-we-are/dian-fossey/dian-fossey-bio/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915134739/https://gorillafund.org/who-we-are/dian-fossey/dian-fossey-bio/ |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Dian Fossey |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ilimi da aikin likita === Kodayake Fossey koyaushe ɗaliba ce mai kyau, tana da matsala tare da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] da kimiyyar lissafi kuma ta kasa shekara ta biyu ta shirin. Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar San Jose <ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Angie |date=January 18, 2014 |orig-date=January 18, 2014 |title=Zoologist Dian Fossey: A Storied Life with Gorillas |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717130726/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=November 5, 2024 |website=Adventure |language=en}}</ref> inda ta zama memba na Kappa Alpha Theta sorority kuma ta yi karatun maganin aiki, ta sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 1954. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Thetas – Heritage – Kappa Alpha Theta |url=http://heritage.kappaalphatheta.org/page/notablethetas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019001306/http://heritage.kappaalphatheta.org/page/notablethetas |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref> Fossey ta fara aikinta a fannin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Angie |date=January 18, 2014 |orig-date=January 18, 2014 |title=Zoologist Dian Fossey: A Storied Life With Gorillas |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213085517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/140116-dian-fossey-google-doodle-national-geographic-gorillas-birthday |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a asibitoci a California kuma ta yi aiki tare da marasa lafiya na [[tarin fuka]].<ref name="GFDFL">{{Cite web |title=Dian Fossey – Biography |url=http://gorillafund.org/page.aspx?pid=380 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620175006/http://gorillafund.org/Page.aspx?pid=380 |archive-date=June 20, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2013 |publisher=The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International}}</ref> Fossey ta zama mai cin nasara, wanda ya ja ta zuwa [[Kentucky]] a shekarar 1955, kuma bayan shekara guda ta dauki aiki a matsayin mai warkar da aiki a Asibitin Yara na Kosair da ke Louisville. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] 6txgjb1t1omineh0u8fkqqlxgxw05ak Tsarin B na Faransa 0 178902 966275 2026-10-11T16:17:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362456534|Francevillian B Formation]]" 966275 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsarin B na Francevillian, wanda aka fi sani da Tsarin Francevillian ko '''FB2''' a cikin binciken kimiyya, tsari ne na ilimin ƙasa na lardunan baki da ke kusa da garin Franceville, [[Gabon]] inda ya sami sunansa. An ajiye tsari tsakanin 2.14-2.08 Ga (shekaru biliyan da suka gabata) a cikin Palaeoproterozoic, <ref name="Nanoscale">{{Cite journal |last=Lekele Baghekema |first=Stellina G. |last2=Lepot |first2=Kevin |last3=Riboulleau |first3=Armelle |last4=Fadel |first4=Alexandre |last5=Trentesaux |first5=Alain |last6=El Albani |first6=Abderrazak |year=2017 |title=Nanoscale analysis of preservation of ca. 2.1 Ga old Francevillian microfossils, Gabon |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926817302437 |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=301 |pages=1–18 |bibcode=2017PreR..301....1L |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2017.08.024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma, na musamman, bai sami wani overprinting na zafi ba saboda diagenesis bayan binnewa ko kuma muhimmiyar metamorphism tun lokacin da aka ajiye shi, ba kamar sauran tsarin da aka ajiye a lokaci guda ba. <ref name="Franceville1">{{Cite journal |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |last2=Bengtson |first2=Stefan |last3=Canfield |first3=Donald E. |last4=Riboulleau |first4=Armelle |last5=Rollion Bard |first5=Claire |last6=MacChiarelli |first6=Roberto |last7=Ngombi Pemba |first7=Lauriss |last8=Hammarlund |first8=Emma |last9=Meunier |first9=Alain |last10=Moubiya Mouele |first10=Idalina |last11=Benzerara |first11=Karim |last12=Bernard |first12=Sylvain |last13=Boulvais |first13=Philippe |last14=Chaussidon |first14=Marc |last15=Cesari |first15=Christian |year=2014 |title=The 2.1 Ga Old Francevillian Biota: Biogenicity, Taphonomy and Biodiversity |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=6 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...999438E |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0099438 |pmc=4070892 |pmid=24963687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halitta ta ƙunshi burbushin halittu masu yuwuwa, gami da macroscopic "Francevillian Biota", wanda wasu marubuta suka ba da shawarar wakiltar tsofaffin halittu masu yawa da aka sani, <ref name="Albani2010">{{Cite journal |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |last2=Bengtson, Stefan |last3=Canfield, Donald E. |last4=Bekker, Andrey |last5=Macchiarelli, Roberto |last6=Mazurier, Arnaud |last7=Hammarlund, Emma U. |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |url=http://www.afrikibouge.com/publications/Article%20Albani.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |pmid=20596019 |s2cid=4331375 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616162702/https://www.afrikibouge.com/publications/Article%20Albani.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> kodayake wasu marubuta sun yi tambaya game da asalin halittu na tsarin, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa suna iya zama inorganic, kamar kayan tarihi na diagenesis.<ref name="El Albani 20232">{{Cite journal |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |year=2023 |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=623 |bibcode=2023E&PSL.61218169E |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169 |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Javaux |first=Emmanuelle J. |last2=Lepot |first2=Kevin |date=January 2018 |title=The Paleoproterozoic fossil record: Implications for the evolution of the biosphere during Earth's middle-age |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=176 |pages=68–86 |bibcode=2018ESRv..176...68J |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.001 |s2cid=37069547 |quote="The identity of the [Francevillian biota] macrostructures remains unknown and their biogenicity is questionable" |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhraee |first=Mojtaba |last2=Tarhan |first2=Lidya G. |last3=Reinhard |first3=Christopher T. |last4=Crowe |first4=Sean A. |last5=Lyons |first5=Timothy W. |last6=Planavsky |first6=Noah J. |date=May 2023 |title=Earth's surface oxygenation and the rise of eukaryotic life: Relationships to the Lomagundi positive carbon isotope excursion revisited |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=240 |bibcode=2023ESRv..24004398F |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104398 |s2cid=257761993 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin ƙasa == Kwanan nan an gano ''Tsarin Faransa'' don ƙunshe da alamun uranium. Rashin Faransa da kansa ya riga ya ƙunshi ma'adinin Oklo, na'urar nukiliya ta halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meshik |first=A. P. |date=November 2005 |title=The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-nuclear-reactor |journal=Scientific American |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=82–6, 88, 90–1 |bibcode=2005SciAm.293e..82M |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1105-82 |pmid=16318030 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mervine |first=Evelyn |date=July 13, 2011 |title=Nature's Nuclear Reactors: The 2-Billion-Year-Old Natural Fission Reactors in Gabon, Western Africa |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/natures-nuclear-reactors-the-2-billion-year-old-natural-fission-reactors-in-gabon-western-africa/ |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=blogs.scientificamerican.com}}</ref><ref name="Gauthier-Lafaye1996">{{Cite journal |last=Gauthier-Lafaye |first=F. |last2=Holliger, P. |last3=Blanc, P.-L. |year=1996 |title=Natural fission reactors in the Franceville Basin, Gabon: a review of the conditions and results of a "critical event" in a geologic system |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=60 |issue=25 |pages=4831–4852 |bibcode=1996GeCoA..60.4831G |doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00245-1}}</ref><ref name="Uranium">{{Cite journal |last=Lecomte |first=Andreï |last2=Michels |first2=Raymond |last3=Cathelineau |first3=Michel |last4=Morlot |first4=Christophe |last5=Brouand |first5=Marc |last6=Flotté |first6=Nicolas |year=2020 |title=Uranium deposits of Franceville basin (Gabon): Role of organic matter and oil cracking on uranium mineralization |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |volume=123 |bibcode=2020OGRv..12303579L |doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103579 |s2cid=219505204 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, kafawar ta kuma shaida tsohon tsarin man fetur wanda ya nuna yawancin uranium da ke da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwa da yawa na samar da mai, ƙaura da haɗuwa da ruwa tare da hydrofracturing sune dalilin uranium mineralization.<ref name="Uranium" /> A lokacin binnewar tsari, an yi amfani da takalma masu yawa kuma a cikin yin haka an fitar da hydrocarbons waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa cikin sandstones, tare da fasalin farko na ƙaurawar mai yana aiki tare da taron silicification wanda ya samo asali cikin ruwan zafi da ƙarancin gishiri wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ruwa da aka kama a cikin overgrowths na Quartz.<ref name="Uranium" /> Koyaya, kashi na biyu na ƙaurawar mai ya kasance na zamani kuma yana da rushewar quartz tare da fasalin da ke nunawa ta hanyar haɗuwa da hydrocarbons da oxidizing saline mai ɗauke da uranium wanda hakan ya haifar da hazo na UO<sub>2</sub> a cikin mai. A cikin kashi na uku kuma na ƙarshe na ƙaurawar mai a cikin tsari na B na Francevillian, jujjuyawar mai zuwa gas ta haifar da iskar gas mai matsin lamba da aka kama tare da ƙwayoyin bitumen uraniferous a cikin pores. Canje-canje a cikin tsarin damuwa mai yiwuwa ya fi son radial hydrofracturing a kusa da bitumen nodules da kuma ci gaban da ya biyo baya na cibiyar sadarwa mai ɗanɗano.<ref name="Uranium" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>An ba da shawarar cewa an adana burbushin halittu, [1] da kuma burbushin burbushin da aka shimfiɗa, wanda aka kira "Biota na Faransa". Masu binciken farko sun yi iƙirarin cewa manyan tsarin da ake da'awar su burbushin halittu ne mafi tsufa da aka sani da kwayoyin halitta da eukaryotes, yayin da wasu marubutan suka fi shakku, suna ba da shawarar cewa suna iya zama na asalin inorganic, kamar kayan tarihi na diagenesis.[2][3][4][5] == Dubi kuma == * Biota na Faransa * Rashin Faransa * Burgess Shale * Oklo Mine == Manazarta == 0bszpe78q0ulmvy0wldp0txyy6ks1tu Gebel el-Arak Knife 0 178903 966277 2026-10-11T16:17:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364407663|Gebel el-Arak Knife]]" 966277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gebel el-Arak Knife''', kuma '''Jebel el-Arak Knife''', shi ne hauren giwa da wuka mai laushi wanda ya kasance daga ƙarshen zamanin Naqada II na Tarihin Masar (c.3450-3400 BC), yana nuna tasirin Mesopotamiya. George Aaron Bénédite ne ya sayi [[Wuƙa|wuka]] a shekara ta 1914 a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] don Louvre, inda yanzu yake nunawa a cikin reshen Sully, dakin 633. A lokacin da aka sayi shi, mai siyarwa ya yi zargin cewa an gano wuyan wuka a shafin Gebel el-Arak, amma a yau an yi imanin ya fito ne daga Abydos. == Sayarwa da asalin == === Sayen === Gebel el-Arak wuka ne ya sayi shi don Louvre ta hanyar masanin ilimin harshe da masanin kimiyyar Masar Georges Aaron Bénédite a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1914 daga wani dillalin tsohuwar, Maurice Nahman, a Alkahira.[1] Bénédite nan da nan ya gane yanayin adanawa na musamman da kuma kwanan wata. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1914, ya rubuta wa Charles Boreux, shugaban sashen Antiquités égyptiennes na Louvre, game da abin da dillalin da ba shi sani ba ya ba shi. Ya kasance:<blockquote>[...] wuka mai laushi mai laushi tare da maɓallin hauren giwa na mafi kyawun kyau. Wannan shi ne babban aikin zane-zane na predynastic [...] wanda aka aiwatar da shi da ƙwarewa da ladabi. Wannan aiki ne mai cikakken bayani [...] kuma sha'awar abin da aka wakilta ya wuce ma'aunin fasaha na kayan tarihi. A gefe ɗaya akwai wurin farauta; a ɗayan kuma wurin yaƙi ko hari. A saman wurin farauta [...] mafarauci yana sanye da babban tufafin Kaldiyawa: an rufe kansa da hular kamar na Gudea [...] kuma ya kama zakuna biyu da ke tsaye a kansa. Kuna iya yin hukunci game da muhimmancin wannan wakilcin Asiya [...] za mu mallaki ɗayan mahimman abubuwan tunawa na prehistoric, idan ba fiye da haka ba. Shi ne, a cikin tabbatacce, a cikin abin da ya dace da kuma taƙaitaccen tsari, '''babi na farko na tarihin Masar''' (mai da hankali a cikin asali).</blockquote>A lokacin sayen, an raba takalminsa da hannunsa, saboda mai siyarwa bai san cewa sun dace tare ba. Boreux daga baya ya ba da shawarar cewa a mayar da wuka, kuma a haɗa takobi da hannunsa tare. Léon André ne ya yi wannan a watan Maris na shekara ta 1933, wanda ya yi aiki galibi akan karfafa ƙungiyar, da kuma kiyaye maɓallin hauren giwa. Agnès Cascio da Juliette Lévy ne suka yi gyaran wuka na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 1997. Game da binciken Gebel el-Arak Knife, masanin kimiyyar Masar Flinders Petrie ya rubuta: "Wannan shine tarihin Masar abin da Bayeux Tapestry yake ga tarihin Ingilishi, abin tunawa na cin nasara na kasa". Wutsiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan muhawara a cikin bayani game da Ka'idar tseren daular.<ref name="FP" /> === Tushen === A lokacin da Bénédite ya sayi shi, dillalin ya ce an samo wuyan wuka a shafin Gebel el-Arak (جبل العركى), wani tudu kusa da ƙauyen Nag Hammadi, kilomita 40 (25 kudu da Abydos. Koyaya, asalin wuka na gaskiya ya nuna ta Bénédite a cikin wasikar da ya aika wa Boreux. Ya rubuta cewa: mzin4gz10m590xkcjsd9jxs3v35tr4h Georgios Samaras 0 178904 966278 2026-10-11T16:18:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371945704|Georgios Samaras]]" 966278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Georgios Samaras''' (Girkanci: , mai suna [ˈʹorɣos samaˈras]; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba.{{IPA|el|ˈʝorɣos samaˈras|pron}} Samaras ya fara aikinsa a OFI, kafin ya koma kungiyar Eredivisie ta [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] a shekara ta 2001. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagarsa bayan shekaru biyu kuma bayan karin shekaru uku tare da kulob din ya koma kulob din Premier League Manchester City don kudin fam miliyan 6 a shekara ta 2006. Bayan [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]] ya zama kocin Samaras ya fadi daga tagomashi tare da tawagar farko. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 an ba da rancensa ga kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Celtic|Celtic]] ta Premier League ta Scotland, tana motsawa na dindindin a lokacin rani. Samaras ya taimaka wa Celtic ta lashe Gasar zakarun Scotland a 2008, 2012, 2013 da 2014, inda ta ci kwallaye 74 a wasanni 249. Ya bar kulob din a ƙarshen kwangilarsa a shekarar 2014 kuma ya koma Premier League tare da West Bromwich Albion, inda ya fito da wuya kuma yana da rance mara nasara ga [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] a Saudi Arabia. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, ya shiga kungiyar fadada Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka Rayo OKC, kuma lokacin da suka rufe bayan kakar wasa daya ya sanya hannu ga Real Zaragoza. Daga nan ya buga wa tawagar [[Turkiyya]] Samsunspor wasa kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Samaras a Heraklion, babban birnin tsibirin Girka na tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri ga mahaifin da aka haifa a [[Melbourne]] wanda ya koma Girka kafin haihuwar Georgios. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Michael |date=2006-05-24 |title=Star who slipped the net |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/star-who-slipped-the-net-20060524-ge2dif.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825053311/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/star-who-slipped-the-net-20060524-ge2dif.html |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Age}}</ref> Kakansa, wanda kuma ake kira Georgios, ya fito ne daga Arnaia kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Australia ta Kudu Melbourne FC. Dan wasan kwallon kafa da ya fi so tun yana girma shine [[Marco van Basten]] . Samaras kuma mai sha'awar kwallon kwando ne kuma mahaifinsa, [[Giannis Samaras|Ioannis Samaras]], sau da yawa yana barin shi ya zauna har zuwa asuba don ya iya kallon jaruminsa Michael Jordan . A shekara ta 1994, lokacin da yake dan shekara 10, Samaras ya shiga cikin jarumansa na yaro, OFI . Mahaifinsa yana wasa a gare su a lokacin sannan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1996. Watanni shida bayan haka, ya zama babban manajan Kwalejin, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa 2000, lokacin da ya zama manajan. Samaras ya yaba wa mahaifinsa sosai da taimakawa wajen fara aikin kwallon kafa. Tasirinsa yana nufin cewa Samaras ya horar da kowace rana a lokacin yaro kuma ya kuma ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a bayan fage a OFI. Samaras ya tafi kungiyar Eredivisie ta [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] a shekara ta 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Heerenveen === Samaras ya shiga cikin kungiyar Heerenveen a lokacin kakar 2002-03, har yanzu yana da shekaru 18. Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu na farko, dukansu daga benci ne. Wannan nau'in ya sa Heerenveen ya kunna sashi na tsawaita shekaru uku a cikin kwangilarsa. Goal na farko na Samaras na kakar 2003-04 ya zo, a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Heerenveen a kan NEC Nijmegen . A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, Samaras ya zira kwallaye yayin da Heerenveen ya doke ADO Den Haag 2-0. Goal dinsa na gaba ya zo kwanaki 10 bayan haka yayin da ya zira kwallaye don samun raga 1-1 ga Heerenveen a kan RBC Roosendaal . Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, yayin da Heerenveen ya doke Roda JC 2-1 . Goal na farko na Samaras na kakar 2004-05 ya zo ne a ranar 11 ga Satumba, a cikin nasarar 2-0 a kan De Graafschap . Daga nan sai ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, yayin da Heerenveen ya sami dukkan maki uku a kan ADO Den Haag . A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Samaras ya zira kwallaye daya daga cikin kwallaye na Heerenveen yayin da suka sake dawowa da baya a kan Feyenoord mai neman taken, kuma sun sami 2-2 draw. Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, yayin da Heerenveen, wadanda ke yin aiki sosai a Eredivisie, suka doke Den Bosch 2-1 . A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, Samaras ya zira kwallaye a kan RKC Waalwijk, amma Heerenveen ya ba da kwallaye kuma ya fadi zuwa 2-1 . A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, Samaras ya zira kwallaye don taimakawa Heerenveen samun nasara 2-1 a kan Ajax. Bayan makonni biyu, Samaras ya zira kwallaye yayin da Heerenveen ya zo daga baya don doke Vitesse Arnhem 3-1. Wannan nasarar ta motsa Heerenveen zuwa na biyar a cikin teburin. A wasan na gaba Samaras, tare da [[Klaas-Jan Huntelaar]], sun zira kwallaye yayin da aka ci 'yan takarar RBC Roosendaal 7-1 kuma Heerenveen ya tura don kammala gasar a wani wuri na Turai. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] lcukng3g9zuz4xyek0rv85g8l5u2pdz 966284 966278 2026-10-11T16:18:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 966284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Samaras''' (Girkanci: , mai suna [ˈʹorɣos samaˈras]; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba.{{IPA|el|ˈʝorɣos samaˈras|pron}} Samaras ya fara aikinsa a OFI, kafin ya koma kungiyar Eredivisie ta [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] a shekara ta 2001. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagarsa bayan shekaru biyu kuma bayan karin shekaru uku tare da kulob din ya koma kulob din Premier League Manchester City don kudin fam miliyan 6 a shekara ta 2006. Bayan [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]] ya zama kocin Samaras ya fadi daga tagomashi tare da tawagar farko. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 an ba da rancensa ga kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Celtic|Celtic]] ta Premier League ta Scotland, tana motsawa na dindindin a lokacin rani. Samaras ya taimaka wa Celtic ta lashe Gasar zakarun Scotland a 2008, 2012, 2013 da 2014, inda ta ci kwallaye 74 a wasanni 249. Ya bar kulob din a ƙarshen kwangilarsa a shekarar 2014 kuma ya koma Premier League tare da West Bromwich Albion, inda ya fito da wuya kuma yana da rance mara nasara ga [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] a Saudi Arabia. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, ya shiga kungiyar fadada Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka Rayo OKC, kuma lokacin da suka rufe bayan kakar wasa daya ya sanya hannu ga Real Zaragoza. Daga nan ya buga wa tawagar [[Turkiyya]] Samsunspor wasa kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Samaras a Heraklion, babban birnin tsibirin Girka na tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri ga mahaifin da aka haifa a [[Melbourne]] wanda ya koma Girka kafin haihuwar Georgios. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Michael |date=2006-05-24 |title=Star who slipped the net |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/star-who-slipped-the-net-20060524-ge2dif.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825053311/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/star-who-slipped-the-net-20060524-ge2dif.html |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Age}}</ref> Kakansa, wanda kuma ake kira Georgios, ya fito ne daga Arnaia kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Australia ta Kudu Melbourne FC. Dan wasan kwallon kafa da ya fi so tun yana girma shine [[Marco van Basten]] . Samaras kuma mai sha'awar kwallon kwando ne kuma mahaifinsa, [[Giannis Samaras|Ioannis Samaras]], sau da yawa yana barin shi ya zauna har zuwa asuba don ya iya kallon jaruminsa Michael Jordan . A shekara ta 1994, lokacin da yake dan shekara 10, Samaras ya shiga cikin jarumansa na yaro, OFI . Mahaifinsa yana wasa a gare su a lokacin sannan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1996. Watanni shida bayan haka, ya zama babban manajan Kwalejin, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa 2000, lokacin da ya zama manajan. Samaras ya yaba wa mahaifinsa sosai da taimakawa wajen fara aikin kwallon kafa. Tasirinsa yana nufin cewa Samaras ya horar da kowace rana a lokacin yaro kuma ya kuma ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a bayan fage a OFI. Samaras ya tafi kungiyar Eredivisie ta [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] a shekara ta 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Heerenveen === Samaras ya shiga cikin kungiyar Heerenveen a lokacin kakar 2002-03, har yanzu yana da shekaru 18. Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu na farko, dukansu daga benci ne. Wannan nau'in ya sa Heerenveen ya kunna sashi na tsawaita shekaru uku a cikin kwangilarsa. Goal na farko na Samaras na kakar 2003-04 ya zo, a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Heerenveen a kan NEC Nijmegen . A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, Samaras ya zira kwallaye yayin da Heerenveen ya doke ADO Den Haag 2-0. Goal dinsa na gaba ya zo kwanaki 10 bayan haka yayin da ya zira kwallaye don samun raga 1-1 ga Heerenveen a kan RBC Roosendaal . Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, yayin da Heerenveen ya doke Roda JC 2-1 . Goal na farko na Samaras na kakar 2004-05 ya zo ne a ranar 11 ga Satumba, a cikin nasarar 2-0 a kan De Graafschap . Daga nan sai ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, yayin da Heerenveen ya sami dukkan maki uku a kan ADO Den Haag . A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Samaras ya zira kwallaye daya daga cikin kwallaye na Heerenveen yayin da suka sake dawowa da baya a kan Feyenoord mai neman taken, kuma sun sami 2-2 draw. Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, yayin da Heerenveen, wadanda ke yin aiki sosai a Eredivisie, suka doke Den Bosch 2-1 . A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, Samaras ya zira kwallaye a kan RKC Waalwijk, amma Heerenveen ya ba da kwallaye kuma ya fadi zuwa 2-1 . A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, Samaras ya zira kwallaye don taimakawa Heerenveen samun nasara 2-1 a kan Ajax. Bayan makonni biyu, Samaras ya zira kwallaye yayin da Heerenveen ya zo daga baya don doke Vitesse Arnhem 3-1. Wannan nasarar ta motsa Heerenveen zuwa na biyar a cikin teburin. A wasan na gaba Samaras, tare da [[Klaas-Jan Huntelaar]], sun zira kwallaye yayin da aka ci 'yan takarar RBC Roosendaal 7-1 kuma Heerenveen ya tura don kammala gasar a wani wuri na Turai. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] om3ggj8rj2odzsoj8ft2aia4nwpkxyg 966289 966284 2026-10-11T16:18:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 966289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Samaras''' (Girkanci: , mai suna [ˈʹorɣos samaˈras]; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba.{{IPA|el|ˈʝorɣos samaˈras|pron}} Samaras ya fara aikinsa a OFI, kafin ya koma kungiyar Eredivisie ta [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] a shekara ta 2001. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagarsa bayan shekaru biyu kuma bayan karin shekaru uku tare da kulob din ya koma kulob din Premier League Manchester City don kudin fam miliyan 6 a shekara ta 2006. Bayan [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]] ya zama kocin Samaras ya fadi daga tagomashi tare da tawagar farko. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 an ba da rancensa ga kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Celtic|Celtic]] ta Premier League ta Scotland, tana motsawa na dindindin a lokacin rani. Samaras ya taimaka wa Celtic ta lashe Gasar zakarun Scotland a 2008, 2012, 2013 da 2014, inda ta ci kwallaye 74 a wasanni 249. Ya bar kulob din a ƙarshen kwangilarsa a shekarar 2014 kuma ya koma Premier League tare da West Bromwich Albion, inda ya fito da wuya kuma yana da rance mara nasara ga [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] a Saudi Arabia. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, ya shiga kungiyar fadada Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka Rayo OKC, kuma lokacin da suka rufe bayan kakar wasa daya ya sanya hannu ga Real Zaragoza. Daga nan ya buga wa tawagar [[Turkiyya]] Samsunspor wasa kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Samaras a Heraklion, babban birnin tsibirin Girka na tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri ga mahaifin da aka haifa a [[Melbourne]] wanda ya koma Girka kafin haihuwar Georgios. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Michael |date=2006-05-24 |title=Star who slipped the net |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/star-who-slipped-the-net-20060524-ge2dif.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825053311/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/star-who-slipped-the-net-20060524-ge2dif.html |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Age}}</ref> Kakansa, wanda kuma ake kira Georgios, ya fito ne daga Arnaia kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Australia ta Kudu Melbourne FC. Dan wasan kwallon kafa da ya fi so tun yana girma shine [[Marco van Basten]] . Samaras kuma mai sha'awar kwallon kwando ne kuma mahaifinsa, [[Giannis Samaras|Ioannis Samaras]], sau da yawa yana barin shi ya zauna har zuwa asuba don ya iya kallon jaruminsa Michael Jordan . A shekara ta 1994, lokacin da yake dan shekara 10, Samaras ya shiga cikin jarumansa na yaro, OFI . Mahaifinsa yana wasa a gare su a lokacin sannan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1996. Watanni shida bayan haka, ya zama babban manajan Kwalejin, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa 2000, lokacin da ya zama manajan. Samaras ya yaba wa mahaifinsa sosai da taimakawa wajen fara aikin kwallon kafa. Tasirinsa yana nufin cewa Samaras ya horar da kowace rana a lokacin yaro kuma ya kuma ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a bayan fage a OFI. Samaras ya tafi kungiyar Eredivisie ta [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] a shekara ta 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Heerenveen === Samaras ya shiga cikin kungiyar Heerenveen a lokacin kakar 2002-03, har yanzu yana da shekaru 18. Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu na farko, dukansu daga benci ne. Wannan nau'in ya sa Heerenveen ya kunna sashi na tsawaita shekaru uku a cikin kwangilarsa. Goal na farko na Samaras na kakar 2003-04 ya zo, a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Heerenveen a kan NEC Nijmegen . A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, Samaras ya zira kwallaye yayin da Heerenveen ya doke ADO Den Haag 2-0. Goal dinsa na gaba ya zo kwanaki 10 bayan haka yayin da ya zira kwallaye don samun raga 1-1 ga Heerenveen a kan RBC Roosendaal . Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, yayin da Heerenveen ya doke Roda JC 2-1 . Goal na farko na Samaras na kakar 2004-05 ya zo ne a ranar 11 ga Satumba, a cikin nasarar 2-0 a kan De Graafschap . Daga nan sai ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, yayin da Heerenveen ya sami dukkan maki uku a kan ADO Den Haag . A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Samaras ya zira kwallaye daya daga cikin kwallaye na Heerenveen yayin da suka sake dawowa da baya a kan Feyenoord mai neman taken, kuma sun sami 2-2 draw. Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, yayin da Heerenveen, wadanda ke yin aiki sosai a Eredivisie, suka doke Den Bosch 2-1 . A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, Samaras ya zira kwallaye a kan RKC Waalwijk, amma Heerenveen ya ba da kwallaye kuma ya fadi zuwa 2-1 . A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, Samaras ya zira kwallaye don taimakawa Heerenveen samun nasara 2-1 a kan Ajax. Bayan makonni biyu, Samaras ya zira kwallaye yayin da Heerenveen ya zo daga baya don doke Vitesse Arnhem 3-1. Wannan nasarar ta motsa Heerenveen zuwa na biyar a cikin teburin. A wasan na gaba Samaras, tare da [[Klaas-Jan Huntelaar]], sun zira kwallaye yayin da aka ci 'yan takarar RBC Roosendaal 7-1 kuma Heerenveen ya tura don kammala gasar a wani wuri na Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] evvc45ehkp1lwbtnwwdj3bo4fj63qas Evarcha na wuta 0 178905 966281 2026-10-11T16:18:22Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316922272|Evarcha ignea]]" 966281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha ignea''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' wanda ya shahara a Afirka. Fuskar gizo-gizo ta namiji, ko clypeus, tana da gashi mai launin ja mai kama da sikeli, wanda ke ba wa gizo-gizo [[Nomenclature na binomial|sunan nau'in halittarsa]], wanda za a iya fassara shi da "mai wuta". Gizo-gizo ne mai zama a ƙasa, yana rayuwa a cikin ciyayi, amma kuma an lura yana zaune a bangon gidaje. An gano shi ne a Zimbabwe, kuma an gano cewa yana da yaɗuwa sosai, wanda ya haɗa da Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, yana da cephalothorax mai zagaye wanda yawanci yakan kasance tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.5|mm|in|2}} dogon ciki kuma mai siffar ugoid wanda yake tsakanin {{Convert|1.6|and|2.2|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Mace ta fi namiji girma kaɗan. Namijin yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da kuma cikinsa mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ja, yayin da namijin mace yana da launin fari-rawaya kuma yana da kirim a ciki. Domin bambanta wannan nau'in daga sauran nau'in halittar, ya zama dole a kwatanta gabobin haɗin gwiwa . Namijin ''Evarcha ignea'' yana da ƙaramin rami a kan ƙashinsa, ko kuma a cikin gabobin haihuwa . Macen tana da gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa fiye da sauran nau'ikan, da kuma spermathecae waɗanda ke da babban ɗakin farko. Wanda Wesołowska da Meg Cumming ne suka fara bayyana namijin nau'in a shekarar 2008, kuma macen ta bayyana shekarar da ta biyo baya. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha ignea'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Meg Cumming suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2008. Da farko namiji ne kawai aka bayyana; Wesołowska da Charles Haddad ne suka fara buga bayanin mace a shekarar 2009. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last= |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha ignea'' Wesolowska & Cumming, 2008 |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29381/Evarcha_ignea |access-date=24 March 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "mai zafi", kuma tana nuna fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus . {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in halittar ''Evawes'' a shekarar 2018 bisa la'akari da gabobinsa na jima'i da kuma yadda suka bambanta da sauran gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' . Sabon sunan nau'in halittar shine haɗin ''Evacha'' da "Wesołowska". {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha ignea'' karamin gizo-gizo ne. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar murabba'i mai ɗan zagaye da kuma babban ciki mai siffar ugoidic wanda ya fi kunkuntar baya. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2013}} Namijin yana da carapace, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, {{Sfn|Dippenaar-Schoeman|2014}} wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.3|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.5|and|1.8|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da launin ruwan kasa a tsakiya da kuma siraran layi baƙi a gefuna. Filin ido baƙi ne. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Akwai wani farin gashi a bayan ido, tare da ƙarin warwatsewa a kan karafa, da kuma dogon gashi mai launin ruwan kasa kusa da idanun. Akwai sikeli mai launin orange kusa da wasu idanu. Ƙarƙashin cephalothorax, ko sternum, rawaya ne, tare da launin toka. Clypeus yana da tsayi kuma yana lulluɓe da gashi mai haske kamar jajayen sikeli, wanda haskensa ya ba wa gizo-gizo suna. Bakin gizo-gizo, gami da labium, galibi launin ruwan kasa ne. Chelicerae suna da haƙori ɗaya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Cikin gizo-gizo na namiji yana tsakanin {{Convert|1.6|and|2.2|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.1|and|1.4|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Yana da launin russet a sama tare da tsarin launin rawaya na [[wiktionary:chevron|chevrons]] masu launin shuɗi a baya. Rufin gashi mai dogon duhu yana ƙawata saman, wanda ya fi tsayi da kauri a gefen gaba. A wasu mutane, cikin yana da ɗan ƙaramin faci, yayin da a wasu kuma yana da ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin lemu mai laushi. Ƙasan gefen yawanci launin toka ne, amma a wasu mutane launin rawaya ne tare da tsarin ɗigo-ɗigo masu duhu waɗanda ke yin layuka uku. Yanka-yanka masu launin rawaya-launin toka. Tana da ƙafafuwa waɗanda galibi launin ruwan kasa ne, kodayake tarsi ɗin rawaya ne kuma akwai zobba masu haske da ake iya gani a wasu gidajen haɗin gwiwa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Kafafun gaba sun fi sauran tsayi. Kafafun suna da gashin launin ruwan kasa da kuma dogayen kashin baya. Gaɓoɓin ƙafafu, waɗanda ke kusa da baki, suna da duhu. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} Gabobin haɗin gwiwa na namiji suna da bambanci. Tibia ta palpal tana da faffadan filo, ko kuma tibial apophysis, wanda ke da ƙarshen ƙaramin rami wanda ke ƙara girman ƙarshenta mai kaifi. Kwandon palpal yana da siffar rhomboid tare da babban bulbous protrusion a gindinsa. Akwai wani siririn embolus da ke fitowa daga kusa da saman bulbin da ke rungumar saman bulbin. Cymbium ɗin yana da girma sosai. [1] [1] Siffar gabobin da ke haɗuwa ne ke taimakawa wajen bambance gizo-gizo da sauran halittun da ke cikin wannan nau'in. Misali, Evarcha bakorensis mai alaƙa yana da irin wannan clypeus, amma tibial apophysis ɗinsa yana da santsi kuma ba shi da ƙaramin santsi wanda ke da alaƙa da wannan nau'in. Akasin haka, duka Evarcha acuta da Evarcha amanzi suna da babban matsayi. [1] [1] Mace ta ɗan fi girma idan aka kwatanta da namiji, tare da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|2.5|mm|in|2}} tsayi, da kuma {{Convert|1.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi da kuma ciki mai siffar ovoid wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|2.2|mm|in|2}} a tsayi da {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} a faɗi. Yana kama da na maza a cikin adadi amma gabaɗaya ya fi launin fata. Gashin ido fari-rawaya ne, kuma fatar ido launin toka ne. Tsarin ya ƙunshi babban abin ƙyalli mai haske a bayan filin ido da kuma siraran bel da aka yi da gashin launin ruwan kasa wanda ke bin iyakar da ke kewaye da saman da gefen. Akwai zobba baƙi a kusa da idanun kansu, wasu kuma fararen gashi ne ke kewaye da su. Ƙashin ƙasa yana da sauƙi kuma ba shi da tsari. Clypeus ɗin yana da ƙasa kuma rawaya ne, ba shi da haske kamar na namiji. Sassan baki, gami da chelicerae, suma sun fi na namiji sauƙi. Cikin yana da kirim mai laushi tare da rufe gashin launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2013}} Epigyne na mace yana da ramuka a bayanta; yana kama da ''Evarcha arabica'' da ''Evarcha certa'', musamman a cikin tsarinta na ciki. Duk da haka, hanyoyin shigar da jariri ƙanana ne yayin da ɗakin farko na spermathecae ya fi girma. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2013}} == Manazarta == jakqfqo6mky0vfylq3tsetutz9t4jui 966293 966281 2026-10-11T16:19:06Z Sardeeq 39275 966293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha ignea''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' wanda ya shahara a Afirka. Fuskar gizo-gizo ta namiji, ko clypeus, tana da gashi mai launin ja mai kama da sikeli, wanda ke ba wa gizo-gizo [[Nomenclature na binomial|sunan nau'in halittarsa]], wanda za a iya fassara shi da "mai wuta". Gizo-gizo ne mai zama a ƙasa, yana rayuwa a cikin ciyayi, amma kuma an lura yana zaune a bangon gidaje. An gano shi ne a Zimbabwe, kuma an gano cewa yana da yaɗuwa sosai, wanda ya haɗa da Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, yana da cephalothorax mai zagaye wanda yawanci yakan kasance tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.5|mm|in|2}} dogon ciki kuma mai siffar ugoid wanda yake tsakanin {{Convert|1.6|and|2.2|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Mace ta fi namiji girma kaɗan. Namijin yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da kuma cikinsa mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ja, yayin da namijin mace yana da launin fari-rawaya kuma yana da kirim a ciki. Domin bambanta wannan nau'in daga sauran nau'in halittar, ya zama dole a kwatanta gabobin haɗin gwiwa . Namijin ''Evarcha ignea'' yana da ƙaramin rami a kan ƙashinsa, ko kuma a cikin gabobin haihuwa . Macen tana da gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa fiye da sauran nau'ikan, da kuma spermathecae waɗanda ke da babban ɗakin farko. Wanda Wesołowska da Meg Cumming ne suka fara bayyana namijin nau'in a shekarar 2008, kuma macen ta bayyana shekarar da ta biyo baya. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha ignea'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Meg Cumming suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2008. Da farko namiji ne kawai aka bayyana; Wesołowska da Charles Haddad ne suka fara buga bayanin mace a shekarar 2009. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last= |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha ignea'' Wesolowska & Cumming, 2008 |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29381/Evarcha_ignea |access-date=24 March 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "mai zafi", kuma tana nuna fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus . {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in halittar ''Evawes'' a shekarar 2018 bisa la'akari da gabobinsa na jima'i da kuma yadda suka bambanta da sauran gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' . Sabon sunan nau'in halittar shine haɗin ''Evacha'' da "Wesołowska". {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha ignea'' karamin gizo-gizo ne. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar murabba'i mai ɗan zagaye da kuma babban ciki mai siffar ugoidic wanda ya fi kunkuntar baya. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2013}} Namijin yana da carapace, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, {{Sfn|Dippenaar-Schoeman|2014}} wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.3|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.5|and|1.8|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da launin ruwan kasa a tsakiya da kuma siraran layi baƙi a gefuna. Filin ido baƙi ne. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Akwai wani farin gashi a bayan ido, tare da ƙarin warwatsewa a kan karafa, da kuma dogon gashi mai launin ruwan kasa kusa da idanun. Akwai sikeli mai launin orange kusa da wasu idanu. Ƙarƙashin cephalothorax, ko sternum, rawaya ne, tare da launin toka. Clypeus yana da tsayi kuma yana lulluɓe da gashi mai haske kamar jajayen sikeli, wanda haskensa ya ba wa gizo-gizo suna. Bakin gizo-gizo, gami da labium, galibi launin ruwan kasa ne. Chelicerae suna da haƙori ɗaya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Cikin gizo-gizo na namiji yana tsakanin {{Convert|1.6|and|2.2|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.1|and|1.4|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Yana da launin russet a sama tare da tsarin launin rawaya na [[wiktionary:chevron|chevrons]] masu launin shuɗi a baya. Rufin gashi mai dogon duhu yana ƙawata saman, wanda ya fi tsayi da kauri a gefen gaba. A wasu mutane, cikin yana da ɗan ƙaramin faci, yayin da a wasu kuma yana da ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin lemu mai laushi. Ƙasan gefen yawanci launin toka ne, amma a wasu mutane launin rawaya ne tare da tsarin ɗigo-ɗigo masu duhu waɗanda ke yin layuka uku. Yanka-yanka masu launin rawaya-launin toka. Tana da ƙafafuwa waɗanda galibi launin ruwan kasa ne, kodayake tarsi ɗin rawaya ne kuma akwai zobba masu haske da ake iya gani a wasu gidajen haɗin gwiwa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2009}} Kafafun gaba sun fi sauran tsayi. Kafafun suna da gashin launin ruwan kasa da kuma dogayen kashin baya. Gaɓoɓin ƙafafu, waɗanda ke kusa da baki, suna da duhu. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} Gabobin haɗin gwiwa na namiji suna da bambanci. Tibia ta palpal tana da faffadan filo, ko kuma tibial apophysis, wanda ke da ƙarshen ƙaramin rami wanda ke ƙara girman ƙarshenta mai kaifi. Kwandon palpal yana da siffar rhomboid tare da babban bulbous protrusion a gindinsa. Akwai wani siririn embolus da ke fitowa daga kusa da saman bulbin da ke rungumar saman bulbin. Cymbium ɗin yana da girma sosai. [1] [1] Siffar gabobin da ke haɗuwa ne ke taimakawa wajen bambance gizo-gizo da sauran halittun da ke cikin wannan nau'in. Misali, Evarcha bakorensis mai alaƙa yana da irin wannan clypeus, amma tibial apophysis ɗinsa yana da santsi kuma ba shi da ƙaramin santsi wanda ke da alaƙa da wannan nau'in. Akasin haka, duka Evarcha acuta da Evarcha amanzi suna da babban matsayi. [1] [1] Mace ta ɗan fi girma idan aka kwatanta da namiji, tare da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|2.5|mm|in|2}} tsayi, da kuma {{Convert|1.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi da kuma ciki mai siffar ovoid wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|2.2|mm|in|2}} a tsayi da {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} a faɗi. Yana kama da na maza a cikin adadi amma gabaɗaya ya fi launin fata. Gashin ido fari-rawaya ne, kuma fatar ido launin toka ne. Tsarin ya ƙunshi babban abin ƙyalli mai haske a bayan filin ido da kuma siraran bel da aka yi da gashin launin ruwan kasa wanda ke bin iyakar da ke kewaye da saman da gefen. Akwai zobba baƙi a kusa da idanun kansu, wasu kuma fararen gashi ne ke kewaye da su. Ƙashin ƙasa yana da sauƙi kuma ba shi da tsari. Clypeus ɗin yana da ƙasa kuma rawaya ne, ba shi da haske kamar na namiji. Sassan baki, gami da chelicerae, suma sun fi na namiji sauƙi. Cikin yana da kirim mai laushi tare da rufe gashin launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2013}} Epigyne na mace yana da ramuka a bayanta; yana kama da ''Evarcha arabica'' da ''Evarcha certa'', musamman a cikin tsarinta na ciki. Duk da haka, hanyoyin shigar da jariri ƙanana ne yayin da ɗakin farko na spermathecae ya fi girma. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2013}} == Manazarta == e01n4msbe3kgm9xgk0mi7yxbnd1hica TvNolly 0 178906 966286 2026-10-11T16:18:35Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359596009|TvNolly]]" 966286 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Sunan '''TvNolly''' ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin "[[talabijin]]" da "[[Nollywood]]", sunan laƙabi na masana'antar fina-finai a [[Najeriya]]. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == TvNolly was started in January 2012 by Olutayo Adeniyi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2018}} It is an online video streaming platform that provides free movies to [[Yanar gizo|internet]] end-users and consumers around the globe. It streams Nigerian, [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] and other [[Afirka|African]] movies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TvNolly |url=http://socialblade.com/youtube/user/tvnolly |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=SocialBLADE |publisher=socialblade}}</ref> Shafin yana da masu biyan kuɗi 80,934 a shafin magoya bayan [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] har zuwa 29 ga Satumba 2014. A cewar Alexa.com, tvnolly.com yana da matsayi 1,687,251 a duniya kuma a halin yanzu ba ya cikin rukunin yanar gizo 500 na farko a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TvNolly rating on Alexa.com |url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/tvnolly.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013848/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/tvnolly.com |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=Alexa (an amazon.com company) |publisher=alexa.com}}</ref> Shafin [[YouTube]] yana da masu biyan kuɗi 175, 179 da ra'ayoyi 17,627,516 a watan Satumbar 2014. == Tarihi == A cikin 2012, TvNolly ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo kyauta na Najeriya, Ghana, da sauran fina-finai na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TvNolly |url=http://tvnolly.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829105200/http://tvnolly.com/ |archive-date=29 August 2012 |access-date=1 October 2014 |website=Internet Archive Wayback Machine}}</ref> TvNolly a matsayin reshe na Nultan Nigeria Ltd, kamfani ne na fasaha wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi Intanet da samfuran bidiyo, kasuwancin e-commerce, kasuwanci, yanar gizo, wayar hannu, raye-raye, lissafin girgije, software da fasahar talla ta kan layi. Kamfanin yana da wurare a Legas, London, Ghana, Amurka da Kanada. == Game da == TvNolly yana da bayanan fina-finai na Afirka, galibi na Najeriya (a [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] da Ingilishi) da [[Gha]] ([[Turanci]], [[Yaren Akan|Twi]] da Gha). Visitors to the site are not charged a fee to watch movies, as on the Iroko or Ibaka video websites. Nor do they need to register.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2018}} They can stream movies live over any internet powered device.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Online Movie Space Just Got Bigger |url=http://www.123articleonline.com/articles/805785/nigerian-online-movie-space-just-got-bigger |access-date=8 October 2014 |website=123articleonline |publisher=123articleonline.com}}</ref> TvNolly yana aiki tare da manyan gidajen samar da fina-finai na Nollywood kuma yana sayen lasisi na kan layi na musamman ga fina-ffinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hdtoday |url=https://hdtodays.com/ |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=Venture Capital for Africa. vc4africa.biz}}</ref> TvNolly sayen haƙƙin mallaka daga masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka, daraktoci ko duk wani abun ciki mai ban sha'awa wanda aka yi rajista da shi don wani lokaci (bisa ga yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin bangarorin biyu) kuma ya sami haƙƙin mallaki don watsa irin wannan bidiyon ga masu sauraron duniya na lokacin da aka amince da shi. Masu sauraron TvNolly galibi suna cikin [[Yan kasashen waje|Diaspora]], tare da manyan kasashe biyar sune [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, [[Kanada]], [[Jamus]] da [[Faransa]]. Babban rayuwar TvNolly ita ce samar da sabis na bidiyo na bidiyo na kyauta na fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Najeriya da Afirka ga masu kallo a duk faɗin dandamali na intanet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TvNolly |url=https://vc4africa.biz/ventures/tvnolly/ |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=Venture Capital for Africa |publisher=vc4africa.biz}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cozpo8qsr1te38uyvr26mao4crdra2s Rikicin Helwan (1945) 0 178907 966288 2026-10-11T16:18:50Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966288 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. 0rtzdj4r4ly0jt8q2xuiwlzndh44s7s 966291 966288 2026-10-11T16:19:03Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966291 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == k4es22cqy3qt70xzn9uqqab3qpb63vf 966294 966291 2026-10-11T16:19:14Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966294 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === 0s9kmy3c17ztr5y7vube5x0lsz1vixm 966295 966294 2026-10-11T16:19:29Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966295 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] 40phabgnu3mb5ozz33jmroos647pr4y 966299 966295 2026-10-11T16:19:56Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966299 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, ya zama a bayyane cewa yakin yana gabatowa kuma cewa 6th Armoured Division na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dakarun Afirka ta Kudu masu aiki a matsayin dakarun rarraba, dakarun da sojoji za su buƙaci jigilar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXXXIX, Issue 104, 4 May 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Sojojin Tsaro na Tarayyar sun fahimci cewa har yanzu ba a yi wani shiri ba don dawo da dukkan maza kuma an shirya umarni, inda za a haɗa Wings na 1 da 5 na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF) don samar da No. 4 Group. Za a yi amfani da wannan rukuni a cikin Sabis ɗin Sufuri mai zurfi / Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama don motsa sojoji 5,000 a kowane wata ta iska tun daga 1 ga Yuli 1945. 4csbdjlnvxm2g76ycbq5hfmawgs2pyx 966305 966299 2026-10-11T16:21:07Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966305 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, ya zama a bayyane cewa yakin yana gabatowa kuma cewa 6th Armoured Division na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dakarun Afirka ta Kudu masu aiki a matsayin dakarun rarraba, dakarun da sojoji za su buƙaci jigilar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXXXIX, Issue 104, 4 May 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Sojojin Tsaro na Tarayyar sun fahimci cewa har yanzu ba a yi wani shiri ba don dawo da dukkan maza kuma an shirya umarni, inda za a haɗa Wings na 1 da 5 na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF) don samar da No. 4 Group. Za a yi amfani da wannan rukuni a cikin Sabis ɗin Sufuri mai zurfi / Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama don motsa sojoji 5,000 a kowane wata ta iska tun daga 1 ga Yuli 1945. Za a kai wasu mutane 15,000 gida ta teku a lokacin rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda ya haifar da dawo da sojoji 45,000 a ƙarshen shekara. Baya ga 6th Armoured Division da sauran dakarun a Italiya, akwai dubban fursunonin yaki na Afirka ta Kudu da aka saki kwanan nan waɗanda aka tsare a Italiya. Wadannan maza sun fito ne daga rundunar sojan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2 kuma an kama su a yaƙe-yaƙe na Sidi Rezegh da Tobruk a yammacin hamada. Ba a haɗa lambobin su cikin shirye-shiryen sakewa ba.<ref name="Webster">{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Selby (Sam) |title=Military History Journal - Vol 12 No 3 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol123we.html |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=The Helwan Riots: August 1945 |publisher=The South African Military History Society}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba tashar da ke Helwan a arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ta cika kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1945, tashar, wadda aka tsara don ɗaukar mutane 5,000 tana riƙe da 9,000. Wani sanarwar hukuma a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran za a dawo da mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 ta teku a ƙarshen watan, amma kasa da mako guda bayan haka an sanar da cewa an jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki, kuma za a sake yin karin sanarwa daga baya. Abinci ba shi da wadata kuma rashin isasshen adadin masu dafa abinci ya haifar da tsawo da jinkiri a lokutan abinci. j5ygc2r8wtlh6hh08m6ioqpv2we2efq 966307 966305 2026-10-11T16:21:21Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966307 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, ya zama a bayyane cewa yakin yana gabatowa kuma cewa 6th Armoured Division na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dakarun Afirka ta Kudu masu aiki a matsayin dakarun rarraba, dakarun da sojoji za su buƙaci jigilar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXXXIX, Issue 104, 4 May 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Sojojin Tsaro na Tarayyar sun fahimci cewa har yanzu ba a yi wani shiri ba don dawo da dukkan maza kuma an shirya umarni, inda za a haɗa Wings na 1 da 5 na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF) don samar da No. 4 Group. Za a yi amfani da wannan rukuni a cikin Sabis ɗin Sufuri mai zurfi / Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama don motsa sojoji 5,000 a kowane wata ta iska tun daga 1 ga Yuli 1945. Za a kai wasu mutane 15,000 gida ta teku a lokacin rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda ya haifar da dawo da sojoji 45,000 a ƙarshen shekara. Baya ga 6th Armoured Division da sauran dakarun a Italiya, akwai dubban fursunonin yaki na Afirka ta Kudu da aka saki kwanan nan waɗanda aka tsare a Italiya. Wadannan maza sun fito ne daga rundunar sojan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2 kuma an kama su a yaƙe-yaƙe na Sidi Rezegh da Tobruk a yammacin hamada. Ba a haɗa lambobin su cikin shirye-shiryen sakewa ba.<ref name="Webster">{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Selby (Sam) |title=Military History Journal - Vol 12 No 3 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol123we.html |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=The Helwan Riots: August 1945 |publisher=The South African Military History Society}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba tashar da ke Helwan a arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ta cika kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1945, tashar, wadda aka tsara don ɗaukar mutane 5,000 tana riƙe da 9,000. Wani sanarwar hukuma a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran za a dawo da mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 ta teku a ƙarshen watan, amma kasa da mako guda bayan haka an sanar da cewa an jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki, kuma za a sake yin karin sanarwa daga baya. Abinci ba shi da wadata kuma rashin isasshen adadin masu dafa abinci ya haifar da tsawo da jinkiri a lokutan abinci. Matsayin horo ya kara tabarbarewa yayin da maza da suka isa tashar suka raba su a cikin haruffa ta hanyar sunan mahaifi, sannan kuma bisa ga rukunin su (A, B, C, da dai sauransu, bisa ga ranar farko da suka fara aikin sa kai don aiki a kasashen waje). Wannan yana nufin cewa an haɗa maza tare da 'yan uwan su da NCOs waɗanda ba su sani ba kuma tsarin ƙungiyar sun ɓace. otum95x21ogfpnsab3m91s7vmgl1rfk 966308 966307 2026-10-11T16:21:36Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966308 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, ya zama a bayyane cewa yakin yana gabatowa kuma cewa 6th Armoured Division na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dakarun Afirka ta Kudu masu aiki a matsayin dakarun rarraba, dakarun da sojoji za su buƙaci jigilar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXXXIX, Issue 104, 4 May 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Sojojin Tsaro na Tarayyar sun fahimci cewa har yanzu ba a yi wani shiri ba don dawo da dukkan maza kuma an shirya umarni, inda za a haɗa Wings na 1 da 5 na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF) don samar da No. 4 Group. Za a yi amfani da wannan rukuni a cikin Sabis ɗin Sufuri mai zurfi / Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama don motsa sojoji 5,000 a kowane wata ta iska tun daga 1 ga Yuli 1945. Za a kai wasu mutane 15,000 gida ta teku a lokacin rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda ya haifar da dawo da sojoji 45,000 a ƙarshen shekara. Baya ga 6th Armoured Division da sauran dakarun a Italiya, akwai dubban fursunonin yaki na Afirka ta Kudu da aka saki kwanan nan waɗanda aka tsare a Italiya. Wadannan maza sun fito ne daga rundunar sojan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2 kuma an kama su a yaƙe-yaƙe na Sidi Rezegh da Tobruk a yammacin hamada. Ba a haɗa lambobin su cikin shirye-shiryen sakewa ba.<ref name="Webster">{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Selby (Sam) |title=Military History Journal - Vol 12 No 3 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol123we.html |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=The Helwan Riots: August 1945 |publisher=The South African Military History Society}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba tashar da ke Helwan a arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ta cika kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1945, tashar, wadda aka tsara don ɗaukar mutane 5,000 tana riƙe da 9,000. Wani sanarwar hukuma a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran za a dawo da mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 ta teku a ƙarshen watan, amma kasa da mako guda bayan haka an sanar da cewa an jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki, kuma za a sake yin karin sanarwa daga baya. Abinci ba shi da wadata kuma rashin isasshen adadin masu dafa abinci ya haifar da tsawo da jinkiri a lokutan abinci. Matsayin horo ya kara tabarbarewa yayin da maza da suka isa tashar suka raba su a cikin haruffa ta hanyar sunan mahaifi, sannan kuma bisa ga rukunin su (A, B, C, da dai sauransu, bisa ga ranar farko da suka fara aikin sa kai don aiki a kasashen waje). Wannan yana nufin cewa an haɗa maza tare da 'yan uwan su da NCOs waɗanda ba su sani ba kuma tsarin ƙungiyar sun ɓace. Morale ya ƙi har ma lokacin da aka yanke shawarar cewa masu sa kai 500 za su koma gida a matsayin babban fifiko don taimakawa a cikin tsarin sake dawowa a Afirka ta Kudu, dawowarsu gida ba tare da la'akari da rukunin sake dawowa ba. Bugu da kari, duk haƙƙin kasuwanci ban da na NAAFI Masarawa ne ke sarrafawa; maza sun ji cewa ana cinye su da farashi mai yawa da waɗannan 'yan kasuwa suka caje su. Har ila yau, akwai rashin farin ciki game da fina-finai guda biyu, lokacin da maza da suka sayi tikiti akai-akai suka gano cewa ba su iya shiga ba saboda rashin sarari.<ref name="Webster" /> 3p7rumzt4wmyblzgxe35ri1puqh1cqd 966312 966308 2026-10-11T16:21:53Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966312 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, ya zama a bayyane cewa yakin yana gabatowa kuma cewa 6th Armoured Division na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dakarun Afirka ta Kudu masu aiki a matsayin dakarun rarraba, dakarun da sojoji za su buƙaci jigilar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXXXIX, Issue 104, 4 May 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Sojojin Tsaro na Tarayyar sun fahimci cewa har yanzu ba a yi wani shiri ba don dawo da dukkan maza kuma an shirya umarni, inda za a haɗa Wings na 1 da 5 na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF) don samar da No. 4 Group. Za a yi amfani da wannan rukuni a cikin Sabis ɗin Sufuri mai zurfi / Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama don motsa sojoji 5,000 a kowane wata ta iska tun daga 1 ga Yuli 1945. Za a kai wasu mutane 15,000 gida ta teku a lokacin rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda ya haifar da dawo da sojoji 45,000 a ƙarshen shekara. Baya ga 6th Armoured Division da sauran dakarun a Italiya, akwai dubban fursunonin yaki na Afirka ta Kudu da aka saki kwanan nan waɗanda aka tsare a Italiya. Wadannan maza sun fito ne daga rundunar sojan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2 kuma an kama su a yaƙe-yaƙe na Sidi Rezegh da Tobruk a yammacin hamada. Ba a haɗa lambobin su cikin shirye-shiryen sakewa ba.<ref name="Webster">{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Selby (Sam) |title=Military History Journal - Vol 12 No 3 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol123we.html |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=The Helwan Riots: August 1945 |publisher=The South African Military History Society}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba tashar da ke Helwan a arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ta cika kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1945, tashar, wadda aka tsara don ɗaukar mutane 5,000 tana riƙe da 9,000. Wani sanarwar hukuma a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran za a dawo da mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 ta teku a ƙarshen watan, amma kasa da mako guda bayan haka an sanar da cewa an jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki, kuma za a sake yin karin sanarwa daga baya. Abinci ba shi da wadata kuma rashin isasshen adadin masu dafa abinci ya haifar da tsawo da jinkiri a lokutan abinci. Matsayin horo ya kara tabarbarewa yayin da maza da suka isa tashar suka raba su a cikin haruffa ta hanyar sunan mahaifi, sannan kuma bisa ga rukunin su (A, B, C, da dai sauransu, bisa ga ranar farko da suka fara aikin sa kai don aiki a kasashen waje). Wannan yana nufin cewa an haɗa maza tare da 'yan uwan su da NCOs waɗanda ba su sani ba kuma tsarin ƙungiyar sun ɓace. Morale ya ƙi har ma lokacin da aka yanke shawarar cewa masu sa kai 500 za su koma gida a matsayin babban fifiko don taimakawa a cikin tsarin sake dawowa a Afirka ta Kudu, dawowarsu gida ba tare da la'akari da rukunin sake dawowa ba. Bugu da kari, duk haƙƙin kasuwanci ban da na NAAFI Masarawa ne ke sarrafawa; maza sun ji cewa ana cinye su da farashi mai yawa da waɗannan 'yan kasuwa suka caje su. Har ila yau, akwai rashin farin ciki game da fina-finai guda biyu, lokacin da maza da suka sayi tikiti akai-akai suka gano cewa ba su iya shiga ba saboda rashin sarari.<ref name="Webster" /> An gudanar da taron zanga-zangar a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta inda mutane daban-daban suka yi jawabi ga taron mutane 1,500. Yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu, taron ya zama tashin hankali. Sojojin da aka saba horar da su sun zama taron jama'a da ke son rushewa, sata da ƙonewa kuma manufofinsu na farko sune gidajen fina-finai biyu na Masar waɗanda aka ƙone. Daga nan sai taron suka rabu kuma an ƙone ƙarin gidajen Masar, tubalan shaguna, motoci, bungalows da shagunan littattafai. Sun kuma ƙone daya daga cikin nasu rikice-rikice kuma sun rushe kuma sun sace shagon NAAFI.<ref name="Webster" /> 4jtb80qbx30x7wdejn377vxlm5vs6qv 966314 966312 2026-10-11T16:22:09Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966314 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, ya zama a bayyane cewa yakin yana gabatowa kuma cewa 6th Armoured Division na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dakarun Afirka ta Kudu masu aiki a matsayin dakarun rarraba, dakarun da sojoji za su buƙaci jigilar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXXXIX, Issue 104, 4 May 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Sojojin Tsaro na Tarayyar sun fahimci cewa har yanzu ba a yi wani shiri ba don dawo da dukkan maza kuma an shirya umarni, inda za a haɗa Wings na 1 da 5 na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF) don samar da No. 4 Group. Za a yi amfani da wannan rukuni a cikin Sabis ɗin Sufuri mai zurfi / Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama don motsa sojoji 5,000 a kowane wata ta iska tun daga 1 ga Yuli 1945. Za a kai wasu mutane 15,000 gida ta teku a lokacin rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda ya haifar da dawo da sojoji 45,000 a ƙarshen shekara. Baya ga 6th Armoured Division da sauran dakarun a Italiya, akwai dubban fursunonin yaki na Afirka ta Kudu da aka saki kwanan nan waɗanda aka tsare a Italiya. Wadannan maza sun fito ne daga rundunar sojan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2 kuma an kama su a yaƙe-yaƙe na Sidi Rezegh da Tobruk a yammacin hamada. Ba a haɗa lambobin su cikin shirye-shiryen sakewa ba.<ref name="Webster">{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Selby (Sam) |title=Military History Journal - Vol 12 No 3 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol123we.html |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=The Helwan Riots: August 1945 |publisher=The South African Military History Society}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba tashar da ke Helwan a arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ta cika kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1945, tashar, wadda aka tsara don ɗaukar mutane 5,000 tana riƙe da 9,000. Wani sanarwar hukuma a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran za a dawo da mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 ta teku a ƙarshen watan, amma kasa da mako guda bayan haka an sanar da cewa an jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki, kuma za a sake yin karin sanarwa daga baya. Abinci ba shi da wadata kuma rashin isasshen adadin masu dafa abinci ya haifar da tsawo da jinkiri a lokutan abinci. Matsayin horo ya kara tabarbarewa yayin da maza da suka isa tashar suka raba su a cikin haruffa ta hanyar sunan mahaifi, sannan kuma bisa ga rukunin su (A, B, C, da dai sauransu, bisa ga ranar farko da suka fara aikin sa kai don aiki a kasashen waje). Wannan yana nufin cewa an haɗa maza tare da 'yan uwan su da NCOs waɗanda ba su sani ba kuma tsarin ƙungiyar sun ɓace. Morale ya ƙi har ma lokacin da aka yanke shawarar cewa masu sa kai 500 za su koma gida a matsayin babban fifiko don taimakawa a cikin tsarin sake dawowa a Afirka ta Kudu, dawowarsu gida ba tare da la'akari da rukunin sake dawowa ba. Bugu da kari, duk haƙƙin kasuwanci ban da na NAAFI Masarawa ne ke sarrafawa; maza sun ji cewa ana cinye su da farashi mai yawa da waɗannan 'yan kasuwa suka caje su. Har ila yau, akwai rashin farin ciki game da fina-finai guda biyu, lokacin da maza da suka sayi tikiti akai-akai suka gano cewa ba su iya shiga ba saboda rashin sarari.<ref name="Webster" /> An gudanar da taron zanga-zangar a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta inda mutane daban-daban suka yi jawabi ga taron mutane 1,500. Yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu, taron ya zama tashin hankali. Sojojin da aka saba horar da su sun zama taron jama'a da ke son rushewa, sata da ƙonewa kuma manufofinsu na farko sune gidajen fina-finai biyu na Masar waɗanda aka ƙone. Daga nan sai taron suka rabu kuma an ƙone ƙarin gidajen Masar, tubalan shaguna, motoci, bungalows da shagunan littattafai. Sun kuma ƙone daya daga cikin nasu rikice-rikice kuma sun rushe kuma sun sace shagon NAAFI.<ref name="Webster" /> Manjo Janar Evered Poole na 6th Armoured Division, ya tashi daga Italiya don magance sojojin, yana alkawarin cewa za a dauki matakai nan take don hanzarta yawan dawowa. Don karfafa horo da inganta halin kirki a Helwan, an kafa gidaje na sojoji a kan ɗayan kuma an nada Brigadier don yin umurni da tashar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXL, Issue 151, 24 December 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> An shigar da tsarin adireshin jama'a don kiyaye kowa da kowa a sansanin zuwa yau da kullum game da sabbin labarai kuma an aiwatar da shirye-shiryen fina-finai na waje kyauta. 58zcph06hindfjzvba8i2rtte8nj8cs 966315 966314 2026-10-11T16:22:25Z Yahaya Lugga 49829 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370883155|Helwan riots (1945)]]" 966315 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rikicin Helwan''' ya kasance zanga-zangar da sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Helwan, Misira game da yanayin gidajensu da magani yayin da aka dawo da su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An yi lalata dukiya a cikin miliyoyin fam na fam ga kasuwancin cikin gida, amma bayan sun kwantar da hankalin sojoji marasa farin ciki, an mayar da su [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[File:WWII_South_African_demob_papers_(front).jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar sake farfadowa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, ya zama a bayyane cewa yakin yana gabatowa kuma cewa 6th Armoured Division na Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dakarun Afirka ta Kudu masu aiki a matsayin dakarun rarraba, dakarun da sojoji za su buƙaci jigilar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXXXIX, Issue 104, 4 May 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Sojojin Tsaro na Tarayyar sun fahimci cewa har yanzu ba a yi wani shiri ba don dawo da dukkan maza kuma an shirya umarni, inda za a haɗa Wings na 1 da 5 na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF) don samar da No. 4 Group. Za a yi amfani da wannan rukuni a cikin Sabis ɗin Sufuri mai zurfi / Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama don motsa sojoji 5,000 a kowane wata ta iska tun daga 1 ga Yuli 1945. Za a kai wasu mutane 15,000 gida ta teku a lokacin rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda ya haifar da dawo da sojoji 45,000 a ƙarshen shekara. Baya ga 6th Armoured Division da sauran dakarun a Italiya, akwai dubban fursunonin yaki na Afirka ta Kudu da aka saki kwanan nan waɗanda aka tsare a Italiya. Wadannan maza sun fito ne daga rundunar sojan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2 kuma an kama su a yaƙe-yaƙe na Sidi Rezegh da Tobruk a yammacin hamada. Ba a haɗa lambobin su cikin shirye-shiryen sakewa ba.<ref name="Webster">{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Selby (Sam) |title=Military History Journal - Vol 12 No 3 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol123we.html |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=The Helwan Riots: August 1945 |publisher=The South African Military History Society}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba tashar da ke Helwan a arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ta cika kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1945, tashar, wadda aka tsara don ɗaukar mutane 5,000 tana riƙe da 9,000. Wani sanarwar hukuma a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran za a dawo da mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 ta teku a ƙarshen watan, amma kasa da mako guda bayan haka an sanar da cewa an jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki, kuma za a sake yin karin sanarwa daga baya. Abinci ba shi da wadata kuma rashin isasshen adadin masu dafa abinci ya haifar da tsawo da jinkiri a lokutan abinci. Matsayin horo ya kara tabarbarewa yayin da maza da suka isa tashar suka raba su a cikin haruffa ta hanyar sunan mahaifi, sannan kuma bisa ga rukunin su (A, B, C, da dai sauransu, bisa ga ranar farko da suka fara aikin sa kai don aiki a kasashen waje). Wannan yana nufin cewa an haɗa maza tare da 'yan uwan su da NCOs waɗanda ba su sani ba kuma tsarin ƙungiyar sun ɓace. Morale ya ƙi har ma lokacin da aka yanke shawarar cewa masu sa kai 500 za su koma gida a matsayin babban fifiko don taimakawa a cikin tsarin sake dawowa a Afirka ta Kudu, dawowarsu gida ba tare da la'akari da rukunin sake dawowa ba. Bugu da kari, duk haƙƙin kasuwanci ban da na NAAFI Masarawa ne ke sarrafawa; maza sun ji cewa ana cinye su da farashi mai yawa da waɗannan 'yan kasuwa suka caje su. Har ila yau, akwai rashin farin ciki game da fina-finai guda biyu, lokacin da maza da suka sayi tikiti akai-akai suka gano cewa ba su iya shiga ba saboda rashin sarari.<ref name="Webster" /> An gudanar da taron zanga-zangar a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta inda mutane daban-daban suka yi jawabi ga taron mutane 1,500. Yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu, taron ya zama tashin hankali. Sojojin da aka saba horar da su sun zama taron jama'a da ke son rushewa, sata da ƙonewa kuma manufofinsu na farko sune gidajen fina-finai biyu na Masar waɗanda aka ƙone. Daga nan sai taron suka rabu kuma an ƙone ƙarin gidajen Masar, tubalan shaguna, motoci, bungalows da shagunan littattafai. Sun kuma ƙone daya daga cikin nasu rikice-rikice kuma sun rushe kuma sun sace shagon NAAFI.<ref name="Webster" /> Manjo Janar Evered Poole na 6th Armoured Division, ya tashi daga Italiya don magance sojojin, yana alkawarin cewa za a dauki matakai nan take don hanzarta yawan dawowa. Don karfafa horo da inganta halin kirki a Helwan, an kafa gidaje na sojoji a kan ɗayan kuma an nada Brigadier don yin umurni da tashar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evening Post, Volume CXL, Issue 151, 24 December 1945, Page 5 |title=New Zealand National Library |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19451224.2.77 |access-date=29 October 2010 |website=PapersPast}}</ref> An shigar da tsarin adireshin jama'a don kiyaye kowa da kowa a sansanin zuwa yau da kullum game da sabbin labarai kuma an aiwatar da shirye-shiryen fina-finai na waje kyauta. A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Darakta Janar - Gudanarwa (DGQ-A Italiya & Masar), ya nada kotun bincike don bincike; rahoton su ya ba da cikakken bayani game da takaici da rashin jin daɗi da ke da alaƙa da yawan jama'a wanda ya kasance babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa, kamar yadda gazawar jirgin sama ya dawo da yawan sojojin da aka buga a kowace rana. Sanarwar hukuma ta farko a ranar 24 da 31 ga Mayu ta bayyana cewa yawan dawowa ta iska zai zama 500 a rana. kykim9bf8bmj14bn29n3mkbn1kydq8v Doleib Hill 0 178908 966297 2026-10-11T16:19:44Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377599113|Doleib Hill]]" 966297 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Doleib Hill</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Village</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:South_Sudan_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Doleib Hill is located in South Sudan]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:35.161%;left:63.78%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Doleib Hill]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Doleib Hill</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in South Sudan</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Coordinates: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doleib_Hill&params=9.35972_N_31.60083_E_region:SS_type:city <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°21′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°36′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.35972°N 31.60083°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">9.35972; 31.60083</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doleib_Hill&params=9.35972_N_31.60083_E_region:SS_type:city <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°21′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°36′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.35972°N 31.60083°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">9.35972; 31.60083</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Country | class="infobox-data" |[[File:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|25x25px]] [[Sudan ta Kudu|South Sudan]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Region | class="infobox-data" |Greater Upper Nile |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |State | class="infobox-data" |[[Upper Nile (jiha)|Upper Nile]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |County | class="infobox-data" |Panykang County |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Time<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>zone | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} '''Doleib Hill''' wani tashar mishan ne wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka ya kafa a [[Sudan]]" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">kudancin Sudan, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 10 (16 a kudancin birnin Malakal, a gefen arewacin [[Kogin Sobat]], sannan a tsohuwar lardin Upper Nile na Sudan, yanzu Panykang County na [[Upper Nile (jiha)|Jihar Upper Nile]], a yankin Greater Upper Nile ta [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. == Shekaru na farko == Doleib Hill was established during the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan condominium period, in the early part of the 20th century, and developed into an important educational and religious center among the [[Mutanen Shilluk|Shilluk people]] of the region. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2011}} The Reverend J. Alfred Heasty lived at Doleib Hill from 1921 and became an expert on the local Shulla people and their language. Shilluk (Shulla) sun kasance makiyaya ne maimakon manoma, suna auna dukiyarsu da matsayi na zamantakewa a cikin shanu. Sun ji cewa ba daidai ba ne a kashe wata saniya, amma za su ci wanda ya mutu. Shulla kuma suna farauta da kamun kifi da kuma neman abinci ga tsire-tsire masu cin nama. == Yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida == A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Sudan na farko (1955-1972) sojojin gwamnati sun rufe makarantar da karfi. Gwamnatin Sudan ta yi niyya ga masu ilimi na Kirista, tana bi da su a matsayin 'yan tawaye. A watan Yulin 1965 shugaban makarantun 'yan mata a Doleib Hill na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka azabtar sannan aka kashe shi. The school was reopened after the [[Yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa (1972).|Addis Ababa peace accord]] of 1972. The school was subsequently forced to close for a second time after the outbreak of the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005). {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2011}} An mamaye gine-ginen makarantar a matsayin garuruwan gwamnatin Sudan a shekarar 1983. A ƙarshen 1986 da farkon 1987 sojojin 'yan tawaye [[Anyanya|Anyanya-2]] sun kai hari kauyukan [[Mutanen Shilluk|Shilluk]] kusa da Doleib Hill da Taufikia sau da yawa. Wataƙila an kashe fararen hula 600. A cikin 1991 an kafa 'yan bindiga na Lou Nuer Anyanya-2 a kusa da Doleib Hill a ƙarƙashin Yohannes Yual lokacin da suka ayyana rabuwa da Riek Machar ta SPLA-Nasir . A cikin 1995 Riek Machar ya ba da afuwa ga Kwamandan Gordon Kong Bныпiny, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci saboda amfani da dakarunsa a wani hari na kabilanci a kan [[Nasir, South Sudan|Nasir]], wanda wani bangare daban na Nuer ya gudanar a cikin umurnin SSIA. Bayan ƙoƙarin tara tallafi a yankin [[Waat]], Gordon Kong ya gudu zuwa Doleib Hill, wanda 'yan bindiga na gwamnati ke gudanarwa karkashin jagorancin Mabur Dhol, tsohon soja na [[Anyana]]. Ya ci gaba daga can zuwa Malakak inda ya sami makamai daga gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jemera Rone}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2011 Doleib Hill ya kasance a yankin arewacin sabuwar kasar [[Sudan ta Kudu]], a cikin jihar [[Upper Nile (jiha)|Upper Nile]]. == Manazarta == t5s9aollpp39v246w1uzr8tkez89h9e Evarcha karas 0 178909 966306 2026-10-11T16:21:11Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327964653|Evarcha karas]]" 966306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha karas''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin halittar ''Evarcha'' wanda Wanda Wesołowska ya fara bayyana a shekarar 2011. Asalinsa ana samunsa ne kawai a Namibia, an kuma gano yana zaune a Afirka ta Kudu. Gizo-gizo ne da ke zaune a ƙasa wanda galibi yake zaune a cikin busassun bishiyoyin Nama Karoo . An bayyana namijin ne kawai. Ƙarami ne, yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa baƙi mai siffar cephalothorax da kuma siririn ciki mai siffar ovoid wanda kowannensu yana tsakanin {{Convert|2.2|and|2.6|mm|in|2}} a tsawon. Cikin yana da siraran fararen ratsi a tsakiya da gefensa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bambanta shi da ''Evarcha flagellaris'' mai alaƙa da shi wanda shi ma ke zaune a yanki ɗaya na duniya. Haka kuma ana iya bambanta shi ta hanyar gabobinsa na haɗin gwiwa, gami da dogon lanƙwasa a kan tibia na palpal, ko tibial apophysis, wanda ke da ƙarshen da maki biyu, da kuma dogon siririn embolus ɗinsa. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha karas'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska ta fara bayyana shi a shekarar 2011. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha karas'' Wesolowska & van Harten, 2007 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29385/Evarcha_karas |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Ta sanya shi ga halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara rubutawa a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin taurari na ƙasar Poland ya gano a lokacin aikinta, fiye da kowane marubuci na zamani kuma na biyu bayan Simon a fannin kimiyya. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya halittar ''Evarcha'' a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da dangin ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Sunan nau'in ya tuna da wurin da aka fara samo shi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} == Bayani == [[File:Evarcha_karas_151637275.jpg|left|thumb|380x380px]] ''Evarcha karas'' ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, kama da sauran nau'in halittar, tare da jiki ya raba zuwa manyan sassa biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar oval da ciki mai siffar ovoid. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Namiji yana da cephalothorax, wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|2.2|and|2.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.7|and|1.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Sashen sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, ko carapace, yana da tsayi da duhu launin ruwan kasa zuwa baƙi, an lulluɓe shi da launin toka-fari ko fari. Akwai dogayen gashin ido masu launin ruwan kasa a kan bakin ido, wasu kuma a cikin tufts tare da tsarin layukan da aka yi da fararen gashi kusa da idanun. Gashin da ke kan gashin yana kama da ƙaho. Gefen yana da gashin gashi mai launin fari mai gajeru. A cikin misalan Namibia, ɓangaren ƙasan cephalothorax, ko sternum, yana da launin rawaya-orange kuma yana da duhu a cikin waɗanda suka fito daga Afirka ta Kudu. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana da tsayi matsakaici kuma mai launin ruwan kasa tare da fararen gashi a ƙasa. Chelicerae kuma tana da farin gashi, yayin da sauran sassan bakin, gami da labium da maxillae, launin ruwan kasa ne. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Tsawon cikin gizo-gizo yayi kama da na carapace amma ya fi ƙanƙanta, {{Convert|1.6|and|1.8|mm|in|2}} a faɗi, kuma mafi zagaye. Saman gaba ɗaya baƙi ne tare da siraran fararen layuka a tsakiya da kuma gefen. Kamar yadda yake da carapace, ɓangaren ƙasa ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna, inda gizo-gizo na Afirka ta Kudu baƙi ne yayin da na Namibia suke da haske tare da ɗan launin toka. Gizo -gizo yana da launin toka mai duhu. Gizo-gizon Namibia suna da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa mai haske yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga Afirka ta Kudu baƙaƙe ne, na farko kuma yana da ƙafafuwa masu tsayi a gaba fiye da sauran. Dukansu suna da kashin baya mai launin ruwan kasa da gashi. Tafin ƙafafuwan gizo-gizo suna daidai da ƙafafunsu, kodayake, yayin da gizo-gizon Afirka ta Kudu galibi suna da gashin launin ruwan kasa tare da fararen fata, waɗanda suka fito daga Namibia suna da gashin fari kawai. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Ba a gano macen ba, don haka an bayyana gabobin jima'i na maza ne kawai. <ref name="wsc" /> Gabaɗaya suna da gashi. Doguwar tibia ta palpal tana da babban kuma fitaccen tsalle-tsalle mai nuni zuwa sama, ko kuma tibial apophysis, wanda ke da ƙarshen da ke ƙarewa da ƙananan wurare biyu masu kama da juna, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana kama da haƙori. Kwandon palpal yana zagaye, daga ciki yana fitowa da wani dogon embolus wanda ya fara kusa da ƙasa sannan ya zagaya zuwa saman kwanson, yana lanƙwasa zuwa ga tegulum da ƙarshen bulala. Akwai ƙananan fararen sikeli a kan cymbium na gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Gizo-gizo yana kama da sauran nau'in halittar, musamman ma ''Evarcha flagellaris'' mai alaƙa da ita wanda kuma ake iya samu a cikin irin wannan yanki. Ana iya bambanta shi ta hanyar tsarin da ke kan cikinsa mai lanƙwasa. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa kuma suna da bambanci. Apophysis na tibial ya fi faɗi fiye da na sauran nau'in kuma yana da cikkuna biyu maimakon ɗaya, kuma embolus ya fi tsayi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} == Rarrabawa == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Evarcha karas yana zaune a Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu. [1] An gano holotype na maza a shekarar 2003 kusa da Keetmanshoop . [1] An samo misali na farko da aka samu a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2015 a Laingsburg Local Municipality da ke Western Cape . Gizo-gizo ne mai rayuwa a ƙasa wanda ke bunƙasa a wurare daban-daban. An gan shi a fili da kuma a ƙarƙashin duwatsu. An gano wasu suna zaune kusa da ruwa, kamar madatsar ruwa ta Floriskraal . Yana da yawa musamman a cikin busassun bishiyoyin Nama Karoo . [1] === Manazarta === 89fj4eejs1zvsg4lw7owy8ss4fhs4eu 966310 966306 2026-10-11T16:21:51Z Sardeeq 39275 966310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha karas''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin halittar ''Evarcha'' wanda Wanda Wesołowska ya fara bayyana a shekarar 2011. Asalinsa ana samunsa ne kawai a Namibia, an kuma gano yana zaune a Afirka ta Kudu. Gizo-gizo ne da ke zaune a ƙasa wanda galibi yake zaune a cikin busassun bishiyoyin Nama Karoo . An bayyana namijin ne kawai. Ƙarami ne, yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa baƙi mai siffar cephalothorax da kuma siririn ciki mai siffar ovoid wanda kowannensu yana tsakanin {{Convert|2.2|and|2.6|mm|in|2}} a tsawon. Cikin yana da siraran fararen ratsi a tsakiya da gefensa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bambanta shi da ''Evarcha flagellaris'' mai alaƙa da shi wanda shi ma ke zaune a yanki ɗaya na duniya. Haka kuma ana iya bambanta shi ta hanyar gabobinsa na haɗin gwiwa, gami da dogon lanƙwasa a kan tibia na palpal, ko tibial apophysis, wanda ke da ƙarshen da maki biyu, da kuma dogon siririn embolus ɗinsa. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha karas'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska ta fara bayyana shi a shekarar 2011. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha karas'' Wesolowska & van Harten, 2007 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29385/Evarcha_karas |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Ta sanya shi ga halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara rubutawa a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin taurari na ƙasar Poland ya gano a lokacin aikinta, fiye da kowane marubuci na zamani kuma na biyu bayan Simon a fannin kimiyya. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya halittar ''Evarcha'' a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da dangin ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Sunan nau'in ya tuna da wurin da aka fara samo shi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} == Bayani == [[File:Evarcha_karas_151637275.jpg|left|thumb|380x380px]] ''Evarcha karas'' ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, kama da sauran nau'in halittar, tare da jiki ya raba zuwa manyan sassa biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar oval da ciki mai siffar ovoid. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Namiji yana da cephalothorax, wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|2.2|and|2.6|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.7|and|1.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Sashen sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, ko carapace, yana da tsayi da duhu launin ruwan kasa zuwa baƙi, an lulluɓe shi da launin toka-fari ko fari. Akwai dogayen gashin ido masu launin ruwan kasa a kan bakin ido, wasu kuma a cikin tufts tare da tsarin layukan da aka yi da fararen gashi kusa da idanun. Gashin da ke kan gashin yana kama da ƙaho. Gefen yana da gashin gashi mai launin fari mai gajeru. A cikin misalan Namibia, ɓangaren ƙasan cephalothorax, ko sternum, yana da launin rawaya-orange kuma yana da duhu a cikin waɗanda suka fito daga Afirka ta Kudu. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana da tsayi matsakaici kuma mai launin ruwan kasa tare da fararen gashi a ƙasa. Chelicerae kuma tana da farin gashi, yayin da sauran sassan bakin, gami da labium da maxillae, launin ruwan kasa ne. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Tsawon cikin gizo-gizo yayi kama da na carapace amma ya fi ƙanƙanta, {{Convert|1.6|and|1.8|mm|in|2}} a faɗi, kuma mafi zagaye. Saman gaba ɗaya baƙi ne tare da siraran fararen layuka a tsakiya da kuma gefen. Kamar yadda yake da carapace, ɓangaren ƙasa ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna, inda gizo-gizo na Afirka ta Kudu baƙi ne yayin da na Namibia suke da haske tare da ɗan launin toka. Gizo -gizo yana da launin toka mai duhu. Gizo-gizon Namibia suna da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa mai haske yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga Afirka ta Kudu baƙaƙe ne, na farko kuma yana da ƙafafuwa masu tsayi a gaba fiye da sauran. Dukansu suna da kashin baya mai launin ruwan kasa da gashi. Tafin ƙafafuwan gizo-gizo suna daidai da ƙafafunsu, kodayake, yayin da gizo-gizon Afirka ta Kudu galibi suna da gashin launin ruwan kasa tare da fararen fata, waɗanda suka fito daga Namibia suna da gashin fari kawai. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Ba a gano macen ba, don haka an bayyana gabobin jima'i na maza ne kawai. <ref name="wsc" /> Gabaɗaya suna da gashi. Doguwar tibia ta palpal tana da babban kuma fitaccen tsalle-tsalle mai nuni zuwa sama, ko kuma tibial apophysis, wanda ke da ƙarshen da ke ƙarewa da ƙananan wurare biyu masu kama da juna, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana kama da haƙori. Kwandon palpal yana zagaye, daga ciki yana fitowa da wani dogon embolus wanda ya fara kusa da ƙasa sannan ya zagaya zuwa saman kwanson, yana lanƙwasa zuwa ga tegulum da ƙarshen bulala. Akwai ƙananan fararen sikeli a kan cymbium na gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Gizo-gizo yana kama da sauran nau'in halittar, musamman ma ''Evarcha flagellaris'' mai alaƙa da ita wanda kuma ake iya samu a cikin irin wannan yanki. Ana iya bambanta shi ta hanyar tsarin da ke kan cikinsa mai lanƙwasa. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa kuma suna da bambanci. Apophysis na tibial ya fi faɗi fiye da na sauran nau'in kuma yana da cikkuna biyu maimakon ɗaya, kuma embolus ya fi tsayi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2011}} == Rarrabawa == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Evarcha karas yana zaune a Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu. [1] An gano holotype na maza a shekarar 2003 kusa da Keetmanshoop . [1] An samo misali na farko da aka samu a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2015 a Laingsburg Local Municipality da ke Western Cape . Gizo-gizo ne mai rayuwa a ƙasa wanda ke bunƙasa a wurare daban-daban. An gan shi a fili da kuma a ƙarƙashin duwatsu. An gano wasu suna zaune kusa da ruwa, kamar madatsar ruwa ta Floriskraal . Yana da yawa musamman a cikin busassun bishiyoyin Nama Karoo . [1] == Manazarta == ewi0b5tgknoc3y6nqbkoq4p1364h26b Uwargidanmu na Afirka (sunan) 0 178910 966309 2026-10-11T16:21:49Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331292483|Our Lady of Africa (title)]]" 966309 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Uwargidanmu na Afirka''' (Spanish: 'Nuestra Señora de África'; Faransanci: Notre-Dame D'Afrique; Larabci: '''السيدة الإفريقية'''), wanda aka fi sani da Uwargwadonmu ta Afirka, taken [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne na [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka]] wanda ke da alaƙa da mutum-mutumiyarta a matsayin mace baƙar fata, wanda ke cikin babban wurin ibada na Notre-Dama d'Afriche a [[Aljir|Algiers, Algeria]]. Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy na Algiers ne ya jagoranci ibada, wanda ya kafa basilica a ƙarƙashin wannan taken a 1856. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Missionary of Africa : The statue of Our Lady of Africa |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/Statue_Notre_Dame_d_Afriquegb.htm |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=White Fathers}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, sadaukarwar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka. Siffar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka an samo asali ne a kan gashin kanta kuma an sanya rigarta don kada ta tsoma baki da bugun cleaver. Lokacin da aka sunkuyar da ita a kan guillotine, ƙirjinta ya fito kuma ta fara ihu "Ya'yana, 'ya'yana!". [1] Ba da daɗewa ba, an fille mata kai. Dokta Ayach ya zana takardar shaidar mutuwar, kuma an binne gawar a makabartar Sidi Bel monks a Staouéli . [2] q5q9g1gidmbcumcl6dg1i70pjr6vccj 966317 966309 2026-10-11T16:22:47Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331292483|Our Lady of Africa (title)]]" 966317 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Uwargidanmu na Afirka''' (Spanish: 'Nuestra Señora de África'; Faransanci: Notre-Dame D'Afrique; Larabci: '''السيدة الإفريقية'''), wanda aka fi sani da Uwargwadonmu ta Afirka, taken [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne na [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka]] wanda ke da alaƙa da mutum-mutumiyarta a matsayin mace baƙar fata, wanda ke cikin babban wurin ibada na Notre-Dama d'Afriche a [[Aljir|Algiers, Algeria]]. Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy na Algiers ne ya jagoranci ibada, wanda ya kafa basilica a ƙarƙashin wannan taken a 1856. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Missionary of Africa : The statue of Our Lady of Africa |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/Statue_Notre_Dame_d_Afriquegb.htm |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=White Fathers}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, sadaukarwar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka. Siffar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka an samo asali ne a kan gashin kanta kuma an sanya rigarta don kada ta tsoma baki da bugun cleaver. Lokacin da aka sunkuyar da ita a kan guillotine, ƙirjinta ya fito kuma ta fara ihu "Ya'yana, 'ya'yana!". [1] Ba da daɗewa ba, an fille mata kai. Dokta Ayach ya zana takardar shaidar mutuwar, kuma an binne gawar a makabartar Sidi Bel monks a Staouéli . [2] Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy ya gaji Dupuch a Algiers a 1846, kuma daga baya ya shirya gina coci a cikin birni da aka keɓe ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Mai Albarka]]. Shafin da ya zaɓa ya kasance wurin addu'a tun 1846, lokacin da mata biyu (Anne Cinquin da Agarite Berger) waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙaramin seminary na yankin suka yi amfani da shi don karanta Rosary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Origins of Our Lady of Africa {{!}} Mafrome |url=https://mafrome.org/origins-of-our-lady-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Missionary of Africa Rome Generalate |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Ladies of the Sacred Heart a Lyons, diocese na gidansa, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya yi amfani da Virgo Fidelis wanda 'yan uwan su mata suka mallaka. Ya yarda, duk da cewa ya canza zuwa Our Lady Africa bayan ya tuntubi masu ba shi shawara. An shigar da shi a cikin wani karamin ɗakin sujada a cikin 1857. Cocin, Notre-Dame d'Afrique, wanda Jean-Eugène Fromageau ya tsara, Bishop Charles Lavigerie, M.Afr ne ya kammala shi a kusa., magajin Pavy a Algiers . [1] An motsa mutum-mutumi a can a wannan shekarar.[2] Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla, an wakilta shi a cikin fasaha a matsayin Budurwa Maryamu tare da fata baƙar fata da siffofin Afirka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban cocin, masu wa'azi na Faransa sun sadaukar da dukan nahiyar Afirka ga kulawar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka.[3] [[File:Statue_of_Mgr_Lavigerie_at_the_notre_dame_d'afrique_(Our_Lady_of_Africa)_basilica.jpg|thumb|Siffar Cardinal Lavigerie a Notre Dame d'Afrique (Our Lady of Africa) Basilica a Algiers.]] rqe1zlxb180igucg2dy1h9k8xyvj8k9 966322 966317 2026-10-11T16:23:35Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331292483|Our Lady of Africa (title)]]" 966322 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Uwargidanmu na Afirka''' (Spanish: 'Nuestra Señora de África'; Faransanci: Notre-Dame D'Afrique; Larabci: '''السيدة الإفريقية'''), wanda aka fi sani da Uwargwadonmu ta Afirka, taken [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne na [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka]] wanda ke da alaƙa da mutum-mutumiyarta a matsayin mace baƙar fata, wanda ke cikin babban wurin ibada na Notre-Dama d'Afriche a [[Aljir|Algiers, Algeria]]. Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy na Algiers ne ya jagoranci ibada, wanda ya kafa basilica a ƙarƙashin wannan taken a 1856. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Missionary of Africa : The statue of Our Lady of Africa |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/Statue_Notre_Dame_d_Afriquegb.htm |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=White Fathers}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, sadaukarwar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka. Siffar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka an samo asali ne a kan gashin kanta kuma an sanya rigarta don kada ta tsoma baki da bugun cleaver. Lokacin da aka sunkuyar da ita a kan guillotine, ƙirjinta ya fito kuma ta fara ihu "Ya'yana, 'ya'yana!". [1] Ba da daɗewa ba, an fille mata kai. Dokta Ayach ya zana takardar shaidar mutuwar, kuma an binne gawar a makabartar Sidi Bel monks a Staouéli . [2] Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy ya gaji Dupuch a Algiers a 1846, kuma daga baya ya shirya gina coci a cikin birni da aka keɓe ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Mai Albarka]]. Shafin da ya zaɓa ya kasance wurin addu'a tun 1846, lokacin da mata biyu (Anne Cinquin da Agarite Berger) waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙaramin seminary na yankin suka yi amfani da shi don karanta Rosary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Origins of Our Lady of Africa {{!}} Mafrome |url=https://mafrome.org/origins-of-our-lady-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Missionary of Africa Rome Generalate |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Ladies of the Sacred Heart a Lyons, diocese na gidansa, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya yi amfani da Virgo Fidelis wanda 'yan uwan su mata suka mallaka. Ya yarda, duk da cewa ya canza zuwa Our Lady Africa bayan ya tuntubi masu ba shi shawara. An shigar da shi a cikin wani karamin ɗakin sujada a cikin 1857. Cocin, Notre-Dame d'Afrique, wanda Jean-Eugène Fromageau ya tsara, Bishop Charles Lavigerie, M.Afr ne ya kammala shi a kusa., magajin Pavy a Algiers . [1] An motsa mutum-mutumi a can a wannan shekarar.[2] Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla, an wakilta shi a cikin fasaha a matsayin Budurwa Maryamu tare da fata baƙar fata da siffofin Afirka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban cocin, masu wa'azi na Faransa sun sadaukar da dukan nahiyar Afirka ga kulawar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka.[3] [[File:Statue_of_Mgr_Lavigerie_at_the_notre_dame_d'afrique_(Our_Lady_of_Africa)_basilica.jpg|thumb|Siffar Cardinal Lavigerie a Notre Dame d'Afrique (Our Lady of Africa) Basilica a Algiers.]] Lavigerie ta kafa wani tsari na nuns a karkashin kulawar Our Lady of Africa a 1869, da Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Afirka, da ke da alaƙa da tsarin Lavigerie na firistoci da 'yan'uwa, White Fathers (wanda aka fi sani da Missionaries of Africa). Suna aiki tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban da ke ba da ilimi da koyarwar addini.<ref name=":0" /> Lavigerie ta sanya ikilisiyoyin biyu don taimakawa wajen gudanar da sabon cocin, wanda da sauri ya zama mai alaƙa da warkarwa ta mu'ujiza da aka danganta da ceto na Uwargidanmu ta Afirka. The statue of Our Lady of Africa received a canonical coronation from Pope Pius IX in 1876, in the same ceremony wherein the church was elevated to the status of a minor basilica. A blue gown was added to the statue in 1886.<ref name=":0" /> Mai adana bayanai na White Fathers ya yi magana game da Uwargidanmu ta Afirka a matsayin haka a cikin 1989: Albarka ta Uwargidanmu ta Afirka ta kuma kai, muna da tabbaci, ga duk Afirka da duk waɗancan mata da maza waɗanda, yayin da suke cikin al'ummomi da yawa, a ko'ina suna da babban iyali ɗaya, suna cika aikin da aka ba su kuma suna kawo rabon su ga aikin gama gari don goyon bayan Afirka.[1]- René Xavier Lamey 661pwt0pjqj99u73rvdoqxmka96tk7q 966336 966322 2026-10-11T16:25:39Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331292483|Our Lady of Africa (title)]]" 966336 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Uwargidanmu na Afirka''' (Spanish: 'Nuestra Señora de África'; Faransanci: Notre-Dame D'Afrique; Larabci: '''السيدة الإفريقية'''), wanda aka fi sani da Uwargwadonmu ta Afirka, taken [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne na [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka]] wanda ke da alaƙa da mutum-mutumiyarta a matsayin mace baƙar fata, wanda ke cikin babban wurin ibada na Notre-Dama d'Afriche a [[Aljir|Algiers, Algeria]]. Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy na Algiers ne ya jagoranci ibada, wanda ya kafa basilica a ƙarƙashin wannan taken a 1856. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Missionary of Africa : The statue of Our Lady of Africa |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/Statue_Notre_Dame_d_Afriquegb.htm |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=White Fathers}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, sadaukarwar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka. Siffar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka an samo asali ne a kan gashin kanta kuma an sanya rigarta don kada ta tsoma baki da bugun cleaver. Lokacin da aka sunkuyar da ita a kan guillotine, ƙirjinta ya fito kuma ta fara ihu "Ya'yana, 'ya'yana!". [1] Ba da daɗewa ba, an fille mata kai. Dokta Ayach ya zana takardar shaidar mutuwar, kuma an binne gawar a makabartar Sidi Bel monks a Staouéli . [2] Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy ya gaji Dupuch a Algiers a 1846, kuma daga baya ya shirya gina coci a cikin birni da aka keɓe ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Mai Albarka]]. Shafin da ya zaɓa ya kasance wurin addu'a tun 1846, lokacin da mata biyu (Anne Cinquin da Agarite Berger) waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙaramin seminary na yankin suka yi amfani da shi don karanta Rosary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Origins of Our Lady of Africa {{!}} Mafrome |url=https://mafrome.org/origins-of-our-lady-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Missionary of Africa Rome Generalate |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Ladies of the Sacred Heart a Lyons, diocese na gidansa, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya yi amfani da Virgo Fidelis wanda 'yan uwan su mata suka mallaka. Ya yarda, duk da cewa ya canza zuwa Our Lady Africa bayan ya tuntubi masu ba shi shawara. An shigar da shi a cikin wani karamin ɗakin sujada a cikin 1857. Cocin, Notre-Dame d'Afrique, wanda Jean-Eugène Fromageau ya tsara, Bishop Charles Lavigerie, M.Afr ne ya kammala shi a kusa., magajin Pavy a Algiers . [1] An motsa mutum-mutumi a can a wannan shekarar.[2] Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla, an wakilta shi a cikin fasaha a matsayin Budurwa Maryamu tare da fata baƙar fata da siffofin Afirka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban cocin, masu wa'azi na Faransa sun sadaukar da dukan nahiyar Afirka ga kulawar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka.[3] [[File:Statue_of_Mgr_Lavigerie_at_the_notre_dame_d'afrique_(Our_Lady_of_Africa)_basilica.jpg|thumb|Siffar Cardinal Lavigerie a Notre Dame d'Afrique (Our Lady of Africa) Basilica a Algiers.]] Lavigerie ta kafa wani tsari na nuns a karkashin kulawar Our Lady of Africa a 1869, da Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Afirka, da ke da alaƙa da tsarin Lavigerie na firistoci da 'yan'uwa, White Fathers (wanda aka fi sani da Missionaries of Africa). Suna aiki tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban da ke ba da ilimi da koyarwar addini.<ref name=":0" /> Lavigerie ta sanya ikilisiyoyin biyu don taimakawa wajen gudanar da sabon cocin, wanda da sauri ya zama mai alaƙa da warkarwa ta mu'ujiza da aka danganta da ceto na Uwargidanmu ta Afirka. The statue of Our Lady of Africa received a canonical coronation from Pope Pius IX in 1876, in the same ceremony wherein the church was elevated to the status of a minor basilica. A blue gown was added to the statue in 1886.<ref name=":0" /> Mai adana bayanai na White Fathers ya yi magana game da Uwargidanmu ta Afirka a matsayin haka a cikin 1989: Albarka ta Uwargidanmu ta Afirka ta kuma kai, muna da tabbaci, ga duk Afirka da duk waɗancan mata da maza waɗanda, yayin da suke cikin al'ummomi da yawa, a ko'ina suna da babban iyali ɗaya, suna cika aikin da aka ba su kuma suna kawo rabon su ga aikin gama gari don goyon bayan Afirka.[1]- René Xavier Lamey White Fathers sun bayyana sadaukarwar dangane da kariya ta Budurwa Maryamu ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a nahiyar Afirka: Saboda haka ya zama dole a ba ta wannan aikin uwa, ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje waɗanda za su kawo Good News zuwa Afirka, ga 'yan Afirka da kuma ga duk Musulmai waɗanda suka riga sun girmama ta a matsayin Uwar Annabi. Tun da yake an miƙa mana a matsayin uwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Uwargidanmu na Afirka, bari ta bi mu 'yan Afirka, mu' yan wa'azi na Afirka, a cikin aikinmu na shelar Good News ga duniyar Afirka. Bari ta kula da Afirka, bari ta yi roƙo ga dukan 'ya'yanta a duk faɗin duniya kuma musamman a wannan lokacin lokacin da kowane yaro mai tsoro zai yi kyau don neman mafaka da tsaro a hannun mahaifiyarsa.[1]- Farfesa Patient Bahati, M.Afr. An kammala gyaran basilica a Algiers a cikin 2010, biyo bayan lalacewar da aka samu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da girgizar kasa ta Boumerdès ta 2003. Wani rubutu ya kasance sama da mutum-mutumi wanda ya karanta, a Faransanci: "Our Lady of Africa, pray for us and for the Muslims".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mok |first=Joshua |date=2022-01-15 |title=History of the Notre Dame D'Afrique in Algiers |url=https://www.mosaicnorthafrica.com/notre-dame-dafrique/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Mosaic North Africa |language=en-US}}</ref>Cocin ya yi aiki a matsayin wurin addu'a ga [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] da [[Musulmi|Musulmai]].<ref name=":1" /> dhtkm5q5kpk4odonj822p2ejg1s1ktq 966351 966336 2026-10-11T16:27:53Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331292483|Our Lady of Africa (title)]]" 966351 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Uwargidanmu na Afirka''' (Spanish: 'Nuestra Señora de África'; Faransanci: Notre-Dame D'Afrique; Larabci: '''السيدة الإفريقية'''), wanda aka fi sani da Uwargwadonmu ta Afirka, taken [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne na [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka]] wanda ke da alaƙa da mutum-mutumiyarta a matsayin mace baƙar fata, wanda ke cikin babban wurin ibada na Notre-Dama d'Afriche a [[Aljir|Algiers, Algeria]]. Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy na Algiers ne ya jagoranci ibada, wanda ya kafa basilica a ƙarƙashin wannan taken a 1856. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Missionary of Africa : The statue of Our Lady of Africa |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/Statue_Notre_Dame_d_Afriquegb.htm |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=White Fathers}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, sadaukarwar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka. Siffar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka an samo asali ne a kan gashin kanta kuma an sanya rigarta don kada ta tsoma baki da bugun cleaver. Lokacin da aka sunkuyar da ita a kan guillotine, ƙirjinta ya fito kuma ta fara ihu "Ya'yana, 'ya'yana!". [1] Ba da daɗewa ba, an fille mata kai. Dokta Ayach ya zana takardar shaidar mutuwar, kuma an binne gawar a makabartar Sidi Bel monks a Staouéli . [2] Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy ya gaji Dupuch a Algiers a 1846, kuma daga baya ya shirya gina coci a cikin birni da aka keɓe ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Mai Albarka]]. Shafin da ya zaɓa ya kasance wurin addu'a tun 1846, lokacin da mata biyu (Anne Cinquin da Agarite Berger) waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙaramin seminary na yankin suka yi amfani da shi don karanta Rosary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Origins of Our Lady of Africa {{!}} Mafrome |url=https://mafrome.org/origins-of-our-lady-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Missionary of Africa Rome Generalate |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Ladies of the Sacred Heart a Lyons, diocese na gidansa, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya yi amfani da Virgo Fidelis wanda 'yan uwan su mata suka mallaka. Ya yarda, duk da cewa ya canza zuwa Our Lady Africa bayan ya tuntubi masu ba shi shawara. An shigar da shi a cikin wani karamin ɗakin sujada a cikin 1857. Cocin, Notre-Dame d'Afrique, wanda Jean-Eugène Fromageau ya tsara, Bishop Charles Lavigerie, M.Afr ne ya kammala shi a kusa., magajin Pavy a Algiers . [1] An motsa mutum-mutumi a can a wannan shekarar.[2] Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla, an wakilta shi a cikin fasaha a matsayin Budurwa Maryamu tare da fata baƙar fata da siffofin Afirka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban cocin, masu wa'azi na Faransa sun sadaukar da dukan nahiyar Afirka ga kulawar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka.[3] [[File:Statue_of_Mgr_Lavigerie_at_the_notre_dame_d'afrique_(Our_Lady_of_Africa)_basilica.jpg|thumb|Siffar Cardinal Lavigerie a Notre Dame d'Afrique (Our Lady of Africa) Basilica a Algiers.]] Lavigerie ta kafa wani tsari na nuns a karkashin kulawar Our Lady of Africa a 1869, da Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Afirka, da ke da alaƙa da tsarin Lavigerie na firistoci da 'yan'uwa, White Fathers (wanda aka fi sani da Missionaries of Africa). Suna aiki tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban da ke ba da ilimi da koyarwar addini.<ref name=":0" /> Lavigerie ta sanya ikilisiyoyin biyu don taimakawa wajen gudanar da sabon cocin, wanda da sauri ya zama mai alaƙa da warkarwa ta mu'ujiza da aka danganta da ceto na Uwargidanmu ta Afirka. The statue of Our Lady of Africa received a canonical coronation from Pope Pius IX in 1876, in the same ceremony wherein the church was elevated to the status of a minor basilica. A blue gown was added to the statue in 1886.<ref name=":0" /> Mai adana bayanai na White Fathers ya yi magana game da Uwargidanmu ta Afirka a matsayin haka a cikin 1989: Albarka ta Uwargidanmu ta Afirka ta kuma kai, muna da tabbaci, ga duk Afirka da duk waɗancan mata da maza waɗanda, yayin da suke cikin al'ummomi da yawa, a ko'ina suna da babban iyali ɗaya, suna cika aikin da aka ba su kuma suna kawo rabon su ga aikin gama gari don goyon bayan Afirka.[1]- René Xavier Lamey White Fathers sun bayyana sadaukarwar dangane da kariya ta Budurwa Maryamu ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a nahiyar Afirka: Saboda haka ya zama dole a ba ta wannan aikin uwa, ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje waɗanda za su kawo Good News zuwa Afirka, ga 'yan Afirka da kuma ga duk Musulmai waɗanda suka riga sun girmama ta a matsayin Uwar Annabi. Tun da yake an miƙa mana a matsayin uwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Uwargidanmu na Afirka, bari ta bi mu 'yan Afirka, mu' yan wa'azi na Afirka, a cikin aikinmu na shelar Good News ga duniyar Afirka. Bari ta kula da Afirka, bari ta yi roƙo ga dukan 'ya'yanta a duk faɗin duniya kuma musamman a wannan lokacin lokacin da kowane yaro mai tsoro zai yi kyau don neman mafaka da tsaro a hannun mahaifiyarsa.[1]- Farfesa Patient Bahati, M.Afr. An kammala gyaran basilica a Algiers a cikin 2010, biyo bayan lalacewar da aka samu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da girgizar kasa ta Boumerdès ta 2003. Wani rubutu ya kasance sama da mutum-mutumi wanda ya karanta, a Faransanci: "Our Lady of Africa, pray for us and for the Muslims".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mok |first=Joshua |date=2022-01-15 |title=History of the Notre Dame D'Afrique in Algiers |url=https://www.mosaicnorthafrica.com/notre-dame-dafrique/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Mosaic North Africa |language=en-US}}</ref>Cocin ya yi aiki a matsayin wurin addu'a ga [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] da [[Musulmi|Musulmai]].<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2009, [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya yi jawabi ga Synod na Afirka yayin ziyarar da ya kai [[Kamaru]] da [[Angola]] tare da saƙo wanda ya ƙare da addu'a ga Uwargidanmu na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayer at the end of the meeting with the members of the Special Council for Africa of the Synod of Bishops at the Apostolic Nunciature of Yaoundé (March 19, 2009) {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/prayers/documents/hf_ben-xvi_20090319_prayer-africa.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> Ana yin bikin Uwargidanmu na Afirka a ranar 30 ga Afrilu kuma ana yin bikin ne a matsayin biki a Arewacin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da halartar Mass.An kuma haɗa shi a cikin kalandar liturgical na Cocin Katolika a [[Najeriya]], [[Kenya]], da [[Kudancin Afirka]]. White Fathers kuma suna bi da ranar a matsayin babban biki kuma sun samar da matani na liturgical don bikin a waje da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-25 |title=Feast of Our Lady of Africa {{!}} Mafrome |url=https://mafrome.org/feast-of-our-lady-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Addu'ar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka (inda aka sake sunan coci don girmama ta a [[Chicago]] a cikin 2021). Notre Dame D'Afrique, Bangui tana cikin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], kuma an kammala Cocin Uwarmu ta Afirka a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a cikin shekara ta 1997. Kamar yadda ibada ta bazu a duk faɗin duniya, mutum-mutumi na asali a Algiers ba shine wakilci na musamman na taken Marian ba. Saboda haka, ya zama mai alaƙa da wakilcin Black daban-daban na Budurwa Maryamu. A [[Ispaniya|Spain]], 'Our Lady of Africa' (a hukumance a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]]: 'Nuestra Señora de África') an amince da shi a hukumance a dokar Mutanen Espanya (Resolución de 17 de Oktoba de 2025: BOE-A-2025-21667 ) kuma an yi bikin a matsayin hutun jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuestra Señora de África (Festivo 05/08/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/nuestra-senora-de-africa-festivo-05-08-2026/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref> a cikin birnin [[Ceuta]] mai cin gashin kansa (Spanish: Ciudad de Ceuta) a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka tare da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid al-Adha]] (a hukumanci ake kira a cikin Cuidad de Ceuta a matsayin 'Fiesta Sacrificio-Eidul Adha' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiesta del Eid Fitr (Festivo 20/03/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/fiesta-del-eid-fitr-festivo-20-03-2026/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref>), hutu na biyu da aka keɓe na jama' * Notre-Dame d'Afrique, Algiers, Algeria <gallery> File:Notre_dame_d'afrique_(Lyon).jpg|alt=|Statue of Our Lady of Africa (Notre-Dame d'Afrique) in Lyons File:006D_Notre-Dame_d'Afrique.jpg|Mémorial Notre Dame d’Afrique, Théoule sur Mer File:Notre_Dame_d'Afrique2_cropped.jpg|Basilica of Notre-Dame d'Afrique in Algiers File:Focus_on_the_virgin_mary_statue_at_the_top_of_the_notre_dame_d'afrique_(Our_Lady_of_Africa)_basilica.jpg|Exterior statue at Notre Dame d'Afrique basilica in Algiers. </gallery> * Uwargidanmu na Afirka * Wuraren ibada ga Budurwa Maryamu * White Fathers * Kadanal Charles Lavigerie * Uwargidanmu na Kibeho * Uwargidanmu na Zeitoun * Black Madonna {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p019s6nq304sayy17988mc1c1zvacq5 966362 966351 2026-10-11T16:30:32Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 Inganta muqala 966362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uwargidanmu na Afirka''' (Spanish: 'Nuestra Señora de África'; Faransanci: Notre-Dame D'Afrique; Larabci: '''السيدة الإفريقية'''), wanda aka fi sani da Uwargwadonmu ta Afirka, taken [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne na [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka]] wanda ke da alaƙa da mutum-mutumiyarta a matsayin mace baƙar fata, wanda ke cikin babban wurin ibada na Notre-Dama d'Afriche a [[Aljir|Algiers, Algeria]]. Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy na Algiers ne ya jagoranci ibada, wanda ya kafa basilica a ƙarƙashin wannan taken a 1856. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Missionary of Africa : The statue of Our Lady of Africa |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/Statue_Notre_Dame_d_Afriquegb.htm |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=White Fathers}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, sadaukarwar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka. Siffar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka an samo asali ne a kan gashin kanta kuma an sanya rigarta don kada ta tsoma baki da bugun cleaver. Lokacin da aka sunkuyar da ita a kan guillotine, ƙirjinta ya fito kuma ta fara ihu "Ya'yana, 'ya'yana!". [1] Ba da daɗewa ba, an fille mata kai. Dokta Ayach ya zana takardar shaidar mutuwar, kuma an binne gawar a makabartar Sidi Bel monks a Staouéli . [2] Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy ya gaji Dupuch a Algiers a 1846, kuma daga baya ya shirya gina coci a cikin birni da aka keɓe ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Mai Albarka]]. Shafin da ya zaɓa ya kasance wurin addu'a tun 1846, lokacin da mata biyu (Anne Cinquin da Agarite Berger) waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙaramin seminary na yankin suka yi amfani da shi don karanta Rosary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Origins of Our Lady of Africa {{!}} Mafrome |url=https://mafrome.org/origins-of-our-lady-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Missionary of Africa Rome Generalate |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Ladies of the Sacred Heart a Lyons, diocese na gidansa, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya yi amfani da Virgo Fidelis wanda 'yan uwan su mata suka mallaka. Ya yarda, duk da cewa ya canza zuwa Our Lady Africa bayan ya tuntubi masu ba shi shawara. An shigar da shi a cikin wani karamin ɗakin sujada a cikin 1857. Cocin, Notre-Dame d'Afrique, wanda Jean-Eugène Fromageau ya tsara, Bishop Charles Lavigerie, M.Afr ne ya kammala shi a kusa., magajin Pavy a Algiers . [1] An motsa mutum-mutumi a can a wannan shekarar.[2] Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla, an wakilta shi a cikin fasaha a matsayin Budurwa Maryamu tare da fata baƙar fata da siffofin Afirka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban cocin, masu wa'azi na Faransa sun sadaukar da dukan nahiyar Afirka ga kulawar Uwargidanmu ta Afirka.[3] [[File:Statue_of_Mgr_Lavigerie_at_the_notre_dame_d'afrique_(Our_Lady_of_Africa)_basilica.jpg|thumb|Siffar Cardinal Lavigerie a Notre Dame d'Afrique (Our Lady of Africa) Basilica a Algiers.]] Lavigerie ta kafa wani tsari na nuns a karkashin kulawar Our Lady of Africa a 1869, da Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Afirka, da ke da alaƙa da tsarin Lavigerie na firistoci da 'yan'uwa, White Fathers (wanda aka fi sani da Missionaries of Africa). Suna aiki tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban da ke ba da ilimi da koyarwar addini.<ref name=":0" /> Lavigerie ta sanya ikilisiyoyin biyu don taimakawa wajen gudanar da sabon cocin, wanda da sauri ya zama mai alaƙa da warkarwa ta mu'ujiza da aka danganta da ceto na Uwargidanmu ta Afirka. The statue of Our Lady of Africa received a canonical coronation from Pope Pius IX in 1876, in the same ceremony wherein the church was elevated to the status of a minor basilica. A blue gown was added to the statue in 1886.<ref name=":0" /> Mai adana bayanai na White Fathers ya yi magana game da Uwargidanmu ta Afirka a matsayin haka a cikin 1989: Albarka ta Uwargidanmu ta Afirka ta kuma kai, muna da tabbaci, ga duk Afirka da duk waɗancan mata da maza waɗanda, yayin da suke cikin al'ummomi da yawa, a ko'ina suna da babban iyali ɗaya, suna cika aikin da aka ba su kuma suna kawo rabon su ga aikin gama gari don goyon bayan Afirka.[1]- René Xavier Lamey White Fathers sun bayyana sadaukarwar dangane da kariya ta Budurwa Maryamu ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a nahiyar Afirka: Saboda haka ya zama dole a ba ta wannan aikin uwa, ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje waɗanda za su kawo Good News zuwa Afirka, ga 'yan Afirka da kuma ga duk Musulmai waɗanda suka riga sun girmama ta a matsayin Uwar Annabi. Tun da yake an miƙa mana a matsayin uwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Uwargidanmu na Afirka, bari ta bi mu 'yan Afirka, mu' yan wa'azi na Afirka, a cikin aikinmu na shelar Good News ga duniyar Afirka. Bari ta kula da Afirka, bari ta yi roƙo ga dukan 'ya'yanta a duk faɗin duniya kuma musamman a wannan lokacin lokacin da kowane yaro mai tsoro zai yi kyau don neman mafaka da tsaro a hannun mahaifiyarsa.[1]- Farfesa Patient Bahati, M.Afr. An kammala gyaran basilica a Algiers a cikin 2010, biyo bayan lalacewar da aka samu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da girgizar kasa ta Boumerdès ta 2003. Wani rubutu ya kasance sama da mutum-mutumi wanda ya karanta, a Faransanci: "Our Lady of Africa, pray for us and for the Muslims".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mok |first=Joshua |date=2022-01-15 |title=History of the Notre Dame D'Afrique in Algiers |url=https://www.mosaicnorthafrica.com/notre-dame-dafrique/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Mosaic North Africa |language=en-US}}</ref>Cocin ya yi aiki a matsayin wurin addu'a ga [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] da [[Musulmi|Musulmai]].<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2009, [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya yi jawabi ga Synod na Afirka yayin ziyarar da ya kai [[Kamaru]] da [[Angola]] tare da saƙo wanda ya ƙare da addu'a ga Uwargidanmu na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayer at the end of the meeting with the members of the Special Council for Africa of the Synod of Bishops at the Apostolic Nunciature of Yaoundé (March 19, 2009) {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/prayers/documents/hf_ben-xvi_20090319_prayer-africa.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> Ana yin bikin Uwargidanmu na Afirka a ranar 30 ga Afrilu kuma ana yin bikin ne a matsayin biki a Arewacin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da halartar Mass.An kuma haɗa shi a cikin kalandar liturgical na Cocin Katolika a [[Najeriya]], [[Kenya]], da [[Kudancin Afirka]]. White Fathers kuma suna bi da ranar a matsayin babban biki kuma sun samar da matani na liturgical don bikin a waje da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-25 |title=Feast of Our Lady of Africa {{!}} Mafrome |url=https://mafrome.org/feast-of-our-lady-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Addu'ar ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]], da kuma a cikin kasashen Afirka. An kafa majami'u a ƙarƙashin taken a duk duniya, gami da Amurka (inda aka sake sunan coci don girmama ta a [[Chicago]] a cikin 2021). Notre Dame D'Afrique, Bangui tana cikin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], kuma an kammala Cocin Uwarmu ta Afirka a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a cikin shekara ta 1997. Kamar yadda ibada ta bazu a duk faɗin duniya, mutum-mutumi na asali a Algiers ba shine wakilci na musamman na taken Marian ba. Saboda haka, ya zama mai alaƙa da wakilcin Black daban-daban na Budurwa Maryamu. A [[Ispaniya|Spain]], 'Our Lady of Africa' (a hukumance a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]]: 'Nuestra Señora de África') an amince da shi a hukumance a dokar Mutanen Espanya (Resolución de 17 de Oktoba de 2025: BOE-A-2025-21667 ) kuma an yi bikin a matsayin hutun jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuestra Señora de África (Festivo 05/08/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/nuestra-senora-de-africa-festivo-05-08-2026/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref> a cikin birnin [[Ceuta]] mai cin gashin kansa (Spanish: Ciudad de Ceuta) a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka tare da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid al-Adha]] (a hukumanci ake kira a cikin Cuidad de Ceuta a matsayin 'Fiesta Sacrificio-Eidul Adha' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiesta del Eid Fitr (Festivo 20/03/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/fiesta-del-eid-fitr-festivo-20-03-2026/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref>), hutu na biyu da aka keɓe na jama' * Notre-Dame d'Afrique, Algiers, Algeria <gallery> File:Notre_dame_d'afrique_(Lyon).jpg|alt=|Statue of Our Lady of Africa (Notre-Dame d'Afrique) in Lyons File:006D_Notre-Dame_d'Afrique.jpg|Mémorial Notre Dame d’Afrique, Théoule sur Mer File:Notre_Dame_d'Afrique2_cropped.jpg|Basilica of Notre-Dame d'Afrique in Algiers File:Focus_on_the_virgin_mary_statue_at_the_top_of_the_notre_dame_d'afrique_(Our_Lady_of_Africa)_basilica.jpg|Exterior statue at Notre Dame d'Afrique basilica in Algiers. </gallery> * Uwargidanmu na Afirka * Wuraren ibada ga Budurwa Maryamu * White Fathers * Kadanal Charles Lavigerie * Uwargidanmu na Kibeho * Uwargidanmu na Zeitoun * Black Madonna {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oax4ytmlnl3ice696izxoz420e0k9ya Nuri 0 178911 966313 2026-10-11T16:22:07Z BnHamid 12586 Start 966313 wikitext text/x-wiki Nuri tsohon wurin binne gawa ne na mutanen Nubia da ke arewacin Sudan, a gabar yammacin kogin Nilu kusa da yankin 'Fourth Cataract'. Wurin, wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin daular Napata, yana nan a nisan kimanin kilomita 15 daga arewacin Sanam da kuma kilomita 10 daga Jebel Barkal. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9flt2xr4857z956n7bjhb12o239ligg 966357 966313 2026-10-11T16:29:25Z BnHamid 12586 966357 wikitext text/x-wiki Nuri tsohon wurin binne gawa ne na mutanen Nubia da ke arewacin Sudan, a gabar yammacin kogin Nilu kusa da yankin 'Fourth Cataract'. Wurin, wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin daular Napata, yana nan a nisan kimanin kilomita 15 daga arewacin Sanam da kuma kilomita 10 daga Jebel Barkal. ==Tarihi== Nuri ita ce ta biyu cikin manyan wuraren binne sarakuna uku na Napatan. Gina dala a can ya fara ne ba wurin binne gawa na El-Kurru ya kasa ɗaukar sabbin waɗanda za'a binne. Fiye da siffa dala (pyrimid) 20 na sarakuna da sarauniya na Nubian sun tsaya cak, kuma a lokacin da aka gina makabartar, ana iya ɗaukar dala 80 ko fiye. Nuri ne a matsayin makabartar sarauta ta Napata, babban birnin Masarautar Kush na farko. An gina dala sama da ƙarni uku, daga kusan 670 BC, lokacin da aka gina dala ta Taharqa, zuwa kusan 310 BC, ranar da aka danganta da dala ta Sarki Nastasen. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} m53wml0ffm69mtb44yx5jl85qq5rsne 966358 966357 2026-10-11T16:29:44Z BnHamid 12586 966358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nuri tsohon wurin binne gawa ne na mutanen Nubia da ke arewacin Sudan, a gabar yammacin kogin Nilu kusa da yankin 'Fourth Cataract'. Wurin, wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin daular Napata, yana nan a nisan kimanin kilomita 15 daga arewacin Sanam da kuma kilomita 10 daga Jebel Barkal. ==Tarihi== Nuri ita ce ta biyu cikin manyan wuraren binne sarakuna uku na Napatan. Gina dala a can ya fara ne ba wurin binne gawa na El-Kurru ya kasa ɗaukar sabbin waɗanda za'a binne. Fiye da siffa dala (pyrimid) 20 na sarakuna da sarauniya na Nubian sun tsaya cak, kuma a lokacin da aka gina makabartar, ana iya ɗaukar dala 80 ko fiye. Nuri ne a matsayin makabartar sarauta ta Napata, babban birnin Masarautar Kush na farko. An gina dala sama da ƙarni uku, daga kusan 670 BC, lokacin da aka gina dala ta Taharqa, zuwa kusan 310 BC, ranar da aka danganta da dala ta Sarki Nastasen. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} fbgqxoxxqckc877h5z9ntit91809tc8 966364 966358 2026-10-11T16:32:04Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 966364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nuri tsohon wurin binne gawa ne na mutanen Nubia da ke arewacin Sudan, a gabar yammacin kogin Nilu kusa da yankin 'Fourth Cataract'. Wurin, wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin daular Napata, yana nan a nisan kimanin kilomita 15 daga arewacin Sanam da kuma kilomita 10 daga Jebel Barkal. ==Tarihi== Nuri ita ce ta biyu cikin manyan wuraren binne sarakuna uku na Napatan. Gina dala a can ya fara ne ba wurin binne gawa na El-Kurru ya kasa ɗaukar sabbin waɗanda za'a binne. Fiye da siffa dala (pyrimid) 20 na sarakuna da sarauniya na Nubian sun tsaya cak, kuma a lokacin da aka gina makabartar, ana iya ɗaukar dala 80 ko fiye. Nuri ne a matsayin makabartar sarauta ta Napata, babban birnin Masarautar Kush na farko. An gina dala sama da ƙarni uku, daga kusan 670 BC, lokacin da aka gina dala ta Taharqa, zuwa kusan 310 BC, ranar da aka danganta da dala ta Sarki Nastasen. ==Hotunan Kaburbura a Nuri== <gallery> File:Sudan Nuri Pyramids 2012a.jpg|A man walks among the pyramids File:Some of the pyramids at the royal cemetery in Nuri.jpg|Pyramids at the royal cemetery. The small ruins in the front are Nuri 18 ([[Analmaye]]), and Nuri 19 ([[Nasakhma]]) File:Nastasen's pyramid, Nuri, Sudan, North-east Africa.jpg|[[Nastasen]]'s pyramid is the most recent of the royal pyramids (335–315/310 BCE) File:Southern view of the Nuri pyramids in 1821 (top) and in 2020 (bottom).jpg|Southern view of the Nuri pyramids in 1821 (top) and in 2020 (bottom) </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} spwcqghcer0a8wntyon9gu7q5tivyuw Tarihin annabi yusuf 0 178912 966318 2026-10-11T16:22:49Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} Babban jigon labarin ya dogara ne kan tarihin Annabi Yusuf kamar yadda ya zo a cikin Alkur'ani. Labarin ya fara ne da tunanin Ya'aqub, mahaifin Yusuf, sannan ya ci gaba da bayanin yadda aka jefa Yusuf—wanda shi ne wanda mahaifinsa ya fi so a cikin 'yan'uwansa—a cikin wani rijiya a yankin Galili, sakamakon hassadar da 'yan'uwansa goma suka yi masa. Benjamin shi ne dan'uwan Yusuf na uwa daya (wato daga mahaifiya daya, Rahila); a lokacin yana karamin yaro ku... 966318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babban jigon labarin ya dogara ne kan tarihin Annabi Yusuf kamar yadda ya zo a cikin Alkur'ani. Labarin ya fara ne da tunanin Ya'aqub, mahaifin Yusuf, sannan ya ci gaba da bayanin yadda aka jefa Yusuf—wanda shi ne wanda mahaifinsa ya fi so a cikin 'yan'uwansa—a cikin wani rijiya a yankin Galili, sakamakon hassadar da 'yan'uwansa goma suka yi masa. Benjamin shi ne dan'uwan Yusuf na uwa daya (wato daga mahaifiya daya, Rahila); a lokacin yana karamin yaro kuma yana gida, bai san abin da ke faruwa ba. Reuben da Levi suna son Yusuf kuma ba sa son shiga cikin wannan mummunan aiki, amma an tilasta musu yin hakan saboda matsin lamba daga Yahuda da sauran 'yan'uwan. Mala'ika Jibrilu ya bayyana ga Yusufu, wanda ke da shekaru 12, a karon farko a cikin rijiya. Yusufu ya tsorata, ya kuma yi masa magana da muryar rawar jiki. Jibrilu ya yi masa sallama tare da sanar da shi cewa shi ne magajin annabci, kuma zai zama annabi bayan mahaifinsa. Ya umurce shi da ya shirya domin fuskantar wahalhalu, yana mai sanar da shi cewa za a tura shi zuwa wata kasa mai nisa (tsohuwar Masar) domin ya shiryar da mutanen duniya zuwa ga tafarki madaidaici. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, wata tawagar mutanen Ibraniyawa ta iso bakin rijiyar domin neman ruwa. ==Nassoshi== oe3b7m1yb2c23rpy98966bbuzxpmaw0 966334 966318 2026-10-11T16:25:21Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 Canza sunan shafi zuwa manyan bakake 966334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babban jigon labarin ya dogara ne kan tarihin Annabi Yusuf kamar yadda ya zo a cikin Alkur'ani. Labarin ya fara ne da tunanin Ya'aqub, mahaifin Yusuf, sannan ya ci gaba da bayanin yadda aka jefa Yusuf—wanda shi ne wanda mahaifinsa ya fi so a cikin 'yan'uwansa—a cikin wani rijiya a yankin Galili, sakamakon hassadar da 'yan'uwansa goma suka yi masa. Benjamin shi ne dan'uwan Yusuf na uwa daya (wato daga mahaifiya daya, Rahila); a lokacin yana karamin yaro kuma yana gida, bai san abin da ke faruwa ba. Reuben da Levi suna son Yusuf kuma ba sa son shiga cikin wannan mummunan aiki, amma an tilasta musu yin hakan saboda matsin lamba daga Yahuda da sauran 'yan'uwan. Mala'ika Jibrilu ya bayyana ga Yusufu, wanda ke da shekaru 12, a karon farko a cikin rijiya. Yusufu ya tsorata, ya kuma yi masa magana da muryar rawar jiki. Jibrilu ya yi masa sallama tare da sanar da shi cewa shi ne magajin annabci, kuma zai zama annabi bayan mahaifinsa. Ya umurce shi da ya shirya domin fuskantar wahalhalu, yana mai sanar da shi cewa za a tura shi zuwa wata kasa mai nisa (tsohuwar Masar) domin ya shiryar da mutanen duniya zuwa ga tafarki madaidaici. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, wata tawagar mutanen Ibraniyawa ta iso bakin rijiyar domin neman ruwa. ==Nassoshi== {{DEFAULTSORT:TARIHIN ANNABI YUSUF}} cfeq6dgm8w9iezuc4r3xcg03lczrech Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kamaru 0 178913 966323 2026-10-11T16:23:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365416867|Cameroon International Film Festival]]" 966323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cameroon International Film Festival''' (CAMIFF) is an annual film festival in Buea, [[Kamaru|Cameroon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMIFF2017: Buea To Host Cameroon Film Festival |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/7607/en.html/camiff2017-buea-host-cameroon-film-festival |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=en}}</ref> created by actor and producer [[Agbor Gilbert Ebot]] in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=“2,228 Films For CAMIFF 2018” |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/18090/en.html/-2-228-films |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=en}}</ref> The goals of the festival is to create a platform where African and [[Sinima a Kamaru|Cameroonian films]] can be showcased, cross-cultural exchanges made, and the growth of the domestic film industry promoted. Baya ga nuna fina-finai da abubuwan da suka faru na masana'antu, CAMIFF kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin dandalin bayar da kyaututtuka, yana nuna nasarori masu ban mamaki a fina-fukkuna na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon International Film Festival - CAMIFF |url=https://filmfreeway.com/CAMIFF |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ayyana bikin a fili a Taron manema labarai a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2016. Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kamaru (CAMIFF), [[Agbor Gilbert Ebot]] ne ya kafa shi kuma ya gudanar da bugu na farko a Buea, Kamaru, Yankin Kudu maso Yamma daga 24th zuwa 30th Afrilu, 2016.<ref name=":0" /> Asalin bikin ya samo asali ne daga yawon shakatawa na bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[Kalaba|Calabar, Najeriya]]. <ref name=":0" /> A cewar Ebot, a lokacin da yake Najeriya, yana da damar lura da ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai a Najeriya kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don ƙirƙirar dandamali inda za a janyo hankalin masu siye na duniya kuma su samar da dama ga masu yin fim din Ingilishi a Kamaru. A cewar masu shirya CAMIFF, manufar bikin ita ce ta haɗa mutane daga dukkan sana'o'in da suka shafi fim kamar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, [[Darakta|daraktoci]], marubuta, Masu daukar hoto, Injiniyoyin sauti, [[Editing|editoci]], masu fasahar hasken wuta, da dalibai, da kuma masana'antun kayan aikin fim da kafofin watsa labarai gabaɗaya. An shirya fitowar farko ta CAMIFF tare da tallafawa Ma'aikatar Fasaha da Al'adu ta Kamaru da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Kamaru. A cewar masu shirya bikin, fitowar wannan bikin ya samo asali ne daga rashin bukukuwan fina-finai a Kamaru. Yawan fina-finai da aka gabatar don gasar don fitowar farko sun kasance fina-fukkuna 600, kuma ya kai fina-fakkaatu 1,215 a fitowar ta biyu. Kuma ya tafi sama da fina-finai 2,000 a shirye-shiryen fitowar ta uku. Bugu da ƙari, bikin ya fuskanci wasu ƙalubalen kuɗi saboda rashin tallafawa daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu har ma da cibiyoyin gwamnati. == Tsarin da ayyukan == Bikin na mako-mako ya haɗa da nuna fina-finai, tattaunawar panel, masterclasses, bita, da zaman sadarwar. Yana maraba da shigarwa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da fina-finai, gajeren fina-fukkuka, shirye-shirye, da fina-fukkin dalibai. Har ila yau, bikin yana karɓar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru na jan kafet, bukukuwan bayar da kyaututtuka, da nune-nunen al'adu waɗanda ke murna da bambancin labarun Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2025-03-14 |title=CAMIFF 2025 to Showcase African Cinema in Buea |url=https://theafricadailypost.com/323074/culture/film-television/camiff-2025-to-showcase-african-cinema-in-buea/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Africa Daily Post |language=en-US}}</ref> m36x1d57lb1usmjjvitvld5wabceg15 966328 966323 2026-10-11T16:24:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 966328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cameroon International Film Festival''' (CAMIFF) is an annual film festival in Buea, [[Kamaru|Cameroon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMIFF2017: Buea To Host Cameroon Film Festival |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/7607/en.html/camiff2017-buea-host-cameroon-film-festival |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=en}}</ref> created by actor and producer [[Agbor Gilbert Ebot]] in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=“2,228 Films For CAMIFF 2018” |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/18090/en.html/-2-228-films |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=en}}</ref> The goals of the festival is to create a platform where African and [[Sinima a Kamaru|Cameroonian films]] can be showcased, cross-cultural exchanges made, and the growth of the domestic film industry promoted. Baya ga nuna fina-finai da abubuwan da suka faru na masana'antu, CAMIFF kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin dandalin bayar da kyaututtuka, yana nuna nasarori masu ban mamaki a fina-fukkuna na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon International Film Festival - CAMIFF |url=https://filmfreeway.com/CAMIFF |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ayyana bikin a fili a Taron manema labarai a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2016. Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kamaru (CAMIFF), [[Agbor Gilbert Ebot]] ne ya kafa shi kuma ya gudanar da bugu na farko a Buea, Kamaru, Yankin Kudu maso Yamma daga 24th zuwa 30th Afrilu, 2016.<ref name=":0" /> Asalin bikin ya samo asali ne daga yawon shakatawa na bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[Kalaba|Calabar, Najeriya]]. <ref name=":0" /> A cewar Ebot, a lokacin da yake Najeriya, yana da damar lura da ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai a Najeriya kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don ƙirƙirar dandamali inda za a janyo hankalin masu siye na duniya kuma su samar da dama ga masu yin fim din Ingilishi a Kamaru. A cewar masu shirya CAMIFF, manufar bikin ita ce ta haɗa mutane daga dukkan sana'o'in da suka shafi fim kamar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, [[Darakta|daraktoci]], marubuta, Masu daukar hoto, Injiniyoyin sauti, [[Editing|editoci]], masu fasahar hasken wuta, da dalibai, da kuma masana'antun kayan aikin fim da kafofin watsa labarai gabaɗaya. An shirya fitowar farko ta CAMIFF tare da tallafawa Ma'aikatar Fasaha da Al'adu ta Kamaru da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Kamaru. A cewar masu shirya bikin, fitowar wannan bikin ya samo asali ne daga rashin bukukuwan fina-finai a Kamaru. Yawan fina-finai da aka gabatar don gasar don fitowar farko sun kasance fina-fukkuna 600, kuma ya kai fina-fakkaatu 1,215 a fitowar ta biyu. Kuma ya tafi sama da fina-finai 2,000 a shirye-shiryen fitowar ta uku. Bugu da ƙari, bikin ya fuskanci wasu ƙalubalen kuɗi saboda rashin tallafawa daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu har ma da cibiyoyin gwamnati. == Tsarin da ayyukan == Bikin na mako-mako ya haɗa da nuna fina-finai, tattaunawar panel, masterclasses, bita, da zaman sadarwar. Yana maraba da shigarwa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da fina-finai, gajeren fina-fukkuka, shirye-shirye, da fina-fukkin dalibai. Har ila yau, bikin yana karɓar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru na jan kafet, bukukuwan bayar da kyaututtuka, da nune-nunen al'adu waɗanda ke murna da bambancin labarun Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2025-03-14 |title=CAMIFF 2025 to Showcase African Cinema in Buea |url=https://theafricadailypost.com/323074/culture/film-television/camiff-2025-to-showcase-african-cinema-in-buea/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Africa Daily Post |language=en-US}}</ref> 003d85w3afy8av08yc5o0snx24ukapr 966331 966328 2026-10-11T16:24:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 966331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cameroon International Film Festival''' (CAMIFF) is an annual film festival in Buea, [[Kamaru|Cameroon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMIFF2017: Buea To Host Cameroon Film Festival |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/7607/en.html/camiff2017-buea-host-cameroon-film-festival |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=en}}</ref> created by actor and producer [[Agbor Gilbert Ebot]] in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=“2,228 Films For CAMIFF 2018” |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/18090/en.html/-2-228-films |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=en}}</ref> The goals of the festival is to create a platform where African and [[Sinima a Kamaru|Cameroonian films]] can be showcased, cross-cultural exchanges made, and the growth of the domestic film industry promoted. Baya ga nuna fina-finai da abubuwan da suka faru na masana'antu, CAMIFF kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin dandalin bayar da kyaututtuka, yana nuna nasarori masu ban mamaki a fina-fukkuna na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon International Film Festival - CAMIFF |url=https://filmfreeway.com/CAMIFF |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ayyana bikin a fili a Taron manema labarai a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2016. Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kamaru (CAMIFF), [[Agbor Gilbert Ebot]] ne ya kafa shi kuma ya gudanar da bugu na farko a Buea, Kamaru, Yankin Kudu maso Yamma daga 24th zuwa 30th Afrilu, 2016.<ref name=":0" /> Asalin bikin ya samo asali ne daga yawon shakatawa na bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[Kalaba|Calabar, Najeriya]]. <ref name=":0" /> A cewar Ebot, a lokacin da yake Najeriya, yana da damar lura da ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai a Najeriya kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don ƙirƙirar dandamali inda za a janyo hankalin masu siye na duniya kuma su samar da dama ga masu yin fim din Ingilishi a Kamaru. A cewar masu shirya CAMIFF, manufar bikin ita ce ta haɗa mutane daga dukkan sana'o'in da suka shafi fim kamar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, [[Darakta|daraktoci]], marubuta, Masu daukar hoto, Injiniyoyin sauti, [[Editing|editoci]], masu fasahar hasken wuta, da dalibai, da kuma masana'antun kayan aikin fim da kafofin watsa labarai gabaɗaya. An shirya fitowar farko ta CAMIFF tare da tallafawa Ma'aikatar Fasaha da Al'adu ta Kamaru da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Kamaru. A cewar masu shirya bikin, fitowar wannan bikin ya samo asali ne daga rashin bukukuwan fina-finai a Kamaru. Yawan fina-finai da aka gabatar don gasar don fitowar farko sun kasance fina-fukkuna 600, kuma ya kai fina-fakkaatu 1,215 a fitowar ta biyu. Kuma ya tafi sama da fina-finai 2,000 a shirye-shiryen fitowar ta uku. Bugu da ƙari, bikin ya fuskanci wasu ƙalubalen kuɗi saboda rashin tallafawa daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu har ma da cibiyoyin gwamnati. == Tsarin da ayyukan == Bikin na mako-mako ya haɗa da nuna fina-finai, tattaunawar panel, masterclasses, bita, da zaman sadarwar. Yana maraba da shigarwa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da fina-finai, gajeren fina-fukkuka, shirye-shirye, da fina-fukkin dalibai. Har ila yau, bikin yana karɓar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru na jan kafet, bukukuwan bayar da kyaututtuka, da nune-nunen al'adu waɗanda ke murna da bambancin labarun Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2025-03-14 |title=CAMIFF 2025 to Showcase African Cinema in Buea |url=https://theafricadailypost.com/323074/culture/film-television/camiff-2025-to-showcase-african-cinema-in-buea/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Africa Daily Post |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == bvxc2gadz4mkvbi9605ud008h40zg68 Harin Entebbe 0 178914 966324 2026-10-11T16:23:45Z Almustapha bk 49060 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377011345|Entebbe raid]]" 966324 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Notelist}}'''Harin Entebbe''', wanda aka fi sani da Operation Entebbe kuma a hukumance ana kiransa Operation Thunderbolt (daga baya Operation Yonatan), wani aikin yaki da ta'addanci ne na Isra'ila a 3 ga Yulin 1976 a [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu|Uganda]] . An kaddamar da shi ne don mayar da martani ga satar jirgin Air France daga Tel Aviv zuwa Paris da mambobin PFLP-EO da Jamusanci Revolutionary Cells, wadanda suka karkatar da jirgin zuwa Filin jirgin saman Entebbe tare da goyon bayan mai mulkin kama-karya na Uganda [[Idi Amin]]. == Kashewa == A ranar 27 ga Yuni 1976, Jirgin Air France Flight 139, wani [[Airbus A300]]-203 da aka yi [[Aircraft registration|rajista]] a matsayin F-BVGG tare da lambar serial 019, ya tashi daga [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], [[Israelis|Isra'ila]], dauke da fasinjoji 246 galibi Yahudawa da Isra'ila da ma'aikata 12. Jirgin ya tashi zuwa Athens, Girka, inda ya ɗauki ƙarin fasinjoji 58, ciki har da masu satar mutane huɗu.{{Efn|Sources state varying numbers of passengers, between 228 and 246; the higher figure is taken from ''The New York Times''.}} Ya tashi zuwa Paris da karfe 12:30 na yamma. &nbsp;Bayan tashi, [[Falasdinawa]] biyu daga Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - External Operations (PFLP-EO), Jayel al-Arja da Fayez Abdul-Rahim al Jaber, da Jamusawa biyu, [[Wilfried Böse]] da [[Brigitte Kuhlmann]], daga Jamusawa Juyin Juya Halin Jamus sun sace jirgin. Masu satar jirgin sun karkatar da jirgin zuwa [[Benghazi]], Libya. A can an gudanar da shi a ƙasa na sa'o'i bakwai don man fetur. A wannan lokacin masu satar sun saki 'yar ƙasar Isra'ila mai suna Patricia Martell, wacce ta yi kamar tana da [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]]. Jirgin ya bar Benghazi kuma a 3:15 na yamma a ranar 28 ga Yuni, fiye da sa'o'i 24 bayan tashi na farko, ya isa [[Entebbe International Airport|Filin jirgin saman Entebbe]] a Uganda.<ref name="Ynet20062" />&nbsp; === Yanayin da ke Filin jirgin saman Entebbe na Uganda === A Entebbe, akalla wasu mutane hudu ne suka haɗu da masu satar mutane guda huɗu, tare da goyon bayan sojojin shugaban Uganda, [[Idi Amin]] . Masu satar jirgin sun tura fasinjojin zuwa zauren wucewa na tsohon tashar jirgin sama inda suka ajiye su a karkashin tsaro na kwanaki masu zuwa. Amin ya ziyarci masu garkuwa kusan kowace rana, yana sabunta su kan abubuwan da suka faru kuma yana alkawarin yin amfani da kokarinsa don a 'yantar da su ta hanyar tattaunawa. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, wani mai satar PFLP-EO ya ba da sanarwa kuma ya tsara bukatun su. Baya ga fansa na dala miliyan 5 don sakin jirgin sama, sun bukaci a saki mayakan Palasdinawa da masu goyon bayan Palasdinawa 53, 40 daga cikinsu fursunoni ne a Isra'ila.{{Sfn|Dunstan|2011}}&nbsp;Sun yi barazanar cewa idan ba a cika waɗannan buƙatun ba, za su fara kashe masu garkuwa a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1976. === Rabuwa da masu garkuwa === A ranar 29 ga Yuni, bayan da sojojin Uganda suka bude kofar wani dakin da ke kusa da zauren jira mai cike da mutane ta hanyar lalata bango mai rabawa, masu satar sun raba Isra'ilawa (ciki har da wadanda ke da 'yan ƙasa biyu) daga sauran masu garkuwa kuma sun gaya musu su koma dakin da ke makwabtaka.{{Efn|Claims by various authors that the separation was made between Jews and non-Jews<ref>{{cite web |title=1976 Operation Entebbe |url=http://www.idfblog.com/about-the-idf/history-of-the-idf/1976-operation-entebbe/ |website=IDF blog |publisher=Israeli Defense Forces |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012105140/https://www.idfblog.com/about-the-idf/history-of-the-idf/1976-operation-entebbe/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> are in conflict with eyewitness accounts<ref name="Freed Hostages Tell Their Story">{{cite news |title=Freed Hostages Tell Their Story |url=https://www.jta.org/1976/07/02/archive/freed-hostages-tell-their-story |access-date=23 September 2014 |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=2 July 1976}}</ref><ref name="Ofer1976" /><ref name=Moufflet>{{cite book |last1=Moufflet |first1=Claude |title=Otages à Kampala |date=1976 |publisher=Presses de la Cité |page=82 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Epstein" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jerozolimski |first1=Ana |title=Ada Lazarovitz (46), que hace 30 años fuera una de las rehenes en el avión de Air France secuestrado por terroristas en Entebbe, recuerda su liberación. |url=http://letras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com/jerozolimski/ada_lazarovitz_46.htm |website=Espacio Latino |publisher=Semanario Hebreo |access-date=23 September 2014 |language=es |date=13 July 2006}}</ref> and later they were expressly disclaimed by several former hostages as a "myth" or a manipulation by "sensation-hungry journalists and film-makers."<ref name="Hartuv" /><ref name="Rosenkovitch" /><ref name=Goldberg />}} Yayin da suka yi haka, wani wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust ya nuna wa mai satar Wilfried Böse lambar rajista ta sansanin da aka yi masa tattoo a hannunsa. Böse ya nuna rashin amincewa "Ni ba Nazi bane! ... Ni mai son zuciya ne".&nbsp;Bugu da kari, an tilasta wa 'yan gudun hijira biyar da ba 'yan Isra'ila ba - ma'aurata Yahudawa biyu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga Amurka da Belgium da kuma mazaunin Faransa na Isra'ila - su shiga ƙungiyar Isra'ila.<ref name="Epstein" /> A cewar Monique Epstein Khalepski, wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi a Faransa daga cikin biyar, masu kama su sun ware su don yin tambayoyi kuma suna zargin su da ɓoye asalin Isra'ila. A gefe guda, a cewar mai garkuwa da Faransa Michel Cojot-Goldberg, masu kama sun kasa gano akalla Isra'ila daya daga cikin fasinjojin da ya kasance jami'in soja tare da 'yan ƙasa biyu sannan ta amfani da fasfo din da ba na Isra'ila ba kuma daga baya aka sake shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sakin na biyu na wadanda ba na Israʼila ba. Dan ƙasar Amurka Janet Almog, 'yar Faransa Jocelyne Monier (wanda mijinta ko saurayinta Isra'ila ne), da kuma ɗan ƙasar Faransa da Isra'ila mai suna Jean-Jacques Mimouni, wanda ba a kira sunansa ba yayin karatun jerin fasfo na asali, an ruwaito sun shiga ƙungiyar masu garkuwa da Isra'ilawa ta hanyar zaɓin kansu. === Saki mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan Isra'ila ba === A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 'yan fashi sun saki mutane 48 da aka yi garkuwa da su. An saki daga cikin wadanda ba 'yan Isra'ila ba - galibi tsofaffi da marasa lafiya fasinjoji da uwaye da yara. Kashi arba'in da bakwai daga cikinsu an tashi da Air France Boeing 747 daga Entebbe zuwa Paris, kuma an kula da fasinja daya a asibiti na rana daya. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, bayan da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta gabatar da yarjejeniyarta ga tattaunawar, masu garkuwa da mutane sun tsawaita wa'adin su zuwa tsakar rana a ranar 4 ga watan Yul kuma sun saki wani rukuni na 100 wadanda ba 'yan Isra'ila ba wadanda aka sake kai su Paris bayan 'yan sa'o'i. Daga cikin mutane 106 da aka yi garkuwa da su a bayan su tare da masu kama su a filin jirgin saman Entebbe akwai mambobi 12 na ma'aikatan Air France waɗanda suka ki barin, kimanin matasa Faransanci goma, da ƙungiyar Isra'ila na kimanin mutane 84.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=David |date=3 August 2006 |title=A historic hostage-taking revisited |url=https://www.jpost.com/features/a-historic-hostage-taking-revisited |access-date=4 July 2018 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> == Amsar Isra'ila == A cikin mako kafin harin, Isra'ila ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi amfani da hanyoyin siyasa don samun sakin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su. Yawancin kafofin sun nuna cewa majalisar ministocin Isra'ila ta shirya don sakin fursunonin Palasdinawa idan mafita ta soja ba za ta yi nasara ba. Wani jami'in IDF da ya yi ritaya, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, ya san Idi Amin shekaru da yawa kuma an dauke shi da dangantaka mai karfi da shi. A buƙatar majalisar ministoci, ya yi magana da Amin a waya sau da yawa, yana ƙoƙarin samun sakin waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su, ba tare da nasara ba. Har ila yau, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta kusanci gwamnatin Amurka don isar da sako ga shugaban Masar [[Anwar Sadat]], yana rokonsa ya nemi Amin ya saki wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversation between Henry Kissinger and Israeli Ambassador Simch Dinitz, 30 June 1976 |url=https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS%5Ckissinger%5C0000C08F.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913032323/https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS%5Ckissinger%5C0000C08F.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2019 |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Firayim Minista Yitzhak Rabin da Ministan Tsaro Shimon Peres sun kwashe mako guda ba tare da amincewa da ko za su ba da bukatun masu satar mutane (matsayin Rabin) ko a'a, don hana karin ta'addanci (matsayi na Firayim Ministan). A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, majalisar ministocin Isra'ila ta ba da shawarar yin shawarwari tare da masu satar don tsawaita lokacin zuwa 4 ga watan Yuli. Amin ya kuma nemi su tsawaita lokacin da aka ƙayyade har zuwa wannan ranar. Wannan yana nufin zai iya yin tafiyar diflomasiyya zuwa [[Port Louis]], Mauritius, don ba da shugabancin Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka ga Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. Wannan tsawaita lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da shi ya zama mahimmanci don samar da sojojin Isra'ila isasshen lokaci don isa Entebbe. A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin da karfe 18:30, majalisar ministocin Isra'ila ta amince da aikin ceto da Manjo Janar Yekutiel Adam da Brigadier Janar Dan Shomron suka gabatar. An nada Shomron a matsayin kwamandan aikin.<ref name="ediary">{{Cite web |title=Israel Defense Forces&nbsp;– Entebbe Diary |url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/console/article_page.aspx?doc_id=23016&lang=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209010738/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/console/article_page.aspx?doc_id=23016&lang=english |archive-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> === Kasancewar Masar da PLO da gazawar diflomasiyya === Yayin da rikicin ya ci gaba, an yi ƙoƙari don tattauna batun sakin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su. A cewar takardun diflomasiyya da aka bayyana, gwamnatin Masar a karkashin Sadat ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna da PLO da gwamnatin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 6 July 1976 |url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=172177&dt=2082&dl=1345 |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1976 |url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=181803&dt=2082&dl=1345 |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Shugaban PLO [[Yasser Arafat]] ya aika da mataimakinsa na siyasa Hani al-Hassan zuwa Uganda a matsayin wakili na musamman don tattaunawa tare da masu garkuwa da mutane da Amin. Koyaya, masu satar PFLP-EO sun ki ganinsa. === Shirye-shiryen Sojojin Isra'ila === [[Amnon Biran]], jami'in leken asiri na aikin, daga baya ya bayyana cewa ba a san yadda filin jirgin sama yake ba, kamar yadda ainihin wurin da aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma ko an shirya ginin da fashewa. ==== Jirgin sama mai ==== While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity to aerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While several East African nations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} Harin ba zai iya ci gaba ba tare da taimakon akalla gwamnatin Gabashin Afirka ba. Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta sami izini daga Kenya don rundunar IDF ta tsallaka sararin samaniya na Kenya da man fetur a [[Filin jirgin saman Nairobi|Filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta]] na yau. Ministan Noma na Kenya Bruce MacKenzie ya shawo kan Shugaban Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya ba da izinin Mossad don tattara bayanan sirri kafin aikin, da kuma ba da damar Sojojin Sama na Isra'ila su shiga filin jirgin saman Nairobi. Tallafin MacKenzie ga aikin ya zo ne bayan Sir Maurice Oldfield, shugaban hukumar leken asiri ta MI6 ta [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] a lokacin, ya sanya lambobinsa a Mossad tare da MacKenzie, wanda ya kasance mai hulɗa da MI6 na ɗan lokaci. Mai mallakar otal-otal na Block a Kenya, tare da sauran mambobin al'ummar Yahudawa da Isra'ila a [[Nairobi]], na iya amfani da tasirin siyasa da tattalin arziki don taimakawa shawo kan Shugaban Kenya Jomo Kenyatta don taimakawa Isra'ila.{{Sfn|Dunstan|2011}} Jakadan Uganda a [[Lesotho]], Isaac Lumago ya ji wasu bayanai game da aikin daga jami'an Sojojin Sama na Kenya waɗanda ke tattauna yiwuwar biyan diyya na Isra'ila don taimakon kuma ya tura bayanin ga kwamandan Uganda Isaac Maliyamungu . Maliyamungu bai faɗakar da Amin ba ko kuma ya dauki wani mataki a kan bayanan sirri da ake zargin ya watsar da rahoton a matsayin "gasiya" (sharar gida). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Ben |date=4 July 2016 |title=Operation Thunderbolt: Daring and Luck |url=https://cija.ca/operation-thunderbolt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417165936/https://cija.ca/operation-thunderbolt/ |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=[[Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocen |first=Felix |date=11 August 2019 |title=Rise of Maliyamungu from gatekeeper to Amin's right-hand man |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/Maliyamungu-gatekeeper-Amin--man-Farouk-Minawa/689844-5230706-56fjh9z/index.html |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> A cewar dan Amin, Jaffar Remo, shugaban Uganda har yanzu ya sami damar karɓar gargadi na Lumago ta hanyar tarho kuma, bayan kammala aikinsa a taron OAU, ya shiga jirgin sama ya tashi ya koma Uganda.<ref name="eichner" /> Wani tsohon jami'in leken asiri na Uganda, Ofishin Bincike na Jiha, ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Lumago ya sanar da Amin game da harin da ke gabatowa. Wakilin ya bayyana cewa Amin ya firgita da yiwuwar ramuwar gayya idan dakarunsa sun yi yaƙi da sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ake zargin ya haifar da umarnin cewa Sojojin Uganda kada su bude wuta a kan jirgin Isra'ila yayin yiwuwar hari.{{Sfn|Seftel|2010}} ==== Labarin Mossad ==== Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris. Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted with Solel Boneh, a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wars and Operations: Operation Thunderball ("Entebbe") |url=http://www.iaf.org.il/4694-33040-he/IAF.aspx |publisher=[[Israel Air Force]](official website) |language=he}}</ref> While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} Babban jami'in IDF Muki Betser daga baya ya yi tsokaci a cikin wata hira cewa jami'an Mossad sun yi hira da yawa ga wadanda aka saki. Ya ce wani fasinja na Faransa-Yahudawa wanda ke da tarihin soja da "tunanin ban mamaki" ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yawan makamai da masu garkuwa suka ɗauka. Rundunar sojan ƙasa ta Isra'ila ta ƙidaya kusan ma'aikata 100, kuma ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu zuwa: <ref name="ediary" /> : Wannan ƙaramin rukuni ya ƙunshi aikin da kwamandan ƙasa gaba ɗaya, Brigadier Janar Dan Shomron, wakilin rundunar sojan sama Colonel Ami Ayalon, da ma'aikatan sadarwa da tallafi. ===== Harin ===== : Wani rukuni na mutum 29 karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant Col. Yonatan Netanyahu - wannan rundunar ta kunshi kwamandoji ne daga Sayeret Matkal, kuma an ba ta babban aikin kai hari kan tsohuwar tashar da kuma ceto masu garkuwa. Manjo Betser ya jagoranci daya daga cikin kungiyoyin hare-hare, kuma ya dauki umurni bayan an kashe Laftanar Col. Netanyahu. # Sojojin Paratroopers karkashin jagorancin Col. Matan Vilnai - wanda aka ba da aikin tabbatar da filin jirgin sama na farar hula, sharewa da tabbatar da tituna, da kariya da man fetur na jirgin saman Isra'ila a Entebbe. # Sojojin Golani karkashin jagorancin Col. Uri Sagi - wanda aka ba shi aiki tare da tabbatar da jirgin saman C-130 Hercules don kwashe masu garkuwa, yana kusa da tashar kuma yana shiga cikin masu garkuwa; kuma tare da aiki a matsayin janar. # Sojojin Sayeret Matkal karkashin jagorancin Manjo Shaul Mofaz - wanda aka ba shi aikin share filin jirgin sama na soja, da kuma lalata ƙungiyar jiragen yaki na MiG a ƙasa, don hana duk wani yiwuwar tsayar da [[Uganda Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Uganda]]; kuma tare da dakatar da sojojin ƙasa masu adawa daga birnin Entebbe. [[File:Entebbe_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na birnin Entebbe da Filin jirgin saman Entebbe a faɗuwar rana]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o69t7gdqwisnvdxberig23id075dj72 966345 966324 2026-10-11T16:26:44Z Almustapha bk 49060 966345 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Notelist}}{{Databox}} '''Harin Entebbe''', wanda aka fi sani da Operation Entebbe kuma a hukumance ana kiransa Operation Thunderbolt (daga baya Operation Yonatan), wani aikin yaki da ta'addanci ne na Isra'ila a 3 ga Yulin 1976 a [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu|Uganda]] . An kaddamar da shi ne don mayar da martani ga satar jirgin Air France daga Tel Aviv zuwa Paris da mambobin PFLP-EO da Jamusanci Revolutionary Cells, wadanda suka karkatar da jirgin zuwa Filin jirgin saman Entebbe tare da goyon bayan mai mulkin kama-karya na Uganda [[Idi Amin]]. == Kashewa == A ranar 27 ga Yuni 1976, Jirgin Air France Flight 139, wani [[Airbus A300]]-203 da aka yi [[Aircraft registration|rajista]] a matsayin F-BVGG tare da lambar serial 019, ya tashi daga [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], [[Israelis|Isra'ila]], dauke da fasinjoji 246 galibi Yahudawa da Isra'ila da ma'aikata 12. Jirgin ya tashi zuwa Athens, Girka, inda ya ɗauki ƙarin fasinjoji 58, ciki har da masu satar mutane huɗu.{{Efn|Sources state varying numbers of passengers, between 228 and 246; the higher figure is taken from ''The New York Times''.}} Ya tashi zuwa Paris da karfe 12:30 na yamma. &nbsp;Bayan tashi, [[Falasdinawa]] biyu daga Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - External Operations (PFLP-EO), Jayel al-Arja da Fayez Abdul-Rahim al Jaber, da Jamusawa biyu, [[Wilfried Böse]] da [[Brigitte Kuhlmann]], daga Jamusawa Juyin Juya Halin Jamus sun sace jirgin. Masu satar jirgin sun karkatar da jirgin zuwa [[Benghazi]], Libya. A can an gudanar da shi a ƙasa na sa'o'i bakwai don man fetur. A wannan lokacin masu satar sun saki 'yar ƙasar Isra'ila mai suna Patricia Martell, wacce ta yi kamar tana da [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]]. Jirgin ya bar Benghazi kuma a 3:15 na yamma a ranar 28 ga Yuni, fiye da sa'o'i 24 bayan tashi na farko, ya isa [[Entebbe International Airport|Filin jirgin saman Entebbe]] a Uganda.<ref name="Ynet20062" />&nbsp; === Yanayin da ke Filin jirgin saman Entebbe na Uganda === A Entebbe, akalla wasu mutane hudu ne suka haɗu da masu satar mutane guda huɗu, tare da goyon bayan sojojin shugaban Uganda, [[Idi Amin]] . Masu satar jirgin sun tura fasinjojin zuwa zauren wucewa na tsohon tashar jirgin sama inda suka ajiye su a karkashin tsaro na kwanaki masu zuwa. Amin ya ziyarci masu garkuwa kusan kowace rana, yana sabunta su kan abubuwan da suka faru kuma yana alkawarin yin amfani da kokarinsa don a 'yantar da su ta hanyar tattaunawa. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, wani mai satar PFLP-EO ya ba da sanarwa kuma ya tsara bukatun su. Baya ga fansa na dala miliyan 5 don sakin jirgin sama, sun bukaci a saki mayakan Palasdinawa da masu goyon bayan Palasdinawa 53, 40 daga cikinsu fursunoni ne a Isra'ila.{{Sfn|Dunstan|2011}}&nbsp;Sun yi barazanar cewa idan ba a cika waɗannan buƙatun ba, za su fara kashe masu garkuwa a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1976. === Rabuwa da masu garkuwa === A ranar 29 ga Yuni, bayan da sojojin Uganda suka bude kofar wani dakin da ke kusa da zauren jira mai cike da mutane ta hanyar lalata bango mai rabawa, masu satar sun raba Isra'ilawa (ciki har da wadanda ke da 'yan ƙasa biyu) daga sauran masu garkuwa kuma sun gaya musu su koma dakin da ke makwabtaka.{{Efn|Claims by various authors that the separation was made between Jews and non-Jews<ref>{{cite web |title=1976 Operation Entebbe |url=http://www.idfblog.com/about-the-idf/history-of-the-idf/1976-operation-entebbe/ |website=IDF blog |publisher=Israeli Defense Forces |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012105140/https://www.idfblog.com/about-the-idf/history-of-the-idf/1976-operation-entebbe/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> are in conflict with eyewitness accounts<ref name="Freed Hostages Tell Their Story">{{cite news |title=Freed Hostages Tell Their Story |url=https://www.jta.org/1976/07/02/archive/freed-hostages-tell-their-story |access-date=23 September 2014 |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=2 July 1976}}</ref><ref name="Ofer1976" /><ref name=Moufflet>{{cite book |last1=Moufflet |first1=Claude |title=Otages à Kampala |date=1976 |publisher=Presses de la Cité |page=82 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Epstein" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jerozolimski |first1=Ana |title=Ada Lazarovitz (46), que hace 30 años fuera una de las rehenes en el avión de Air France secuestrado por terroristas en Entebbe, recuerda su liberación. |url=http://letras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com/jerozolimski/ada_lazarovitz_46.htm |website=Espacio Latino |publisher=Semanario Hebreo |access-date=23 September 2014 |language=es |date=13 July 2006}}</ref> and later they were expressly disclaimed by several former hostages as a "myth" or a manipulation by "sensation-hungry journalists and film-makers."<ref name="Hartuv" /><ref name="Rosenkovitch" /><ref name=Goldberg />}} Yayin da suka yi haka, wani wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust ya nuna wa mai satar Wilfried Böse lambar rajista ta sansanin da aka yi masa tattoo a hannunsa. Böse ya nuna rashin amincewa "Ni ba Nazi bane! ... Ni mai son zuciya ne".&nbsp;Bugu da kari, an tilasta wa 'yan gudun hijira biyar da ba 'yan Isra'ila ba - ma'aurata Yahudawa biyu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga Amurka da Belgium da kuma mazaunin Faransa na Isra'ila - su shiga ƙungiyar Isra'ila.<ref name="Epstein" /> A cewar Monique Epstein Khalepski, wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi a Faransa daga cikin biyar, masu kama su sun ware su don yin tambayoyi kuma suna zargin su da ɓoye asalin Isra'ila. A gefe guda, a cewar mai garkuwa da Faransa Michel Cojot-Goldberg, masu kama sun kasa gano akalla Isra'ila daya daga cikin fasinjojin da ya kasance jami'in soja tare da 'yan ƙasa biyu sannan ta amfani da fasfo din da ba na Isra'ila ba kuma daga baya aka sake shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sakin na biyu na wadanda ba na Israʼila ba. Dan ƙasar Amurka Janet Almog, 'yar Faransa Jocelyne Monier (wanda mijinta ko saurayinta Isra'ila ne), da kuma ɗan ƙasar Faransa da Isra'ila mai suna Jean-Jacques Mimouni, wanda ba a kira sunansa ba yayin karatun jerin fasfo na asali, an ruwaito sun shiga ƙungiyar masu garkuwa da Isra'ilawa ta hanyar zaɓin kansu. === Saki mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan Isra'ila ba === A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 'yan fashi sun saki mutane 48 da aka yi garkuwa da su. An saki daga cikin wadanda ba 'yan Isra'ila ba - galibi tsofaffi da marasa lafiya fasinjoji da uwaye da yara. Kashi arba'in da bakwai daga cikinsu an tashi da Air France Boeing 747 daga Entebbe zuwa Paris, kuma an kula da fasinja daya a asibiti na rana daya. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, bayan da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta gabatar da yarjejeniyarta ga tattaunawar, masu garkuwa da mutane sun tsawaita wa'adin su zuwa tsakar rana a ranar 4 ga watan Yul kuma sun saki wani rukuni na 100 wadanda ba 'yan Isra'ila ba wadanda aka sake kai su Paris bayan 'yan sa'o'i. Daga cikin mutane 106 da aka yi garkuwa da su a bayan su tare da masu kama su a filin jirgin saman Entebbe akwai mambobi 12 na ma'aikatan Air France waɗanda suka ki barin, kimanin matasa Faransanci goma, da ƙungiyar Isra'ila na kimanin mutane 84.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=David |date=3 August 2006 |title=A historic hostage-taking revisited |url=https://www.jpost.com/features/a-historic-hostage-taking-revisited |access-date=4 July 2018 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> == Amsar Isra'ila == A cikin mako kafin harin, Isra'ila ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi amfani da hanyoyin siyasa don samun sakin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su. Yawancin kafofin sun nuna cewa majalisar ministocin Isra'ila ta shirya don sakin fursunonin Palasdinawa idan mafita ta soja ba za ta yi nasara ba. Wani jami'in IDF da ya yi ritaya, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, ya san Idi Amin shekaru da yawa kuma an dauke shi da dangantaka mai karfi da shi. A buƙatar majalisar ministoci, ya yi magana da Amin a waya sau da yawa, yana ƙoƙarin samun sakin waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su, ba tare da nasara ba. Har ila yau, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta kusanci gwamnatin Amurka don isar da sako ga shugaban Masar [[Anwar Sadat]], yana rokonsa ya nemi Amin ya saki wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversation between Henry Kissinger and Israeli Ambassador Simch Dinitz, 30 June 1976 |url=https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS%5Ckissinger%5C0000C08F.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913032323/https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS%5Ckissinger%5C0000C08F.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2019 |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Firayim Minista Yitzhak Rabin da Ministan Tsaro Shimon Peres sun kwashe mako guda ba tare da amincewa da ko za su ba da bukatun masu satar mutane (matsayin Rabin) ko a'a, don hana karin ta'addanci (matsayi na Firayim Ministan). A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, majalisar ministocin Isra'ila ta ba da shawarar yin shawarwari tare da masu satar don tsawaita lokacin zuwa 4 ga watan Yuli. Amin ya kuma nemi su tsawaita lokacin da aka ƙayyade har zuwa wannan ranar. Wannan yana nufin zai iya yin tafiyar diflomasiyya zuwa [[Port Louis]], Mauritius, don ba da shugabancin Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka ga Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. Wannan tsawaita lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da shi ya zama mahimmanci don samar da sojojin Isra'ila isasshen lokaci don isa Entebbe. A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin da karfe 18:30, majalisar ministocin Isra'ila ta amince da aikin ceto da Manjo Janar Yekutiel Adam da Brigadier Janar Dan Shomron suka gabatar. An nada Shomron a matsayin kwamandan aikin.<ref name="ediary">{{Cite web |title=Israel Defense Forces&nbsp;– Entebbe Diary |url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/console/article_page.aspx?doc_id=23016&lang=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209010738/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/console/article_page.aspx?doc_id=23016&lang=english |archive-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> === Kasancewar Masar da PLO da gazawar diflomasiyya === Yayin da rikicin ya ci gaba, an yi ƙoƙari don tattauna batun sakin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su. A cewar takardun diflomasiyya da aka bayyana, gwamnatin Masar a karkashin Sadat ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna da PLO da gwamnatin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 6 July 1976 |url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=172177&dt=2082&dl=1345 |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1976 |url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=181803&dt=2082&dl=1345 |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Shugaban PLO [[Yasser Arafat]] ya aika da mataimakinsa na siyasa Hani al-Hassan zuwa Uganda a matsayin wakili na musamman don tattaunawa tare da masu garkuwa da mutane da Amin. Koyaya, masu satar PFLP-EO sun ki ganinsa. === Shirye-shiryen Sojojin Isra'ila === [[Amnon Biran]], jami'in leken asiri na aikin, daga baya ya bayyana cewa ba a san yadda filin jirgin sama yake ba, kamar yadda ainihin wurin da aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma ko an shirya ginin da fashewa. ==== Jirgin sama mai ==== While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity to aerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While several East African nations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} Harin ba zai iya ci gaba ba tare da taimakon akalla gwamnatin Gabashin Afirka ba. Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta sami izini daga Kenya don rundunar IDF ta tsallaka sararin samaniya na Kenya da man fetur a [[Filin jirgin saman Nairobi|Filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta]] na yau. Ministan Noma na Kenya Bruce MacKenzie ya shawo kan Shugaban Kenya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya ba da izinin Mossad don tattara bayanan sirri kafin aikin, da kuma ba da damar Sojojin Sama na Isra'ila su shiga filin jirgin saman Nairobi. Tallafin MacKenzie ga aikin ya zo ne bayan Sir Maurice Oldfield, shugaban hukumar leken asiri ta MI6 ta [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] a lokacin, ya sanya lambobinsa a Mossad tare da MacKenzie, wanda ya kasance mai hulɗa da MI6 na ɗan lokaci. Mai mallakar otal-otal na Block a Kenya, tare da sauran mambobin al'ummar Yahudawa da Isra'ila a [[Nairobi]], na iya amfani da tasirin siyasa da tattalin arziki don taimakawa shawo kan Shugaban Kenya Jomo Kenyatta don taimakawa Isra'ila.{{Sfn|Dunstan|2011}} Jakadan Uganda a [[Lesotho]], Isaac Lumago ya ji wasu bayanai game da aikin daga jami'an Sojojin Sama na Kenya waɗanda ke tattauna yiwuwar biyan diyya na Isra'ila don taimakon kuma ya tura bayanin ga kwamandan Uganda Isaac Maliyamungu . Maliyamungu bai faɗakar da Amin ba ko kuma ya dauki wani mataki a kan bayanan sirri da ake zargin ya watsar da rahoton a matsayin "gasiya" (sharar gida). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Ben |date=4 July 2016 |title=Operation Thunderbolt: Daring and Luck |url=https://cija.ca/operation-thunderbolt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417165936/https://cija.ca/operation-thunderbolt/ |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=[[Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocen |first=Felix |date=11 August 2019 |title=Rise of Maliyamungu from gatekeeper to Amin's right-hand man |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/Maliyamungu-gatekeeper-Amin--man-Farouk-Minawa/689844-5230706-56fjh9z/index.html |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> A cewar dan Amin, Jaffar Remo, shugaban Uganda har yanzu ya sami damar karɓar gargadi na Lumago ta hanyar tarho kuma, bayan kammala aikinsa a taron OAU, ya shiga jirgin sama ya tashi ya koma Uganda.<ref name="eichner" /> Wani tsohon jami'in leken asiri na Uganda, Ofishin Bincike na Jiha, ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Lumago ya sanar da Amin game da harin da ke gabatowa. Wakilin ya bayyana cewa Amin ya firgita da yiwuwar ramuwar gayya idan dakarunsa sun yi yaƙi da sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ake zargin ya haifar da umarnin cewa Sojojin Uganda kada su bude wuta a kan jirgin Isra'ila yayin yiwuwar hari.{{Sfn|Seftel|2010}} ==== Labarin Mossad ==== Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris. Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted with Solel Boneh, a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wars and Operations: Operation Thunderball ("Entebbe") |url=http://www.iaf.org.il/4694-33040-he/IAF.aspx |publisher=[[Israel Air Force]](official website) |language=he}}</ref> While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} Babban jami'in IDF Muki Betser daga baya ya yi tsokaci a cikin wata hira cewa jami'an Mossad sun yi hira da yawa ga wadanda aka saki. Ya ce wani fasinja na Faransa-Yahudawa wanda ke da tarihin soja da "tunanin ban mamaki" ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yawan makamai da masu garkuwa suka ɗauka. Rundunar sojan ƙasa ta Isra'ila ta ƙidaya kusan ma'aikata 100, kuma ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu zuwa: <ref name="ediary" /> : Wannan ƙaramin rukuni ya ƙunshi aikin da kwamandan ƙasa gaba ɗaya, Brigadier Janar Dan Shomron, wakilin rundunar sojan sama Colonel Ami Ayalon, da ma'aikatan sadarwa da tallafi. ===== Harin ===== : Wani rukuni na mutum 29 karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant Col. Yonatan Netanyahu - wannan rundunar ta kunshi kwamandoji ne daga Sayeret Matkal, kuma an ba ta babban aikin kai hari kan tsohuwar tashar da kuma ceto masu garkuwa. Manjo Betser ya jagoranci daya daga cikin kungiyoyin hare-hare, kuma ya dauki umurni bayan an kashe Laftanar Col. Netanyahu. # Sojojin Paratroopers karkashin jagorancin Col. Matan Vilnai - wanda aka ba da aikin tabbatar da filin jirgin sama na farar hula, sharewa da tabbatar da tituna, da kariya da man fetur na jirgin saman Isra'ila a Entebbe. # Sojojin Golani karkashin jagorancin Col. Uri Sagi - wanda aka ba shi aiki tare da tabbatar da jirgin saman C-130 Hercules don kwashe masu garkuwa, yana kusa da tashar kuma yana shiga cikin masu garkuwa; kuma tare da aiki a matsayin janar. # Sojojin Sayeret Matkal karkashin jagorancin Manjo Shaul Mofaz - wanda aka ba shi aikin share filin jirgin sama na soja, da kuma lalata ƙungiyar jiragen yaki na MiG a ƙasa, don hana duk wani yiwuwar tsayar da [[Uganda Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Uganda]]; kuma tare da dakatar da sojojin ƙasa masu adawa daga birnin Entebbe. [[File:Entebbe_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na birnin Entebbe da Filin jirgin saman Entebbe a faɗuwar rana]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n4i92g057hwkwxsqisoldozmt48rbai Evarcha pinguis 0 178915 966325 2026-10-11T16:23:54Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1251117854|Evarcha pinguis]]" 966325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha pinguis''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Habasha. Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2008. Gizo-gizo ya fi sauran nau'in girma, tare da cephalothorax mai girman {{Convert|3.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi da ciki tsakanin {{Convert|4.7|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Gizo-gizon yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da gashi banda wani sirara mai haske a bayan carapace da kuma wani tsari na ƙananan chevrons a bayan ciki. Kafafun suna da launin ruwan kasa, na gaba hudu sun fi sauran kauri da gajeru. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna da bambanci. Macen ta nuna alamun sclerosis har zuwa ƙarshen farjinta . Ba a bayyana namijin ba. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha pinguis'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2008. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha pinguis'' Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29407/Evarcha_pinguis |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin dabbobi na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Duk da shakku, galibi saboda girman gizo-gizon da ba a saba gani ba, sun rarraba shi ga nau'in ''Evarcha'' maimakon ''Hyllus'' . {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "mai kama da jiki". {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Eugène Simon ne ya fara tsara shi a shekarar 1902, ''kuma'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da membobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Ya fi kusa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in halittar ''Evawes'' a shekarar 2018 bisa la'akari da gabobinsa na jima'i da kuma yadda suka bambanta da sauran gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' . Sabon sunan jinsin shine haɗin ''Evacha'' da Wesołowska. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha pinguis'' babban gizo-gizo ne mai duhu da gashi. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: wani zagaye mai siffar cephalothorax da kuma ciki wanda ya fi kama da ɗigon hawaye. Mace tana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|3.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace ɗin, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da siffar oval da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da ɗigon haske a tsakiya. Akwai dogayen gashi masu launin ruwan kasa da kuma gashin gashi masu launin toka mai yawa a ko'ina cikin gashin carapace, gashin launin toka ya fi kauri a kan ido . Idanun suna kewaye da ƙananan sifofi masu launin toka da dogayen gashin gashi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙwanƙolin ƙasa, launin ruwan ƙasa ne mai haske da tsakiya. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana rufe da fararen gashi waɗanda suma ke samar da ɗigon gashi a ƙarƙashin idanun waje. Chelicerae suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Yana da haƙori ɗaya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Cikin gizo-gizo yawanci yana da girman {{Convert|4.7|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|3.3|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da tsarin faci masu launin toka-toka waɗanda ke yin layi a tsakiya. Faci na gaba suna yin siffar V mai shimfiɗa. Akwai wani abu mai kama da gajerun gashi masu duhu, waɗanda aka haɗa su da wasu dogayen gashi masu launin ruwan kasa da launin toka. Ƙasan ƙasa duhu ne. Kafafun suna da launin ruwan kasa, haka ma ƙafafun . Kafafu huɗu na gaba sun fi sauran gajeru kuma sun fi kauri. Duk an lulluɓe su da dogayen gashi masu launin ruwan kasa da launin toka. Suna kuma da ƙasusuwa da yawa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Baya ga girman gizo-gizo, gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. Epigyne yana da babban rami mai zagaye wanda wani ɓangare na fitar da wani abu mai kakin zuma ke toshe shi. Gefunan suna da alamun sclerosis da ake iya gani. [1] A gefen akwai ramuka biyu na haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke haifar da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa masu sauƙi da kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin maniyyi masu sauƙi. [1] Wannan tsarin ciki yana kama da na Evarcha zougoussi mai alaƙa. Ƙarfin sclerotization akan epigyne ne ke taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in. [1] Ba a gano namijin ba. [1] == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} Kodayake ana samun nau'in jinsin a duk faɗin Afirka, ''Evarcha pinguis'' yana da yawa ga Habasha. <ref name="wsc" /> An gano holotype ɗin a kusa da tafkin Hora Crater, Debre Zeit, a shekarar 1987 a tsayin {{Convert|1900|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku . Gizo-gizo yana zaune a tsakanin ciyawa mai tsayi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} == Manazarta == hqgk8f4wx8xh0cfeyrg532rg0iho17g 966330 966325 2026-10-11T16:24:31Z Sardeeq 39275 966330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha pinguis''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Habasha. Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2008. Gizo-gizo ya fi sauran nau'in girma, tare da cephalothorax mai girman {{Convert|3.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi da ciki tsakanin {{Convert|4.7|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Gizo-gizon yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da gashi banda wani sirara mai haske a bayan carapace da kuma wani tsari na ƙananan chevrons a bayan ciki. Kafafun suna da launin ruwan kasa, na gaba hudu sun fi sauran kauri da gajeru. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna da bambanci. Macen ta nuna alamun sclerosis har zuwa ƙarshen farjinta . Ba a bayyana namijin ba. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha pinguis'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2008. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha pinguis'' Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29407/Evarcha_pinguis |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin dabbobi na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Duk da shakku, galibi saboda girman gizo-gizon da ba a saba gani ba, sun rarraba shi ga nau'in ''Evarcha'' maimakon ''Hyllus'' . {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "mai kama da jiki". {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Eugène Simon ne ya fara tsara shi a shekarar 1902, ''kuma'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da membobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Ya fi kusa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizon a cikin wani sabon nau'in halittar ''Evawes'' a shekarar 2018 bisa la'akari da gabobinsa na jima'i da kuma yadda suka bambanta da sauran gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' . Sabon sunan jinsin shine haɗin ''Evacha'' da Wesołowska. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Ba a yarda da wannan suna ba sosai kuma nau'in ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin Katalogin Duniya na Spider . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha pinguis'' babban gizo-gizo ne mai duhu da gashi. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: wani zagaye mai siffar cephalothorax da kuma ciki wanda ya fi kama da ɗigon hawaye. Mace tana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|3.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.9|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace ɗin, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da siffar oval da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da ɗigon haske a tsakiya. Akwai dogayen gashi masu launin ruwan kasa da kuma gashin gashi masu launin toka mai yawa a ko'ina cikin gashin carapace, gashin launin toka ya fi kauri a kan ido . Idanun suna kewaye da ƙananan sifofi masu launin toka da dogayen gashin gashi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙwanƙolin ƙasa, launin ruwan ƙasa ne mai haske da tsakiya. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana rufe da fararen gashi waɗanda suma ke samar da ɗigon gashi a ƙarƙashin idanun waje. Chelicerae suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Yana da haƙori ɗaya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Cikin gizo-gizo yawanci yana da girman {{Convert|4.7|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|3.3|mm|in|2}} a ciki. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da tsarin faci masu launin toka-toka waɗanda ke yin layi a tsakiya. Faci na gaba suna yin siffar V mai shimfiɗa. Akwai wani abu mai kama da gajerun gashi masu duhu, waɗanda aka haɗa su da wasu dogayen gashi masu launin ruwan kasa da launin toka. Ƙasan ƙasa duhu ne. Kafafun suna da launin ruwan kasa, haka ma ƙafafun . Kafafu huɗu na gaba sun fi sauran gajeru kuma sun fi kauri. Duk an lulluɓe su da dogayen gashi masu launin ruwan kasa da launin toka. Suna kuma da ƙasusuwa da yawa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Baya ga girman gizo-gizo, gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. Epigyne yana da babban rami mai zagaye wanda wani ɓangare na fitar da wani abu mai kakin zuma ke toshe shi. Gefunan suna da alamun sclerosis da ake iya gani. [1] A gefen akwai ramuka biyu na haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke haifar da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa masu sauƙi da kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin maniyyi masu sauƙi. [1] Wannan tsarin ciki yana kama da na Evarcha zougoussi mai alaƙa. Ƙarfin sclerotization akan epigyne ne ke taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in. [1] Ba a gano namijin ba. [1] == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Gizo-gizon ''Evarcha'' suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} Kodayake ana samun nau'in jinsin a duk faɗin Afirka, ''Evarcha pinguis'' yana da yawa ga Habasha. <ref name="wsc" /> An gano holotype ɗin a kusa da tafkin Hora Crater, Debre Zeit, a shekarar 1987 a tsayin {{Convert|1900|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku . Gizo-gizo yana zaune a tsakanin ciyawa mai tsayi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} == Manazarta == t4b32oe4jr21gqssow8koiy4lbuhz9i Behind the Scenes (fim na 2025) 0 178916 966333 2026-10-11T16:25:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630070|Behind the Scenes (2025 film)]]" 966333 wikitext text/x-wiki Behind the Scenes fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Funke Akindele]] da Wendy Uwadiae Imasuen suka samar, kuma Akindele ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar Akindele, [[Tobi Bakre]], Vee, Iyabo Ojo, [[Scarlet Gomez]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], [[Uche Montana]], Ini Dima-Oie, [[Ibrahim Chatta]], Destiny Etiko, Mr Macaroni, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akintoye |first=Mayowa |date=2025-10-15 |title=Funke Akindele Unveils Behind The Scenes Release Date and Cast |url=https://nollywoodlife.ng/funke-akindele-unveils-behind-the-scenes-release-date-and-cast/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Nollywood Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Akindele ta sanar da fim din a lokacin bikin ranar haihuwarta ta 48, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'a, kuma mai zurfi". Behind the Scenes an fara shi ne a gidajen silima a duk faɗin ƙasar a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2025. Ya sami kyakkyawan bita gabaɗaya kuma ya tara sama da miliyan 500 a cikin makon farko da aka saki, ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don cimma nasarar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayobami |first=Ayooluwa |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's 'Behind The Scenes' Becomes Highest-Grossing Nollywood Film of 2025 |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-becomes-highest-grossing-nollywood-film-of-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Trending News}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Behind the Scenes ya ba da labarin Aderonke "Ronky-Fella" Faniran, wani ɗan kasuwa mai cin nasara wanda karimci ga dangi da abokai ya fara cutar da ita. Ta fara jin da kuma zargin cewa iyalinta da abokai ba su da ita kamar yadda take. Wannan abin da ya faru ya tilasta mata ta yanke shawara mai girma wanda ya sa ta ga mutane a cikin haske daban-daban, ta tayar da tambayoyi game da iyali, soyayya, iyakoki, da cin amana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's Behind the Scenes crosses N500M in two weeks |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/12/23/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-crosses-n500m-in-two-weeks/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Scarlet Gomez]] a matsayin Aderonke "Aronky-Fella" Faniran * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Adetutu Fernandez * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Adewale Fernandez * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Victor Ossai * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Segilola Fernandez * Iyabo Ojo a matsayin Alero * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]] a matsayin Johnson * Destiny Etiko a matsayin Oluchi * [[Ibrahim Chatta]] a matsayin Afeez * Batife Bentley a matsayin kansa * Victoria Adeyele == Fitarwa da saki == Co-producer Wendy Imasuen ya bayyana Behind the Scenes a matsayin "mai raɗaɗi" yana mai cewa kowa dole ne ya kasance a saman wasan su don yin fim din nasara. FilmOne Entertainment ta sami haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin a duniya, ta zama mai rarraba shi a hukumance. Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 512 a ofishin jakadancin da ya fito a matsayin fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don isa ga alamar.<ref name=":0" /> Akindele ta bayyana cewa ta kashe sama da biliyan 1 a kan aikin kuma ta bukaci magoya baya da su guji satar teku. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Behind the Scenes ya zama samuwa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2025. Fim din ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a cikin fina-finai, inda ya samu dala biliyan 2.7 a duk duniya kuma ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi girma a lokacin da aka saki shi. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="6" |2026 | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Scarlet Gomez]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |[[Funke Akindele]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |[[Uzor Arukwe]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Makeup |Feyisayo Oyebisi & Hakeem Onilogbo|{{Nom}} | |- |Fim mafi kyau |Funke Akindele|{{Nom}} | |- |Headies |Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali don Media |Funke Akindele & [[Tolu Obanro]]|{{Pending}} | |- |} 2f1lp3b66f1h0j718pf28tgusvb80mz 966335 966333 2026-10-11T16:25:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 966335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Behind the Scenes''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Funke Akindele]] da Wendy Uwadiae Imasuen suka samar, kuma Akindele ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar Akindele, [[Tobi Bakre]], Vee, Iyabo Ojo, [[Scarlet Gomez]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], [[Uche Montana]], Ini Dima-Oie, [[Ibrahim Chatta]], Destiny Etiko, Mr Macaroni, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akintoye |first=Mayowa |date=2025-10-15 |title=Funke Akindele Unveils Behind The Scenes Release Date and Cast |url=https://nollywoodlife.ng/funke-akindele-unveils-behind-the-scenes-release-date-and-cast/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Nollywood Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Akindele ta sanar da fim din a lokacin bikin ranar haihuwarta ta 48, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'a, kuma mai zurfi". Behind the Scenes an fara shi ne a gidajen silima a duk faɗin ƙasar a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2025. Ya sami kyakkyawan bita gabaɗaya kuma ya tara sama da miliyan 500 a cikin makon farko da aka saki, ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don cimma nasarar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayobami |first=Ayooluwa |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's 'Behind The Scenes' Becomes Highest-Grossing Nollywood Film of 2025 |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-becomes-highest-grossing-nollywood-film-of-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Trending News}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Behind the Scenes ya ba da labarin Aderonke "Ronky-Fella" Faniran, wani ɗan kasuwa mai cin nasara wanda karimci ga dangi da abokai ya fara cutar da ita. Ta fara jin da kuma zargin cewa iyalinta da abokai ba su da ita kamar yadda take. Wannan abin da ya faru ya tilasta mata ta yanke shawara mai girma wanda ya sa ta ga mutane a cikin haske daban-daban, ta tayar da tambayoyi game da iyali, soyayya, iyakoki, da cin amana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's Behind the Scenes crosses N500M in two weeks |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/12/23/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-crosses-n500m-in-two-weeks/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Scarlet Gomez]] a matsayin Aderonke "Aronky-Fella" Faniran * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Adetutu Fernandez * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Adewale Fernandez * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Victor Ossai * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Segilola Fernandez * Iyabo Ojo a matsayin Alero * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]] a matsayin Johnson * Destiny Etiko a matsayin Oluchi * [[Ibrahim Chatta]] a matsayin Afeez * Batife Bentley a matsayin kansa * Victoria Adeyele == Fitarwa da saki == Co-producer Wendy Imasuen ya bayyana Behind the Scenes a matsayin "mai raɗaɗi" yana mai cewa kowa dole ne ya kasance a saman wasan su don yin fim din nasara. FilmOne Entertainment ta sami haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin a duniya, ta zama mai rarraba shi a hukumance. Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 512 a ofishin jakadancin da ya fito a matsayin fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don isa ga alamar.<ref name=":0" /> Akindele ta bayyana cewa ta kashe sama da biliyan 1 a kan aikin kuma ta bukaci magoya baya da su guji satar teku. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Behind the Scenes ya zama samuwa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2025. Fim din ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a cikin fina-finai, inda ya samu dala biliyan 2.7 a duk duniya kuma ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi girma a lokacin da aka saki shi. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="6" |2026 | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Scarlet Gomez]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |[[Funke Akindele]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |[[Uzor Arukwe]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Makeup |Feyisayo Oyebisi & Hakeem Onilogbo|{{Nom}} | |- |Fim mafi kyau |Funke Akindele|{{Nom}} | |- |Headies |Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali don Media |Funke Akindele & [[Tolu Obanro]]|{{Pending}} | |- |} fmegvvxxnzk4974vuxlfg6z56bxji2g 966337 966335 2026-10-11T16:25:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Bayan Yanayi (fim na 2025)]] to [[Behind the Scenes (fim na 2025)]] 966335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Behind the Scenes''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Funke Akindele]] da Wendy Uwadiae Imasuen suka samar, kuma Akindele ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar Akindele, [[Tobi Bakre]], Vee, Iyabo Ojo, [[Scarlet Gomez]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], [[Uche Montana]], Ini Dima-Oie, [[Ibrahim Chatta]], Destiny Etiko, Mr Macaroni, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akintoye |first=Mayowa |date=2025-10-15 |title=Funke Akindele Unveils Behind The Scenes Release Date and Cast |url=https://nollywoodlife.ng/funke-akindele-unveils-behind-the-scenes-release-date-and-cast/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Nollywood Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Akindele ta sanar da fim din a lokacin bikin ranar haihuwarta ta 48, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'a, kuma mai zurfi". Behind the Scenes an fara shi ne a gidajen silima a duk faɗin ƙasar a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2025. Ya sami kyakkyawan bita gabaɗaya kuma ya tara sama da miliyan 500 a cikin makon farko da aka saki, ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don cimma nasarar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayobami |first=Ayooluwa |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's 'Behind The Scenes' Becomes Highest-Grossing Nollywood Film of 2025 |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-becomes-highest-grossing-nollywood-film-of-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Trending News}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Behind the Scenes ya ba da labarin Aderonke "Ronky-Fella" Faniran, wani ɗan kasuwa mai cin nasara wanda karimci ga dangi da abokai ya fara cutar da ita. Ta fara jin da kuma zargin cewa iyalinta da abokai ba su da ita kamar yadda take. Wannan abin da ya faru ya tilasta mata ta yanke shawara mai girma wanda ya sa ta ga mutane a cikin haske daban-daban, ta tayar da tambayoyi game da iyali, soyayya, iyakoki, da cin amana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's Behind the Scenes crosses N500M in two weeks |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/12/23/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-crosses-n500m-in-two-weeks/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Scarlet Gomez]] a matsayin Aderonke "Aronky-Fella" Faniran * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Adetutu Fernandez * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Adewale Fernandez * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Victor Ossai * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Segilola Fernandez * Iyabo Ojo a matsayin Alero * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]] a matsayin Johnson * Destiny Etiko a matsayin Oluchi * [[Ibrahim Chatta]] a matsayin Afeez * Batife Bentley a matsayin kansa * Victoria Adeyele == Fitarwa da saki == Co-producer Wendy Imasuen ya bayyana Behind the Scenes a matsayin "mai raɗaɗi" yana mai cewa kowa dole ne ya kasance a saman wasan su don yin fim din nasara. FilmOne Entertainment ta sami haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin a duniya, ta zama mai rarraba shi a hukumance. Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 512 a ofishin jakadancin da ya fito a matsayin fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don isa ga alamar.<ref name=":0" /> Akindele ta bayyana cewa ta kashe sama da biliyan 1 a kan aikin kuma ta bukaci magoya baya da su guji satar teku. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Behind the Scenes ya zama samuwa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2025. Fim din ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a cikin fina-finai, inda ya samu dala biliyan 2.7 a duk duniya kuma ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi girma a lokacin da aka saki shi. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="6" |2026 | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Scarlet Gomez]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |[[Funke Akindele]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |[[Uzor Arukwe]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Makeup |Feyisayo Oyebisi & Hakeem Onilogbo|{{Nom}} | |- |Fim mafi kyau |Funke Akindele|{{Nom}} | |- |Headies |Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali don Media |Funke Akindele & [[Tolu Obanro]]|{{Pending}} | |- |} fmegvvxxnzk4974vuxlfg6z56bxji2g 966340 966337 2026-10-11T16:26:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 966340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Behind the Scenes''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Funke Akindele]] da Wendy Uwadiae Imasuen suka samar, kuma Akindele ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar Akindele, [[Tobi Bakre]], Vee, Iyabo Ojo, [[Scarlet Gomez]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], [[Uche Montana]], Ini Dima-Oie, [[Ibrahim Chatta]], Destiny Etiko, Mr Macaroni, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akintoye |first=Mayowa |date=2025-10-15 |title=Funke Akindele Unveils Behind The Scenes Release Date and Cast |url=https://nollywoodlife.ng/funke-akindele-unveils-behind-the-scenes-release-date-and-cast/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Nollywood Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Akindele ta sanar da fim din a lokacin bikin ranar haihuwarta ta 48, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'a, kuma mai zurfi". Behind the Scenes an fara shi ne a gidajen silima a duk faɗin ƙasar a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2025. Ya sami kyakkyawan bita gabaɗaya kuma ya tara sama da miliyan 500 a cikin makon farko da aka saki, ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don cimma nasarar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayobami |first=Ayooluwa |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's 'Behind The Scenes' Becomes Highest-Grossing Nollywood Film of 2025 |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-becomes-highest-grossing-nollywood-film-of-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Trending News}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Behind the Scenes ya ba da labarin Aderonke "Ronky-Fella" Faniran, wani ɗan kasuwa mai cin nasara wanda karimci ga dangi da abokai ya fara cutar da ita. Ta fara jin da kuma zargin cewa iyalinta da abokai ba su da ita kamar yadda take. Wannan abin da ya faru ya tilasta mata ta yanke shawara mai girma wanda ya sa ta ga mutane a cikin haske daban-daban, ta tayar da tambayoyi game da iyali, soyayya, iyakoki, da cin amana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2025-12-23 |title=Funke Akindele's Behind the Scenes crosses N500M in two weeks |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/12/23/funke-akindeles-behind-the-scenes-crosses-n500m-in-two-weeks/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Scarlet Gomez]] a matsayin Aderonke "Aronky-Fella" Faniran * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Adetutu Fernandez * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Adewale Fernandez * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Victor Ossai * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Segilola Fernandez * Iyabo Ojo a matsayin Alero * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]] a matsayin Johnson * Destiny Etiko a matsayin Oluchi * [[Ibrahim Chatta]] a matsayin Afeez * Batife Bentley a matsayin kansa * Victoria Adeyele == Fitarwa da saki == Co-producer Wendy Imasuen ya bayyana Behind the Scenes a matsayin "mai raɗaɗi" yana mai cewa kowa dole ne ya kasance a saman wasan su don yin fim din nasara. FilmOne Entertainment ta sami haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin a duniya, ta zama mai rarraba shi a hukumance. Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 512 a ofishin jakadancin da ya fito a matsayin fim din Nollywood mafi sauri don isa ga alamar.<ref name=":0" /> Akindele ta bayyana cewa ta kashe sama da biliyan 1 a kan aikin kuma ta bukaci magoya baya da su guji satar teku. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Behind the Scenes ya zama samuwa a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2025. Fim din ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a cikin fina-finai, inda ya samu dala biliyan 2.7 a duk duniya kuma ya zama fim din Nollywood mafi girma a lokacin da aka saki shi. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="6" |2026 | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Scarlet Gomez]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |[[Funke Akindele]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |[[Uzor Arukwe]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Makeup |Feyisayo Oyebisi & Hakeem Onilogbo|{{Nom}} | |- |Fim mafi kyau |Funke Akindele|{{Nom}} | |- |Headies |Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali don Media |Funke Akindele & [[Tolu Obanro]]|{{Pending}} | |- |} == Manazarta == 1qz947ojj5dl79phrqycepnu15jco4s Bayan Yanayi (fim na 2025) 0 178917 966338 2026-10-11T16:25:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Bayan Yanayi (fim na 2025)]] to [[Behind the Scenes (fim na 2025)]] 966338 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Behind the Scenes (fim na 2025)]] djoiwkx6abbneya0obi82t40qjorf51 Evarcha russellsmithi 0 178918 966339 2026-10-11T16:25:59Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354675193|Evarcha russellsmithi]]" 966339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha russelsmithi''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Habasha. Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2008. Gizo-gizo ƙanana ne zuwa matsakaici, tare da cephalothorax wanda girmansa yawanci ya kai {{Convert|2.2|mm|in|2}} dogo da ciki {{Convert|1.8|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Murfin yana da launin rawaya tare da zobba masu duhu a kusa da idanun gizo-gizo. Cikinsa launin ruwan kasa ne mai siffar tabo da layuka marasa bambanci. Kafafu galibi launin ruwan kasa ne. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna da bambanci. Namijin yana da wani abu mai kama da haƙori, ko kuma wani abu mai kama da haƙori, daga cikin tibia na palpal wanda ke da jerin siffofi masu kama da haƙori, da kuma wani ɗan gajeren embolus wanda aka haɗa shi da wani ƙaramin embolism. Macen tana da spermathecae masu ɗakuna da yawa da kuma wasu ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha russelsmithi'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2008. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha russellsmithi'' Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29416/Evarcha_russellsmithi |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin saraki na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mafiya hazaka a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}} Wannan nau'in yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae na dangin Plexippoida, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Ya fi kusa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} An sadaukar da wannan nau'in ga masanin ilmin taurari Anthony Russell-Smith. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha russelsmithi'' ƙanana ne zuwa matsakaici, yana da kamanni iri ɗaya da na sauran nau'ikan. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: babban cephalothorax mai siffar murabba'i da ƙaramin ciki mai siffar zagaye, kamar na ƙashin ƙugu. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Namiji yana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|2.2|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.7|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da tsayi kuma gabaɗaya rawaya ne. Akwai gashin ido mai haske da fari a kan ido da kuma dogayen gashin baki da zoben baki a kusa da idanun. Gaɓar gangaren carapace ɗin launin ruwan kasa ne kuma suna da gashin launin toka da launin ruwan kasa. Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙirjin, yana da launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi tare da rufe gashin gajere masu duhu a tsakiya. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana da launin ruwan kasa kuma tana da fararen gashi a kuncinta. A waje, bakin gizo-gizo, suna da bambanci. Yana da chelicerae mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma labium mai launin rawaya, kodayake na ƙarshen yana da ƙananan ƙusoshi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Cikin gizo-gizo ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da carapace, wanda yawanci yana da girman {{Convert|1.8|mm|in|2}} a tsayi da {{Convert|1.3|mm|in|2}} a faɗi. A saman gashin yana da launin ruwan kasa da fari, daga ciki akwai gashin gashi mai launin ruwan kasa ... Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai faɗi da ratsin rawaya a gaba. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Sauran saman yana da tsarin wurare marasa bambanci a tsakiya da kuma layuka a baya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Ƙasan ƙasa launin ruwan toka ne mai layuka huɗu na dige-dige masu launin rawaya da ke miƙewa daga sama zuwa baya. Yanka- yanka na gizo-gizo launin toka ne. Galibi tana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa tare da gashin kanta mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma dogayen kashin baya. Kafafun gaba sun ɗan fi sauran tsayi kuma sun yi duhu. Sauran ƙafafun an yi musu alama da zobba masu duhu. Ƙafar ƙafafuwanta launin toka ne mai launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Gizo-gizo yana da gabobin haɗin gwiwa na musamman. Namiji yana da wani babban siffa daga tibia na palpal da ake kira tibial apophysis . Yana da siffar shebur mai hakora biyu masu kama da ƙusoshi kusan rabin hanya da ƙaramin haƙori a ƙarshe. Kwandon palpal yana zagaye da wani kumburi da ke fitowa daga ƙasa da kuma wani gajeren embol mai kaifi, embolus ɗin ya haɗu da wani ɗan gajeren embolism tare da membrane. Gashin tibia yana da dogon gashi, tare da gajerun gashi da ke fitowa daga kwan fitilar palpal da kanta. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Macen tana da ƙaramin ƙashi mai kama da na epigyne tare da ƙananan ramuka na haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke cikin tsakiyar ciki da kuma rami a baya. A cikin gida, hanyoyin haihuwa suna da kunkuntar kuma an yi musu ƙwaya tare da ƙwayoyin maniyyi masu ɗakuna da yawa. Glandan kayan haɗin suna da siffar musamman. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Duk da cewa ana samun nau'in halittar a faɗin Afirka, Evarcha rotundibulbis ya fi yawa a Habasha. [1] An gano holotype 60 kilometres (37 mi) gabas da Nazret, Yankin Gabashin Shewa, a shekarar 1986 a tsayin 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) sama da matakin teku . Gizo-gizo yana zaune a tsakanin dazuzzukan Acacia - Commiphora da kuma daji a tsakanin dazuzzukan da nau'ikan Acacia da Commiphora suka mamaye. [1] == Manazarta == 1sokljlb5ke7m0h38bg8acd1ky0cr0v 966346 966339 2026-10-11T16:26:53Z Sardeeq 39275 966346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha russelsmithi''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Habasha. Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2008. Gizo-gizo ƙanana ne zuwa matsakaici, tare da cephalothorax wanda girmansa yawanci ya kai {{Convert|2.2|mm|in|2}} dogo da ciki {{Convert|1.8|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Murfin yana da launin rawaya tare da zobba masu duhu a kusa da idanun gizo-gizo. Cikinsa launin ruwan kasa ne mai siffar tabo da layuka marasa bambanci. Kafafu galibi launin ruwan kasa ne. Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna da bambanci. Namijin yana da wani abu mai kama da haƙori, ko kuma wani abu mai kama da haƙori, daga cikin tibia na palpal wanda ke da jerin siffofi masu kama da haƙori, da kuma wani ɗan gajeren embolus wanda aka haɗa shi da wani ƙaramin embolism. Macen tana da spermathecae masu ɗakuna da yawa da kuma wasu ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha russelsmithi'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2008. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha russellsmithi'' Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29416/Evarcha_russellsmithi |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin saraki na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mafiya hazaka a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}} Wannan nau'in yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae na dangin Plexippoida, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Ya fi kusa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} An sadaukar da wannan nau'in ga masanin ilmin taurari Anthony Russell-Smith. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha russelsmithi'' ƙanana ne zuwa matsakaici, yana da kamanni iri ɗaya da na sauran nau'ikan. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: babban cephalothorax mai siffar murabba'i da ƙaramin ciki mai siffar zagaye, kamar na ƙashin ƙugu. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Namiji yana da cephalothorax wanda yawanci yake da {{Convert|2.2|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.7|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da tsayi kuma gabaɗaya rawaya ne. Akwai gashin ido mai haske da fari a kan ido da kuma dogayen gashin baki da zoben baki a kusa da idanun. Gaɓar gangaren carapace ɗin launin ruwan kasa ne kuma suna da gashin launin toka da launin ruwan kasa. Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙirjin, yana da launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi tare da rufe gashin gajere masu duhu a tsakiya. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana da launin ruwan kasa kuma tana da fararen gashi a kuncinta. A waje, bakin gizo-gizo, suna da bambanci. Yana da chelicerae mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma labium mai launin rawaya, kodayake na ƙarshen yana da ƙananan ƙusoshi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Cikin gizo-gizo ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da carapace, wanda yawanci yana da girman {{Convert|1.8|mm|in|2}} a tsayi da {{Convert|1.3|mm|in|2}} a faɗi. A saman gashin yana da launin ruwan kasa da fari, daga ciki akwai gashin gashi mai launin ruwan kasa ... Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai faɗi da ratsin rawaya a gaba. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Sauran saman yana da tsarin wurare marasa bambanci a tsakiya da kuma layuka a baya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Ƙasan ƙasa launin ruwan toka ne mai layuka huɗu na dige-dige masu launin rawaya da ke miƙewa daga sama zuwa baya. Yanka- yanka na gizo-gizo launin toka ne. Galibi tana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa tare da gashin kanta mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma dogayen kashin baya. Kafafun gaba sun ɗan fi sauran tsayi kuma sun yi duhu. Sauran ƙafafun an yi musu alama da zobba masu duhu. Ƙafar ƙafafuwanta launin toka ne mai launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Gizo-gizo yana da gabobin haɗin gwiwa na musamman. Namiji yana da wani babban siffa daga tibia na palpal da ake kira tibial apophysis . Yana da siffar shebur mai hakora biyu masu kama da ƙusoshi kusan rabin hanya da ƙaramin haƙori a ƙarshe. Kwandon palpal yana zagaye da wani kumburi da ke fitowa daga ƙasa da kuma wani gajeren embol mai kaifi, embolus ɗin ya haɗu da wani ɗan gajeren embolism tare da membrane. Gashin tibia yana da dogon gashi, tare da gajerun gashi da ke fitowa daga kwan fitilar palpal da kanta. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Macen tana da ƙaramin ƙashi mai kama da na epigyne tare da ƙananan ramuka na haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke cikin tsakiyar ciki da kuma rami a baya. A cikin gida, hanyoyin haihuwa suna da kunkuntar kuma an yi musu ƙwaya tare da ƙwayoyin maniyyi masu ɗakuna da yawa. Glandan kayan haɗin suna da siffar musamman. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} Gabobin haɗin gwiwa suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Duk da cewa ana samun nau'in halittar a faɗin Afirka, Evarcha rotundibulbis ya fi yawa a Habasha. [1] An gano holotype 60 kilometres (37 mi) gabas da Nazret, Yankin Gabashin Shewa, a shekarar 1986 a tsayin 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) sama da matakin teku . Gizo-gizo yana zaune a tsakanin dazuzzukan Acacia - Commiphora da kuma daji a tsakanin dazuzzukan da nau'ikan Acacia da Commiphora suka mamaye. [1] == Manazarta == 9gegz1txqcxeqqm7v9x1bjd8qkow361 Byzantine Arewacin Afirka 0 178919 966341 2026-10-11T16:26:24Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360677148|Byzantine North Africa]]" 966341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png|thumb|300x300px|Byzantine Afirka a kusa da 600]] <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>   '''Mulkin Byzantine a Arewacin Afirka''' ya kai kimanin shekaru 175. Ya fara ne a cikin shekaru 533/534 tare da sake mamaye yankin da ke cikin Daular Romawa ta Yamma ta [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roman ta Gabas]] a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Justinian II tare da cin nasarar Carthage (698) da kuma sansanonin Byzantine na ƙarshe, musamman Septem (708/711), a yayin fadada Islama. Tsarin gudanarwa na yankin da farko ya kasance daidai da tsarin gudanarwa na Roman da ya kasance a cikin shekaru 300 da suka gabata. Saboda haka, ikon farar hula ya kasance a hannun wani prefect na Praetorian, shugaban babban ikon gudanarwa na farar hula a cikin Daular Roman. Duk da haka, ikon soja ya kasance a kan Magister militum per Africam. Wadannan iko sun haɗu cikin ofishi ɗaya daga 591 a ƙarshe, kuma Gabashin Roman Arewacin Afirka ya zama zuciyar ɗaya daga cikin exarchates guda biyu, tare da kafa wanda Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roman [[Maurice (sarkin sarakuna)|Maurice]] (582-602) ya sami damar magance sakamakon wuce gona da iri ta hanyar haɗuwa da rarraba. Babu wani canji a cikin waɗannan tsarin gudanarwa da ya faru har zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Byzantine. Sake mamaye wannan yankin ya kasance mafi mahimmancin dabarun da tattalin arziki kuma mafi dorewa daga duk nasarorin da aka samu a Yamma. Yayinda aka kafa mulkin Lombard a wasu sassan Gabashin Romawa Italiya bayan 568 da mulkin Gabashin Roma a kudancin Spain ya zo ƙarshe a cikin yakin Romawa da Farisa na ƙarshe, yankunan da aka sake cin nasara a Maghreb sun kasance gaba ɗaya a hannun Gabashin Roma har zuwa [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Nasarar Larabawa a Arewacin Afirka]]. Wannan ya sanya yankin ya zama mafi mahimmancin dutse na Roman / Byzantine na Gabas a Yamma. == Yanayin farko == Saurin kafa mulkin Roman na Gabas a Maghreb na yau shine sakamakon karuwar siyasa a lardunan Afirka na tsohuwar Daular Yamma da kuma jihar da ta gaji Jamusanci na Vandals, wanda ya fi dacewa da rushewar ikon yanki da tsarin gudanarwa. === Tsohon Yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 5 da farkon karni na 6. === [[File:Roman_Empire_with_dioceses_in_400_AD.png|thumb|Tsarin ƙarin gudanarwa na Imperium Romanum bayan 395]] Tare da rabuwa da daular a cikin 395, duk yankunan Romawa a Afirka a yammacin Babban Sirte sun zama wani ɓangare na Daular Romawa ta Yamma. Musamman, waɗannan sune lardunan Tripolitania, [[Byzacena]], Zeugitana (wanda ake kira Proconsularis provincia ko Afirka proconsularis), Numidia, Mauretania Sitifensis, Mauretania Caesariensis da Mauretania Tingitana. Wadannan larduna za a iya la'akari da su, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, a matsayin zuciyar daular yamma, tunda sun ba Italiya hatsi kuma sun samar da babban ɓangare na kudaden harajin daular yamma. Daga 429 sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa na ƙaurawar mutane da Vandals suka haye a Septem. Bayan kisan Sarkin sarakuna Valentinian III a cikin 455 a ƙarshe, babu wani yanki a Afirka da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma. ==== Mulkin ɓarna ==== [[File:Europe_at_the_death_of_Theoderic_the_Great_in_526.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Vandal 'yan shekaru kafin cin nasarar Romawa ta Gabas, ta raunana ta hanyar rabuwa da hare-haren Moorish.]] A wasu sassan yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a cikin 439, tare da cin nasarar Carthage da Vandals suka yi a ƙarƙashin sarkinsu [[Gaiseric|Geiseric]], an kafa daular mai zaman kanta da yawancin mayaƙan Jamus ke mulki. Wannan Masarautar Vandal ta mamaye yankin yammacin Bahar Rum tare da rundunarta mai ƙarfi kuma ta kawo [[Korsika|Corsica]] da [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], Tsibirin Balearic da yammacin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar tasiri ga Yammacin Roma, saboda Afirka lardin ne mai arziki kuma mai yawan birane; Baya ga samar da zaitun, aikin lardin a matsayin hatsi ga Yammaci na Roma, musamman Italiya, yana da muhimmancin gaske. A cikin 441 yunkurin Roman na Gabas don kayar da rundunar Vandal kuma kawo karshen mulkin su ya gaza. Maimakon haka, Daular Romawa ta Yamma dole ne ta amince da mulkin Vandal a gabashin Numidia a cikin yarjejeniya a cikin 442. A cikin 468, masarautar Vandals ta zama manufa ta wani, a wannan lokacin babban aiki, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Daular Yamma a ƙarƙashin Anthemius da Daular Roma ta Gabas a ƙarƙashin Leo I. Koyaya, wannan kamfen ɗin Vandal ya gaza sosai, galibi saboda Sarkin Vandal Geiseric ya yi nasarar ƙone manyan jiragen ruwa na Roma. Bayan hare-haren Vandal a bakin tekun gabashin Roman Illyricum (kuma mai yiwuwa gazawar wani, karamin yakin Romawa a cikin 470), Sarkin sarakuna na gabashin Roma Zeno ya tabbatar da dangin Geiseric a cikin yarjejeniya (foedus) a cikin 475 mallakar lardin Afirka da tsibirai; daga baya babu sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin Masarautar Vandal da Daular Roma ta Gabas na shekaru da yawa. A cikin shekaru 94 na wanzuwarsa, masarautar Vandals ta kasance da rikice-rikice na daular kan rinjaye kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta hanyar bambancin tsakanin mutanen Nicene Roman da Vandals, waɗanda aka Romanized amma sun bi bangaskiyar [[Arianism|Arian]] na Kristanci. Bugu da kari, suna da matsaloli masu yawa wajen kare iyakokin kasa daga [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] ko kuma kiyaye Berbers a karkashin mulkin Vandal a karkashin iko. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya sa manyan masu mallakar ƙasa da ƙananan masu mallakar su karfafa gonakin su. Koyaya, sabanin ra'ayoyin tsofaffi, lokacin Masarautar Vandal ba zamanin raguwar tattalin arziki ba ne, maimakon dangantakar kasuwanci ta ci gaba, kodayake mai yiwuwa an iyakance ta da 'yancin kai na Masarautar vandal da manufofin kasashen waje masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Geiseric. ==== Yankunan Roman-Berber ==== A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan 439, Numidia da lardunan tsohuwar Mauritania da farko sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma. A nan, Sarkin sarakuna na Yammacin Roma Valentinian III ya amince da tada sojoji masu zaman kansu ta manyan masu mallakar ƙasa saboda yana fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da hare-hare a yankin Vandal. Bayan kisan Valentinian III, wannan matsayin mai kula da yaƙi na manyan masu mallakar ƙasa ya haifar da rushewar waɗannan larduna zuwa ƙananan daular, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin Berber a cikin jama'a na sauran yankin Bahar Rum kuma musamman a yankin da ke kusa da Carthage. Numidia da yankunan bakin teku na lardunan Mauritania nan da nan Vandals suka ci nasara, amma bayan mutuwar Sarkin Vandal Huneric a cikin 484, wasu sun rabu da Masarautar Vandal. Yankunan Roman-Berber sun ci gaba a ko'ina cikin lardunan Mauritania, sama da duka Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum tare da babban birnin Altava, wanda muhimmancinsa ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa har zuwa 570s. Halin Berber na musamman na waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda galibi ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Vandal ba kuma sun kasance tsohuwar Roman Yamma, yanzu an ƙaryata su gaba ɗaya. Musamman, yankunan da ke kusa da Altava da [[Lixus (birni na dā)|Lixus]] da Volubilis a cikin yammacin Mauretania Tingitana sun nuna ci gaba da kasancewa da tsoffin haɗin kasuwanci da rubutun kabarin Latin, a wasu lokuta har zuwa shekara ta 655. Bugu da kari, ƙananan masarautun wannan yankin sun yi maraba da Romawa da yawa waɗanda Vandals suka tsananta musu saboda addini da sauran dalilai. === Ƙarshen Masarautar Vandal === [[File:Vandalic_War_campaign_de.svg|thumb|Yakin yaƙi a lokacin yaƙin Vandal .]] A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, Masarautar Vandal ta kewaye da ƙananan masarautun Roma-Berber kuma tana ƙarƙashin hare-hare daga gare su. A karkashin sarki na karshe na Vandal, Hilderic, wanda yake da niyyar cimma matsaya tare da Gabas da kuma juya baya daga Arianism, matsalolin siyasa na kasashen waje da na cikin gida na daularsa sun karu sosai, tare da cin nasarar Vandal a kan Berbers wanda ya kai ga faduwarsa a hannun Gelimer a cikin 530. Sarkin Vandal na karshe Gelimer, a gefe guda, ba wai kawai ya ga kansa yana fuskantar barazanar daga Berbers ba bayan juyin mulkin, har ma ya aika da wani ɓangare na sojojinsa da rundunarsa zuwa Sardinia don kawo karshen tashin hankali da mai daraja Godas ya yi a can, kuma a lokaci guda dole ne ya fuskanci wani tashin hankali na gwamnan Tripolitan Prudentius da farko ya kalli komai. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roma Justinian I ya fara yakin Vandal a cikin 533, wanda kuma ya ba shi damar karkatar da hankali daga sakamakon tashin hankali na Nika na shekarar da ta gabata. Ya aika da sojoji karkashin jagorancin Belisarius da sojoji 15,000 da sojan doki zuwa Carthage da ƙaramin sojoji don tallafawa Prudentius a Tripolitania. Wadannan dakarun sun sami damar cinye mafi yawan yankin Vandals a cikin watanni tara - yanayin da zai iya zama abin farin ciki da gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙananan daular Roman-Berber sun ga dalilin yaƙi a faduwar Hilderich a irin wannan hanyar kamar yadda Sarkin Romawa na Gabas ya yi. == Addini == === Bangaskiyar Kirista === [[Kiristanci]] ya bazu a yankin Maghreb na yau a lokacin Roman daga karni na 3 kuma shine addini mafi rinjaye a ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a kuma mai yiwuwa ma a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya. Har zuwa addinai uku na Kirista an wakilta su a nan, wanda ya ɓace a ƙarshe ta hanyar Islama daga farkon karni na 8. ==== Cocin Roman Imperial (Nicene-Chalcedonian) ==== Yawancin Kiristoci a cikin Maghreb sun kunshi Kiristoci na Latino-Nicene, waɗanda don haka sun kasance cikin bangaskiyar da ita ce addinin jihar na Daular Roma. Mulkin Vandal tare da haɗin gwiwar da ke tattare da bangaskiyar Latin-Nicene ya kuma yi tasiri a zamanin Roman na Gabas. A gefe guda, ikon jihar da tasirin kai tsaye na Paparoma ba su nan kusan ƙarni daya. Wannan ya buƙaci kuma ya kafa wani matakin cin gashin kansa daga manyan malamai na coci da malaman addini, waɗanda ba sa son mayar da su ga Sarkin sarakuna na Gabas. Yankin musamman ya kasance a buɗe ga muhawara ta addini fiye da sauran larduna na Daular Roma. A gefe guda, al'ummomin Kirista na Latino-Nicene a cikin Maghreb sun haɓaka ƙin duk wani karkatarwa daga majalisun ecumenical. Har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan Byzantine suka yi ƙoƙari su cimma yarjejeniya tare da addinan gabas ta hanyar sulhu kamar jayayya ta surori uku ko monotheletism, an ƙi wannan a cikin Maghreb kamar yadda yake a Italiya kuma ta haka ne ya ɗora nauyin haɗin kai na daular. Tare da fadada sararin samaniya, yawan jama'a da ikon tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da mallakar Italiya na Daular Byzantine da kuma sakamakon karamin dogaro da Byzantine Maghreb, wannan har ma ya haifar da rabuwa. Masanin addinin Girka Maximus Confessor, wanda ya zauna a Maghreb tsakanin 628 da 645 kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun cocin Afirka, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan kuma ya fahimci sabon rukunan a matsayin sulhu da ba za a iya tsammani ba tare da Monophysites kuma ya hukunta monotheletism a cikin majalisa ta Lateran karkashin jagorancin Paparoma Martin I. ==== Sauran ƙungiyoyi ==== A cikin Maghreb, tun farkon matakin karshe na tsananta wa Kiristoci a Daular Roma, Donatism (mai suna bayan Donatus Magnus, 315 zuwa 355 na Donatists) ya rabu da Cocin Yamma a ƙarni na 4 da 5. Wannan rabuwa, wanda ya bunkasa nasa ilimin coci, ya kasance iyakance ga arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Al'ummomin Donatist sun kasance bangaskiya mafi girma a Mauretania Sitifensis da Numidia har zuwa tsanantawar Romawa ta yamma daga 411 zuwa gaba, sun kasance daidai da al'ummomin Latin-Nicene a yankunan yammacin lardunan Mauritanian da Tripolitania, yayin da suke da karfi a cikin Byzacena kuma suna wakiltar a duk sauran sassan Afirka, inda suke da alama sun kasance musamman a yadu tsakanin Berbers. An kuma danne Donatists a ƙarƙashin Vandals da kuma ƙarƙashin Romawa na Gabas. A zamanin Byzantine, hanyarsu ta ɓace. Har zuwa inda aka tsananta wa Donatists a cikin ƙananan masarautun Roman-Berber ba a bincika su ba, amma idan aka ba da shaidar haƙuri na addini a lokacin Vandals da rashin wani bayani game da murkushewa daga baya, ana iya musanta tsanantawa. Nasarar da Arian Vandals suka yi ta kasance tare da isowar [[Arianism]] a matsayin bangaskiyar Kirista ta uku a Maghreb, wanda, a matsayin addinin jihar na Masarautar Vandal, ya bambanta da ka'idar Nicene na sarakuna na duka rabin Romawa, amma kuma na mafi yawan jama'a a Magh Reb. An kori malamai, an rushe masallatai kuma masu bi na Nicene Confession sun sanya su cikin matsin lamba. Koyaya, tsanantawar da Vandals suka yi ya gamu da juriya daga Kiristoci na Katolika da kuma Donatists kuma ya ƙare tare da sake dawo da Roman na Gabas. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Arians ma 'yan tsiraru ne da aka zalunta. Tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa nasarar da Larabawa suka yi, akwai Latin-Nicene, Girkanci (Byzantine) -Nicene da Homoean-non-Nicène (Arian) kuma mai yiwuwa ma da Kiristoci na Donatist a Arewacin Afirka da Sardinia. Ba a san lokacin da al'ummomin [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]] na farko a Maghreb suka kasance ba, saboda 'yan kasuwa na Yahudawa na iya zama a can lokacin da Finikiyawa, wadanda su ma Semitic ne, suka kafa wuraren kasuwanci. A ƙarshe tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin Aelia Capitolina da lardin Palaestina na Hadrianic, Yahudawa a ƙarshe sun warwatse a matsayin mutane masu mahimmanci da haɗin kai. Da yake ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, Yahudawa sun zauna a cikin Roman Maghreb. Tun lokacin da Berbers suka tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci, ba a riga an bayyana ba game da lokacin kafin Islama har zuwa wane irin yadda Yahudawa na Maghreb suka kasance na Berber ko Isra'ila. Musamman, labarin ya tashi cewa ƙungiyar Kāhina ta Yahudawa ce. Sabanin haka, wanzuwar harshen Yahudanci-Berber tabbas ne. Kamar Donatists da Arians - na ƙarshe bayan cin nasarar Masarautar Vandal da Romawa na Gabas suka yi, Yahudawa ma sun fuskanci zalunci, musamman game da haramtacciyar yin addini, wanda ya sami ƙarni na farko a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma a cikin 632 a ƙarƙashin Heraclius tare da umarni don tilasta juyowa a duk faɗin daular kuma ya shafi Byzantine Arewacin Afirka. Yana yiwuwa cewa kafin wannan manufofin Kiristanci, Yahudawa sun koma sassa na Mauretania Tingitana waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Byzantine ba. A cikin bincike na baya-bayan nan, duk da haka, an nuna cewa aiwatar da dokar a duk fadin daular yana da matukar shakku kuma asalin ma'auni mai yiwuwa ne na yanayin eschatological; ana fatan cewa wannan zai daidaita jihar a lokacin tashin hankali na addini. Daga ƙarshe, duk da haka, dabarun mulkin mallaka sun gaza, kuma addinin Yahudanci a Maghreb ya kasance mai ƙarfi == Gundumar Firayim Minista ta Afirka 533-590 == [[File:Carte_postale_Damous_el_Karita_Carthage_3.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Basilica na Damous El Karita a Carthage, cocin da ya sami fadadawa sosai a cikin karni na 6. An gano kusan raguwa 14,000 na rubuce-rubuce yayin gano cocin wani lokaci tsakanin 1876 da 1892.]] After Belisarius had annihilated the Vandal Kingdom with his unexpectedly quick victories over Gelimer at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Tricamarum, its territories – and thus the economically strongest province of the former Western Roman Empire – became re-incorporated into the Roman Empire without major war-related destruction. Justinian ya dawo da tsohuwar rarrabuwar gudanarwa, amma ya ɗaga gwamnan gaba ɗaya a Carthage zuwa matsayi mafi girma na Prefecture na Praetorian, ta haka ne ya kawo ƙarshen Diocese na Afirka na gargajiya ga Prefecture of Italy (sa'an nan har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Ostrogothic Kingdom). An sanya larduna bakwai - hudu consular, uku praesides - an sanya su: An tattauna yaƙe-yaƙe, tashin hankali na addini da gudu a cikin tarihin zamani, amma an ba da hankali sosai ga gaskiyar cewa sake cin nasara ya sa duk kasuwanni na Daular Roma ta Gabas kuma daga baya kuma Italiya ta sake samun damar samar da kayayyakin Afirka. Bugu da kari, dangantakar kasuwanci mai zurfi tare da Daular Frankish an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar gano tsabar kudi. Bugu da kari, lokutan tashin hankali, musamman tawaye da Berbers na daular ko mamayewar Berbers na kasashen waje, ba su haifar da tara tsabar kudi ba kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance a yankin Balkan a cikin kwatankwacin lokacin. Bugu da kari, maganganu masu ban mamaki a cikin tushe an iyakance su ga lokutan mutum na kimanin shekaru 170, wanda wani muhimmin lokaci na rikice-rikice ya fadi a farkon lokacin Prefecture na Firayim Minista na Afirka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hlu3joj2avebj98k6pw3944kolfbxy6 966355 966341 2026-10-11T16:28:50Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360677148|Byzantine North Africa]]" 966355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png|thumb|300x300px|Byzantine Afirka a kusa da 600]] <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>   '''Mulkin Byzantine a Arewacin Afirka''' ya kai kimanin shekaru 175. Ya fara ne a cikin shekaru 533/534 tare da sake mamaye yankin da ke cikin Daular Romawa ta Yamma ta [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roman ta Gabas]] a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Justinian II tare da cin nasarar Carthage (698) da kuma sansanonin Byzantine na ƙarshe, musamman Septem (708/711), a yayin fadada Islama. Tsarin gudanarwa na yankin da farko ya kasance daidai da tsarin gudanarwa na Roman da ya kasance a cikin shekaru 300 da suka gabata. Saboda haka, ikon farar hula ya kasance a hannun wani prefect na Praetorian, shugaban babban ikon gudanarwa na farar hula a cikin Daular Roman. Duk da haka, ikon soja ya kasance a kan Magister militum per Africam. Wadannan iko sun haɗu cikin ofishi ɗaya daga 591 a ƙarshe, kuma Gabashin Roman Arewacin Afirka ya zama zuciyar ɗaya daga cikin exarchates guda biyu, tare da kafa wanda Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roman [[Maurice (sarkin sarakuna)|Maurice]] (582-602) ya sami damar magance sakamakon wuce gona da iri ta hanyar haɗuwa da rarraba. Babu wani canji a cikin waɗannan tsarin gudanarwa da ya faru har zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Byzantine.<ref>The time of Arab conquest of the last Byzantine outpost is uncertain, compare only Walter Kaegi: The Islamic conquest and the defense of Byzantine Africa. In: Susan T. Stevens, Jonathan P. Conant (editor.): North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection, Washington (D. C.) 2016, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-88402-408-8</nowiki>, p. 65–86, escpecially S. 70–71, who assumes 711; but also Susan Raven: Rome in Africa. 3. Auflage. Routledge, London u. a. 1993, <nowiki>ISBN 0-415-08150-5</nowiki>, S. 229, who puts the conquest '10 years after the fall of Carthage and emphasises that only Arab and Visigothic sources are available for this subject. This concurs with Walter E. Kaegi: Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-63680-4</nowiki>, page 155, who states that Ceuta is referred to in Byzantine sources for the last time in 641.</ref> Sake mamaye wannan yankin ya kasance mafi mahimmancin dabarun da tattalin arziki kuma mafi dorewa daga duk nasarorin da aka samu a Yamma. Yayinda aka kafa mulkin Lombard a wasu sassan Gabashin Romawa Italiya bayan 568 da mulkin Gabashin Roma a kudancin Spain ya zo ƙarshe a cikin yakin Romawa da Farisa na ƙarshe, yankunan da aka sake cin nasara a Maghreb sun kasance gaba ɗaya a hannun Gabashin Roma har zuwa [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Nasarar Larabawa a Arewacin Afirka]]. Wannan ya sanya yankin ya zama mafi mahimmancin dutse na Roman / Byzantine na Gabas a Yamma. == Yanayin farko == Saurin kafa mulkin Roman na Gabas a Maghreb na yau shine sakamakon karuwar siyasa a lardunan Afirka na tsohuwar Daular Yamma da kuma jihar da ta gaji Jamusanci na Vandals, wanda ya fi dacewa da rushewar ikon yanki da tsarin gudanarwa. === Tsohon Yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 5 da farkon karni na 6. === [[File:Roman_Empire_with_dioceses_in_400_AD.png|thumb|Tsarin ƙarin gudanarwa na Imperium Romanum bayan 395]] Tare da rabuwa da daular a cikin 395, duk yankunan Romawa a Afirka a yammacin Babban Sirte sun zama wani ɓangare na Daular Romawa ta Yamma. Musamman, waɗannan sune lardunan Tripolitania, [[Byzacena]], Zeugitana (wanda ake kira Proconsularis provincia ko Afirka proconsularis), Numidia, Mauretania Sitifensis, Mauretania Caesariensis da Mauretania Tingitana. Wadannan larduna za a iya la'akari da su, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, a matsayin zuciyar daular yamma, tunda sun ba Italiya hatsi kuma sun samar da babban ɓangare na kudaden harajin daular yamma. Daga 429 sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa na ƙaurawar mutane da Vandals suka haye a Septem. Bayan kisan Sarkin sarakuna Valentinian III a cikin 455 a ƙarshe, babu wani yanki a Afirka da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma. ==== Mulkin ɓarna ==== [[File:Europe_at_the_death_of_Theoderic_the_Great_in_526.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Vandal 'yan shekaru kafin cin nasarar Romawa ta Gabas, ta raunana ta hanyar rabuwa da hare-haren Moorish.]] A wasu sassan yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a cikin 439, tare da cin nasarar Carthage da Vandals suka yi a ƙarƙashin sarkinsu [[Gaiseric|Geiseric]], an kafa daular mai zaman kanta da yawancin mayaƙan Jamus ke mulki. Wannan Masarautar Vandal ta mamaye yankin yammacin Bahar Rum tare da rundunarta mai ƙarfi kuma ta kawo [[Korsika|Corsica]] da [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], Tsibirin Balearic da yammacin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar tasiri ga Yammacin Roma, saboda Afirka lardin ne mai arziki kuma mai yawan birane; Baya ga samar da zaitun, aikin lardin a matsayin hatsi ga Yammaci na Roma, musamman Italiya, yana da muhimmancin gaske. A cikin 441 yunkurin Roman na Gabas don kayar da rundunar Vandal kuma kawo karshen mulkin su ya gaza. Maimakon haka, Daular Romawa ta Yamma dole ne ta amince da mulkin Vandal a gabashin Numidia a cikin yarjejeniya a cikin 442. A cikin 468, masarautar Vandals ta zama manufa ta wani, a wannan lokacin babban aiki, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Daular Yamma a ƙarƙashin Anthemius da Daular Roma ta Gabas a ƙarƙashin Leo I. Koyaya, wannan kamfen ɗin Vandal ya gaza sosai, galibi saboda Sarkin Vandal Geiseric ya yi nasarar ƙone manyan jiragen ruwa na Roma. Bayan hare-haren Vandal a bakin tekun gabashin Roman Illyricum (kuma mai yiwuwa gazawar wani, karamin yakin Romawa a cikin 470), Sarkin sarakuna na gabashin Roma Zeno ya tabbatar da dangin Geiseric a cikin yarjejeniya (foedus) a cikin 475 mallakar lardin Afirka da tsibirai; daga baya babu sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin Masarautar Vandal da Daular Roma ta Gabas na shekaru da yawa. A cikin shekaru 94 na wanzuwarsa, masarautar Vandals ta kasance da rikice-rikice na daular kan rinjaye kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta hanyar bambancin tsakanin mutanen Nicene Roman da Vandals, waɗanda aka Romanized amma sun bi bangaskiyar [[Arianism|Arian]] na Kristanci. Bugu da kari, suna da matsaloli masu yawa wajen kare iyakokin kasa daga [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] ko kuma kiyaye Berbers a karkashin mulkin Vandal a karkashin iko. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya sa manyan masu mallakar ƙasa da ƙananan masu mallakar su karfafa gonakin su. Koyaya, sabanin ra'ayoyin tsofaffi, lokacin Masarautar Vandal ba zamanin raguwar tattalin arziki ba ne, maimakon dangantakar kasuwanci ta ci gaba, kodayake mai yiwuwa an iyakance ta da 'yancin kai na Masarautar vandal da manufofin kasashen waje masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Geiseric. ==== Yankunan Roman-Berber ==== A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan 439, Numidia da lardunan tsohuwar Mauritania da farko sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma. A nan, Sarkin sarakuna na Yammacin Roma Valentinian III ya amince da tada sojoji masu zaman kansu ta manyan masu mallakar ƙasa saboda yana fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da hare-hare a yankin Vandal. Bayan kisan Valentinian III, wannan matsayin mai kula da yaƙi na manyan masu mallakar ƙasa ya haifar da rushewar waɗannan larduna zuwa ƙananan daular, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin Berber a cikin jama'a na sauran yankin Bahar Rum kuma musamman a yankin da ke kusa da Carthage. Numidia da yankunan bakin teku na lardunan Mauritania nan da nan Vandals suka ci nasara, amma bayan mutuwar Sarkin Vandal Huneric a cikin 484, wasu sun rabu da Masarautar Vandal. Yankunan Roman-Berber sun ci gaba a ko'ina cikin lardunan Mauritania, sama da duka Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum tare da babban birnin Altava, wanda muhimmancinsa ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa har zuwa 570s. Halin Berber na musamman na waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda galibi ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Vandal ba kuma sun kasance tsohuwar Roman Yamma, yanzu an ƙaryata su gaba ɗaya. Musamman, yankunan da ke kusa da Altava da [[Lixus (birni na dā)|Lixus]] da Volubilis a cikin yammacin Mauretania Tingitana sun nuna ci gaba da kasancewa da tsoffin haɗin kasuwanci da rubutun kabarin Latin, a wasu lokuta har zuwa shekara ta 655. Bugu da kari, ƙananan masarautun wannan yankin sun yi maraba da Romawa da yawa waɗanda Vandals suka tsananta musu saboda addini da sauran dalilai. === Ƙarshen Masarautar Vandal === [[File:Vandalic_War_campaign_de.svg|thumb|Yakin yaƙi a lokacin yaƙin Vandal .]] A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, Masarautar Vandal ta kewaye da ƙananan masarautun Roma-Berber kuma tana ƙarƙashin hare-hare daga gare su. A karkashin sarki na karshe na Vandal, Hilderic, wanda yake da niyyar cimma matsaya tare da Gabas da kuma juya baya daga Arianism, matsalolin siyasa na kasashen waje da na cikin gida na daularsa sun karu sosai, tare da cin nasarar Vandal a kan Berbers wanda ya kai ga faduwarsa a hannun Gelimer a cikin 530. Sarkin Vandal na karshe Gelimer, a gefe guda, ba wai kawai ya ga kansa yana fuskantar barazanar daga Berbers ba bayan juyin mulkin, har ma ya aika da wani ɓangare na sojojinsa da rundunarsa zuwa Sardinia don kawo karshen tashin hankali da mai daraja Godas ya yi a can, kuma a lokaci guda dole ne ya fuskanci wani tashin hankali na gwamnan Tripolitan Prudentius da farko ya kalli komai. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roma Justinian I ya fara yakin Vandal a cikin 533, wanda kuma ya ba shi damar karkatar da hankali daga sakamakon tashin hankali na Nika na shekarar da ta gabata. Ya aika da sojoji karkashin jagorancin Belisarius da sojoji 15,000 da sojan doki zuwa Carthage da ƙaramin sojoji don tallafawa Prudentius a Tripolitania. Wadannan dakarun sun sami damar cinye mafi yawan yankin Vandals a cikin watanni tara - yanayin da zai iya zama abin farin ciki da gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙananan daular Roman-Berber sun ga dalilin yaƙi a faduwar Hilderich a irin wannan hanyar kamar yadda Sarkin Romawa na Gabas ya yi. == Addini == === Bangaskiyar Kirista === [[Kiristanci]] ya bazu a yankin Maghreb na yau a lokacin Roman daga karni na 3 kuma shine addini mafi rinjaye a ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a kuma mai yiwuwa ma a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya. Har zuwa addinai uku na Kirista an wakilta su a nan, wanda ya ɓace a ƙarshe ta hanyar Islama daga farkon karni na 8. ==== Cocin Roman Imperial (Nicene-Chalcedonian) ==== Yawancin Kiristoci a cikin Maghreb sun kunshi Kiristoci na Latino-Nicene, waɗanda don haka sun kasance cikin bangaskiyar da ita ce addinin jihar na Daular Roma. Mulkin Vandal tare da haɗin gwiwar da ke tattare da bangaskiyar Latin-Nicene ya kuma yi tasiri a zamanin Roman na Gabas. A gefe guda, ikon jihar da tasirin kai tsaye na Paparoma ba su nan kusan ƙarni daya. Wannan ya buƙaci kuma ya kafa wani matakin cin gashin kansa daga manyan malamai na coci da malaman addini, waɗanda ba sa son mayar da su ga Sarkin sarakuna na Gabas. Yankin musamman ya kasance a buɗe ga muhawara ta addini fiye da sauran larduna na Daular Roma. A gefe guda, al'ummomin Kirista na Latino-Nicene a cikin Maghreb sun haɓaka ƙin duk wani karkatarwa daga majalisun ecumenical. Har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan Byzantine suka yi ƙoƙari su cimma yarjejeniya tare da addinan gabas ta hanyar sulhu kamar jayayya ta surori uku ko monotheletism, an ƙi wannan a cikin Maghreb kamar yadda yake a Italiya kuma ta haka ne ya ɗora nauyin haɗin kai na daular. Tare da fadada sararin samaniya, yawan jama'a da ikon tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da mallakar Italiya na Daular Byzantine da kuma sakamakon karamin dogaro da Byzantine Maghreb, wannan har ma ya haifar da rabuwa. Masanin addinin Girka Maximus Confessor, wanda ya zauna a Maghreb tsakanin 628 da 645 kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun cocin Afirka, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan kuma ya fahimci sabon rukunan a matsayin sulhu da ba za a iya tsammani ba tare da Monophysites kuma ya hukunta monotheletism a cikin majalisa ta Lateran karkashin jagorancin Paparoma Martin I. ==== Sauran ƙungiyoyi ==== A cikin Maghreb, tun farkon matakin karshe na tsananta wa Kiristoci a Daular Roma, Donatism (mai suna bayan Donatus Magnus, 315 zuwa 355 na Donatists) ya rabu da Cocin Yamma a ƙarni na 4 da 5. Wannan rabuwa, wanda ya bunkasa nasa ilimin coci, ya kasance iyakance ga arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Al'ummomin Donatist sun kasance bangaskiya mafi girma a Mauretania Sitifensis da Numidia har zuwa tsanantawar Romawa ta yamma daga 411 zuwa gaba, sun kasance daidai da al'ummomin Latin-Nicene a yankunan yammacin lardunan Mauritanian da Tripolitania, yayin da suke da karfi a cikin Byzacena kuma suna wakiltar a duk sauran sassan Afirka, inda suke da alama sun kasance musamman a yadu tsakanin Berbers. An kuma danne Donatists a ƙarƙashin Vandals da kuma ƙarƙashin Romawa na Gabas. A zamanin Byzantine, hanyarsu ta ɓace. Har zuwa inda aka tsananta wa Donatists a cikin ƙananan masarautun Roman-Berber ba a bincika su ba, amma idan aka ba da shaidar haƙuri na addini a lokacin Vandals da rashin wani bayani game da murkushewa daga baya, ana iya musanta tsanantawa. Nasarar da Arian Vandals suka yi ta kasance tare da isowar [[Arianism]] a matsayin bangaskiyar Kirista ta uku a Maghreb, wanda, a matsayin addinin jihar na Masarautar Vandal, ya bambanta da ka'idar Nicene na sarakuna na duka rabin Romawa, amma kuma na mafi yawan jama'a a Magh Reb. An kori malamai, an rushe masallatai kuma masu bi na Nicene Confession sun sanya su cikin matsin lamba. Koyaya, tsanantawar da Vandals suka yi ya gamu da juriya daga Kiristoci na Katolika da kuma Donatists kuma ya ƙare tare da sake dawo da Roman na Gabas. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Arians ma 'yan tsiraru ne da aka zalunta. Tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa nasarar da Larabawa suka yi, akwai Latin-Nicene, Girkanci (Byzantine) -Nicene da Homoean-non-Nicène (Arian) kuma mai yiwuwa ma da Kiristoci na Donatist a Arewacin Afirka da Sardinia. Ba a san lokacin da al'ummomin [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]] na farko a Maghreb suka kasance ba, saboda 'yan kasuwa na Yahudawa na iya zama a can lokacin da Finikiyawa, wadanda su ma Semitic ne, suka kafa wuraren kasuwanci. A ƙarshe tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin Aelia Capitolina da lardin Palaestina na Hadrianic, Yahudawa a ƙarshe sun warwatse a matsayin mutane masu mahimmanci da haɗin kai. Da yake ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, Yahudawa sun zauna a cikin Roman Maghreb. Tun lokacin da Berbers suka tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci, ba a riga an bayyana ba game da lokacin kafin Islama har zuwa wane irin yadda Yahudawa na Maghreb suka kasance na Berber ko Isra'ila. Musamman, labarin ya tashi cewa ƙungiyar Kāhina ta Yahudawa ce. Sabanin haka, wanzuwar harshen Yahudanci-Berber tabbas ne. Kamar Donatists da Arians - na ƙarshe bayan cin nasarar Masarautar Vandal da Romawa na Gabas suka yi, Yahudawa ma sun fuskanci zalunci, musamman game da haramtacciyar yin addini, wanda ya sami ƙarni na farko a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma a cikin 632 a ƙarƙashin Heraclius tare da umarni don tilasta juyowa a duk faɗin daular kuma ya shafi Byzantine Arewacin Afirka. Yana yiwuwa cewa kafin wannan manufofin Kiristanci, Yahudawa sun koma sassa na Mauretania Tingitana waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Byzantine ba. A cikin bincike na baya-bayan nan, duk da haka, an nuna cewa aiwatar da dokar a duk fadin daular yana da matukar shakku kuma asalin ma'auni mai yiwuwa ne na yanayin eschatological; ana fatan cewa wannan zai daidaita jihar a lokacin tashin hankali na addini. Daga ƙarshe, duk da haka, dabarun mulkin mallaka sun gaza, kuma addinin Yahudanci a Maghreb ya kasance mai ƙarfi == Gundumar Firayim Minista ta Afirka 533-590 == [[File:Carte_postale_Damous_el_Karita_Carthage_3.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Basilica na Damous El Karita a Carthage, cocin da ya sami fadadawa sosai a cikin karni na 6. An gano kusan raguwa 14,000 na rubuce-rubuce yayin gano cocin wani lokaci tsakanin 1876 da 1892.]] After Belisarius had annihilated the Vandal Kingdom with his unexpectedly quick victories over Gelimer at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Tricamarum, its territories – and thus the economically strongest province of the former Western Roman Empire – became re-incorporated into the Roman Empire without major war-related destruction. Justinian ya dawo da tsohuwar rarrabuwar gudanarwa, amma ya ɗaga gwamnan gaba ɗaya a Carthage zuwa matsayi mafi girma na Prefecture na Praetorian, ta haka ne ya kawo ƙarshen Diocese na Afirka na gargajiya ga Prefecture of Italy (sa'an nan har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Ostrogothic Kingdom). An sanya larduna bakwai - hudu consular, uku praesides - an sanya su: An tattauna yaƙe-yaƙe, tashin hankali na addini da gudu a cikin tarihin zamani, amma an ba da hankali sosai ga gaskiyar cewa sake cin nasara ya sa duk kasuwanni na Daular Roma ta Gabas kuma daga baya kuma Italiya ta sake samun damar samar da kayayyakin Afirka. Bugu da kari, dangantakar kasuwanci mai zurfi tare da Daular Frankish an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar gano tsabar kudi. Bugu da kari, lokutan tashin hankali, musamman tawaye da Berbers na daular ko mamayewar Berbers na kasashen waje, ba su haifar da tara tsabar kudi ba kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance a yankin Balkan a cikin kwatankwacin lokacin. Bugu da kari, maganganu masu ban mamaki a cikin tushe an iyakance su ga lokutan mutum na kimanin shekaru 170, wanda wani muhimmin lokaci na rikice-rikice ya fadi a farkon lokacin Prefecture na Firayim Minista na Afirka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ioekz16y07yjx1ciaam5djegj25p44p 966363 966355 2026-10-11T16:30:38Z Salma Raddah 45959 966363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png|thumb|300x300px|Byzantine Afirka a kusa da 600]] <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{Databox}}   '''Mulkin Byzantine a Arewacin Afirka''' ya kai kimanin shekaru 175. Ya fara ne a cikin shekaru 533/534 tare da sake mamaye yankin da ke cikin Daular Romawa ta Yamma ta [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roman ta Gabas]] a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Justinian II tare da cin nasarar Carthage (698) da kuma sansanonin Byzantine na ƙarshe, musamman Septem (708/711), a yayin fadada Islama. Tsarin gudanarwa na yankin da farko ya kasance daidai da tsarin gudanarwa na Roman da ya kasance a cikin shekaru 300 da suka gabata. Saboda haka, ikon farar hula ya kasance a hannun wani prefect na Praetorian, shugaban babban ikon gudanarwa na farar hula a cikin Daular Roman. Duk da haka, ikon soja ya kasance a kan Magister militum per Africam. Wadannan iko sun haɗu cikin ofishi ɗaya daga 591 a ƙarshe, kuma Gabashin Roman Arewacin Afirka ya zama zuciyar ɗaya daga cikin exarchates guda biyu, tare da kafa wanda Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roman [[Maurice (sarkin sarakuna)|Maurice]] (582-602) ya sami damar magance sakamakon wuce gona da iri ta hanyar haɗuwa da rarraba. Babu wani canji a cikin waɗannan tsarin gudanarwa da ya faru har zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Byzantine.<ref>The time of Arab conquest of the last Byzantine outpost is uncertain, compare only Walter Kaegi: The Islamic conquest and the defense of Byzantine Africa. In: Susan T. Stevens, Jonathan P. Conant (editor.): North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection, Washington (D. C.) 2016, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-88402-408-8</nowiki>, p. 65–86, escpecially S. 70–71, who assumes 711; but also Susan Raven: Rome in Africa. 3. Auflage. Routledge, London u. a. 1993, <nowiki>ISBN 0-415-08150-5</nowiki>, S. 229, who puts the conquest '10 years after the fall of Carthage and emphasises that only Arab and Visigothic sources are available for this subject. This concurs with Walter E. Kaegi: Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-63680-4</nowiki>, page 155, who states that Ceuta is referred to in Byzantine sources for the last time in 641.</ref> Sake mamaye wannan yankin ya kasance mafi mahimmancin dabarun da tattalin arziki kuma mafi dorewa daga duk nasarorin da aka samu a Yamma. Yayinda aka kafa mulkin Lombard a wasu sassan Gabashin Romawa Italiya bayan 568 da mulkin Gabashin Roma a kudancin Spain ya zo ƙarshe a cikin yakin Romawa da Farisa na ƙarshe, yankunan da aka sake cin nasara a Maghreb sun kasance gaba ɗaya a hannun Gabashin Roma har zuwa [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Nasarar Larabawa a Arewacin Afirka]]. Wannan ya sanya yankin ya zama mafi mahimmancin dutse na Roman / Byzantine na Gabas a Yamma. == Yanayin farko == Saurin kafa mulkin Roman na Gabas a Maghreb na yau shine sakamakon karuwar siyasa a lardunan Afirka na tsohuwar Daular Yamma da kuma jihar da ta gaji Jamusanci na Vandals, wanda ya fi dacewa da rushewar ikon yanki da tsarin gudanarwa. === Tsohon Yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 5 da farkon karni na 6. === [[File:Roman_Empire_with_dioceses_in_400_AD.png|thumb|Tsarin ƙarin gudanarwa na Imperium Romanum bayan 395]] Tare da rabuwa da daular a cikin 395, duk yankunan Romawa a Afirka a yammacin Babban Sirte sun zama wani ɓangare na Daular Romawa ta Yamma. Musamman, waɗannan sune lardunan Tripolitania, [[Byzacena]], Zeugitana (wanda ake kira Proconsularis provincia ko Afirka proconsularis), Numidia, Mauretania Sitifensis, Mauretania Caesariensis da Mauretania Tingitana. Wadannan larduna za a iya la'akari da su, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, a matsayin zuciyar daular yamma, tunda sun ba Italiya hatsi kuma sun samar da babban ɓangare na kudaden harajin daular yamma. Daga 429 sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa na ƙaurawar mutane da Vandals suka haye a Septem. Bayan kisan Sarkin sarakuna Valentinian III a cikin 455 a ƙarshe, babu wani yanki a Afirka da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma. ==== Mulkin ɓarna ==== [[File:Europe_at_the_death_of_Theoderic_the_Great_in_526.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Vandal 'yan shekaru kafin cin nasarar Romawa ta Gabas, ta raunana ta hanyar rabuwa da hare-haren Moorish.]] A wasu sassan yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a cikin 439, tare da cin nasarar Carthage da Vandals suka yi a ƙarƙashin sarkinsu [[Gaiseric|Geiseric]], an kafa daular mai zaman kanta da yawancin mayaƙan Jamus ke mulki. Wannan Masarautar Vandal ta mamaye yankin yammacin Bahar Rum tare da rundunarta mai ƙarfi kuma ta kawo [[Korsika|Corsica]] da [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], Tsibirin Balearic da yammacin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar tasiri ga Yammacin Roma, saboda Afirka lardin ne mai arziki kuma mai yawan birane; Baya ga samar da zaitun, aikin lardin a matsayin hatsi ga Yammaci na Roma, musamman Italiya, yana da muhimmancin gaske. A cikin 441 yunkurin Roman na Gabas don kayar da rundunar Vandal kuma kawo karshen mulkin su ya gaza. Maimakon haka, Daular Romawa ta Yamma dole ne ta amince da mulkin Vandal a gabashin Numidia a cikin yarjejeniya a cikin 442. A cikin 468, masarautar Vandals ta zama manufa ta wani, a wannan lokacin babban aiki, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Daular Yamma a ƙarƙashin Anthemius da Daular Roma ta Gabas a ƙarƙashin Leo I. Koyaya, wannan kamfen ɗin Vandal ya gaza sosai, galibi saboda Sarkin Vandal Geiseric ya yi nasarar ƙone manyan jiragen ruwa na Roma. Bayan hare-haren Vandal a bakin tekun gabashin Roman Illyricum (kuma mai yiwuwa gazawar wani, karamin yakin Romawa a cikin 470), Sarkin sarakuna na gabashin Roma Zeno ya tabbatar da dangin Geiseric a cikin yarjejeniya (foedus) a cikin 475 mallakar lardin Afirka da tsibirai; daga baya babu sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin Masarautar Vandal da Daular Roma ta Gabas na shekaru da yawa. A cikin shekaru 94 na wanzuwarsa, masarautar Vandals ta kasance da rikice-rikice na daular kan rinjaye kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta hanyar bambancin tsakanin mutanen Nicene Roman da Vandals, waɗanda aka Romanized amma sun bi bangaskiyar [[Arianism|Arian]] na Kristanci. Bugu da kari, suna da matsaloli masu yawa wajen kare iyakokin kasa daga [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] ko kuma kiyaye Berbers a karkashin mulkin Vandal a karkashin iko. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya sa manyan masu mallakar ƙasa da ƙananan masu mallakar su karfafa gonakin su. Koyaya, sabanin ra'ayoyin tsofaffi, lokacin Masarautar Vandal ba zamanin raguwar tattalin arziki ba ne, maimakon dangantakar kasuwanci ta ci gaba, kodayake mai yiwuwa an iyakance ta da 'yancin kai na Masarautar vandal da manufofin kasashen waje masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Geiseric. ==== Yankunan Roman-Berber ==== A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan 439, Numidia da lardunan tsohuwar Mauritania da farko sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma. A nan, Sarkin sarakuna na Yammacin Roma Valentinian III ya amince da tada sojoji masu zaman kansu ta manyan masu mallakar ƙasa saboda yana fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da hare-hare a yankin Vandal. Bayan kisan Valentinian III, wannan matsayin mai kula da yaƙi na manyan masu mallakar ƙasa ya haifar da rushewar waɗannan larduna zuwa ƙananan daular, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin Berber a cikin jama'a na sauran yankin Bahar Rum kuma musamman a yankin da ke kusa da Carthage. Numidia da yankunan bakin teku na lardunan Mauritania nan da nan Vandals suka ci nasara, amma bayan mutuwar Sarkin Vandal Huneric a cikin 484, wasu sun rabu da Masarautar Vandal. Yankunan Roman-Berber sun ci gaba a ko'ina cikin lardunan Mauritania, sama da duka Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum tare da babban birnin Altava, wanda muhimmancinsa ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa har zuwa 570s. Halin Berber na musamman na waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda galibi ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Vandal ba kuma sun kasance tsohuwar Roman Yamma, yanzu an ƙaryata su gaba ɗaya. Musamman, yankunan da ke kusa da Altava da [[Lixus (birni na dā)|Lixus]] da Volubilis a cikin yammacin Mauretania Tingitana sun nuna ci gaba da kasancewa da tsoffin haɗin kasuwanci da rubutun kabarin Latin, a wasu lokuta har zuwa shekara ta 655. Bugu da kari, ƙananan masarautun wannan yankin sun yi maraba da Romawa da yawa waɗanda Vandals suka tsananta musu saboda addini da sauran dalilai. === Ƙarshen Masarautar Vandal === [[File:Vandalic_War_campaign_de.svg|thumb|Yakin yaƙi a lokacin yaƙin Vandal .]] A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, Masarautar Vandal ta kewaye da ƙananan masarautun Roma-Berber kuma tana ƙarƙashin hare-hare daga gare su. A karkashin sarki na karshe na Vandal, Hilderic, wanda yake da niyyar cimma matsaya tare da Gabas da kuma juya baya daga Arianism, matsalolin siyasa na kasashen waje da na cikin gida na daularsa sun karu sosai, tare da cin nasarar Vandal a kan Berbers wanda ya kai ga faduwarsa a hannun Gelimer a cikin 530. Sarkin Vandal na karshe Gelimer, a gefe guda, ba wai kawai ya ga kansa yana fuskantar barazanar daga Berbers ba bayan juyin mulkin, har ma ya aika da wani ɓangare na sojojinsa da rundunarsa zuwa Sardinia don kawo karshen tashin hankali da mai daraja Godas ya yi a can, kuma a lokaci guda dole ne ya fuskanci wani tashin hankali na gwamnan Tripolitan Prudentius da farko ya kalli komai. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roma Justinian I ya fara yakin Vandal a cikin 533, wanda kuma ya ba shi damar karkatar da hankali daga sakamakon tashin hankali na Nika na shekarar da ta gabata. Ya aika da sojoji karkashin jagorancin Belisarius da sojoji 15,000 da sojan doki zuwa Carthage da ƙaramin sojoji don tallafawa Prudentius a Tripolitania. Wadannan dakarun sun sami damar cinye mafi yawan yankin Vandals a cikin watanni tara - yanayin da zai iya zama abin farin ciki da gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙananan daular Roman-Berber sun ga dalilin yaƙi a faduwar Hilderich a irin wannan hanyar kamar yadda Sarkin Romawa na Gabas ya yi. == Addini == === Bangaskiyar Kirista === [[Kiristanci]] ya bazu a yankin Maghreb na yau a lokacin Roman daga karni na 3 kuma shine addini mafi rinjaye a ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a kuma mai yiwuwa ma a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya. Har zuwa addinai uku na Kirista an wakilta su a nan, wanda ya ɓace a ƙarshe ta hanyar Islama daga farkon karni na 8. ==== Cocin Roman Imperial (Nicene-Chalcedonian) ==== Yawancin Kiristoci a cikin Maghreb sun kunshi Kiristoci na Latino-Nicene, waɗanda don haka sun kasance cikin bangaskiyar da ita ce addinin jihar na Daular Roma. Mulkin Vandal tare da haɗin gwiwar da ke tattare da bangaskiyar Latin-Nicene ya kuma yi tasiri a zamanin Roman na Gabas. A gefe guda, ikon jihar da tasirin kai tsaye na Paparoma ba su nan kusan ƙarni daya. Wannan ya buƙaci kuma ya kafa wani matakin cin gashin kansa daga manyan malamai na coci da malaman addini, waɗanda ba sa son mayar da su ga Sarkin sarakuna na Gabas. Yankin musamman ya kasance a buɗe ga muhawara ta addini fiye da sauran larduna na Daular Roma. A gefe guda, al'ummomin Kirista na Latino-Nicene a cikin Maghreb sun haɓaka ƙin duk wani karkatarwa daga majalisun ecumenical. Har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan Byzantine suka yi ƙoƙari su cimma yarjejeniya tare da addinan gabas ta hanyar sulhu kamar jayayya ta surori uku ko monotheletism, an ƙi wannan a cikin Maghreb kamar yadda yake a Italiya kuma ta haka ne ya ɗora nauyin haɗin kai na daular. Tare da fadada sararin samaniya, yawan jama'a da ikon tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da mallakar Italiya na Daular Byzantine da kuma sakamakon karamin dogaro da Byzantine Maghreb, wannan har ma ya haifar da rabuwa. Masanin addinin Girka Maximus Confessor, wanda ya zauna a Maghreb tsakanin 628 da 645 kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun cocin Afirka, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan kuma ya fahimci sabon rukunan a matsayin sulhu da ba za a iya tsammani ba tare da Monophysites kuma ya hukunta monotheletism a cikin majalisa ta Lateran karkashin jagorancin Paparoma Martin I. ==== Sauran ƙungiyoyi ==== A cikin Maghreb, tun farkon matakin karshe na tsananta wa Kiristoci a Daular Roma, Donatism (mai suna bayan Donatus Magnus, 315 zuwa 355 na Donatists) ya rabu da Cocin Yamma a ƙarni na 4 da 5. Wannan rabuwa, wanda ya bunkasa nasa ilimin coci, ya kasance iyakance ga arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Al'ummomin Donatist sun kasance bangaskiya mafi girma a Mauretania Sitifensis da Numidia har zuwa tsanantawar Romawa ta yamma daga 411 zuwa gaba, sun kasance daidai da al'ummomin Latin-Nicene a yankunan yammacin lardunan Mauritanian da Tripolitania, yayin da suke da karfi a cikin Byzacena kuma suna wakiltar a duk sauran sassan Afirka, inda suke da alama sun kasance musamman a yadu tsakanin Berbers. An kuma danne Donatists a ƙarƙashin Vandals da kuma ƙarƙashin Romawa na Gabas. A zamanin Byzantine, hanyarsu ta ɓace. Har zuwa inda aka tsananta wa Donatists a cikin ƙananan masarautun Roman-Berber ba a bincika su ba, amma idan aka ba da shaidar haƙuri na addini a lokacin Vandals da rashin wani bayani game da murkushewa daga baya, ana iya musanta tsanantawa. Nasarar da Arian Vandals suka yi ta kasance tare da isowar [[Arianism]] a matsayin bangaskiyar Kirista ta uku a Maghreb, wanda, a matsayin addinin jihar na Masarautar Vandal, ya bambanta da ka'idar Nicene na sarakuna na duka rabin Romawa, amma kuma na mafi yawan jama'a a Magh Reb. An kori malamai, an rushe masallatai kuma masu bi na Nicene Confession sun sanya su cikin matsin lamba. Koyaya, tsanantawar da Vandals suka yi ya gamu da juriya daga Kiristoci na Katolika da kuma Donatists kuma ya ƙare tare da sake dawo da Roman na Gabas. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Arians ma 'yan tsiraru ne da aka zalunta. Tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa nasarar da Larabawa suka yi, akwai Latin-Nicene, Girkanci (Byzantine) -Nicene da Homoean-non-Nicène (Arian) kuma mai yiwuwa ma da Kiristoci na Donatist a Arewacin Afirka da Sardinia. Ba a san lokacin da al'ummomin [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]] na farko a Maghreb suka kasance ba, saboda 'yan kasuwa na Yahudawa na iya zama a can lokacin da Finikiyawa, wadanda su ma Semitic ne, suka kafa wuraren kasuwanci. A ƙarshe tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin Aelia Capitolina da lardin Palaestina na Hadrianic, Yahudawa a ƙarshe sun warwatse a matsayin mutane masu mahimmanci da haɗin kai. Da yake ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, Yahudawa sun zauna a cikin Roman Maghreb. Tun lokacin da Berbers suka tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci, ba a riga an bayyana ba game da lokacin kafin Islama har zuwa wane irin yadda Yahudawa na Maghreb suka kasance na Berber ko Isra'ila. Musamman, labarin ya tashi cewa ƙungiyar Kāhina ta Yahudawa ce. Sabanin haka, wanzuwar harshen Yahudanci-Berber tabbas ne. Kamar Donatists da Arians - na ƙarshe bayan cin nasarar Masarautar Vandal da Romawa na Gabas suka yi, Yahudawa ma sun fuskanci zalunci, musamman game da haramtacciyar yin addini, wanda ya sami ƙarni na farko a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma a cikin 632 a ƙarƙashin Heraclius tare da umarni don tilasta juyowa a duk faɗin daular kuma ya shafi Byzantine Arewacin Afirka. Yana yiwuwa cewa kafin wannan manufofin Kiristanci, Yahudawa sun koma sassa na Mauretania Tingitana waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Byzantine ba. A cikin bincike na baya-bayan nan, duk da haka, an nuna cewa aiwatar da dokar a duk fadin daular yana da matukar shakku kuma asalin ma'auni mai yiwuwa ne na yanayin eschatological; ana fatan cewa wannan zai daidaita jihar a lokacin tashin hankali na addini. Daga ƙarshe, duk da haka, dabarun mulkin mallaka sun gaza, kuma addinin Yahudanci a Maghreb ya kasance mai ƙarfi == Gundumar Firayim Minista ta Afirka 533-590 == [[File:Carte_postale_Damous_el_Karita_Carthage_3.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Basilica na Damous El Karita a Carthage, cocin da ya sami fadadawa sosai a cikin karni na 6. An gano kusan raguwa 14,000 na rubuce-rubuce yayin gano cocin wani lokaci tsakanin 1876 da 1892.]] After Belisarius had annihilated the Vandal Kingdom with his unexpectedly quick victories over Gelimer at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Tricamarum, its territories – and thus the economically strongest province of the former Western Roman Empire – became re-incorporated into the Roman Empire without major war-related destruction. Justinian ya dawo da tsohuwar rarrabuwar gudanarwa, amma ya ɗaga gwamnan gaba ɗaya a Carthage zuwa matsayi mafi girma na Prefecture na Praetorian, ta haka ne ya kawo ƙarshen Diocese na Afirka na gargajiya ga Prefecture of Italy (sa'an nan har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Ostrogothic Kingdom). An sanya larduna bakwai - hudu consular, uku praesides - an sanya su: An tattauna yaƙe-yaƙe, tashin hankali na addini da gudu a cikin tarihin zamani, amma an ba da hankali sosai ga gaskiyar cewa sake cin nasara ya sa duk kasuwanni na Daular Roma ta Gabas kuma daga baya kuma Italiya ta sake samun damar samar da kayayyakin Afirka. Bugu da kari, dangantakar kasuwanci mai zurfi tare da Daular Frankish an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar gano tsabar kudi. Bugu da kari, lokutan tashin hankali, musamman tawaye da Berbers na daular ko mamayewar Berbers na kasashen waje, ba su haifar da tara tsabar kudi ba kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance a yankin Balkan a cikin kwatankwacin lokacin. Bugu da kari, maganganu masu ban mamaki a cikin tushe an iyakance su ga lokutan mutum na kimanin shekaru 170, wanda wani muhimmin lokaci na rikice-rikice ya fadi a farkon lokacin Prefecture na Firayim Minista na Afirka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1yizlu760umfzhevb0rw994m9zsc6lk Jirgin Sama na Georgian 834 0 178920 966343 2026-10-11T16:26:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374255764|Georgian Airways Flight 834]]" 966343 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2011, Jirgin Jirgin Sama na Georgia Airways Flight 834, jirgin fasinja na Bombardier CRJ100 na Georgian Airlines wanda ke aiki da jirgin cikin gida daga [[Kisangani]] zuwa [[Kinshasa]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), ya fadi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Kinshasa. Jirgin, wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta hayar, yana ƙoƙarin sauka a lokacin tsawa. Daga cikin mutane 33 da ke cikin jirgin, mutum daya ne kawai ya tsira. Lamarin ya kasance bala'in jirgin sama mafi muni a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation Safety Network - United Nations - UN |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/4679 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=ASN}}</ref> Har ila yau, bala'in jirgin sama na uku mafi muni wanda ya shafi CRJ100/200, bayan Comair Flight 5191 da China Eastern Airlines Flight 5210 .<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-100ER 4L-GAE Kinshasa-N'Djili Airport (FIH) |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/types/Bombardier-CRJ100-200-440/index |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> gwamnatin DRC ta kafa kwamiti na bincike don bincika hadarin. Ya kammala cewa jirgin ya gamu da microburst bayan ya fara tafiya, wanda ya sa ya rasa tsawo da sauri. Kodayake radar na yanayin ma'aikatan ya nuna mummunan yanayin yanayi a kusa da filin jirgin sama, ma'aikatan ba su dakatar da jirgin su zuwa Kinshasa ba. Bayan asarar tsawo da sauri, ma'aikatan sun kasa dawo da jirgin saboda ƙananan tsawo. == Jirgin sama == Jirgin ya kasance Bombardier CRJ100ER, wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin 4L-GAE <ref name="ASN040411" /> tare da lambar serial na c / n 7070. A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2008, a karkashin yarjejeniyar haya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hayar jirgin sama don aikin [[MONUSCO]] a DRC.<ref name="ASN040411">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=4L-GAE Accident description |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/321134 |access-date=4 April 2011 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> == Hadari == === Fitarwa === Jirgin 834 jirgin fasinja ne na cikin gida daga [[Kisangani]], babban birnin lardin Orientale, zuwa babban birnin kasar [[Kinshasa]], <ref name="AFP">{{Cite web |title=Au moins 16 morts dans l'accident d'un avion de l'ONU au RD Congo |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jLF33Ug1xF-frSrD0SXc4CZ1Hw1A?docId=CNG.ab85f08731c96814ed1d14e0951895ed.2c1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407112913/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jLF33Ug1xF-frSrD0SXc4CZ1Hw1A?docId=CNG.ab85f08731c96814ed1d14e0951895ed.2c1 |archive-date=7 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011 |publisher=AFP via Google |language=fr}}</ref> wanda kamfanin jirgin saman Georgia, Georgian Airways ke sarrafawa. An gudanar da shi tare da Bombardier CRJ100ER, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hayar don ayyukanta a Kongo bayan barkewar rikice-rikice a yankin. Jirgin ya kasance yana aiki da Georgian Airways tun 2008. Da yake Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta hayar ta, an ba ta alamar kira "UNO".: 5  Jiragen saman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasance masu yawa a Kongo, suna faruwa fiye da daruruwan sau a mako a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyar sufuri a kasar; hanyar tashi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a kasar. Ana amfani da jiragen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke sarrafawa akai-akai don jigilar 'yan jarida da ma'aikatan kungiyoyi daban-daban masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Death toll rises from UN plane crash in Kinshasa |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110405-dr-congo-death-toll-rises-un-plane-crash-kinshasa |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=France 24}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2011, an sanya jirgin sama don gudanar da jirgin daga Kisangani zuwa Kinshasa. A Kisangani, jimlar fasinjoji 29 sun shiga jirgin. Akwai ma'aikata huɗu, wadanda suka hada da Kyaftin Alexei Hovhanesyan, Jami'in Farko Suliko Tsutskiridze, mai kula da jirgin sama da injiniyan ƙasa. Dukkanin ma'aikatan 'yan kasar Georgia ne. An ruwaito kyaftin din dan kasar Georgia ne.<ref name="RBK">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Грузинские пилоты погибли при крушении самолета в Конго |trans-title=Georgian pilots die in plane crash in Congo |url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/05/04/2011/5703e5bb9a79473c0df1c74c |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=RBK |language=ru}}</ref> Kyaftin din da matukin jirgi a cikin umurni shine Alexey Hovhanesyan mai shekaru 27, wanda ke da sa'o'i 2,811 na jirgin sama, ciki har da sa'a 1,622 a kan CRJ100 (sa'o'in 217 a matsayin kyaftin da 1,405 a matsayin jami'in farko). An ci gaba da shi zuwa kyaftin na CRJ100 kimanin watanni uku kafin hadarin. Jami'in farko shi ne Suliko Tsutskiridze mai shekaru 22, wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa fiye da Kyaftin Hovhaesyan, bayan ya yi sa'o'i 495 kawai, tare da 344 daga cikinsu a kan CRJ100.: 29 Sauran ma'aikatan an gano su ne ma'aikatan jirgin Guram Kepuladze da injiniyan ƙasa Albert Manukov . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Four Georgians Die in Congo Plane Crash |url=https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23313 |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=CIvil.ge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Կոնգոյում կործանված վրացական ինքնաթիռի հրամանատարը հայ է |url=https://www.1in.am/15320.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=1in.am}}</ref>{{Rp|11}} mugqol8yxl7515qvy6nilduy9iu5h8v 966348 966343 2026-10-11T16:27:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 966348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2011, Jirgin Jirgin Sama na Georgia Airways Flight 834, jirgin fasinja na Bombardier CRJ100 na Georgian Airlines wanda ke aiki da jirgin cikin gida daga [[Kisangani]] zuwa [[Kinshasa]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), ya fadi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Kinshasa. Jirgin, wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta hayar, yana ƙoƙarin sauka a lokacin tsawa. Daga cikin mutane 33 da ke cikin jirgin, mutum daya ne kawai ya tsira. Lamarin ya kasance bala'in jirgin sama mafi muni a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation Safety Network - United Nations - UN |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/4679 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=ASN}}</ref> Har ila yau, bala'in jirgin sama na uku mafi muni wanda ya shafi CRJ100/200, bayan Comair Flight 5191 da China Eastern Airlines Flight 5210 .<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-100ER 4L-GAE Kinshasa-N'Djili Airport (FIH) |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/types/Bombardier-CRJ100-200-440/index |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> gwamnatin DRC ta kafa kwamiti na bincike don bincika hadarin. Ya kammala cewa jirgin ya gamu da microburst bayan ya fara tafiya, wanda ya sa ya rasa tsawo da sauri. Kodayake radar na yanayin ma'aikatan ya nuna mummunan yanayin yanayi a kusa da filin jirgin sama, ma'aikatan ba su dakatar da jirgin su zuwa Kinshasa ba. Bayan asarar tsawo da sauri, ma'aikatan sun kasa dawo da jirgin saboda ƙananan tsawo. == Jirgin sama == Jirgin ya kasance Bombardier CRJ100ER, wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin 4L-GAE <ref name="ASN040411" /> tare da lambar serial na c / n 7070. A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2008, a karkashin yarjejeniyar haya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hayar jirgin sama don aikin [[MONUSCO]] a DRC.<ref name="ASN040411">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=4L-GAE Accident description |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/321134 |access-date=4 April 2011 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> == Hadari == === Fitarwa === Jirgin 834 jirgin fasinja ne na cikin gida daga [[Kisangani]], babban birnin lardin Orientale, zuwa babban birnin kasar [[Kinshasa]], <ref name="AFP">{{Cite web |title=Au moins 16 morts dans l'accident d'un avion de l'ONU au RD Congo |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jLF33Ug1xF-frSrD0SXc4CZ1Hw1A?docId=CNG.ab85f08731c96814ed1d14e0951895ed.2c1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407112913/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jLF33Ug1xF-frSrD0SXc4CZ1Hw1A?docId=CNG.ab85f08731c96814ed1d14e0951895ed.2c1 |archive-date=7 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011 |publisher=AFP via Google |language=fr}}</ref> wanda kamfanin jirgin saman Georgia, Georgian Airways ke sarrafawa. An gudanar da shi tare da Bombardier CRJ100ER, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hayar don ayyukanta a Kongo bayan barkewar rikice-rikice a yankin. Jirgin ya kasance yana aiki da Georgian Airways tun 2008. Da yake Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta hayar ta, an ba ta alamar kira "UNO".: 5  Jiragen saman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasance masu yawa a Kongo, suna faruwa fiye da daruruwan sau a mako a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyar sufuri a kasar; hanyar tashi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a kasar. Ana amfani da jiragen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke sarrafawa akai-akai don jigilar 'yan jarida da ma'aikatan kungiyoyi daban-daban masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Death toll rises from UN plane crash in Kinshasa |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110405-dr-congo-death-toll-rises-un-plane-crash-kinshasa |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=France 24}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2011, an sanya jirgin sama don gudanar da jirgin daga Kisangani zuwa Kinshasa. A Kisangani, jimlar fasinjoji 29 sun shiga jirgin. Akwai ma'aikata huɗu, wadanda suka hada da Kyaftin Alexei Hovhanesyan, Jami'in Farko Suliko Tsutskiridze, mai kula da jirgin sama da injiniyan ƙasa. Dukkanin ma'aikatan 'yan kasar Georgia ne. An ruwaito kyaftin din dan kasar Georgia ne.<ref name="RBK">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Грузинские пилоты погибли при крушении самолета в Конго |trans-title=Georgian pilots die in plane crash in Congo |url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/05/04/2011/5703e5bb9a79473c0df1c74c |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=RBK |language=ru}}</ref> Kyaftin din da matukin jirgi a cikin umurni shine Alexey Hovhanesyan mai shekaru 27, wanda ke da sa'o'i 2,811 na jirgin sama, ciki har da sa'a 1,622 a kan CRJ100 (sa'o'in 217 a matsayin kyaftin da 1,405 a matsayin jami'in farko). An ci gaba da shi zuwa kyaftin na CRJ100 kimanin watanni uku kafin hadarin. Jami'in farko shi ne Suliko Tsutskiridze mai shekaru 22, wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa fiye da Kyaftin Hovhaesyan, bayan ya yi sa'o'i 495 kawai, tare da 344 daga cikinsu a kan CRJ100.: 29 Sauran ma'aikatan an gano su ne ma'aikatan jirgin Guram Kepuladze da injiniyan ƙasa Albert Manukov . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Four Georgians Die in Congo Plane Crash |url=https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23313 |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=CIvil.ge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Կոնգոյում կործանված վրացական ինքնաթիռի հրամանատարը հայ է |url=https://www.1in.am/15320.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=1in.am}}</ref>{{Rp|11}} t3sf1izhrvat563ei4iu71vu4h8dn54 966350 966348 2026-10-11T16:27:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 966350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2011, Jirgin Jirgin Sama na Georgia Airways Flight 834, jirgin fasinja na Bombardier CRJ100 na Georgian Airlines wanda ke aiki da jirgin cikin gida daga [[Kisangani]] zuwa [[Kinshasa]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), ya fadi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Kinshasa. Jirgin, wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta hayar, yana ƙoƙarin sauka a lokacin tsawa. Daga cikin mutane 33 da ke cikin jirgin, mutum daya ne kawai ya tsira. Lamarin ya kasance bala'in jirgin sama mafi muni a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation Safety Network - United Nations - UN |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/4679 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=ASN}}</ref> Har ila yau, bala'in jirgin sama na uku mafi muni wanda ya shafi CRJ100/200, bayan Comair Flight 5191 da China Eastern Airlines Flight 5210 .<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-100ER 4L-GAE Kinshasa-N'Djili Airport (FIH) |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/types/Bombardier-CRJ100-200-440/index |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> gwamnatin DRC ta kafa kwamiti na bincike don bincika hadarin. Ya kammala cewa jirgin ya gamu da microburst bayan ya fara tafiya, wanda ya sa ya rasa tsawo da sauri. Kodayake radar na yanayin ma'aikatan ya nuna mummunan yanayin yanayi a kusa da filin jirgin sama, ma'aikatan ba su dakatar da jirgin su zuwa Kinshasa ba. Bayan asarar tsawo da sauri, ma'aikatan sun kasa dawo da jirgin saboda ƙananan tsawo. == Jirgin sama == Jirgin ya kasance Bombardier CRJ100ER, wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin 4L-GAE <ref name="ASN040411" /> tare da lambar serial na c / n 7070. A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2008, a karkashin yarjejeniyar haya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hayar jirgin sama don aikin [[MONUSCO]] a DRC.<ref name="ASN040411">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=4L-GAE Accident description |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/321134 |access-date=4 April 2011 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> == Hadari == === Fitarwa === Jirgin 834 jirgin fasinja ne na cikin gida daga [[Kisangani]], babban birnin lardin Orientale, zuwa babban birnin kasar [[Kinshasa]], <ref name="AFP">{{Cite web |title=Au moins 16 morts dans l'accident d'un avion de l'ONU au RD Congo |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jLF33Ug1xF-frSrD0SXc4CZ1Hw1A?docId=CNG.ab85f08731c96814ed1d14e0951895ed.2c1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407112913/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jLF33Ug1xF-frSrD0SXc4CZ1Hw1A?docId=CNG.ab85f08731c96814ed1d14e0951895ed.2c1 |archive-date=7 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011 |publisher=AFP via Google |language=fr}}</ref> wanda kamfanin jirgin saman Georgia, Georgian Airways ke sarrafawa. An gudanar da shi tare da Bombardier CRJ100ER, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hayar don ayyukanta a Kongo bayan barkewar rikice-rikice a yankin. Jirgin ya kasance yana aiki da Georgian Airways tun 2008. Da yake Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta hayar ta, an ba ta alamar kira "UNO".: 5  Jiragen saman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasance masu yawa a Kongo, suna faruwa fiye da daruruwan sau a mako a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyar sufuri a kasar; hanyar tashi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a kasar. Ana amfani da jiragen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke sarrafawa akai-akai don jigilar 'yan jarida da ma'aikatan kungiyoyi daban-daban masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Death toll rises from UN plane crash in Kinshasa |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110405-dr-congo-death-toll-rises-un-plane-crash-kinshasa |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=France 24}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2011, an sanya jirgin sama don gudanar da jirgin daga Kisangani zuwa Kinshasa. A Kisangani, jimlar fasinjoji 29 sun shiga jirgin. Akwai ma'aikata huɗu, wadanda suka hada da Kyaftin Alexei Hovhanesyan, Jami'in Farko Suliko Tsutskiridze, mai kula da jirgin sama da injiniyan ƙasa. Dukkanin ma'aikatan 'yan kasar Georgia ne. An ruwaito kyaftin din dan kasar Georgia ne.<ref name="RBK">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Грузинские пилоты погибли при крушении самолета в Конго |trans-title=Georgian pilots die in plane crash in Congo |url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/05/04/2011/5703e5bb9a79473c0df1c74c |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=RBK |language=ru}}</ref> Kyaftin din da matukin jirgi a cikin umurni shine Alexey Hovhanesyan mai shekaru 27, wanda ke da sa'o'i 2,811 na jirgin sama, ciki har da sa'a 1,622 a kan CRJ100 (sa'o'in 217 a matsayin kyaftin da 1,405 a matsayin jami'in farko). An ci gaba da shi zuwa kyaftin na CRJ100 kimanin watanni uku kafin hadarin. Jami'in farko shi ne Suliko Tsutskiridze mai shekaru 22, wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa fiye da Kyaftin Hovhaesyan, bayan ya yi sa'o'i 495 kawai, tare da 344 daga cikinsu a kan CRJ100.: 29 Sauran ma'aikatan an gano su ne ma'aikatan jirgin Guram Kepuladze da injiniyan ƙasa Albert Manukov . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Four Georgians Die in Congo Plane Crash |url=https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23313 |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=CIvil.ge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Կոնգոյում կործանված վրացական ինքնաթիռի հրամանատարը հայ է |url=https://www.1in.am/15320.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=1in.am}}</ref> == Manazarta == k8ov6zo42zsko5orot8hwgsmhfuk062 Charles George Gordon 0 178921 966349 2026-10-11T16:27:11Z Najaatuhd 25547 Kirkira shafi 966349 wikitext text/x-wiki Manjo-Janar Charles George Gordon CB (28 Janairu 1833 - 26 Janairu 1885), wanda aka fi sani da Sin Gordon Gordon, Gordon Pasha, Gordon na Khartoum da Janar Gordon, jami'in rundunar sojin Burtaniya ne kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya ga ayyukan da aka yi a Yaƙin Crimea a matsayin jami'i a rundunar sojojin Burtaniya. Ya yi suna a soja a China, inda aka sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan "Rundunar Sojojin da Suka Yi Nasara", rundunar sojojin China wacce jami'an Turai ke jagoranta wacce ta taka rawa wajen kawar da Tawayen Taiping, tana kayar da manyan rundunonin sojoji akai-akai. Saboda waɗannan nasarorin, an ba shi laƙabi da "Gordon na China" da kuma girmamawa daga Sarkin China da na Birtaniya. cd3tme39u6bsfqcdq50kjtleq8e7acd 966353 966349 2026-10-11T16:28:22Z Najaatuhd 25547 966353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Manjo-Janar Charles George Gordon CB (28 Janairu 1833 - 26 Janairu 1885), wanda aka fi sani da Sin Gordon Gordon, Gordon Pasha, Gordon na Khartoum da Janar Gordon, jami'in rundunar sojin Burtaniya ne kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya ga ayyukan da aka yi a Yaƙin Crimea a matsayin jami'i a rundunar sojojin Burtaniya. Ya yi suna a soja a China, inda aka sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan "Rundunar Sojojin da Suka Yi Nasara", rundunar sojojin China wacce jami'an Turai ke jagoranta wacce ta taka rawa wajen kawar da Tawayen Taiping, tana kayar da manyan rundunonin sojoji akai-akai. Saboda waɗannan nasarorin, an ba shi laƙabi da "Gordon na China" da kuma girmamawa daga Sarkin China da na Birtaniya. Ya fara aiki a karkashin Khedive na Masar a shekarar 1873 (tare da amincewar gwamnatin Birtaniya), daga baya kuma ya zama Babban Gwamnan Sudan, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen murkushe tawaye da kuma kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin. Ya yi murabus tare da komawa Turai a shekarar 1880. An samu barkewar wani babban tawaye a Sudan, karkashin jagorancin wani malamin addinin Musulunci wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Mahdi, wato Muhammad Ahmad. A farkon shekarar 1884, an tura Gordon zuwa Khartoum tare da umarnin tabbatar da fitar da sojoji da fararen hula masu biyayya daga yankin, sannan ya tafi tare da su. Sabanin wadannan umarni, bayan ya fitar da fararen hula kimanin 2,500, ya ci gaba da zama tare da karamin rukuni na sojoji da kuma mutanen da ba sojoji ba. A watannin da suka gabata kafin faduwar Khartoum, Gordon da Muhammad Ahmad sun rika yin musayar sakonni; Gordon ya yi masa tayin sarautar Kordofan, shi kuma Ahmad ya gayyaci Gordon ya musulunta ya shiga tare da shi, amma Gordon ya ki amincewa. Yayin da sojojin Ahmad suka kewaye birnin, Gordon ya shirya tsarin kare birnin wanda ya dauki tsawon kusan shekara guda. Wannan ya sa jama'ar Birtaniya suka yaba masa matuka, amma gwamnati ba ta ji dadin hakan ba, kasancewar ba ta so ya kafa sansani mai karfi a wurin ba. Sai bayan da matsin lamba daga jama'a ya yi yawa har ba za a iya kaucewa ba, gwamnati ta tura rundunar ceto, duk da cewa ba ta so yin hakan ba. Rundunar ta isa ne kwana biyu bayan faduwar birnin da kuma kashe Gordon. oh2cvonty4yuo8531ir558qrv1sxvnl 966356 966353 2026-10-11T16:29:24Z Najaatuhd 25547 966356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Manjo-Janar Charles George Gordon CB (28 Janairu 1833 - 26 Janairu 1885), wanda aka fi sani da Sin Gordon Gordon, Gordon Pasha, Gordon na Khartoum da Janar Gordon, jami'in rundunar sojin Burtaniya ne kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya ga ayyukan da aka yi a Yaƙin Crimea a matsayin jami'i a rundunar sojojin Burtaniya. Ya yi suna a soja a China, inda aka sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan "Rundunar Sojojin da Suka Yi Nasara", rundunar sojojin China wacce jami'an Turai ke jagoranta wacce ta taka rawa wajen kawar da Tawayen Taiping, tana kayar da manyan rundunonin sojoji akai-akai. Saboda waɗannan nasarorin, an ba shi laƙabi da "Gordon na China" da kuma girmamawa daga Sarkin China da na Birtaniya. Ya fara aiki a karkashin Khedive na Masar a shekarar 1873 (tare da amincewar gwamnatin Birtaniya), daga baya kuma ya zama Babban Gwamnan Sudan, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen murkushe tawaye da kuma kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin. Ya yi murabus tare da komawa Turai a shekarar 1880. An samu barkewar wani babban tawaye a Sudan, karkashin jagorancin wani malamin addinin Musulunci wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Mahdi, wato Muhammad Ahmad. A farkon shekarar 1884, an tura Gordon zuwa Khartoum tare da umarnin tabbatar da fitar da sojoji da fararen hula masu biyayya daga yankin, sannan ya tafi tare da su. Sabanin wadannan umarni, bayan ya fitar da fararen hula kimanin 2,500, ya ci gaba da zama tare da karamin rukuni na sojoji da kuma mutanen da ba sojoji ba. A watannin da suka gabata kafin faduwar Khartoum, Gordon da Muhammad Ahmad sun rika yin musayar sakonni; Gordon ya yi masa tayin sarautar Kordofan, shi kuma Ahmad ya gayyaci Gordon ya musulunta ya shiga tare da shi, amma Gordon ya ki amincewa. Yayin da sojojin Ahmad suka kewaye birnin, Gordon ya shirya tsarin kare birnin wanda ya dauki tsawon kusan shekara guda. Wannan ya sa jama'ar Birtaniya suka yaba masa matuka, amma gwamnati ba ta ji dadin hakan ba, kasancewar ba ta so ya kafa sansani mai karfi a wurin ba. Sai bayan da matsin lamba daga jama'a ya yi yawa har ba za a iya kaucewa ba, gwamnati ta tura rundunar ceto, duk da cewa ba ta so yin hakan ba. Rundunar ta isa ne kwana biyu bayan faduwar birnin da kuma kashe Gordon. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordon a Woolwich, Kent; shi ɗa ne ga Manjo Janar Henry William Gordon (1786–1865) da Elizabeth (1792–1873), wadda ita ce 'yar Samuel Enderby Junior. Maza na dangin Gordon sun yi aiki a matsayin jami'ai a Rundunar Sojin Birtaniya na tsawon tsararraki huɗu, kuma a matsayinsa na ɗan janar, an yi renon Gordon ne domin ya zama na tsararraki ta biyar; da alama iyayensa ba su taɓa yin la'akari da yiwuwar Gordon ya zaɓi wata sana'a daban ba bayan aikin soja.[1] Dukkan 'yan'uwan Gordon maza su ma sun zama jami'an soja.[1] Gordon ya girma a Ingila, Ireland, Scotland, da Tsibiran Ionian (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1864) yayin da ake canza mahaifinsa daga wannan wurin aiki zuwa wani.[2] Ya samu ilimi a Makarantar Fullands da ke Taunton, Makarantar Taunton, da kuma Kwalejin Soja ta Royal Military Academy da ke Woolwich.[3] rsfpkhwkjqzgfmlx4atrc6zw8s2q44u 966368 966356 2026-10-11T16:32:29Z Najaatuhd 25547 966368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Manjo-Janar Charles George Gordon CB (28 Janairu 1833 - 26 Janairu 1885), wanda aka fi sani da Sin Gordon Gordon, Gordon Pasha, Gordon na Khartoum da Janar Gordon, jami'in rundunar sojin Burtaniya ne kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya ga ayyukan da aka yi a Yaƙin Crimea a matsayin jami'i a rundunar sojojin Burtaniya. Ya yi suna a soja a China, inda aka sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan "Rundunar Sojojin da Suka Yi Nasara", rundunar sojojin China wacce jami'an Turai ke jagoranta wacce ta taka rawa wajen kawar da Tawayen Taiping, tana kayar da manyan rundunonin sojoji akai-akai. Saboda waɗannan nasarorin, an ba shi laƙabi da "Gordon na China" da kuma girmamawa daga Sarkin China da na Birtaniya. Ya fara aiki a karkashin Khedive na Masar a shekarar 1873 (tare da amincewar gwamnatin Birtaniya), daga baya kuma ya zama Babban Gwamnan Sudan, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen murkushe tawaye da kuma kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin. Ya yi murabus tare da komawa Turai a shekarar 1880. An samu barkewar wani babban tawaye a Sudan, karkashin jagorancin wani malamin addinin Musulunci wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Mahdi, wato Muhammad Ahmad. A farkon shekarar 1884, an tura Gordon zuwa Khartoum tare da umarnin tabbatar da fitar da sojoji da fararen hula masu biyayya daga yankin, sannan ya tafi tare da su. Sabanin wadannan umarni, bayan ya fitar da fararen hula kimanin 2,500, ya ci gaba da zama tare da karamin rukuni na sojoji da kuma mutanen da ba sojoji ba. A watannin da suka gabata kafin faduwar Khartoum, Gordon da Muhammad Ahmad sun rika yin musayar sakonni; Gordon ya yi masa tayin sarautar Kordofan, shi kuma Ahmad ya gayyaci Gordon ya musulunta ya shiga tare da shi, amma Gordon ya ki amincewa. Yayin da sojojin Ahmad suka kewaye birnin, Gordon ya shirya tsarin kare birnin wanda ya dauki tsawon kusan shekara guda. Wannan ya sa jama'ar Birtaniya suka yaba masa matuka, amma gwamnati ba ta ji dadin hakan ba, kasancewar ba ta so ya kafa sansani mai karfi a wurin ba. Sai bayan da matsin lamba daga jama'a ya yi yawa har ba za a iya kaucewa ba, gwamnati ta tura rundunar ceto, duk da cewa ba ta so yin hakan ba. Rundunar ta isa ne kwana biyu bayan faduwar birnin da kuma kashe Gordon. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordon a Woolwich, Kent; shi ɗa ne ga Manjo Janar Henry William Gordon (1786–1865) da Elizabeth (1792–1873), wadda ita ce 'yar Samuel Enderby Junior. Maza na dangin Gordon sun yi aiki a matsayin jami'ai a Rundunar Sojin Birtaniya na tsawon tsararraki huɗu, kuma a matsayinsa na ɗan janar, an yi renon Gordon ne domin ya zama na tsararraki ta biyar; da alama iyayensa ba su taɓa yin la'akari da yiwuwar Gordon ya zaɓi wata sana'a daban ba bayan aikin soja.[1] Dukkan 'yan'uwan Gordon maza su ma sun zama jami'an soja.[1] Gordon ya girma a Ingila, Ireland, Scotland, da Tsibiran Ionian (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1864) yayin da ake canza mahaifinsa daga wannan wurin aiki zuwa wani.[2] Ya samu ilimi a Makarantar Fullands da ke Taunton, Makarantar Taunton, da kuma Kwalejin Soja ta Royal Military Academy da ke Woolwich.[3] A shekara ta 1843, Gordon ya yi baƙin ciki lokacin da ɗan'uwansa da ya fi so, 'yar'uwarsa Emily, ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka, tana rubuta shekaru bayan haka, "a zahiri ta canza rayuwata, ba ta taɓa kasancewa iri ɗaya ba tun daga lokacin".[4] Bayan mutuwarta, matsayinta na ɗan'uwan Gordon da ya fi so ya koma hannun babbar 'yar'uwarsa mai addini Augusta, wadda ta jawo ɗan'uwanta zuwa ga addini.[5] A lokacin da yake matashi kuma jami'in soja, Gordon ya shahara da babban halinsa, halin faɗa, da kuma rashin bin doka da ƙa'idodi idan ya ji su wawaye ne ko marasa adalci, halin ɗabi'a wanda ya hana kammala karatunsa da shekaru biyu lokacin da malamai suka yanke shawarar hukunta shi saboda karya ƙa'idodi. A matsayinsa na ɗan kadet, Gordon ya nuna ƙwarewa ta musamman a fannin yin taswira da kuma tsara gine-gine, wanda ya haifar da zaɓin aikinsa na Injiniyan Sarauta ko "sappers" a cikin Soja. An naɗa shi Laftanar na biyu a Royal Engineers a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1852, ya kammala horonsa a Chatham, kuma aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken Laftanar a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1854.Sojojin sappers ƙungiya ce mai ƙarfi wadda ke yin aikin leƙen asiri, jagorantar ƙungiyoyin da ke kai hari, rushe cikas a hare-hare, kuma ta ɗauki matakan tsaro na baya a wuraren ja da baya da sauran ayyuka masu haɗari A matsayinsa na jami'i, Gordon ya nuna kwarjini da kuma kwarewa wajen jagoranci, amma manyan jami'an da ke samansa ba su amince da shi sosai ba saboda halinsa na kin bin umarni idan ya ga ba su dace ba ko kuma ba na adalci ba ne.Gordon, wanda ke da matsakaicin tsayi da kuma idanu masu launin shudi masu daukar hankali, yana da ikon zaburar da mutane su bi shi duk inda ya nufa.An fara tura Gordon ne domin ya gina wuraren kare kai na soja a Milford Haven, da ke Pembrokeshire a Wales. Yayin da yake Milford Haven, ya kếta abota da wani ma'aurata matasa, Francis da Anne Drew, wadanda suka gabatar masa da koyarwar addinin Kiristanci na mazhabar 'Evangelical Protestant'.Gordon ya ji dadin karanta ayar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Filibiyawa 1:21 sosai, inda Manzo Bulus ya rubuta cewa: "Gama a gare ni, rayuwa ita ce Kristi, mutuwa kuwa riba ce"; ya kan yi wa wannan aya layi a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarkinsa kuma yakan ambace ta akai-akai.Ya kasance yana halartar tarukan ibada na mazhabobi daban-daban, ciki har da na Roman Catholic, Baptist, Presbyterian, da Methodist. Duk da cewa Gordon ya taba gaya wa wani limamin Roman Catholic cewa "coci tana kama da Sojan Birtaniya ne—runduna daya ce amma tana da bataliyoyi da yawa"—bai taba shiga ko zama mamba a wata takamaiman coci ba. a38locyu8zzn193r2gn3ggv61t3mg15 966386 966368 2026-10-11T16:35:12Z Najaatuhd 25547 966386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Manjo-Janar Charles George Gordon CB (28 Janairu 1833 - 26 Janairu 1885), wanda aka fi sani da Sin Gordon Gordon, Gordon Pasha, Gordon na Khartoum da Janar Gordon, jami'in rundunar sojin Burtaniya ne kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya ga ayyukan da aka yi a Yaƙin Crimea a matsayin jami'i a rundunar sojojin Burtaniya. Ya yi suna a soja a China, inda aka sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan "Rundunar Sojojin da Suka Yi Nasara", rundunar sojojin China wacce jami'an Turai ke jagoranta wacce ta taka rawa wajen kawar da Tawayen Taiping, tana kayar da manyan rundunonin sojoji akai-akai. Saboda waɗannan nasarorin, an ba shi laƙabi da "Gordon na China" da kuma girmamawa daga Sarkin China da na Birtaniya. Ya fara aiki a karkashin Khedive na Masar a shekarar 1873 (tare da amincewar gwamnatin Birtaniya), daga baya kuma ya zama Babban Gwamnan Sudan, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen murkushe tawaye da kuma kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin. Ya yi murabus tare da komawa Turai a shekarar 1880. An samu barkewar wani babban tawaye a Sudan, karkashin jagorancin wani malamin addinin Musulunci wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Mahdi, wato Muhammad Ahmad. A farkon shekarar 1884, an tura Gordon zuwa Khartoum tare da umarnin tabbatar da fitar da sojoji da fararen hula masu biyayya daga yankin, sannan ya tafi tare da su. Sabanin wadannan umarni, bayan ya fitar da fararen hula kimanin 2,500, ya ci gaba da zama tare da karamin rukuni na sojoji da kuma mutanen da ba sojoji ba. A watannin da suka gabata kafin faduwar Khartoum, Gordon da Muhammad Ahmad sun rika yin musayar sakonni; Gordon ya yi masa tayin sarautar Kordofan, shi kuma Ahmad ya gayyaci Gordon ya musulunta ya shiga tare da shi, amma Gordon ya ki amincewa. Yayin da sojojin Ahmad suka kewaye birnin, Gordon ya shirya tsarin kare birnin wanda ya dauki tsawon kusan shekara guda. Wannan ya sa jama'ar Birtaniya suka yaba masa matuka, amma gwamnati ba ta ji dadin hakan ba, kasancewar ba ta so ya kafa sansani mai karfi a wurin ba. Sai bayan da matsin lamba daga jama'a ya yi yawa har ba za a iya kaucewa ba, gwamnati ta tura rundunar ceto, duk da cewa ba ta so yin hakan ba. Rundunar ta isa ne kwana biyu bayan faduwar birnin da kuma kashe Gordon. '''Rayuwar farko''' An haifi Gordon a Woolwich, Kent; shi ɗa ne ga Manjo Janar Henry William Gordon (1786–1865) da Elizabeth (1792–1873), wadda ita ce 'yar Samuel Enderby Junior. Maza na dangin Gordon sun yi aiki a matsayin jami'ai a Rundunar Sojin Birtaniya na tsawon tsararraki huɗu, kuma a matsayinsa na ɗan janar, an yi renon Gordon ne domin ya zama na tsararraki ta biyar; da alama iyayensa ba su taɓa yin la'akari da yiwuwar Gordon ya zaɓi wata sana'a daban ba bayan aikin soja.Dukkan 'yan'uwan Gordon maza su ma sun zama jami'an soja. Gordon ya girma a Ingila, Ireland, Scotland, da Tsibiran Ionian (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1864) yayin da ake canza mahaifinsa daga wannan wurin aiki zuwa wani.Ya samu ilimi a Makarantar Fullands da ke Taunton, Makarantar Taunton, da kuma Kwalejin Soja ta Royal Military Academy da ke Woolwich. A shekara ta 1843, Gordon ya yi baƙin ciki lokacin da ɗan'uwansa da ya fi so, 'yar'uwarsa Emily, ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka, tana rubuta shekaru bayan haka, "a zahiri ta canza rayuwata, ba ta taɓa kasancewa iri ɗaya ba tun daga lokacin".Bayan mutuwarta, matsayinta na ɗan'uwan Gordon da ya fi so ya koma hannun babbar 'yar'uwarsa mai addini Augusta, wadda ta jawo ɗan'uwanta zuwa ga addini.A lokacin da yake matashi kuma jami'in soja, Gordon ya shahara da babban halinsa, halin faɗa, da kuma rashin bin doka da ƙa'idodi idan ya ji su wawaye ne ko marasa adalci, halin ɗabi'a wanda ya hana kammala karatunsa da shekaru biyu lokacin da malamai suka yanke shawarar hukunta shi saboda karya ƙa'idodi. A matsayinsa na ɗan kadet, Gordon ya nuna ƙwarewa ta musamman a fannin yin taswira da kuma tsara gine-gine, wanda ya haifar da zaɓin aikinsa na Injiniyan Sarauta ko "sappers" a cikin Soja. An naɗa shi Laftanar na biyu a Royal Engineers a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1852, ya kammala horonsa a Chatham, kuma aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken Laftanar a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1854.Sojojin sappers ƙungiya ce mai ƙarfi wadda ke yin aikin leƙen asiri, jagorantar ƙungiyoyin da ke kai hari, rushe cikas a hare-hare, kuma ta ɗauki matakan tsaro na baya a wuraren ja da baya da sauran ayyuka masu haɗari A matsayinsa na jami'i, Gordon ya nuna kwarjini da kuma kwarewa wajen jagoranci, amma manyan jami'an da ke samansa ba su amince da shi sosai ba saboda halinsa na kin bin umarni idan ya ga ba su dace ba ko kuma ba na adalci ba ne.Gordon, wanda ke da matsakaicin tsayi da kuma idanu masu launin shudi masu daukar hankali, yana da ikon zaburar da mutane su bi shi duk inda ya nufa.An fara tura Gordon ne domin ya gina wuraren kare kai na soja a Milford Haven, da ke Pembrokeshire a Wales. Yayin da yake Milford Haven, ya kếta abota da wani ma'aurata matasa, Francis da Anne Drew, wadanda suka gabatar masa da koyarwar addinin Kiristanci na mazhabar 'Evangelical Protestant'.Gordon ya ji dadin karanta ayar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Filibiyawa 1:21 sosai, inda Manzo Bulus ya rubuta cewa: "Gama a gare ni, rayuwa ita ce Kristi, mutuwa kuwa riba ce"; ya kan yi wa wannan aya layi a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarkinsa kuma yakan ambace ta akai-akai.Ya kasance yana halartar tarukan ibada na mazhabobi daban-daban, ciki har da na Roman Catholic, Baptist, Presbyterian, da Methodist. Duk da cewa Gordon ya taba gaya wa wani limamin Roman Catholic cewa "coci tana kama da Sojan Birtaniya ne—runduna daya ce amma tana da bataliyoyi da yawa"—bai taba shiga ko zama mamba a wata takamaiman coci ba. qf4b98udft5kv2m5bg7ye8bospux9cb Tattalin arzikin Maroko 0 178922 966352 2026-10-11T16:28:00Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378840328|Economy of Morocco]]" 966352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Moroko|Maroko]] tana da tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai tasowa.<ref name=":11">{{Citation|journal=Arkebe}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1993, daidai da sauye-sauye da yawa na Yammacin duniya, ya bi manufofin mallakar. Maroko ita ce ta 5th mafi girma a tattalin arzikin Afirka ta GDP (PPP) kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a GDP a duniyar Larabawa, duk da cewa ba kasa ce mai samar da makamashi ba. <ref name="e344">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=Countries & Regions: Morocco |url=https://prod.iea.org/countries/morocco/oil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620134714/https://prod.iea.org/countries/morocco/oil |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=International Energy Agency}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1971 da 2024, Maroko tana da ci gaban GDP na shekara-shekara na 4.13% da ci gaban PIB na kowane mutum na 2.33%.<ref name=":11" /> Tsarin tattalin arzikin kasar ya nuna juriya ga yanayi, kayayyaki, da kuma girgizar annoba na farkon shekarun 2020. <ref name="t849">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=Morocco's Economy Has Become More Resilient |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/16/morocco-economy-has-become-more-resilient |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980, Gwamnatin Maroko ta bi shirin tattalin arziki don hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da goyon bayan Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya, [[Bankin Duniya]], da Paris Club na masu ba da bashi.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Arkebe}}</ref> Daga 2018, kudin kasar, [[Dirham na Morocco|Dirham na Maroko]], yana da cikakkiyar canji don ma'amaloli na asusun yanzu; an aiwatar da gyare-gyare na bangaren kudi; kuma ana keɓance kamfanonin gwamnati. Sashen sabis yana da asusun sama da rabin GDP. Sashin masana'antu- wanda ya kunshi hakar ma'adinai, gini da masana'antu - ƙarin kwata ne. Sashen da suka yi rikodin ci gaba mafi girma sune yawon bude ido, sadarwa, da bangarorin masana'antu. Maroko, duk da haka, har yanzu ya dogara da matakin da ya fi dacewa akan aikin gona, wanda ke da kusan 10.7% na GDP amma yana daukar ma'aikata 26.6% na yawan ma'aikata. <ref name="Activity">{{Cite web |title=Emploi par secteur d'activité économique au niveau national : trimestriel |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Emploi-par-secteur-d-activite-economique-au-niveau-national-trimestriel_a155.html |website=HCP.ma}}</ref> Tare da yanayin tsaka-tsaki, yana da wahala a tabbatar da ruwan sama mai kyau kuma ci gaban GDP ya bambanta dangane da yanayin. Kyakkyawan kudi ya ba da damar karfafawa, tare da duka rashi na kasafin kuɗi da bashin da ke fadowa a matsayin kashi na GDP. Manyan albarkatun tattalin arzikin Maroko sun hada da [[Agricultural|noma]], yawon bude ido da [[Masana'anta|Masana'antu]]. Masana'antu da hakar ma'adinai suna ba da gudummawa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na GDP na shekara-shekara. Maroko ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya mai samar da phosphate (bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Sin|China]]), kuma sauye-sauyen farashin phosphats a kasuwar duniya na iya samun babban tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Maroko. Har ila yau, bangaren kamun kifi yana da mahimmanci, yayin da ma'aikawa suka taka muhimmiyar rawa tun bayan samun 'yancin kai. Babban farashin shigo da kayayyaki, musamman na man fetur, babbar matsala ce. Maroko tana fama da rashin aikin yi, {{Cite web |date=6 October 2026 |title=Morocco Economic Monitor |url=https://worldbank.org |website=World Bank |language=en}}Rashin aikin yi ga matasa (15 zuwa 24) ya kasance 27.2% a cikin Q2 2026. Kimanin kashi 80% na ayyukan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma gibin samun kudin shiga yana da yawa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2026 |title=Le marché de l'emploi au Maroc : comprendre la part et les défis de l'économie informelle |url=https://www.dreampost.ma/news/emploi-informel-maroc |website=Dreampost.ma |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Morocco ta kasance ta 120 daga cikin kasashe 191 a duniya a kan Ci gaban Dan Adam (HDI), bayan Algeria (93rd) da Tunisia (101st). Ita ce ƙasa mafi banbanci a Arewacin Afirka bisa ga kungiyar NGO Oxfam . [3] Bashin waje ya kasance mai ƙarancin gaske, yana ƙaruwa daga 42.6% na GDP a cikin 2024 zuwa 45.1% a cikin 2025, yayin da rashi na asusun yanzu ya karu kuma tarin ajiya ya hanzarta, kuma ana sa ran daidaitawa a kusan 43% na GDP a matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2026 |title=Morocco: 2026 Article IV Consultation and Review Under the Flexible Credit Line Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Morocco |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2026/03/30/morocco-2026-article-iv-consultation-and-review-under-the-flexible-credit-line-arrangement-575083 |access-date=16 July 2026 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> 07ktjalapizsr01hol1e1coad97863r 966359 966352 2026-10-11T16:29:51Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 966359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Moroko|Maroko]] tana da tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai tasowa.<ref name=":11">{{Citation|journal=Arkebe}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1993, daidai da sauye-sauye da yawa na Yammacin duniya, ya bi manufofin mallakar. Maroko ita ce ta 5th mafi girma a tattalin arzikin Afirka ta GDP (PPP) kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a GDP a duniyar Larabawa, duk da cewa ba kasa ce mai samar da makamashi ba. <ref name="e344">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=Countries & Regions: Morocco |url=https://prod.iea.org/countries/morocco/oil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620134714/https://prod.iea.org/countries/morocco/oil |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=International Energy Agency}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1971 da 2024, Maroko tana da ci gaban GDP na shekara-shekara na 4.13% da ci gaban PIB na kowane mutum na 2.33%.<ref name=":11" /> Tsarin tattalin arzikin kasar ya nuna juriya ga yanayi, kayayyaki, da kuma girgizar annoba na farkon shekarun 2020. <ref name="t849">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=Morocco's Economy Has Become More Resilient |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/16/morocco-economy-has-become-more-resilient |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980, Gwamnatin Maroko ta bi shirin tattalin arziki don hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da goyon bayan Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya, [[Bankin Duniya]], da Paris Club na masu ba da bashi.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Arkebe}}</ref> Daga 2018, kudin kasar, [[Dirham na Morocco|Dirham na Maroko]], yana da cikakkiyar canji don ma'amaloli na asusun yanzu; an aiwatar da gyare-gyare na bangaren kudi; kuma ana keɓance kamfanonin gwamnati. Sashen sabis yana da asusun sama da rabin GDP. Sashin masana'antu- wanda ya kunshi hakar ma'adinai, gini da masana'antu - ƙarin kwata ne. Sashen da suka yi rikodin ci gaba mafi girma sune yawon bude ido, sadarwa, da bangarorin masana'antu. Maroko, duk da haka, har yanzu ya dogara da matakin da ya fi dacewa akan aikin gona, wanda ke da kusan 10.7% na GDP amma yana daukar ma'aikata 26.6% na yawan ma'aikata. <ref name="Activity">{{Cite web |title=Emploi par secteur d'activité économique au niveau national : trimestriel |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Emploi-par-secteur-d-activite-economique-au-niveau-national-trimestriel_a155.html |website=HCP.ma}}</ref> Tare da yanayin tsaka-tsaki, yana da wahala a tabbatar da ruwan sama mai kyau kuma ci gaban GDP ya bambanta dangane da yanayin. Kyakkyawan kudi ya ba da damar karfafawa, tare da duka rashi na kasafin kuɗi da bashin da ke fadowa a matsayin kashi na GDP. Manyan albarkatun tattalin arzikin Maroko sun hada da [[Agricultural|noma]], yawon bude ido da [[Masana'anta|Masana'antu]]. Masana'antu da hakar ma'adinai suna ba da gudummawa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na GDP na shekara-shekara. Maroko ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya mai samar da phosphate (bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Sin|China]]), kuma sauye-sauyen farashin phosphats a kasuwar duniya na iya samun babban tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Maroko. Har ila yau, bangaren kamun kifi yana da mahimmanci, yayin da ma'aikawa suka taka muhimmiyar rawa tun bayan samun 'yancin kai. Babban farashin shigo da kayayyaki, musamman na man fetur, babbar matsala ce. Maroko tana fama da rashin aikin yi, {{Cite web |date=6 October 2026 |title=Morocco Economic Monitor |url=https://worldbank.org |website=World Bank |language=en}}Rashin aikin yi ga matasa (15 zuwa 24) ya kasance 27.2% a cikin Q2 2026. Kimanin kashi 80% na ayyukan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma gibin samun kudin shiga yana da yawa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2026 |title=Le marché de l'emploi au Maroc : comprendre la part et les défis de l'économie informelle |url=https://www.dreampost.ma/news/emploi-informel-maroc |website=Dreampost.ma |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Morocco ta kasance ta 120 daga cikin kasashe 191 a duniya a kan Ci gaban Dan Adam (HDI), bayan Algeria (93rd) da Tunisia (101st). Ita ce ƙasa mafi banbanci a Arewacin Afirka bisa ga kungiyar NGO Oxfam . [3] Bashin waje ya kasance mai ƙarancin gaske, yana ƙaruwa daga 42.6% na GDP a cikin 2024 zuwa 45.1% a cikin 2025, yayin da rashi na asusun yanzu ya karu kuma tarin ajiya ya hanzarta, kuma ana sa ran daidaitawa a kusan 43% na GDP a matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2026 |title=Morocco: 2026 Article IV Consultation and Review Under the Flexible Credit Line Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Morocco |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2026/03/30/morocco-2026-article-iv-consultation-and-review-under-the-flexible-credit-line-arrangement-575083 |access-date=16 July 2026 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> ==manazarta== 8przhnjio25kzbqwrxojdsonxwy8q71 Capture of Fez (1576) 0 178923 966360 2026-10-11T16:30:14Z Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman 21300 Sabuwar Mukala 966360 wikitext text/x-wiki ==capture of Fez (1576)== An kwace birnin Fez a shekarar 1576, lokacin da sojojin da suka fito daga yankin Regency na Algiers suka taimaka wa yarima Abd al-Malik na daular Saadi wajen kwace karagar mulkin daular daga hannun dan dan'uwansa kuma abokin hamayyarsa, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil. Wannan taimako ya kasance yana da alaka da wata yarjejeniya ta siyasa inda Abd al-Malik ya amince a bainar jama'a da fifikon ikon daular Usmaniyya a fannin siyasa.<ref>The Stukeley plays: The Battle of Alcazar by George Peele Charles Edelman p.13</ref><ref>Levtzion, Nehemia (1977). "The Western Maghrib and Sudan". In Oliver, Roland (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 3: From c.1050 to c.1600. Cambridge University Press. p. 408. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521209816.007. ISBN 9780521209816.</ref> ==Bayanin Farko== An ruwaito cewa sarkin daular Sa'adiyya, Abdallah al-Ghalib, ya kasance yana biyan kuɗaɗe akai-akai ga hukumomin daular Usmaniyya a matsayin harajin biyayya, kuma magajinsa al-Mutawakkil ya kulla yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna da Murad na III wadda ta haɗa da ci gaba da biyan waɗannan kuɗaɗe. Sai dai, waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi ba su hana gwamnatin Algiers (wadda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon daular Usmaniyya) goyon bayan Abd al-Malik a ƙoƙarinsa na kwace mulki ba.<ref>Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1996. Page 380: “Murad'ın ( 1574 sonu ) yıllık vergi verme konusunda, şartlarını kabul zorunda kalmışur . Buna rağmen verilen ta'viz yine de Osmanlı Sultanı'nın el - Mütevekkil'e karşı amcası Abdülmelik'i desteklemesini engelleyememiş“</ref> A lokacin da yake gudun hijira, Abd al-Malik ya koyi harshen Turkiyya, ya fara sanya tufafin daular Usmaniyya, ya kuma shiga cikin rundunar sojojin Janissary har ya zama mutum mai matsayin amincewa a wurin daular Usmaniyya.[2] Ya nemi taimakon Murad na III domin cimma burinsa na karɓar karagar mulkin daular Sa'adiyya, inda ya amince da fifikon daular Usmaniyya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sharuddan siyasa na samun wannan goyon baya.<ref>Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Professor Henry Louis Jr. (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.</ref> ==Manazarta== hlinlcxpoyw73y5hp12ovbbbkr88ddp Harka (Maghreb) 0 178924 966365 2026-10-11T16:32:07Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309360824|Harka (Maghreb)]]" 966365 wikitext text/x-wiki Harka (Maghrebi Arabic: حَرْكة) a cikin tarihin Maghrebi yana nufin kamfen ɗin soja tare da manufofi na soja, siyasa, ko kuɗi (karɓar haraji), sau da yawa balaguron azabtarwa ga masu tayar da kayar baya.[1] A cikin tarihin Maroko, ''harka'' yana nufin kamfen ɗin soja da sarakunan Maroko ko wasu manyan jami'ai suka gudanar, kamar <nowiki><i id="mwFA">qaids</i></nowiki>, tare da manufar karɓar haraji ko kwantar da hankali ko murkushe yankuna ko kabilun da suka tayar da kayar baya (kamar yadda yake a Bled es-Siba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=الهاني |first=كريم |date=2019-04-16 |title="المخزن"… كيف كان يقر سلطته على المغرب؟ وكيف كان يوازن العلاقة بين السلطان والرعايا؟ (الجزء الثاني) |url=https://marayana.com/laune/2019/04/16/7191/ |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=Marayana - مرايانا |language=ar}}</ref> Walter Burton Harris ya bayyana ''harka'' a lokacin Sultan Abdelaziz a Maroko That Was, kodayake ya rikita shi da kalmar ''harqa'' ({{Lang|ar|حرقة}}) da ke da alaƙa da ƙonewa. == Dubi kuma == * {{Interlanguage link|mahalla (Maghreb)|ar|محلة}} * Harki - Lokaci ga Musulman Aljeriya a cikin Sojojin Faransa a Yakin Independence na Aljeriya == Manazarta == * Afif, "Kara Hasaniennes bayan aikin Ibn Zaydan" (1980-1981) 19 Hesperis-Tamuda 153 * El Moudden, "Jami'a da Kamfanin Karkara ta hanyar harka a Morocco na ƙarni na sha tara" (19[https://books.google.com/books?id=GH0PAQAAMAAJ 8]) 8 The Maghreb Review 141 * Miller Tarihin Morocco ta zamani. [https://books.google.com/books?id=peGyku_eREkC&pg=PA36 shafi na 36]. * William Spencer, "The Urban World of Morocco" (1970) 19 (1) Landscape 36 a 39 (No 1, Winter 1970, buga Yuli 1971) [https://books.google.com/books?id=YM48AQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=xvckAQAAMAAJ] mbqmuxh4atve3qpikbh69arudb3p0ge 966378 966365 2026-10-11T16:34:13Z Salma Raddah 45959 966378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Harka (Maghrebi Arabic: حَرْكة) a cikin tarihin Maghrebi yana nufin kamfen ɗin soja tare da manufofi na soja, siyasa, ko kuɗi (karɓar haraji), sau da yawa balaguron azabtarwa ga masu tayar da kayar baya.[1] A cikin tarihin Maroko, ''harka'' yana nufin kamfen ɗin soja da sarakunan Maroko ko wasu manyan jami'ai suka gudanar, kamar <nowiki><i id="mwFA">qaids</i></nowiki>, tare da manufar karɓar haraji ko kwantar da hankali ko murkushe yankuna ko kabilun da suka tayar da kayar baya (kamar yadda yake a Bled es-Siba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=الهاني |first=كريم |date=2019-04-16 |title="المخزن"… كيف كان يقر سلطته على المغرب؟ وكيف كان يوازن العلاقة بين السلطان والرعايا؟ (الجزء الثاني) |url=https://marayana.com/laune/2019/04/16/7191/ |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=Marayana - مرايانا |language=ar}}</ref> Walter Burton Harris ya bayyana ''harka'' a lokacin Sultan Abdelaziz a Maroko That Was, kodayake ya rikita shi da kalmar ''harqa'' ({{Lang|ar|حرقة}}) da ke da alaƙa da ƙonewa. == Dubi kuma == * {{Interlanguage link|mahalla (Maghreb)|ar|محلة}} * Harki - Lokaci ga Musulman Aljeriya a cikin Sojojin Faransa a Yakin Independence na Aljeriya == Manazarta == * Afif, "Kara Hasaniennes bayan aikin Ibn Zaydan" (1980-1981) 19 Hesperis-Tamuda 153 * El Moudden, "Jami'a da Kamfanin Karkara ta hanyar harka a Morocco na ƙarni na sha tara" (19[https://books.google.com/books?id=GH0PAQAAMAAJ 8]) 8 The Maghreb Review 141 * Miller Tarihin Morocco ta zamani. [https://books.google.com/books?id=peGyku_eREkC&pg=PA36 shafi na 36]. * William Spencer, "The Urban World of Morocco" (1970) 19 (1) Landscape 36 a 39 (No 1, Winter 1970, buga Yuli 1971) [https://books.google.com/books?id=YM48AQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=xvckAQAAMAAJ] q3ouc1jpcf4tspipm73sp9dz5adoduv Kama Fez (1554) 0 178925 966366 2026-10-11T16:32:08Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378479246|Capture of Fez (1554)]]" 966366 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cin nasarar Fez''' ko '''Kama Fez''' ya faru ne a shekara ta 1554 tsakanin sojojin Aljeriya na Salah Rais da mai Mulkin Saadi Sultanate, Mohammed ash-Sheikh . Yaƙin ya faru ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a Qudyat-al-Mahali, wani yanki kusa da Fez kuma ya faru ne bayan Salah Reis "nasara biyu da suka gabata a kan Saadians, daya a Taza kuma wani a [[Kogin Sebou]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haëdo |first=Diego de |last2=Grammont |first2=Henri-Delmas de |date=2016-12-01 |title=Hassan Pacha, roi pour la deuxième fois et douzième |url=https://shs.cairn.info/histoire-des-rois-d-alger--2912946042-page-125?lang=fr&contenu=resume |journal=Histoire du Maghreb |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Bouchène |pages=125–133}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin balaguron shine mayar da Ali Abu Hassun, mai ba da izini na Wattassid, zuwa kursiyin. nl4lv51cpa3g58k1hb6pp3zwb8bw9c5 966373 966366 2026-10-11T16:33:14Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378479246|Capture of Fez (1554)]]" 966373 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cin nasarar Fez''' ko '''Kama Fez''' ya faru ne a shekara ta 1554 tsakanin sojojin Aljeriya na Salah Rais da mai Mulkin Saadi Sultanate, Mohammed ash-Sheikh . Yaƙin ya faru ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a Qudyat-al-Mahali, wani yanki kusa da Fez kuma ya faru ne bayan Salah Reis "nasara biyu da suka gabata a kan Saadians, daya a Taza kuma wani a [[Kogin Sebou]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haëdo |first=Diego de |last2=Grammont |first2=Henri-Delmas de |date=2016-12-01 |title=Hassan Pacha, roi pour la deuxième fois et douzième |url=https://shs.cairn.info/histoire-des-rois-d-alger--2912946042-page-125?lang=fr&contenu=resume |journal=Histoire du Maghreb |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Bouchène |pages=125–133}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin balaguron shine mayar da Ali Abu Hassun, mai ba da izini na Wattassid, zuwa kursiyin. Duk da mamayar Ottoman a mafi yawan [[Arewacin Afirka]], Maroko ta sami nasarar kasancewa mai zaman kanta. A zuciyar wannan masarautar ita ce Fez, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi wadata a duniyar zamani a ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Marinid. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 sarakunan Wattasid sun kasance a cikin iko kuma sun fara rasa bakin tekun ga sojojin Portugal da Mutanen Espanya. Wani labarin ya kuma ce na karshe daga cikin sarakunan Wattasid sun kafa kawance da Portuguese, wanda ya rage matsayinsa tsakanin shugabannin addini. Yayin da ikonsu ya rushe, mulkin ya fuskanci sabon barazana daga Saadis, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin su ''[[shorfa]]'' ne ko zuriyar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Wadannan baƙi daga arewacin Afirka sun fadada yankinsu kuma sun kafa tallafi da kawance.<ref name="Meredith-2014" /> o6p2nl8km1bdf91op85k3f3wy13s421 966382 966373 2026-10-11T16:34:48Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378479246|Capture of Fez (1554)]]" 966382 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cin nasarar Fez''' ko '''Kama Fez''' ya faru ne a shekara ta 1554 tsakanin sojojin Aljeriya na Salah Rais da mai Mulkin Saadi Sultanate, Mohammed ash-Sheikh . Yaƙin ya faru ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a Qudyat-al-Mahali, wani yanki kusa da Fez kuma ya faru ne bayan Salah Reis "nasara biyu da suka gabata a kan Saadians, daya a Taza kuma wani a [[Kogin Sebou]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haëdo |first=Diego de |last2=Grammont |first2=Henri-Delmas de |date=2016-12-01 |title=Hassan Pacha, roi pour la deuxième fois et douzième |url=https://shs.cairn.info/histoire-des-rois-d-alger--2912946042-page-125?lang=fr&contenu=resume |journal=Histoire du Maghreb |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Bouchène |pages=125–133}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin balaguron shine mayar da Ali Abu Hassun, mai ba da izini na Wattassid, zuwa kursiyin. Duk da mamayar Ottoman a mafi yawan [[Arewacin Afirka]], Maroko ta sami nasarar kasancewa mai zaman kanta. A zuciyar wannan masarautar ita ce Fez, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi wadata a duniyar zamani a ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Marinid. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 sarakunan Wattasid sun kasance a cikin iko kuma sun fara rasa bakin tekun ga sojojin Portugal da Mutanen Espanya. Wani labarin ya kuma ce na karshe daga cikin sarakunan Wattasid sun kafa kawance da Portuguese, wanda ya rage matsayinsa tsakanin shugabannin addini. Yayin da ikonsu ya rushe, mulkin ya fuskanci sabon barazana daga Saadis, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin su ''[[shorfa]]'' ne ko zuriyar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Wadannan baƙi daga arewacin Afirka sun fadada yankinsu kuma sun kafa tallafi da kawance.<ref name="Meredith-2014" /> A cikin 1544/1545 Ali Abu Hassun, mai mulkin Wattasid na arewacin Morocco, yana fatan samun goyon bayan soja daga Ottomans, ya amince da ikon Sultan Ottoman kuma ya ayyana kansa a matsayin mai bin Ottomans. Koyaya Ottomans ba su iya shiga tsakani ba a cikin 1549 lokacin da Abu Hassun ya rasa Fez ga Mohammed al-Shaykh, sultan Saadi na farko. A nasa bangaren, Wattassid Ali Abu Hassun, wanda ke sa ran taimakon [[Daular Portuguese|Portuguese]] don sake dawo da kursiyinsa, ya sami kansa a cikin jirgin da aka kama, a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1553, a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Vélez, ta Salah Raïs a lokacin da ya dawo daga aikin sojan ruwa a kan Majorca da Menorca. Salah Raïs ya ga wannan a matsayin damar shiga tsakani a Maroko ta hanyar tallafawa Wattassids . Dangantaka tsakanin mulkin Algiers da sultan Mohammed al-Shaykh na Saadian ba su da kyakkyawar farawa, yayin da Ottomans suka goyi bayan abokan hamayyarsu na Wattasid. Sultan na Saadian an bi da shi a matsayin mai ƙasƙanci kuma a cikin girman kai daga Sultan na Ottoman wanda ya kira shi "gwamnan lardin Fez". Ba tare da karɓar sautin girman kai na Sultan ba kuma yana so ya yi amfani da ci gaba da yakin Ottoman a wasu bangarori, Mohammed al-Shaykh ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa [[Tlemcen]] da yankinta. Maroko sun kama birnin amma janar din Ottoman da magoya bayan yankin sun kore su. A shekara mai zuwa, ya sake maimaita yunkurinsa tare da sojoji 17,000 karkashin jagorancin 'ya'yansa maza uku, amma an sake kayar da shi sosai. Bayan wannan cin nasara, Mohammed al-Shaykh ya yi maraba da girmamawa ga jakadan beylerbey na Algiers don tattauna ƙarshen rikici da kuma gyara hanyar Moulouya a matsayin iyaka tsakanin daular Saadian da regency na Algièrs. Koyaya, Mohammed al-Shaykh ya ci gaba da hare-haren sa a gabashin Moulouya jim kadan bayan haka kuma ya kammala kawance da Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya sake farfado da yakin tsakanin shi da Salah Raïs. 92mmm3aid06oet0b7hxyl156an3f6hw 966413 966382 2026-10-11T16:39:48Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378479246|Capture of Fez (1554)]]" 966413 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cin nasarar Fez''' ko '''Kama Fez''' ya faru ne a shekara ta 1554 tsakanin sojojin Aljeriya na Salah Rais da mai Mulkin Saadi Sultanate, Mohammed ash-Sheikh . Yaƙin ya faru ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a Qudyat-al-Mahali, wani yanki kusa da Fez kuma ya faru ne bayan Salah Reis "nasara biyu da suka gabata a kan Saadians, daya a Taza kuma wani a [[Kogin Sebou]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haëdo |first=Diego de |last2=Grammont |first2=Henri-Delmas de |date=2016-12-01 |title=Hassan Pacha, roi pour la deuxième fois et douzième |url=https://shs.cairn.info/histoire-des-rois-d-alger--2912946042-page-125?lang=fr&contenu=resume |journal=Histoire du Maghreb |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Bouchène |pages=125–133}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin balaguron shine mayar da Ali Abu Hassun, mai ba da izini na Wattassid, zuwa kursiyin. Dangantaka tsakanin mulkin Algiers da sultan Mohammed al-Shaykh na Saadian ba su da kyakkyawar farawa, yayin da Ottomans suka goyi bayan abokan hamayyarsu na Wattasid. Sultan na Saadian an bi da shi a matsayin mai ƙasƙanci kuma a cikin girman kai daga Sultan na Ottoman wanda ya kira shi "gwamnan lardin Fez". Ba tare da karɓar sautin girman kai na Sultan ba kuma yana so ya yi amfani da ci gaba da yakin Ottoman a wasu bangarori, Mohammed al-Shaykh ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa [[Tlemcen]] da yankinta. Maroko sun kama birnin amma janar din Ottoman da magoya bayan yankin sun kore su. A shekara mai zuwa, ya sake maimaita yunkurinsa tare da sojoji 17,000 karkashin jagorancin 'ya'yansa maza uku, amma an sake kayar da shi sosai. Bayan wannan cin nasara, Mohammed al-Shaykh ya yi maraba da girmamawa ga jakadan beylerbey na Algiers don tattauna ƙarshen rikici da kuma gyara hanyar Moulouya a matsayin iyaka tsakanin daular Saadian da regency na Algièrs. Koyaya, Mohammed al-Shaykh ya ci gaba da hare-haren sa a gabashin Moulouya jim kadan bayan haka kuma ya kammala kawance da Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya sake farfado da yakin tsakanin shi da Salah Raïs. Sultan na Fez ya sadu da sojojin Regency na Algiers kusa da Taza a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1553, amma ya janye daga wannan birni zuwa wani sansani da zarar ya fahimci fifikon bindigogin Ottoman. Ba da daɗewa ba, Salah Raïs ya kai hari da dare a kan sansanin inda ya caje wani rukuni na mutane 1,500 da ya zaɓa. A cewar masanin tarihi Ernest Mercier, wannan hari na farko ya kasance babban nasara kuma sojojin Maroko sun firgita da fashewar kuma sun tilasta su koma baya zuwa tsaunuka a cikin hanyar Fez. Bayan karbar karfafawar mutane 600, wadanda 'ya'yan Abu Hassun suka kawo daga lardin Velez, beylerbey ya kaddamar da hari na karshe a birnin Fez a cikin dare na 4 zuwa 5 Janairu 1554 daga yankin Sebou inda sojojin Aljeriya suka tsaya.<ref name="Mercier-1891" /> Salah Reis ya ci al-Shaykh a Qudyat-al-Mahali, wani yanki kusa da Fez . Sojojin Salah Rais sun shiga cikin nasara a Fez a daren Janairu 7 zuwa 8, 1554, kuma an ayyana Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun a matsayin mai mulki, a matsayin mai mulkin Ottoman sultan. hg2qv4d0cg7hqfl60dbsnfg0oonm2ka Hanyar Entebbe-Kampala 0 178926 966367 2026-10-11T16:32:24Z Almustapha bk 49060 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366828472|Entebbe–Kampala Expressway]]" 966367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanyar Entebbe-Kampala''' Expressway, wanda aka fi sani da '''Kampala-Entebbe Expressway''' ko Entebbe- Kampala Highway, babbar hanya ce mai layin hudu a [[Uganda]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Region, Uganda">Yankin Tsakiya na Uganda . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Edris Kiggundu |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Highway: What Is Done So Far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Hanyar ta haɗa Filin jirgin saman Entebbe, filin jirgin sama mafi girma na farar hula da soja, zuwa [[Kampala]], babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girman yankin birni. Da farko, an shirya babbar hanyar don aiki a cikin 2016, amma saboda jinkirin ayyukan, shugaban kasar Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]] ne ya yi aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="Fnl">{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=16 June 2018 |title=Museveni, China's Wang Yang Commission Uganda's First Ever Expressway |url=https://www.softpower.ug/museveni-chinas-wang-yang-commission-ugandas-first-ever-expressway/ |access-date=17 June 2018 |publisher=Soft Power Uganda}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, Ministan Ayyuka da Sufuri na Uganda, Janar Katumba Wamala, ya kaddamar da tashar haraji a Kajjansi tare da Kampala-Entebbe Road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KEE |date=8 January 2023 |title=Egis Road Operations celebrates one year with a collection of Shs34b from Kampala-Entebbe Expressway |url=https://kee.go.ug/egis-road-operations-celebrates-one-year-with-a-collection-of-shs34b-from-kampala-entebbe-expressway/ |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Kampala Entebbe Expressway (KEE)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == [[File:Entebbe_express_highway_Aeroshot6.jpg|alt=Entebbe express highway.|thumb|Hanyar Entebbe]] Hanyar ta fara ne a Filin jirgin saman Entebbe kuma ta ci gaba zuwa [[Abayita Ababiri|Mpala]], ta ratsa [[Akright City|Birnin Akright]], [[Kajjansi]], da [[Kabojja]], kuma ta ƙare a [[Busega]], inda ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, nisan kusan kilomita 37.23 (23 . Wani reshe ya fito daga babbar hanyar a Kajjansi don haɗawa da [[Munyonyo]], wani yanki na Kampala, wanda ke kan iyakar arewacin [[Tafkin Victoria]], nisan kusan kilomita 14.13 (9 . Dukan babbar hanyar hanya ce mai layin hudu, babbar hanyar mota biyu, tare da iyakantaccen damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vision Reporter |date=10 May 2014 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Highway on Track, Chinese Want to Build Railway Line |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221532/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An gina Kampala Entebbe Expressway tare da dabarun gaba ɗaya na kawar da ƙuƙwalwa a yankin Kampala Metropolitan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNRA wishes to engage an operator for the Operation and Maintenance of the Kampala-Entebbe Expressway Project (51.4 km) |url=https://www.unra.go.ug/en/kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=2019-04-22 |website=www.unra.go.ug}}</ref> Ita ce hanya ta farko a Uganda. Yana ba da madadin hanyar da ke akwai kyauta, wanda aka sani da Kampala-Entebbe Road, ko kuma kawai Entebbe Road wanda yake da kunkuntar, ya cika, kuma bai isa ya kula da zirga-zirgar da ke ratsa shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkurunziza |first=Andrew |date=10 September 2010 |title=Entebbe Road is a national Embarrassment |url=http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214406/http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> An rufe babbar hanyar, kuma dole ne motoci su biya haraji don samun damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhwezi |first=Naboth |date=31 March 2014 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: Ugandans could get a better deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654068-entebbe-kampala-expressway-ugandans-could-get-a-better-deal.html |access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2009, Gwamnatin Uganda (GOU) ta fara tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da gina babbar hanyar da ke da hanyoyi huɗu (dual-carriage) da ke haɗa Entebbe da Kampala. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatocin biyu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya inda gwamnatin kasar Sin, ta hanyar Bankin Exim na kasar Sin, za ta ba da rancen dala miliyan 350 don gina babbar hanyar, wacce za a iya biya sama da shekaru arba'in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojambo |first=Fred |date=10 November 2009 |title=China to Build, Manage Toll Road in Ugandan Capital |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=apRMn6epIhMU |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Gine-ginen Sadarwa na China, wanda kuma ya gina Hanyar Soroti-Lira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe Highway Sparks Housing Boom |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201230712/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 2012.<ref name="When">{{Cite web |last=Ogwang |first=Joel |date=19 June 2014 |title=Private company to manage Kampala- Entebbe expressway |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1341843/private-company-manage-kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Kudin gini == A cikin shekara ta 2012, an kiyasta babbar hanyar ta kashe dala miliyan 476 (UGX:1.19 tiriliyan). <ref name="Yes">{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe highway sparks housing boom |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232758/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> Daga cikin wannan, dala miliyan 350 (UGX: biliyan 875) rance ne daga Bankin Exim na kasar Sin a kashi 2 cikin 100 na shekara-shekara.<ref name="Yes" /> Sauran dala miliyan 126 (UGX: biliyan 315) GOU ce ta samar da su.<ref name="Yes" /> GOU ta riga ta sami, ko kuma za ta samar a nan gaba, wani UGX biliyan 123 don biyan masu mallakar ƙasa a kan hanyar babbar hanyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe–Kampala Highway: What is done so far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Ci gaban da aka samu == A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2012, shugaban kasar Uganda ya ba da umarnin fara gina babbar hanyar a wani bikin a Kyengera, tare da hanyar Kampala-[[Masaka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=22 November 2012 |title=Museveni Commissions Kampala-Entebbe Road |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/637511-museveni-commissions-kampala-entebbe-road.html |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> ''Gabashin Afirka'' ya ruwaito a watan Agustan 2017 cewa an shirya kammala shi a watan Mayu 2018. <ref name="Ug">{{Cite web |last=Olingo |first=Allan |date=23 August 2017 |title=Sense of urgency as EA region upgrades its roads, airports |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Region-upgrades-its-roads-airports-across-region/2560-4067486-mhmxyb/index.html |access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> Daily Monitor ta buga irin wannan rahoto a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adengo |first=Jonathan |date=30 November 2017 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway to reduce travel time by 300% |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Kampala-Entebbe-Expressway-to-reduce-travel-time-by-300-/688322-4208292-42twgu/index.html |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref> An kammala hanyar ne a ranar Jumma'a 15 ga Yuni 2018. <ref name="16R">{{Cite web |last=Lyu Tianran, Zhang Gaiping and Ronald Ssekandi |date=15 June 2018 |title=Feature: Chinese-built expressway speeding up traffic to Uganda's gateway |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615144423/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="17R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Dispatch Staff |date=8 June 2018 |title=Entebbe Expressway to be commissioned next week |url=https://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614054604/http://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda Dispatch}}</ref> Hanyar da aka kammala dole ne ta jira shigar da fasahar biyan kuɗi a wuraren biyan kuɗi da kuma wuce dokar da ta ba da izinin ginin da amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="Fnl" /> An sanya sabon ranar kammalawa a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=17 June 2018 |title=Museveni Launches Entebbe Expressway |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-launches-Entebbe-Expressway/688334-4616384-pbg3wq/index.html |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Koyaya, babbar hanyar ta buɗe ga jama'a, ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="19R">{{Cite web |last=Tamale |first=Raymond |date=23 June 2018 |title=Why Ugandans are excited about the new highway |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Why-Ugandans-are-excited-about-the-new-highway/2560-4627692-81epg2z/index.html |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> An sa ran cewa tattara kudaden haraji a kan wannan babbar hanyar zai fara a watan Janairun 2020. <ref name="TollR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=18 September 2019 |title=Collection Of Toll Fees On Kampala Entebbe Expressway To Start January 2020 |url=https://www.softpower.ug/collection-of-toll-fees-on-kampala-entebbe-expressway-to-start-january-2020/ |access-date=20 September 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="21R">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=23 September 2019 |title=Uganda Road Toll To Start In January |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-road-toll-to-start-in-January/2560-5283072-151faqtz/index.html |access-date=23 September 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, Daily Monitor ta ba da rahoton cewa an zaɓi kamfanin Faransa na Egis Road Operation SA, memba na Ƙungiyar Egis Group, don tsarawa, shigarwa, aiki da kula da tsarin tattara haraji na babbar hanyar. Kamfanin zai riƙe kashi na kudaden haraji don musayar ayyukansa.<ref name="EgisR">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=18 February 2021 |title=French firm to collect road toll on Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/french-firm-to-collect-road-toll-on-entebbe-expressway-3296450 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> Tarin kudaden haraji a kan babbar hanyar, daga USh:5,000 (US $ 1.4) zuwa USh: 18,000 (US $ 5.00), dangane da girman abin hawa, ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2022.<ref name="CollectR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |title=Uganda starts collecting road toll on Kampala-Entebbe road |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/uganda-starts-collecting-road-tolls-3676120 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[The East African]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Egis Roads Operation SA ya fara aiwatar da shigar da fitilun titi tare da dukkan tituna 51 (32 . <ref name="LightR">{{Cite web |last=Noelyn Nassuuna |date=25 March 2022 |title=Over 1,000 Poles, Lamps, Procured To Light Up Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/over-1000-polls-lamps-procured-to-light-up-entebbe-expressway.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=93.3 KFM Uganda}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, ''PML Daily'' ta ruwaito cewa Egis, kamfanin kula da hanya, ya tara sama da USh13 biliyan (kimanin US $ 3.5 miliyan), a cikin watanni biyar na farko na aiki, matsakaicin motoci 20,000 a kowace rana.<ref name="Rev1R">{{Cite web |last=Javira Ssebwami |date=30 May 2022 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway: EGIS road operation Uganda at 1! |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2022/05/kampala-entebbe-expressway-egis-road-operation-uganda-at-1.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=PML Daily}}</ref><ref name="Rev2R">{{Cite web |last=Ceasar Abangirah |date=24 May 2022 |title=Road safety remains a priority at Kampala - Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/prosper/road-safety-remains-a-priority-at-kampala-entebbe-expressway-3830640 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna kan ko kusa da Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: <ref name="18R">{{Cite web |last=Leni |first=Xanthia |date=13 June 2018 |title=After 72 months, Kampala–Entebbe Expressway launches Friday |url=http://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2018/06/kampala-entebbe-express-way-launches-friday.html |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref> * garin Entebbe a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Abayita Ababiri a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * al'ummar Akright City a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Kabojja a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * unguwar Busega a cikin Lubaga Division a cikin birnin Kampala, inda babbar hanyar za ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass HighwayKampala Arewacin Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida * unguwar Kajjansi a cikin Gundumar Wakiso, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar zai rabu zuwa Munyonyo, a arewacin Tekun Victoria * unguwar Munyonyo a cikin Makindye Division, a Kampala, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar ya ƙare <ref name="18R" /> == Lambobin motoci == An gabatar da zirga-zirgar motoci da ke shiga babbar hanyar tun daga watan Janairun 2022. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yanayin zirga-zirga a fadin wannan hanya.<ref name="28R">{{Cite web |last=The Independent, Uganda |date=22 August 2022 |title=Gov’t not hitting Entebbe Expressway targets |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/govt-not-hitting-entebbe-expressway-targets/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref>{{Historical populations|Jan|480,234|Feb|574,629|Mar|594,124|Apr|557,066|May|627,479|Jun|590,582|Jul|594,775|Aug||Sep||Oct||Nov||Dec||||}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Kampala|Gundumar Kampala]] * Ssabagabo * Gundumar Wakiso * [[Jerin hanyoyi a Uganda]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2roend11tzcg6ntks20n8f0zaifeppi 966372 966367 2026-10-11T16:33:13Z Almustapha bk 49060 966372 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanyar Entebbe-Kampala''' Expressway, wanda aka fi sani da '''Kampala-Entebbe Expressway''' ko Entebbe- Kampala Highway, babbar hanya ce mai layin hudu a [[Uganda]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Region, Uganda">Yankin Tsakiya na Uganda . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Edris Kiggundu |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Highway: What Is Done So Far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Hanyar ta haɗa Filin jirgin saman Entebbe, filin jirgin sama mafi girma na farar hula da soja, zuwa [[Kampala]], babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girman yankin birni. Da farko, an shirya babbar hanyar don aiki a cikin 2016, amma saboda jinkirin ayyukan, shugaban kasar Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]] ne ya yi aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="Fnl">{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=16 June 2018 |title=Museveni, China's Wang Yang Commission Uganda's First Ever Expressway |url=https://www.softpower.ug/museveni-chinas-wang-yang-commission-ugandas-first-ever-expressway/ |access-date=17 June 2018 |publisher=Soft Power Uganda}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, Ministan Ayyuka da Sufuri na Uganda, Janar Katumba Wamala, ya kaddamar da tashar haraji a Kajjansi tare da Kampala-Entebbe Road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KEE |date=8 January 2023 |title=Egis Road Operations celebrates one year with a collection of Shs34b from Kampala-Entebbe Expressway |url=https://kee.go.ug/egis-road-operations-celebrates-one-year-with-a-collection-of-shs34b-from-kampala-entebbe-expressway/ |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Kampala Entebbe Expressway (KEE)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == [[File:Entebbe_express_highway_Aeroshot6.jpg|alt=Entebbe express highway.|thumb|Hanyar Entebbe]]{{Databox}} Hanyar ta fara ne a Filin jirgin saman Entebbe kuma ta ci gaba zuwa [[Abayita Ababiri|Mpala]], ta ratsa [[Akright City|Birnin Akright]], [[Kajjansi]], da [[Kabojja]], kuma ta ƙare a [[Busega]], inda ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, nisan kusan kilomita 37.23 (23 . Wani reshe ya fito daga babbar hanyar a Kajjansi don haɗawa da [[Munyonyo]], wani yanki na Kampala, wanda ke kan iyakar arewacin [[Tafkin Victoria]], nisan kusan kilomita 14.13 (9 . Dukan babbar hanyar hanya ce mai layin hudu, babbar hanyar mota biyu, tare da iyakantaccen damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vision Reporter |date=10 May 2014 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Highway on Track, Chinese Want to Build Railway Line |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221532/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An gina Kampala Entebbe Expressway tare da dabarun gaba ɗaya na kawar da ƙuƙwalwa a yankin Kampala Metropolitan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNRA wishes to engage an operator for the Operation and Maintenance of the Kampala-Entebbe Expressway Project (51.4 km) |url=https://www.unra.go.ug/en/kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=2019-04-22 |website=www.unra.go.ug}}</ref> Ita ce hanya ta farko a Uganda. Yana ba da madadin hanyar da ke akwai kyauta, wanda aka sani da Kampala-Entebbe Road, ko kuma kawai Entebbe Road wanda yake da kunkuntar, ya cika, kuma bai isa ya kula da zirga-zirgar da ke ratsa shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkurunziza |first=Andrew |date=10 September 2010 |title=Entebbe Road is a national Embarrassment |url=http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214406/http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> An rufe babbar hanyar, kuma dole ne motoci su biya haraji don samun damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhwezi |first=Naboth |date=31 March 2014 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: Ugandans could get a better deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654068-entebbe-kampala-expressway-ugandans-could-get-a-better-deal.html |access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2009, Gwamnatin Uganda (GOU) ta fara tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da gina babbar hanyar da ke da hanyoyi huɗu (dual-carriage) da ke haɗa Entebbe da Kampala. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatocin biyu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya inda gwamnatin kasar Sin, ta hanyar Bankin Exim na kasar Sin, za ta ba da rancen dala miliyan 350 don gina babbar hanyar, wacce za a iya biya sama da shekaru arba'in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojambo |first=Fred |date=10 November 2009 |title=China to Build, Manage Toll Road in Ugandan Capital |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=apRMn6epIhMU |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Gine-ginen Sadarwa na China, wanda kuma ya gina Hanyar Soroti-Lira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe Highway Sparks Housing Boom |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201230712/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 2012.<ref name="When">{{Cite web |last=Ogwang |first=Joel |date=19 June 2014 |title=Private company to manage Kampala- Entebbe expressway |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1341843/private-company-manage-kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Kudin gini == A cikin shekara ta 2012, an kiyasta babbar hanyar ta kashe dala miliyan 476 (UGX:1.19 tiriliyan). <ref name="Yes">{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe highway sparks housing boom |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232758/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> Daga cikin wannan, dala miliyan 350 (UGX: biliyan 875) rance ne daga Bankin Exim na kasar Sin a kashi 2 cikin 100 na shekara-shekara.<ref name="Yes" /> Sauran dala miliyan 126 (UGX: biliyan 315) GOU ce ta samar da su.<ref name="Yes" /> GOU ta riga ta sami, ko kuma za ta samar a nan gaba, wani UGX biliyan 123 don biyan masu mallakar ƙasa a kan hanyar babbar hanyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe–Kampala Highway: What is done so far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Ci gaban da aka samu == A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2012, shugaban kasar Uganda ya ba da umarnin fara gina babbar hanyar a wani bikin a Kyengera, tare da hanyar Kampala-[[Masaka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=22 November 2012 |title=Museveni Commissions Kampala-Entebbe Road |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/637511-museveni-commissions-kampala-entebbe-road.html |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> ''Gabashin Afirka'' ya ruwaito a watan Agustan 2017 cewa an shirya kammala shi a watan Mayu 2018. <ref name="Ug">{{Cite web |last=Olingo |first=Allan |date=23 August 2017 |title=Sense of urgency as EA region upgrades its roads, airports |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Region-upgrades-its-roads-airports-across-region/2560-4067486-mhmxyb/index.html |access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> Daily Monitor ta buga irin wannan rahoto a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adengo |first=Jonathan |date=30 November 2017 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway to reduce travel time by 300% |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Kampala-Entebbe-Expressway-to-reduce-travel-time-by-300-/688322-4208292-42twgu/index.html |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref> An kammala hanyar ne a ranar Jumma'a 15 ga Yuni 2018. <ref name="16R">{{Cite web |last=Lyu Tianran, Zhang Gaiping and Ronald Ssekandi |date=15 June 2018 |title=Feature: Chinese-built expressway speeding up traffic to Uganda's gateway |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615144423/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="17R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Dispatch Staff |date=8 June 2018 |title=Entebbe Expressway to be commissioned next week |url=https://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614054604/http://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda Dispatch}}</ref> Hanyar da aka kammala dole ne ta jira shigar da fasahar biyan kuɗi a wuraren biyan kuɗi da kuma wuce dokar da ta ba da izinin ginin da amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="Fnl" /> An sanya sabon ranar kammalawa a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=17 June 2018 |title=Museveni Launches Entebbe Expressway |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-launches-Entebbe-Expressway/688334-4616384-pbg3wq/index.html |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Koyaya, babbar hanyar ta buɗe ga jama'a, ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="19R">{{Cite web |last=Tamale |first=Raymond |date=23 June 2018 |title=Why Ugandans are excited about the new highway |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Why-Ugandans-are-excited-about-the-new-highway/2560-4627692-81epg2z/index.html |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> An sa ran cewa tattara kudaden haraji a kan wannan babbar hanyar zai fara a watan Janairun 2020. <ref name="TollR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=18 September 2019 |title=Collection Of Toll Fees On Kampala Entebbe Expressway To Start January 2020 |url=https://www.softpower.ug/collection-of-toll-fees-on-kampala-entebbe-expressway-to-start-january-2020/ |access-date=20 September 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="21R">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=23 September 2019 |title=Uganda Road Toll To Start In January |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-road-toll-to-start-in-January/2560-5283072-151faqtz/index.html |access-date=23 September 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, Daily Monitor ta ba da rahoton cewa an zaɓi kamfanin Faransa na Egis Road Operation SA, memba na Ƙungiyar Egis Group, don tsarawa, shigarwa, aiki da kula da tsarin tattara haraji na babbar hanyar. Kamfanin zai riƙe kashi na kudaden haraji don musayar ayyukansa.<ref name="EgisR">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=18 February 2021 |title=French firm to collect road toll on Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/french-firm-to-collect-road-toll-on-entebbe-expressway-3296450 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> Tarin kudaden haraji a kan babbar hanyar, daga USh:5,000 (US $ 1.4) zuwa USh: 18,000 (US $ 5.00), dangane da girman abin hawa, ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2022.<ref name="CollectR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |title=Uganda starts collecting road toll on Kampala-Entebbe road |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/uganda-starts-collecting-road-tolls-3676120 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[The East African]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Egis Roads Operation SA ya fara aiwatar da shigar da fitilun titi tare da dukkan tituna 51 (32 . <ref name="LightR">{{Cite web |last=Noelyn Nassuuna |date=25 March 2022 |title=Over 1,000 Poles, Lamps, Procured To Light Up Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/over-1000-polls-lamps-procured-to-light-up-entebbe-expressway.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=93.3 KFM Uganda}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, ''PML Daily'' ta ruwaito cewa Egis, kamfanin kula da hanya, ya tara sama da USh13 biliyan (kimanin US $ 3.5 miliyan), a cikin watanni biyar na farko na aiki, matsakaicin motoci 20,000 a kowace rana.<ref name="Rev1R">{{Cite web |last=Javira Ssebwami |date=30 May 2022 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway: EGIS road operation Uganda at 1! |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2022/05/kampala-entebbe-expressway-egis-road-operation-uganda-at-1.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=PML Daily}}</ref><ref name="Rev2R">{{Cite web |last=Ceasar Abangirah |date=24 May 2022 |title=Road safety remains a priority at Kampala - Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/prosper/road-safety-remains-a-priority-at-kampala-entebbe-expressway-3830640 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna kan ko kusa da Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: <ref name="18R">{{Cite web |last=Leni |first=Xanthia |date=13 June 2018 |title=After 72 months, Kampala–Entebbe Expressway launches Friday |url=http://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2018/06/kampala-entebbe-express-way-launches-friday.html |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref> * garin Entebbe a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Abayita Ababiri a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * al'ummar Akright City a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Kabojja a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * unguwar Busega a cikin Lubaga Division a cikin birnin Kampala, inda babbar hanyar za ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass HighwayKampala Arewacin Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida * unguwar Kajjansi a cikin Gundumar Wakiso, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar zai rabu zuwa Munyonyo, a arewacin Tekun Victoria * unguwar Munyonyo a cikin Makindye Division, a Kampala, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar ya ƙare <ref name="18R" /> == Lambobin motoci == An gabatar da zirga-zirgar motoci da ke shiga babbar hanyar tun daga watan Janairun 2022. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yanayin zirga-zirga a fadin wannan hanya.<ref name="28R">{{Cite web |last=The Independent, Uganda |date=22 August 2022 |title=Gov’t not hitting Entebbe Expressway targets |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/govt-not-hitting-entebbe-expressway-targets/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref>{{Historical populations|Jan|480,234|Feb|574,629|Mar|594,124|Apr|557,066|May|627,479|Jun|590,582|Jul|594,775|Aug||Sep||Oct||Nov||Dec||||}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Kampala|Gundumar Kampala]] * Ssabagabo * Gundumar Wakiso * [[Jerin hanyoyi a Uganda]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j994rsc1u5feozi44832rm4zvpwpj08 966398 966372 2026-10-11T16:37:29Z Almustapha bk 49060 966398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanyar Entebbe-Kampala''' Expressway, wanda aka fi sani da '''Kampala-Entebbe Expressway''' ko Entebbe- Kampala Highway, babbar hanya ce mai layin hudu a [[Uganda]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Region, Uganda">Yankin Tsakiya na Uganda . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Edris Kiggundu |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Highway: What Is Done So Far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Hanyar ta haɗa Filin jirgin saman Entebbe, filin jirgin sama mafi girma na farar hula da soja, zuwa [[Kampala]], babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girman yankin birni. Da farko, an shirya babbar hanyar don aiki a cikin 2016, amma saboda jinkirin ayyukan, shugaban kasar Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]] ne ya yi aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="Fnl">{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=16 June 2018 |title=Museveni, China's Wang Yang Commission Uganda's First Ever Expressway |url=https://www.softpower.ug/museveni-chinas-wang-yang-commission-ugandas-first-ever-expressway/ |access-date=17 June 2018 |publisher=Soft Power Uganda}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, Ministan Ayyuka da Sufuri na Uganda, Janar Katumba Wamala, ya kaddamar da tashar haraji a Kajjansi tare da Kampala-Entebbe Road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KEE |date=8 January 2023 |title=Egis Road Operations celebrates one year with a collection of Shs34b from Kampala-Entebbe Expressway |url=https://kee.go.ug/egis-road-operations-celebrates-one-year-with-a-collection-of-shs34b-from-kampala-entebbe-expressway/ |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Kampala Entebbe Expressway (KEE)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == [[File:Entebbe_express_highway_Aeroshot6.jpg|alt=Entebbe express highway.|thumb|Hanyar Entebbe]]{{Databox}}{{Databox}} Hanyar ta fara ne a Filin jirgin saman Entebbe kuma ta ci gaba zuwa [[Abayita Ababiri|Mpala]], ta ratsa [[Akright City|Birnin Akright]], [[Kajjansi]], da [[Kabojja]], kuma ta ƙare a [[Busega]], inda ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, nisan kusan kilomita 37.23 (23 . Wani reshe ya fito daga babbar hanyar a Kajjansi don haɗawa da [[Munyonyo]], wani yanki na Kampala, wanda ke kan iyakar arewacin [[Tafkin Victoria]], nisan kusan kilomita 14.13 (9 . Dukan babbar hanyar hanya ce mai layin hudu, babbar hanyar mota biyu, tare da iyakantaccen damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vision Reporter |date=10 May 2014 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Highway on Track, Chinese Want to Build Railway Line |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221532/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An gina Kampala Entebbe Expressway tare da dabarun gaba ɗaya na kawar da ƙuƙwalwa a yankin Kampala Metropolitan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNRA wishes to engage an operator for the Operation and Maintenance of the Kampala-Entebbe Expressway Project (51.4 km) |url=https://www.unra.go.ug/en/kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=2019-04-22 |website=www.unra.go.ug}}</ref> Ita ce hanya ta farko a Uganda. Yana ba da madadin hanyar da ke akwai kyauta, wanda aka sani da Kampala-Entebbe Road, ko kuma kawai Entebbe Road wanda yake da kunkuntar, ya cika, kuma bai isa ya kula da zirga-zirgar da ke ratsa shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkurunziza |first=Andrew |date=10 September 2010 |title=Entebbe Road is a national Embarrassment |url=http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214406/http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> An rufe babbar hanyar, kuma dole ne motoci su biya haraji don samun damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhwezi |first=Naboth |date=31 March 2014 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: Ugandans could get a better deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654068-entebbe-kampala-expressway-ugandans-could-get-a-better-deal.html |access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2009, Gwamnatin Uganda (GOU) ta fara tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da gina babbar hanyar da ke da hanyoyi huɗu (dual-carriage) da ke haɗa Entebbe da Kampala. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatocin biyu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya inda gwamnatin kasar Sin, ta hanyar Bankin Exim na kasar Sin, za ta ba da rancen dala miliyan 350 don gina babbar hanyar, wacce za a iya biya sama da shekaru arba'in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojambo |first=Fred |date=10 November 2009 |title=China to Build, Manage Toll Road in Ugandan Capital |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=apRMn6epIhMU |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Gine-ginen Sadarwa na China, wanda kuma ya gina Hanyar Soroti-Lira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe Highway Sparks Housing Boom |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201230712/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 2012.<ref name="When">{{Cite web |last=Ogwang |first=Joel |date=19 June 2014 |title=Private company to manage Kampala- Entebbe expressway |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1341843/private-company-manage-kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Kudin gini == A cikin shekara ta 2012, an kiyasta babbar hanyar ta kashe dala miliyan 476 (UGX:1.19 tiriliyan). <ref name="Yes">{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe highway sparks housing boom |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232758/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> Daga cikin wannan, dala miliyan 350 (UGX: biliyan 875) rance ne daga Bankin Exim na kasar Sin a kashi 2 cikin 100 na shekara-shekara.<ref name="Yes" /> Sauran dala miliyan 126 (UGX: biliyan 315) GOU ce ta samar da su.<ref name="Yes" /> GOU ta riga ta sami, ko kuma za ta samar a nan gaba, wani UGX biliyan 123 don biyan masu mallakar ƙasa a kan hanyar babbar hanyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe–Kampala Highway: What is done so far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Ci gaban da aka samu == A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2012, shugaban kasar Uganda ya ba da umarnin fara gina babbar hanyar a wani bikin a Kyengera, tare da hanyar Kampala-[[Masaka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=22 November 2012 |title=Museveni Commissions Kampala-Entebbe Road |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/637511-museveni-commissions-kampala-entebbe-road.html |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> ''Gabashin Afirka'' ya ruwaito a watan Agustan 2017 cewa an shirya kammala shi a watan Mayu 2018. <ref name="Ug">{{Cite web |last=Olingo |first=Allan |date=23 August 2017 |title=Sense of urgency as EA region upgrades its roads, airports |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Region-upgrades-its-roads-airports-across-region/2560-4067486-mhmxyb/index.html |access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> Daily Monitor ta buga irin wannan rahoto a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adengo |first=Jonathan |date=30 November 2017 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway to reduce travel time by 300% |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Kampala-Entebbe-Expressway-to-reduce-travel-time-by-300-/688322-4208292-42twgu/index.html |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref> An kammala hanyar ne a ranar Jumma'a 15 ga Yuni 2018. <ref name="16R">{{Cite web |last=Lyu Tianran, Zhang Gaiping and Ronald Ssekandi |date=15 June 2018 |title=Feature: Chinese-built expressway speeding up traffic to Uganda's gateway |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615144423/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="17R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Dispatch Staff |date=8 June 2018 |title=Entebbe Expressway to be commissioned next week |url=https://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614054604/http://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda Dispatch}}</ref> Hanyar da aka kammala dole ne ta jira shigar da fasahar biyan kuɗi a wuraren biyan kuɗi da kuma wuce dokar da ta ba da izinin ginin da amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="Fnl" /> An sanya sabon ranar kammalawa a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=17 June 2018 |title=Museveni Launches Entebbe Expressway |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-launches-Entebbe-Expressway/688334-4616384-pbg3wq/index.html |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Koyaya, babbar hanyar ta buɗe ga jama'a, ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="19R">{{Cite web |last=Tamale |first=Raymond |date=23 June 2018 |title=Why Ugandans are excited about the new highway |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Why-Ugandans-are-excited-about-the-new-highway/2560-4627692-81epg2z/index.html |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> An sa ran cewa tattara kudaden haraji a kan wannan babbar hanyar zai fara a watan Janairun 2020. <ref name="TollR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=18 September 2019 |title=Collection Of Toll Fees On Kampala Entebbe Expressway To Start January 2020 |url=https://www.softpower.ug/collection-of-toll-fees-on-kampala-entebbe-expressway-to-start-january-2020/ |access-date=20 September 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="21R">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=23 September 2019 |title=Uganda Road Toll To Start In January |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-road-toll-to-start-in-January/2560-5283072-151faqtz/index.html |access-date=23 September 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, Daily Monitor ta ba da rahoton cewa an zaɓi kamfanin Faransa na Egis Road Operation SA, memba na Ƙungiyar Egis Group, don tsarawa, shigarwa, aiki da kula da tsarin tattara haraji na babbar hanyar. Kamfanin zai riƙe kashi na kudaden haraji don musayar ayyukansa.<ref name="EgisR">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=18 February 2021 |title=French firm to collect road toll on Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/french-firm-to-collect-road-toll-on-entebbe-expressway-3296450 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> Tarin kudaden haraji a kan babbar hanyar, daga USh:5,000 (US $ 1.4) zuwa USh: 18,000 (US $ 5.00), dangane da girman abin hawa, ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2022.<ref name="CollectR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |title=Uganda starts collecting road toll on Kampala-Entebbe road |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/uganda-starts-collecting-road-tolls-3676120 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[The East African]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Egis Roads Operation SA ya fara aiwatar da shigar da fitilun titi tare da dukkan tituna 51 (32 . <ref name="LightR">{{Cite web |last=Noelyn Nassuuna |date=25 March 2022 |title=Over 1,000 Poles, Lamps, Procured To Light Up Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/over-1000-polls-lamps-procured-to-light-up-entebbe-expressway.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=93.3 KFM Uganda}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, ''PML Daily'' ta ruwaito cewa Egis, kamfanin kula da hanya, ya tara sama da USh13 biliyan (kimanin US $ 3.5 miliyan), a cikin watanni biyar na farko na aiki, matsakaicin motoci 20,000 a kowace rana.<ref name="Rev1R">{{Cite web |last=Javira Ssebwami |date=30 May 2022 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway: EGIS road operation Uganda at 1! |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2022/05/kampala-entebbe-expressway-egis-road-operation-uganda-at-1.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=PML Daily}}</ref><ref name="Rev2R">{{Cite web |last=Ceasar Abangirah |date=24 May 2022 |title=Road safety remains a priority at Kampala - Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/prosper/road-safety-remains-a-priority-at-kampala-entebbe-expressway-3830640 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna kan ko kusa da Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: <ref name="18R">{{Cite web |last=Leni |first=Xanthia |date=13 June 2018 |title=After 72 months, Kampala–Entebbe Expressway launches Friday |url=http://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2018/06/kampala-entebbe-express-way-launches-friday.html |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref> * garin Entebbe a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Abayita Ababiri a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * al'ummar Akright City a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Kabojja a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * unguwar Busega a cikin Lubaga Division a cikin birnin Kampala, inda babbar hanyar za ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass HighwayKampala Arewacin Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida * unguwar Kajjansi a cikin Gundumar Wakiso, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar zai rabu zuwa Munyonyo, a arewacin Tekun Victoria * unguwar Munyonyo a cikin Makindye Division, a Kampala, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar ya ƙare <ref name="18R" /> == Lambobin motoci == An gabatar da zirga-zirgar motoci da ke shiga babbar hanyar tun daga watan Janairun 2022. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yanayin zirga-zirga a fadin wannan hanya.<ref name="28R">{{Cite web |last=The Independent, Uganda |date=22 August 2022 |title=Gov’t not hitting Entebbe Expressway targets |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/govt-not-hitting-entebbe-expressway-targets/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref>{{Historical populations|Jan|480,234|Feb|574,629|Mar|594,124|Apr|557,066|May|627,479|Jun|590,582|Jul|594,775|Aug||Sep||Oct||Nov||Dec||||}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Kampala|Gundumar Kampala]] * Ssabagabo * Gundumar Wakiso * [[Jerin hanyoyi a Uganda]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qqngvofmm89lfw9bn4qjq2zf0nyym35 966415 966398 2026-10-11T16:39:51Z Almustapha bk 49060 966415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanyar Entebbe-Kampala''' Expressway, wanda aka fi sani da '''Kampala-Entebbe Expressway''' ko Entebbe- Kampala Highway, babbar hanya ce mai layin hudu a [[Uganda]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Region, Uganda">Yankin Tsakiya na Uganda . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Edris Kiggundu |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Highway: What Is Done So Far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Hanyar ta haɗa Filin jirgin saman Entebbe, filin jirgin sama mafi girma na farar hula da soja, zuwa [[Kampala]], babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girman yankin birni. Da farko, an shirya babbar hanyar don aiki a cikin 2016, amma saboda jinkirin ayyukan, shugaban kasar Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]] ne ya yi aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="Fnl">{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=16 June 2018 |title=Museveni, China's Wang Yang Commission Uganda's First Ever Expressway |url=https://www.softpower.ug/museveni-chinas-wang-yang-commission-ugandas-first-ever-expressway/ |access-date=17 June 2018 |publisher=Soft Power Uganda}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, Ministan Ayyuka da Sufuri na Uganda, Janar Katumba Wamala, ya kaddamar da tashar haraji a Kajjansi tare da Kampala-Entebbe Road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KEE |date=8 January 2023 |title=Egis Road Operations celebrates one year with a collection of Shs34b from Kampala-Entebbe Expressway |url=https://kee.go.ug/egis-road-operations-celebrates-one-year-with-a-collection-of-shs34b-from-kampala-entebbe-expressway/ |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Kampala Entebbe Expressway (KEE)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == [[File:Entebbe_express_highway_Aeroshot6.jpg|alt=Entebbe express highway.|thumb|Hanyar Entebbe]]{{Databox}}{{Databox}} Hanyar ta fara ne a Filin jirgin saman Entebbe kuma ta ci gaba zuwa [[Abayita Ababiri|Mpala]], ta ratsa [[Akright City|Birnin Akright]], [[Kajjansi]], da [[Kabojja]], kuma ta ƙare a [[Busega]], inda ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, nisan kusan kilomita 37.23 (23 . Wani reshe ya fito daga babbar hanyar a Kajjansi don haɗawa da [[Munyonyo]], wani yanki na Kampala, wanda ke kan iyakar arewacin [[Tafkin Victoria]], nisan kusan kilomita 14.13 (9 . Dukan babbar hanyar hanya ce mai layin hudu, babbar hanyar mota biyu, tare da iyakantaccen damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vision Reporter |date=10 May 2014 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Highway on Track, Chinese Want to Build Railway Line |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221532/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655406-kampala-entebbe-highway-on-track-chinese-want-to-build-railway.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An gina Kampala Entebbe Expressway tare da dabarun gaba ɗaya na kawar da ƙwaƙwalwa a yankin Kampala Metropolitan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNRA wishes to engage an operator for the Operation and Maintenance of the Kampala-Entebbe Expressway Project (51.4 km) |url=https://www.unra.go.ug/en/kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=2019-04-22 |website=www.unra.go.ug}}</ref> Ita ce hanya ta farko a Uganda. Yana ba da madadin hanyar da ke akwai kyauta, wanda aka sani da Kampala-Entebbe Road, ko kuma kawai Entebbe Road wanda yake da kunkuntar, ya cika, kuma bai isa ya kula da zirga-zirgar da ke ratsa shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkurunziza |first=Andrew |date=10 September 2010 |title=Entebbe Road is a national Embarrassment |url=http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214406/http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1007120/-/format/xhtml/-/1maca3z/-/index.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> An rufe babbar hanyar, kuma dole ne motoci su biya haraji don samun damar shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhwezi |first=Naboth |date=31 March 2014 |title=Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: Ugandans could get a better deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654068-entebbe-kampala-expressway-ugandans-could-get-a-better-deal.html |access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2009, Gwamnatin Uganda (GOU) ta fara tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da gina babbar hanyar da ke da hanyoyi huɗu (dual-carriage) da ke haɗa Entebbe da Kampala. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatocin biyu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya inda gwamnatin kasar Sin, ta hanyar Bankin Exim na kasar Sin, za ta ba da rancen dala miliyan 350 don gina babbar hanyar, wacce za a iya biya sama da shekaru arba'in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojambo |first=Fred |date=10 November 2009 |title=China to Build, Manage Toll Road in Ugandan Capital |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=apRMn6epIhMU |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Gine-ginen Sadarwa na China, wanda kuma ya gina Hanyar Soroti-Lira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe Highway Sparks Housing Boom |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201230712/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 2012.<ref name="When">{{Cite web |last=Ogwang |first=Joel |date=19 June 2014 |title=Private company to manage Kampala- Entebbe expressway |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1341843/private-company-manage-kampala-entebbe-expressway |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Kudin gini == A cikin shekara ta 2012, an kiyasta babbar hanyar ta kashe dala miliyan 476 (UGX:1.19 tiriliyan). <ref name="Yes">{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=4 August 2012 |title=Planned Entebbe highway sparks housing boom |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232758/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/6221-planned-entebbe-highway-sparks-housing-boom-%20 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> Daga cikin wannan, dala miliyan 350 (UGX: biliyan 875) rance ne daga Bankin Exim na kasar Sin a kashi 2 cikin 100 na shekara-shekara.<ref name="Yes" /> Sauran dala miliyan 126 (UGX: biliyan 315) GOU ce ta samar da su.<ref name="Yes" /> GOU ta riga ta sami, ko kuma za ta samar a nan gaba, wani UGX biliyan 123 don biyan masu mallakar ƙasa a kan hanyar babbar hanyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=5 April 2015 |title=Entebbe–Kampala Highway: What is done so far |url=http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/37179-entebbe-k-la-highway-what-is-done-so-far |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Ci gaban da aka samu == A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2012, shugaban kasar Uganda ya ba da umarnin fara gina babbar hanyar a wani bikin a Kyengera, tare da hanyar Kampala-[[Masaka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=22 November 2012 |title=Museveni Commissions Kampala-Entebbe Road |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/637511-museveni-commissions-kampala-entebbe-road.html |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> ''Gabashin Afirka'' ya ruwaito a watan Agustan 2017 cewa an shirya kammala shi a watan Mayu 2018. <ref name="Ug">{{Cite web |last=Olingo |first=Allan |date=23 August 2017 |title=Sense of urgency as EA region upgrades its roads, airports |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Region-upgrades-its-roads-airports-across-region/2560-4067486-mhmxyb/index.html |access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> Daily Monitor ta buga irin wannan rahoto a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adengo |first=Jonathan |date=30 November 2017 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway to reduce travel time by 300% |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Kampala-Entebbe-Expressway-to-reduce-travel-time-by-300-/688322-4208292-42twgu/index.html |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref> An kammala hanyar ne a ranar Jumma'a 15 ga Yuni 2018. <ref name="16R">{{Cite web |last=Lyu Tianran, Zhang Gaiping and Ronald Ssekandi |date=15 June 2018 |title=Feature: Chinese-built expressway speeding up traffic to Uganda's gateway |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615144423/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/15/c_137256494.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="17R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Dispatch Staff |date=8 June 2018 |title=Entebbe Expressway to be commissioned next week |url=https://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614054604/http://dispatch.ug/2018/06/08/entebbe-expressway-commissioned-next-week/ |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda Dispatch}}</ref> Hanyar da aka kammala dole ne ta jira shigar da fasahar biyan kuɗi a wuraren biyan kuɗi da kuma wuce dokar da ta ba da izinin ginin da amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="Fnl" /> An sanya sabon ranar kammalawa a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=17 June 2018 |title=Museveni Launches Entebbe Expressway |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-launches-Entebbe-Expressway/688334-4616384-pbg3wq/index.html |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Koyaya, babbar hanyar ta buɗe ga jama'a, ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="19R">{{Cite web |last=Tamale |first=Raymond |date=23 June 2018 |title=Why Ugandans are excited about the new highway |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Why-Ugandans-are-excited-about-the-new-highway/2560-4627692-81epg2z/index.html |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> An sa ran cewa tattara kudaden haraji a kan wannan babbar hanyar zai fara a watan Janairun 2020. <ref name="TollR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=18 September 2019 |title=Collection Of Toll Fees On Kampala Entebbe Expressway To Start January 2020 |url=https://www.softpower.ug/collection-of-toll-fees-on-kampala-entebbe-expressway-to-start-january-2020/ |access-date=20 September 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="21R">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=23 September 2019 |title=Uganda Road Toll To Start In January |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-road-toll-to-start-in-January/2560-5283072-151faqtz/index.html |access-date=23 September 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, Daily Monitor ta ba da rahoton cewa an zaɓi kamfanin Faransa na Egis Road Operation SA, memba na Ƙungiyar Egis Group, don tsarawa, shigarwa, aiki da kula da tsarin tattara haraji na babbar hanyar. Kamfanin zai riƙe kashi na kudaden haraji don musayar ayyukansa.<ref name="EgisR">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=18 February 2021 |title=French firm to collect road toll on Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/french-firm-to-collect-road-toll-on-entebbe-expressway-3296450 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> Tarin kudaden haraji a kan babbar hanyar, daga USh:5,000 (US $ 1.4) zuwa USh: 18,000 (US $ 5.00), dangane da girman abin hawa, ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2022.<ref name="CollectR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |title=Uganda starts collecting road toll on Kampala-Entebbe road |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/uganda-starts-collecting-road-tolls-3676120 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[The East African]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Egis Roads Operation SA ya fara aiwatar da shigar da fitilun titi tare da dukkan tituna 51 (32 . <ref name="LightR">{{Cite web |last=Noelyn Nassuuna |date=25 March 2022 |title=Over 1,000 Poles, Lamps, Procured To Light Up Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/over-1000-polls-lamps-procured-to-light-up-entebbe-expressway.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=93.3 KFM Uganda}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, ''PML Daily'' ta ruwaito cewa Egis, kamfanin kula da hanya, ya tara sama da USh13 biliyan (kimanin US $ 3.5 miliyan), a cikin watanni biyar na farko na aiki, matsakaicin motoci 20,000 a kowace rana.<ref name="Rev1R">{{Cite web |last=Javira Ssebwami |date=30 May 2022 |title=Kampala-Entebbe Expressway: EGIS road operation Uganda at 1! |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2022/05/kampala-entebbe-expressway-egis-road-operation-uganda-at-1.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=PML Daily}}</ref><ref name="Rev2R">{{Cite web |last=Ceasar Abangirah |date=24 May 2022 |title=Road safety remains a priority at Kampala - Entebbe Expressway |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/prosper/road-safety-remains-a-priority-at-kampala-entebbe-expressway-3830640 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna kan ko kusa da Entebbe-Kampala Expressway: <ref name="18R">{{Cite web |last=Leni |first=Xanthia |date=13 June 2018 |title=After 72 months, Kampala–Entebbe Expressway launches Friday |url=http://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2018/06/kampala-entebbe-express-way-launches-friday.html |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref> * garin Entebbe a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Abayita Ababiri a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * al'ummar Akright City a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * ƙauyen Kabojja a cikin Gundumar Wakiso * unguwar Busega a cikin Lubaga Division a cikin birnin Kampala, inda babbar hanyar za ta haɗu da Kampala Northern Bypass HighwayKampala Arewacin Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida * unguwar Kajjansi a cikin Gundumar Wakiso, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar zai rabu zuwa Munyonyo, a arewacin Tekun Victoria * unguwar Munyonyo a cikin Makindye Division, a Kampala, inda wani bangare na babbar hanyar ya ƙare <ref name="18R" /> == Lambobin motoci == An gabatar da zirga-zirgar motoci da ke shiga babbar hanyar tun daga watan Janairun 2022. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yanayin zirga-zirga a fadin wannan hanya.<ref name="28R">{{Cite web |last=The Independent, Uganda |date=22 August 2022 |title=Gov’t not hitting Entebbe Expressway targets |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/govt-not-hitting-entebbe-expressway-targets/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref>{{Historical populations|Jan|480,234|Feb|574,629|Mar|594,124|Apr|557,066|May|627,479|Jun|590,582|Jul|594,775|Aug||Sep||Oct||Nov||Dec||||}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Kampala|Gundumar Kampala]] * Ssabagabo * Gundumar Wakiso * [[Jerin hanyoyi a Uganda]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p46ryb94xlp3i7jugandsxu59c8dq7w Evarcha 0 178927 966369 2026-10-11T16:32:32Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344461917|Evarcha]]" 966369 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Salticidae (gizo-gizo masu tsalle) tare da nau'ikan 85 (da kuma nau'in da aka sani) waɗanda aka rarraba a duk faɗin duniya. == Mazauni == Sau da yawa ana samun waɗannan gizo-gizo a kan bishiyoyi da gajerun shuke-shuke a wurare masu danshi, suna hutawa a cikin ƙwayoyin siliki. == Bayani == Gizo-gizo a cikin wannan nau'in galibi suna kama da ƙarfi kuma ba su da launuka masu yawa, galibi suna da launin ruwan kasa. ''Evarcha culicivora'' na iya zama mafarauci mai ban mamaki saboda yana cin jinin ƙashi ta hanyar zaɓar sauro masu ɗauke da jini a matsayin abincin da aka fi so. == Rarrabawa == Yawancin nau'ikan suna faruwa ne a Asiya, Afirka da sassan Turai, inda ake samun E. amabilis da E. hoyi a Amurka kawai. Ana samun E. proszynskii daga Rasha zuwa Japan da Kanada zuwa Amurka. == Nau'o'i == <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> File:Evarcha_alba_306192655_552155410.jpg|alt=female E. alba| mace ''E. alba'' File:1260_Euophrys_amabilis.jpg| ''E. amabilis'' File:Jumping_Spider_-_Evarcha_proszynskii,_near_Bassetts,_California.jpg| ''E. proszynskii'' File:Evarcha_laetabunda_408296524.jpg| ''E. laetibunda'' </gallery>{{As of|2025|10}} , wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 98 da kuma nau'in halitta guda ɗaya: == Manazarta == c9cmj0v78r0jyubxwciqf7shuwvej3u 966377 966369 2026-10-11T16:34:08Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344461917|Evarcha]]" 966377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Salticidae (gizo-gizo masu tsalle) tare da nau'ikan 85 (da kuma nau'in da aka sani) waɗanda aka rarraba a duk faɗin duniya. == Mazauni == Sau da yawa ana samun waɗannan gizo-gizo a kan bishiyoyi da gajerun shuke-shuke a wurare masu danshi, suna hutawa a cikin ƙwayoyin siliki.<ref>Fiona R. Cross & Robert R. Jackson (2009), "Odor-mediated response to plants by Evarcha culicivora, a blood‐feeding jumping spider from East Africa", New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(2):75–80</ref> == Bayani == Gizo-gizo a cikin wannan nau'in galibi suna kama da ƙarfi kuma ba su da launuka masu yawa, galibi suna da launin ruwan kasa. ''Evarcha culicivora'' na iya zama mafarauci mai ban mamaki saboda yana cin jinin ƙashi ta hanyar zaɓar sauro masu ɗauke da jini a matsayin abincin da aka fi so. == Rarrabawa == Yawancin nau'ikan suna faruwa ne a Asiya, Afirka da sassan Turai, inda ake samun E. amabilis da E. hoyi a Amurka kawai. Ana samun E. proszynskii daga Rasha zuwa Japan da Kanada zuwa Amurka. == Nau'o'i == <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> File:Evarcha_alba_306192655_552155410.jpg|alt=female E. alba| mace ''E. alba'' File:1260_Euophrys_amabilis.jpg| ''E. amabilis'' File:Jumping_Spider_-_Evarcha_proszynskii,_near_Bassetts,_California.jpg| ''E. proszynskii'' File:Evarcha_laetabunda_408296524.jpg| ''E. laetibunda'' </gallery>{{As of|2025|10}} , wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 98 da kuma nau'in halitta guda ɗaya: == Manazarta == srkbjywrzwpqix2qdbuung46eaaxpjt 966379 966377 2026-10-11T16:34:32Z Sardeeq 39275 966379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Salticidae (gizo-gizo masu tsalle) tare da nau'ikan 85 (da kuma nau'in da aka sani) waɗanda aka rarraba a duk faɗin duniya. == Mazauni == Sau da yawa ana samun waɗannan gizo-gizo a kan bishiyoyi da gajerun shuke-shuke a wurare masu danshi, suna hutawa a cikin ƙwayoyin siliki.<ref>Fiona R. Cross & Robert R. Jackson (2009), "Odor-mediated response to plants by Evarcha culicivora, a blood‐feeding jumping spider from East Africa", New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(2):75–80</ref> == Bayani == Gizo-gizo a cikin wannan nau'in galibi suna kama da ƙarfi kuma ba su da launuka masu yawa, galibi suna da launin ruwan kasa. ''Evarcha culicivora'' na iya zama mafarauci mai ban mamaki saboda yana cin jinin ƙashi ta hanyar zaɓar sauro masu ɗauke da jini a matsayin abincin da aka fi so. == Rarrabawa == Yawancin nau'ikan suna faruwa ne a Asiya, Afirka da sassan Turai, inda ake samun E. amabilis da E. hoyi a Amurka kawai. Ana samun E. proszynskii daga Rasha zuwa Japan da Kanada zuwa Amurka. == Nau'o'i == <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> File:Evarcha_alba_306192655_552155410.jpg|alt=female E. alba| mace ''E. alba'' File:1260_Euophrys_amabilis.jpg| ''E. amabilis'' File:Jumping_Spider_-_Evarcha_proszynskii,_near_Bassetts,_California.jpg| ''E. proszynskii'' File:Evarcha_laetabunda_408296524.jpg| ''E. laetibunda'' </gallery>{{As of|2025|10}} , wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 98 da kuma nau'in halitta guda ɗaya: == Manazarta == int4nbz5q5oemv5gbeoq8c99qqmoy8w 966731 966379 2026-10-12T07:53:35Z Taketa 547 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:1260 Euophrys amabilis.jpg]] → [[File:Koch 1846 Die Arachniden fig. 1260 Euophrys amabilis.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) · harmonize the file names of the Die Arachniden figure set 966731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Salticidae (gizo-gizo masu tsalle) tare da nau'ikan 85 (da kuma nau'in da aka sani) waɗanda aka rarraba a duk faɗin duniya. == Mazauni == Sau da yawa ana samun waɗannan gizo-gizo a kan bishiyoyi da gajerun shuke-shuke a wurare masu danshi, suna hutawa a cikin ƙwayoyin siliki.<ref>Fiona R. Cross & Robert R. Jackson (2009), "Odor-mediated response to plants by Evarcha culicivora, a blood‐feeding jumping spider from East Africa", New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(2):75–80</ref> == Bayani == Gizo-gizo a cikin wannan nau'in galibi suna kama da ƙarfi kuma ba su da launuka masu yawa, galibi suna da launin ruwan kasa. ''Evarcha culicivora'' na iya zama mafarauci mai ban mamaki saboda yana cin jinin ƙashi ta hanyar zaɓar sauro masu ɗauke da jini a matsayin abincin da aka fi so. == Rarrabawa == Yawancin nau'ikan suna faruwa ne a Asiya, Afirka da sassan Turai, inda ake samun E. amabilis da E. hoyi a Amurka kawai. Ana samun E. proszynskii daga Rasha zuwa Japan da Kanada zuwa Amurka. == Nau'o'i == <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> File:Evarcha_alba_306192655_552155410.jpg|alt=female E. alba| mace ''E. alba'' File:Koch 1846 Die Arachniden fig. 1260 Euophrys amabilis.jpg| ''E. amabilis'' File:Jumping_Spider_-_Evarcha_proszynskii,_near_Bassetts,_California.jpg| ''E. proszynskii'' File:Evarcha_laetabunda_408296524.jpg| ''E. laetibunda'' </gallery>{{As of|2025|10}} , wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 98 da kuma nau'in halitta guda ɗaya: == Manazarta == grjkignvypey6ty3y9hjkeiw32xszy1 Ma'aikatar Injiniya da Ci Gaban 0 178928 966370 2026-10-11T16:32:38Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368366311|Civil Engineering and Development Department]]" 966370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sashen Injiniyanci da Ci Gaban Jama'a''' ( '''CEDD''' ) sashe ne na gwamnatin Hong Kong wanda ke ba da rahoto ga Ofishin Ci Gaba . Manyan ayyukanta sun haɗa da samar da filaye da kayayyakin more rayuwa, ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da na ruwa, ayyukan fasaha na ƙasa da ayyukan muhalli da dorewa. == Ƙungiya == Sashen yana da hedikwata, ofisoshi 2 masu aiki (Ofishin Injiniyan Farar Hula da Ofishin Injiniyan Kasa) da kuma ofisoshin ci gaban yankuna 5 (Ofishin Lantau mai dorewa, Ofishin Ci gaban Gabas, Ofishin Ci gaban Kudu, Ofishin Ci gaban Yamma da Ofishin Ci gaban Arewa). == Tarihi == An kafa sashen a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2004 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Sashen Injiniyan Gine-gine da Sashen Ci gaban Yankuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Towns and New Major Urban Developments |url=http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/towns&urban_developments.pdf |access-date=13 August 2014 |website=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Information Services Department, Government of Hong Kong}}</ref> CEDD a da ta kasance ƙarƙashin (tsohon) Ofishin Muhalli, Sufuri da Ayyuka . == Sashen Haƙar Ma'adinai == A shekarar 1951, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta ƙirƙiri Sashen Haƙar Ma'adinai, wanda daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa Sashen Ayyukan Injiniyan Farar Hula a shekarar 1991, daga ƙarshe aka sake masa suna zuwa Sashen Haƙar Ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DEVB - My Blog: 70th anniversary of the... (462) |url=https://www.devb.gov.hk/en/home/my_blog/index_id_462.html}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Haƙar ma'adinai a Hong Kong == Manazarta == l057oqggy5or7ezkwiuiggar6onvxv1 966371 966370 2026-10-11T16:32:58Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sashen Injiniyanci da Ci Gaban Jama'a''' ( '''CEDD''' ) sashe ne na gwamnatin Hong Kong wanda ke ba da rahoto ga Ofishin Ci Gaba . Manyan ayyukanta sun haɗa da samar da filaye da kayayyakin more rayuwa, ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da na ruwa, ayyukan fasaha na ƙasa da ayyukan muhalli da dorewa. == Ƙungiya == Sashen yana da hedikwata, ofisoshi 2 masu aiki (Ofishin Injiniyan Farar Hula da Ofishin Injiniyan Kasa) da kuma ofisoshin ci gaban yankuna 5 (Ofishin Lantau mai dorewa, Ofishin Ci gaban Gabas, Ofishin Ci gaban Kudu, Ofishin Ci gaban Yamma da Ofishin Ci gaban Arewa). == Tarihi == An kafa sashen a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2004 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Sashen Injiniyan Gine-gine da Sashen Ci gaban Yankuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Towns and New Major Urban Developments |url=http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/towns&urban_developments.pdf |access-date=13 August 2014 |website=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Information Services Department, Government of Hong Kong}}</ref> CEDD a da ta kasance ƙarƙashin (tsohon) Ofishin Muhalli, Sufuri da Ayyuka . == Sashen Haƙar Ma'adinai == A shekarar 1951, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta ƙirƙiri Sashen Haƙar Ma'adinai, wanda daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa Sashen Ayyukan Injiniyan Farar Hula a shekarar 1991, daga ƙarshe aka sake masa suna zuwa Sashen Haƙar Ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DEVB - My Blog: 70th anniversary of the... (462) |url=https://www.devb.gov.hk/en/home/my_blog/index_id_462.html}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Haƙar ma'adinai a Hong Kong == Manazarta == kqxrpepko0c2tzg7qfzqmj50stsbdyh Gelada 0 178930 966375 2026-10-11T16:33:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343761319|Gelada]]" 966375 wikitext text/x-wiki Gelada (wanda aka fi sani da *Theropithecus gelada*; a harshen Amharic: *č̣əlada*; a Oromo: *Jaldeessa daabee*), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da birin mai-kirji-mai-launin-jini ko kuma birin *baboon* na nau'in gelada, nau'in biri ne na Tsohuwar Duniya (Old World monkey) da ake samu a tsaunukan Habasha kawai, inda yake rayuwa a tsayin mita 1,800 zuwa 4,400 (ƙafa 5,900 zuwa 14,400) sama da matakin teku. Shi ne kaɗai nau'in halitta mai rai da ya rage a cikin rukunin *Theropithecus*, sunan da aka samo daga kalmomin Girkanci masu ma'anar "birin-dabba" (*thēro-píthēkos*).[1][2] Kamar takwarorinsa na kusa a rukunin *Papio* (wato biran *baboon*), wannan biri yana rayuwa ne galibi a ƙasa, inda yake cinye mafi yawan lokacinsa yana neman abinci a filayen ciyawa; ciyawa ce kuma ke samar da kusan kashi 90 na abincinsa. Yana da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da fuska mai duhu da gashin ido. Manya maza suna da gashi mai tsawo a bayansu da kuma jan fata mai haske wanda ya yi kama da saurin saurin sautin a cikin kirjin su. Har ila yau, mata suna da fata mai tsabta amma ba a bayyana shi sosai ba, sai dai a lokacin Estrus, lokacin da yake haskakawa kuma yana nuna "kusa" na blisters cike da ruwa. Maza suna da matsakaicin {{Cvt|18.5|kg}} kg (41 kuma mata suna da matsakaici {{Cvt|11|kg}} kg (24 a cikin nauyi. Tsawon kai-jiki yana da 50-75 cm (20-30 in) tare da wutsiya na 30-50 cm (12-20 in). Gelada tana da tsari mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa. Rukunin haifuwa da maza sune ƙungiyoyi biyu na asali. Ƙungiya ta ƙunshi haɗuwa da raka'a masu yawa na haihuwa da raka'o'in maza; al'umma ta ƙunshi ƙungiya ɗaya zuwa huɗu. A cikin raka'a na haihuwa mata suna da alaƙa da juna. Maza za su ƙaura daga ƙungiyar haihuwarsu don ƙoƙarin sarrafa ɗayan nasu kuma mata a cikin ɗayan na iya zaɓar tallafawa ko adawa da sabon namiji. Lokacin da maza fiye da ɗaya suke cikin ɗayan, ɗaya ne kawai zai iya yin jima'i da mata. Gelada tana da nau'o'i daban-daban na muryoyin da ake zaton suna kusa da rikitarwa ga na mutane. An yi tunanin yawan geladas ya ragu daga 440,000 a cikin 1970s zuwa 200,000 a cikin 2008. Duk da asarar nauyi, an lissafa shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi. == Tarihi da juyin halitta == [[File:Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_gehörig_(1835)_Theropithecus_gelada.png|left|thumb|Bayanan Rüppell game da nau'in (1835) ]] Tun daga shekara ta 1979, ana sanya gelada a cikin jinsinta (''Theropithecus''), kodayake wasu binciken kwayar halitta sun nuna cewa ya kamata a haɗa wannan [[biri]] tare da danginsa na baboon (genus ''Papio''); <ref name="Goodman">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=M. |last2=Porter |first2=C. A. |last3=Czelusniak |first3=J. |last4=Page |first4=S. L. |last5=Schneider |first5=H. |last6=Shoshani |first6=J. |last7=Gunnell |first7=G. |last8=Groves |first8=C. P. |year=1998 |title=Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of Primates Based on DNA Evidence Complemented by Fossil Evidence |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=585–598 |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..585G |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0495 |pmid=9668008 |s2cid=23525774}}</ref> wasu masu bincike sun rarraba jinsin har ma da nisa daga ''Papio''. Duk da yake Theropithecus gelada shine kawai nau'in da ke rayuwa na jinsinsa, daban-daban, an san manyan nau'o'in daga tarihin burbushin halittu: <nowiki><i id="mwSw">T. brumpti</i></nowiki>, ''T. darti'' da ''T. oswaldi'', wanda aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin jinsin ''Simopithecus''. <ref name="Hughes">{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=K. |last2=Elton |first2=S. |last3=O'Regan |first3=J. |date=Jan 2008 |title=Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=43–77 |bibcode=2008JHumE..54...43H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004 |issn=0047-2484 |pmid=17868778}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=W. |year=1972 |title=The first complete skull of ''Simopithecus darti'' from Makapansgat, South Africa, and its systematic position |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=395–400 |bibcode=1972JHumE...1..395M |doi=10.1016/0047-2484(72)90116-9}}</ref> ''Theropithecus'', yayin da aka ƙuntata a halin yanzu zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]], an kuma san shi daga burbushin burbushin da aka samo a Afirka da Bahar Rum zuwa Asiya, gami da Afirka ta Kudu, Malawi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Aljeriya, Morocco, Spain, da Indiya (mafi daidai a Mirzapur, Cueva Victoria, Pirro Nord, Ternifine, Hadari, Turkana, Makapansgat, da Swartkrans). sjbips3w4xtavpylo2hxiwhsoa4jk91 966380 966375 2026-10-11T16:34:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 966380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gelada (wanda aka fi sani da *Theropithecus gelada*; a harshen Amharic: *č̣əlada*; a Oromo: *Jaldeessa daabee*), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da birin mai-kirji-mai-launin-jini ko kuma birin *baboon* na nau'in gelada, nau'in biri ne na Tsohuwar Duniya (Old World monkey) da ake samu a tsaunukan Habasha kawai, inda yake rayuwa a tsayin mita 1,800 zuwa 4,400 (ƙafa 5,900 zuwa 14,400) sama da matakin teku. Shi ne kaɗai nau'in halitta mai rai da ya rage a cikin rukunin *Theropithecus*, sunan da aka samo daga kalmomin Girkanci masu ma'anar "birin-dabba" (*thēro-píthēkos*).[1][2] Kamar takwarorinsa na kusa a rukunin *Papio* (wato biran *baboon*), wannan biri yana rayuwa ne galibi a ƙasa, inda yake cinye mafi yawan lokacinsa yana neman abinci a filayen ciyawa; ciyawa ce kuma ke samar da kusan kashi 90 na abincinsa. Yana da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da fuska mai duhu da gashin ido. Manya maza suna da gashi mai tsawo a bayansu da kuma jan fata mai haske wanda ya yi kama da saurin saurin sautin a cikin kirjin su. Har ila yau, mata suna da fata mai tsabta amma ba a bayyana shi sosai ba, sai dai a lokacin Estrus, lokacin da yake haskakawa kuma yana nuna "kusa" na blisters cike da ruwa. Maza suna da matsakaicin {{Cvt|18.5|kg}} kg (41 kuma mata suna da matsakaici {{Cvt|11|kg}} kg (24 a cikin nauyi. Tsawon kai-jiki yana da 50-75 cm (20-30 in) tare da wutsiya na 30-50 cm (12-20 in). Gelada tana da tsari mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa. Rukunin haifuwa da maza sune ƙungiyoyi biyu na asali. Ƙungiya ta ƙunshi haɗuwa da raka'a masu yawa na haihuwa da raka'o'in maza; al'umma ta ƙunshi ƙungiya ɗaya zuwa huɗu. A cikin raka'a na haihuwa mata suna da alaƙa da juna. Maza za su ƙaura daga ƙungiyar haihuwarsu don ƙoƙarin sarrafa ɗayan nasu kuma mata a cikin ɗayan na iya zaɓar tallafawa ko adawa da sabon namiji. Lokacin da maza fiye da ɗaya suke cikin ɗayan, ɗaya ne kawai zai iya yin jima'i da mata. Gelada tana da nau'o'i daban-daban na muryoyin da ake zaton suna kusa da rikitarwa ga na mutane. An yi tunanin yawan geladas ya ragu daga 440,000 a cikin 1970s zuwa 200,000 a cikin 2008. Duk da asarar nauyi, an lissafa shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi. == Tarihi da juyin halitta == [[File:Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_gehörig_(1835)_Theropithecus_gelada.png|left|thumb|Bayanan Rüppell game da nau'in (1835) ]] Tun daga shekara ta 1979, ana sanya gelada a cikin jinsinta (''Theropithecus''), kodayake wasu binciken kwayar halitta sun nuna cewa ya kamata a haɗa wannan [[biri]] tare da danginsa na baboon (genus ''Papio''); <ref name="Goodman">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=M. |last2=Porter |first2=C. A. |last3=Czelusniak |first3=J. |last4=Page |first4=S. L. |last5=Schneider |first5=H. |last6=Shoshani |first6=J. |last7=Gunnell |first7=G. |last8=Groves |first8=C. P. |year=1998 |title=Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of Primates Based on DNA Evidence Complemented by Fossil Evidence |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=585–598 |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..585G |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0495 |pmid=9668008 |s2cid=23525774}}</ref> wasu masu bincike sun rarraba jinsin har ma da nisa daga ''Papio''. Duk da yake Theropithecus gelada shine kawai nau'in da ke rayuwa na jinsinsa, daban-daban, an san manyan nau'o'in daga tarihin burbushin halittu: <nowiki><i id="mwSw">T. brumpti</i></nowiki>, ''T. darti'' da ''T. oswaldi'', wanda aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin jinsin ''Simopithecus''. <ref name="Hughes">{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=K. |last2=Elton |first2=S. |last3=O'Regan |first3=J. |date=Jan 2008 |title=Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=43–77 |bibcode=2008JHumE..54...43H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004 |issn=0047-2484 |pmid=17868778}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=W. |year=1972 |title=The first complete skull of ''Simopithecus darti'' from Makapansgat, South Africa, and its systematic position |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=395–400 |bibcode=1972JHumE...1..395M |doi=10.1016/0047-2484(72)90116-9}}</ref> ''Theropithecus'', yayin da aka ƙuntata a halin yanzu zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]], an kuma san shi daga burbushin burbushin da aka samo a Afirka da Bahar Rum zuwa Asiya, gami da Afirka ta Kudu, Malawi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Aljeriya, Morocco, Spain, da Indiya (mafi daidai a Mirzapur, Cueva Victoria, Pirro Nord, Ternifine, Hadari, Turkana, Makapansgat, da Swartkrans). == Manazarta == 9hljjql84bu6x22cn2yfaiix0str08m Rusguniae (rubuwa) 0 178931 966376 2026-10-11T16:33:55Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369994514|Rusguniae (ruins)]]" 966376 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rusguniae''' wani wuri ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin garin El Marsa, a cikin wilaya na Algiers, Aljeriya . Rusguniae yana arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers, a gaban birnin Algiers. Shafin yana tsakanin Tamentfoust na zamani (tsohon Laperouse) da Bordj-El-Bahri (Cap Matifou, sabanin cape na wannan sunan wanda ya rufe Bay of Algiers zuwa gabas). Rusguniae tana gefen tekun. A yau, kusan babu ragowar da ake gani saboda satar mafi yawan gine-ginen tsohuwar da ci gaban birane wanda ya rufe shafin da kewayen yankin. Idan aka ba da yawan birane na shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya lalata yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya, ya fi dacewa a koma ga bayanin Berbrugger game da yankin a farkon mulkin mallaka na Faransa [1] don fahimtar yanayin yankin a cikin tarihinsa. Bay of Algiers da Bay of Bengüt, inda Rusguniae yake, ana iya bayyana su a matsayin sassan biyu da suka hadu a Cap du Matifou kuma suka iyakance takamaiman yanki. A farkon karni na 19, yanayi, har yanzu ba a taɓa shi ba, ya zama kamar ya ware wannan yankin daga yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Sai kawai kabilar Haraouas (waɗanda suka ba da sunansu ga garin da ake kira da wannan sunan) sun zauna a nan, suna noma ƙasar tsakanin tuddai da Bahar Rum. lonemz9ke5508w24wd17msy1gntay2c 966399 966376 2026-10-11T16:37:34Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369994514|Rusguniae (ruins)]]" 966399 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rusguniae''' wani wuri ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin garin El Marsa, a cikin wilaya na Algiers, Aljeriya . Rusguniae yana arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers, a gaban birnin Algiers. Shafin yana tsakanin Tamentfoust na zamani (tsohon Laperouse) da Bordj-El-Bahri (Cap Matifou, sabanin cape na wannan sunan wanda ya rufe Bay of Algiers zuwa gabas). Rusguniae tana gefen tekun. A yau, kusan babu ragowar da ake gani saboda satar mafi yawan gine-ginen tsohuwar da ci gaban birane wanda ya rufe shafin da kewayen yankin. Idan aka ba da yawan birane na shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya lalata yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya, ya fi dacewa a koma ga bayanin Berbrugger game da yankin a farkon mulkin mallaka na Faransa [1] don fahimtar yanayin yankin a cikin tarihinsa. Bay of Algiers da Bay of Bengüt, inda Rusguniae yake, ana iya bayyana su a matsayin sassan biyu da suka hadu a Cap du Matifou kuma suka iyakance takamaiman yanki. A farkon karni na 19, yanayi, har yanzu ba a taɓa shi ba, ya zama kamar ya ware wannan yankin daga yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Sai kawai kabilar Haraouas (waɗanda suka ba da sunansu ga garin da ake kira da wannan sunan) sun zauna a nan, suna noma ƙasar tsakanin tuddai da Bahar Rum. A farkon karni na 20, Gsell ya lissafa ragowar archaeological da aka sani a lokacin a cikin "Atlas archéologique de l'Algérie" (AAA ). Wadannan sun hada da wani mutum-mutumi na marmara na wata mace kusa da maɓallin gada a kan Hamiz da kuma gada a kan Bouira, mai ba da gudummawa ga Hamiz. A cikin abin da ya zama Ain el Beida na zamani (Zerzouria), 'yan kilomita daga Rusguniae, Gsell ya ba da rahoton cibiyar sadarwa ta tsoffin hanyoyin ruwa, ragowar gine-gine da dutse, wanda Berbrugger ya ɗauka Roman ne. Sai kawai dutsen, wanda aka gano a matsayin Maherzat, ya kasance a yau. Daga gaba gabas, Gsell ya ambaci Djezair el Kodra [1] (kawai Ain-Chorb na yanzu, anc. Surcouf, zuwa gabashin Ain-Taya, zai dace), wani tsibiri na dā wanda yanzu ya haɗu da ƙasar ta hanyar silting, inda aka ce Berbrugger ya gano "mafi girman rushewar Romawa", wanda babu wata alama a ƙasa ko a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, Ain-Chrob ko H'rob (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "sha da gudu"), an ba da rahoton ragowar tsohuwar.[2] An gano wasu rushewar da ba su da muhimmanci a Réghaïa, da kuma ragowar sansanin Romawa a kan Oued Boudaou .[3] Ƙarin yamma, kusa da bakin Oued-el-Harrach, Gsell ya tattauna yiwuwar rushewar birnin Saça, kodayake ba a riga an same su ba.[4] A ƙarshe, kilomita ɗaya daga Maison-Carrée (yanzu El-Harrach), an sami rubutun libyc wanda ke ba da shaida ga tarihin tsohuwar yankin [[File:RusguniaEO.png|thumb|Bayyanar gabas da yammacin bakin tekun Aljeriya da ke nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] [[File:RusguniaOE.png|thumb|Ra'ayi daga yamma zuwa gabas na bakin tekun Aljeriya yana nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] 0j4ozmsgwv4fuhrjf697p2d84a9irbo 966408 966399 2026-10-11T16:38:55Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369994514|Rusguniae (ruins)]]" 966408 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rusguniae''' wani wuri ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin garin El Marsa, a cikin wilaya na Algiers, Aljeriya . Rusguniae yana arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers, a gaban birnin Algiers. Shafin yana tsakanin Tamentfoust na zamani (tsohon Laperouse) da Bordj-El-Bahri (Cap Matifou, sabanin cape na wannan sunan wanda ya rufe Bay of Algiers zuwa gabas). Rusguniae tana gefen tekun. A yau, kusan babu ragowar da ake gani saboda satar mafi yawan gine-ginen tsohuwar da ci gaban birane wanda ya rufe shafin da kewayen yankin. Idan aka ba da yawan birane na shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya lalata yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya, ya fi dacewa a koma ga bayanin Berbrugger game da yankin a farkon mulkin mallaka na Faransa [1] don fahimtar yanayin yankin a cikin tarihinsa. Bay of Algiers da Bay of Bengüt, inda Rusguniae yake, ana iya bayyana su a matsayin sassan biyu da suka hadu a Cap du Matifou kuma suka iyakance takamaiman yanki. A farkon karni na 19, yanayi, har yanzu ba a taɓa shi ba, ya zama kamar ya ware wannan yankin daga yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Sai kawai kabilar Haraouas (waɗanda suka ba da sunansu ga garin da ake kira da wannan sunan) sun zauna a nan, suna noma ƙasar tsakanin tuddai da Bahar Rum. A farkon karni na 20, Gsell ya lissafa ragowar archaeological da aka sani a lokacin a cikin "Atlas archéologique de l'Algérie" (AAA ). Wadannan sun hada da wani mutum-mutumi na marmara na wata mace kusa da maɓallin gada a kan Hamiz da kuma gada a kan Bouira, mai ba da gudummawa ga Hamiz. A cikin abin da ya zama Ain el Beida na zamani (Zerzouria), 'yan kilomita daga Rusguniae, Gsell ya ba da rahoton cibiyar sadarwa ta tsoffin hanyoyin ruwa, ragowar gine-gine da dutse, wanda Berbrugger ya ɗauka Roman ne. Sai kawai dutsen, wanda aka gano a matsayin Maherzat, ya kasance a yau. Daga gaba gabas, Gsell ya ambaci Djezair el Kodra [1] (kawai Ain-Chorb na yanzu, anc. Surcouf, zuwa gabashin Ain-Taya, zai dace), wani tsibiri na dā wanda yanzu ya haɗu da ƙasar ta hanyar silting, inda aka ce Berbrugger ya gano "mafi girman rushewar Romawa", wanda babu wata alama a ƙasa ko a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, Ain-Chrob ko H'rob (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "sha da gudu"), an ba da rahoton ragowar tsohuwar.[2] An gano wasu rushewar da ba su da muhimmanci a Réghaïa, da kuma ragowar sansanin Romawa a kan Oued Boudaou .[3] Ƙarin yamma, kusa da bakin Oued-el-Harrach, Gsell ya tattauna yiwuwar rushewar birnin Saça, kodayake ba a riga an same su ba.[4] A ƙarshe, kilomita ɗaya daga Maison-Carrée (yanzu El-Harrach), an sami rubutun libyc wanda ke ba da shaida ga tarihin tsohuwar yankin [[File:RusguniaEO.png|thumb|Bayyanar gabas da yammacin bakin tekun Aljeriya da ke nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] [[File:RusguniaOE.png|thumb|Ra'ayi daga yamma zuwa gabas na bakin tekun Aljeriya yana nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] Zaɓin wurin Rusguniae mai yiwuwa ya kasance ne saboda matsayinsa na ƙasa, wanda ya ba da kariya ta halitta daga iskar bazara da gusts, yana mai da shi mafaka mai aminci don kewayawa ta teku. Wannan wuri mai mahimmanci na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa shafin yayi kama da na Icosium, kawai a gaban Bay of Algiers, amma ya fallasa ga iskar arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas saboda budewar bayinsa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal officiel de la Republique Algerienne n° 02 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2008/002/FP16.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207234945/http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2008/002/FP16.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-07 |website=www.joradp.dz}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da hanyar rarrabuwa don shafin da aka sani da "Ancient Rusguniae". Wurin binciken archaeological, wanda ke da iyaka zuwa arewa ta hanyar Aïn Taya, zuwa kudu ta gundumar Ondines, zuwa gabas ta hanyar hanyar Alger-Plage da yamma ta hanyar hanyar rufin rufin n°2, yana da yankin kariya wanda ya kai mita 200 daga iyakokinta. An zauna yankin tun lokacin Neolithic, tare da kayan tarihi daga masana'antun Musterian da Neolithic da ake samu a kan dutsen Cap Matifou . Rusguniae, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers kuma gida ga tushen Punic na Tamentfoust, ya ɗauki sunansa daga kalmar "Cap du Francolin". [1] [2] [3] Berbrugger ya nuna cewa asalin sunan kalma ce ta Berber wacce Romawa suka Latinised don nufin "farashin barci" ko "farashin masu barci", dangane da fassarar yankin na shahararren taken masu barci na Afisa.[4] Mouloud Mammeri ya nuna cewa Rusguniae ya ƙunshi tushen biyu: rus na Phoenician (cape) da Berber agouni (dutse). Salama ya nuna cewa Rusguniae ya riga ya wanzu a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu KZ, yayin da ba za a iya sanya harsashin Icosium ba kafin ƙarni na biyu KZ.[5] Tsarin mulkin mallaka na Romawa a Rusguniae yana nuna gasa, tare da nahiyar maimakon abubuwan da ke cikin teku. Bay of Algiers ya ba da damar zuwa filin Mitidja da kwarin Chelif, wanda ya fi samuwa daga Rusguniae fiye da daga Icosium. Wannan, haɗe da yiwuwar matsayi mafi mahimmanci na Icosium, na iya haifar da zaɓin Rusguniae don ƙauyen Romawa, don haka kauce wa gasa kai tsaye. 9yj69xi877c0cdvix0ls2fz20fqnr45 966421 966408 2026-10-11T16:40:10Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369994514|Rusguniae (ruins)]]" 966421 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rusguniae''' wani wuri ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin garin El Marsa, a cikin wilaya na Algiers, Aljeriya . Rusguniae yana arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers, a gaban birnin Algiers. Shafin yana tsakanin Tamentfoust na zamani (tsohon Laperouse) da Bordj-El-Bahri (Cap Matifou, sabanin cape na wannan sunan wanda ya rufe Bay of Algiers zuwa gabas). Rusguniae tana gefen tekun. A yau, kusan babu ragowar da ake gani saboda satar mafi yawan gine-ginen tsohuwar da ci gaban birane wanda ya rufe shafin da kewayen yankin. Idan aka ba da yawan birane na shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya lalata yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya, ya fi dacewa a koma ga bayanin Berbrugger game da yankin a farkon mulkin mallaka na Faransa [1] don fahimtar yanayin yankin a cikin tarihinsa. Bay of Algiers da Bay of Bengüt, inda Rusguniae yake, ana iya bayyana su a matsayin sassan biyu da suka hadu a Cap du Matifou kuma suka iyakance takamaiman yanki. A farkon karni na 19, yanayi, har yanzu ba a taɓa shi ba, ya zama kamar ya ware wannan yankin daga yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Sai kawai kabilar Haraouas (waɗanda suka ba da sunansu ga garin da ake kira da wannan sunan) sun zauna a nan, suna noma ƙasar tsakanin tuddai da Bahar Rum. A farkon karni na 20, Gsell ya lissafa ragowar archaeological da aka sani a lokacin a cikin "Atlas archéologique de l'Algérie" (AAA ). Wadannan sun hada da wani mutum-mutumi na marmara na wata mace kusa da maɓallin gada a kan Hamiz da kuma gada a kan Bouira, mai ba da gudummawa ga Hamiz. A cikin abin da ya zama Ain el Beida na zamani (Zerzouria), 'yan kilomita daga Rusguniae, Gsell ya ba da rahoton cibiyar sadarwa ta tsoffin hanyoyin ruwa, ragowar gine-gine da dutse, wanda Berbrugger ya ɗauka Roman ne. Sai kawai dutsen, wanda aka gano a matsayin Maherzat, ya kasance a yau. Daga gaba gabas, Gsell ya ambaci Djezair el Kodra [1] (kawai Ain-Chorb na yanzu, anc. Surcouf, zuwa gabashin Ain-Taya, zai dace), wani tsibiri na dā wanda yanzu ya haɗu da ƙasar ta hanyar silting, inda aka ce Berbrugger ya gano "mafi girman rushewar Romawa", wanda babu wata alama a ƙasa ko a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, Ain-Chrob ko H'rob (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "sha da gudu"), an ba da rahoton ragowar tsohuwar.[2] An gano wasu rushewar da ba su da muhimmanci a Réghaïa, da kuma ragowar sansanin Romawa a kan Oued Boudaou .[3] Ƙarin yamma, kusa da bakin Oued-el-Harrach, Gsell ya tattauna yiwuwar rushewar birnin Saça, kodayake ba a riga an same su ba.[4] A ƙarshe, kilomita ɗaya daga Maison-Carrée (yanzu El-Harrach), an sami rubutun libyc wanda ke ba da shaida ga tarihin tsohuwar yankin [[File:RusguniaEO.png|thumb|Bayyanar gabas da yammacin bakin tekun Aljeriya da ke nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] [[File:RusguniaOE.png|thumb|Ra'ayi daga yamma zuwa gabas na bakin tekun Aljeriya yana nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] Zaɓin wurin Rusguniae mai yiwuwa ya kasance ne saboda matsayinsa na ƙasa, wanda ya ba da kariya ta halitta daga iskar bazara da gusts, yana mai da shi mafaka mai aminci don kewayawa ta teku. Wannan wuri mai mahimmanci na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa shafin yayi kama da na Icosium, kawai a gaban Bay of Algiers, amma ya fallasa ga iskar arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas saboda budewar bayinsa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal officiel de la Republique Algerienne n° 02 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2008/002/FP16.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207234945/http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2008/002/FP16.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-07 |website=www.joradp.dz}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da hanyar rarrabuwa don shafin da aka sani da "Ancient Rusguniae". Wurin binciken archaeological, wanda ke da iyaka zuwa arewa ta hanyar Aïn Taya, zuwa kudu ta gundumar Ondines, zuwa gabas ta hanyar hanyar Alger-Plage da yamma ta hanyar hanyar rufin rufin n°2, yana da yankin kariya wanda ya kai mita 200 daga iyakokinta. An zauna yankin tun lokacin Neolithic, tare da kayan tarihi daga masana'antun Musterian da Neolithic da ake samu a kan dutsen Cap Matifou . Rusguniae, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers kuma gida ga tushen Punic na Tamentfoust, ya ɗauki sunansa daga kalmar "Cap du Francolin". [1] [2] [3] Berbrugger ya nuna cewa asalin sunan kalma ce ta Berber wacce Romawa suka Latinised don nufin "farashin barci" ko "farashin masu barci", dangane da fassarar yankin na shahararren taken masu barci na Afisa.[4] Mouloud Mammeri ya nuna cewa Rusguniae ya ƙunshi tushen biyu: rus na Phoenician (cape) da Berber agouni (dutse). Salama ya nuna cewa Rusguniae ya riga ya wanzu a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu KZ, yayin da ba za a iya sanya harsashin Icosium ba kafin ƙarni na biyu KZ.[5] Tsarin mulkin mallaka na Romawa a Rusguniae yana nuna gasa, tare da nahiyar maimakon abubuwan da ke cikin teku. Bay of Algiers ya ba da damar zuwa filin Mitidja da kwarin Chelif, wanda ya fi samuwa daga Rusguniae fiye da daga Icosium. Wannan, haɗe da yiwuwar matsayi mafi mahimmanci na Icosium, na iya haifar da zaɓin Rusguniae don ƙauyen Romawa, don haka kauce wa gasa kai tsaye. === Zamanin Punic === Lancel ya lissafa Rusginiae a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren kasuwanci na Phoenician waɗanda aka "yadu daidai a kowane kilomita 30 ko 40" tare da bakin tekun Aljeriya. Yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake amfani da su don jigilar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun arewacin Maghreb na dā. Daular teku ta Carthage, duk da haka, ba ta bar wani rushe ba. Koyaya, Salama ya nuna "ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin amphora da aka haɗu da su tsakanin ƙarni na 2 BC da ƙarni na 7 AD, yana tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da shafin bakin teku sosai kuma a kai a kai". Bugu da kari, an sami kimanin 100 Punic da neo-Punic stelae a yankin. === Zamanin Romawa === Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa a ƙarshen Jamhuriyar kuma sakamakon rikici a cikin masarautar Mauretan, Augustus yana da matsayi da yawa na bakin teku da na bakin teku waɗanda aka zaɓa don kafa ƙauyuka na tsofaffi, farkon farawa don haɗuwa da yankin nan gaba. Mulkin mallaka na Rusguniae ta IX Gemella legion ya riga ya wuce 27 AD. Jerin waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda aka riga aka tsara a cikin takardun Pliny the Elder, ana iya tabbatar da su cikin sauƙi godiya ga takardun epigraphic. Mafi mahimmanci game da Rusguniae ya fito ne daga rubuce-rubuce uku da aka sanya a mil na biyu na hanyar Roman Rusguniae-Icosium, wanda ke fassara cikakken taken birnin: COL (onia) IUL (ia) PONTIF (?) CL (?) RUSG (uniae) IIIIV LEG (ionis). Pliny the Elder, a cikin lissafin biranen Caesarean Mauritania, ya ambaci Rusguniae daga cikin yankunan da Augustus ya kafa. An san cewa ƙauyen ya girma [1] kuma ya bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 1 AD har zuwa zamanin Byzantine. [2] A zamanin Roman, Rusguniae shine shafin haikalin da aka keɓe ga Saturn, wanda aka fi sani da Roman Baal Hamon . A cikin 419 bishop dinsa, tare da na Icosium da Rusuccuru, sun wakilci lardin Mauretania Caesarea a majalisa a Carthage. rwt4vhxxc84l77gnh4hlul38nnc9bar 966441 966421 2026-10-11T16:43:13Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 Inganta muqala 966441 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Rusguniae''' wani wuri ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin garin El Marsa, a cikin wilaya na Algiers, Aljeriya . Rusguniae yana arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers, a gaban birnin Algiers. Shafin yana tsakanin Tamentfoust na zamani (tsohon Laperouse) da Bordj-El-Bahri (Cap Matifou, sabanin cape na wannan sunan wanda ya rufe Bay of Algiers zuwa gabas). Rusguniae tana gefen tekun. A yau, kusan babu ragowar da ake gani saboda satar mafi yawan gine-ginen tsohuwar da ci gaban birane wanda ya rufe shafin da kewayen yankin. Idan aka ba da yawan birane na shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya lalata yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya, ya fi dacewa a koma ga bayanin Berbrugger game da yankin a farkon mulkin mallaka na Faransa [1] don fahimtar yanayin yankin a cikin tarihinsa. Bay of Algiers da Bay of Bengüt, inda Rusguniae yake, ana iya bayyana su a matsayin sassan biyu da suka hadu a Cap du Matifou kuma suka iyakance takamaiman yanki. A farkon karni na 19, yanayi, har yanzu ba a taɓa shi ba, ya zama kamar ya ware wannan yankin daga yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Sai kawai kabilar Haraouas (waɗanda suka ba da sunansu ga garin da ake kira da wannan sunan) sun zauna a nan, suna noma ƙasar tsakanin tuddai da Bahar Rum. A farkon karni na 20, Gsell ya lissafa ragowar archaeological da aka sani a lokacin a cikin "Atlas archéologique de l'Algérie" (AAA ). Wadannan sun hada da wani mutum-mutumi na marmara na wata mace kusa da maɓallin gada a kan Hamiz da kuma gada a kan Bouira, mai ba da gudummawa ga Hamiz. A cikin abin da ya zama Ain el Beida na zamani (Zerzouria), 'yan kilomita daga Rusguniae, Gsell ya ba da rahoton cibiyar sadarwa ta tsoffin hanyoyin ruwa, ragowar gine-gine da dutse, wanda Berbrugger ya ɗauka Roman ne. Sai kawai dutsen, wanda aka gano a matsayin Maherzat, ya kasance a yau. Daga gaba gabas, Gsell ya ambaci Djezair el Kodra [1] (kawai Ain-Chorb na yanzu, anc. Surcouf, zuwa gabashin Ain-Taya, zai dace), wani tsibiri na dā wanda yanzu ya haɗu da ƙasar ta hanyar silting, inda aka ce Berbrugger ya gano "mafi girman rushewar Romawa", wanda babu wata alama a ƙasa ko a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, Ain-Chrob ko H'rob (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "sha da gudu"), an ba da rahoton ragowar tsohuwar.[2] An gano wasu rushewar da ba su da muhimmanci a Réghaïa, da kuma ragowar sansanin Romawa a kan Oued Boudaou .[3] Ƙarin yamma, kusa da bakin Oued-el-Harrach, Gsell ya tattauna yiwuwar rushewar birnin Saça, kodayake ba a riga an same su ba.[4] A ƙarshe, kilomita ɗaya daga Maison-Carrée (yanzu El-Harrach), an sami rubutun libyc wanda ke ba da shaida ga tarihin tsohuwar yankin [[File:RusguniaEO.png|thumb|Bayyanar gabas da yammacin bakin tekun Aljeriya da ke nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] [[File:RusguniaOE.png|thumb|Ra'ayi daga yamma zuwa gabas na bakin tekun Aljeriya yana nuna matsayin Rusginiae (a ja) ]] Zaɓin wurin Rusguniae mai yiwuwa ya kasance ne saboda matsayinsa na ƙasa, wanda ya ba da kariya ta halitta daga iskar bazara da gusts, yana mai da shi mafaka mai aminci don kewayawa ta teku. Wannan wuri mai mahimmanci na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa shafin yayi kama da na Icosium, kawai a gaban Bay of Algiers, amma ya fallasa ga iskar arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas saboda budewar bayinsa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal officiel de la Republique Algerienne n° 02 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2008/002/FP16.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207234945/http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2008/002/FP16.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-07 |website=www.joradp.dz}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da hanyar rarrabuwa don shafin da aka sani da "Ancient Rusguniae". Wurin binciken archaeological, wanda ke da iyaka zuwa arewa ta hanyar Aïn Taya, zuwa kudu ta gundumar Ondines, zuwa gabas ta hanyar hanyar Alger-Plage da yamma ta hanyar hanyar rufin rufin n°2, yana da yankin kariya wanda ya kai mita 200 daga iyakokinta. An zauna yankin tun lokacin Neolithic, tare da kayan tarihi daga masana'antun Musterian da Neolithic da ake samu a kan dutsen Cap Matifou . Rusguniae, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Bay of Algiers kuma gida ga tushen Punic na Tamentfoust, ya ɗauki sunansa daga kalmar "Cap du Francolin". [1] [2] [3] Berbrugger ya nuna cewa asalin sunan kalma ce ta Berber wacce Romawa suka Latinised don nufin "farashin barci" ko "farashin masu barci", dangane da fassarar yankin na shahararren taken masu barci na Afisa.[4] Mouloud Mammeri ya nuna cewa Rusguniae ya ƙunshi tushen biyu: rus na Phoenician (cape) da Berber agouni (dutse). Salama ya nuna cewa Rusguniae ya riga ya wanzu a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu KZ, yayin da ba za a iya sanya harsashin Icosium ba kafin ƙarni na biyu KZ.[5] Tsarin mulkin mallaka na Romawa a Rusguniae yana nuna gasa, tare da nahiyar maimakon abubuwan da ke cikin teku. Bay of Algiers ya ba da damar zuwa filin Mitidja da kwarin Chelif, wanda ya fi samuwa daga Rusguniae fiye da daga Icosium. Wannan, haɗe da yiwuwar matsayi mafi mahimmanci na Icosium, na iya haifar da zaɓin Rusguniae don ƙauyen Romawa, don haka kauce wa gasa kai tsaye. === Zamanin Punic === Lancel ya lissafa Rusginiae a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren kasuwanci na Phoenician waɗanda aka "yadu daidai a kowane kilomita 30 ko 40" tare da bakin tekun Aljeriya. Yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake amfani da su don jigilar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun arewacin Maghreb na dā. Daular teku ta Carthage, duk da haka, ba ta bar wani rushe ba. Koyaya, Salama ya nuna "ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin amphora da aka haɗu da su tsakanin ƙarni na 2 BC da ƙarni na 7 AD, yana tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da shafin bakin teku sosai kuma a kai a kai". Bugu da kari, an sami kimanin 100 Punic da neo-Punic stelae a yankin. === Zamanin Romawa === Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa a ƙarshen Jamhuriyar kuma sakamakon rikici a cikin masarautar Mauretan, Augustus yana da matsayi da yawa na bakin teku da na bakin teku waɗanda aka zaɓa don kafa ƙauyuka na tsofaffi, farkon farawa don haɗuwa da yankin nan gaba. Mulkin mallaka na Rusguniae ta IX Gemella legion ya riga ya wuce 27 AD. Jerin waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda aka riga aka tsara a cikin takardun Pliny the Elder, ana iya tabbatar da su cikin sauƙi godiya ga takardun epigraphic. Mafi mahimmanci game da Rusguniae ya fito ne daga rubuce-rubuce uku da aka sanya a mil na biyu na hanyar Roman Rusguniae-Icosium, wanda ke fassara cikakken taken birnin: COL (onia) IUL (ia) PONTIF (?) CL (?) RUSG (uniae) IIIIV LEG (ionis). Pliny the Elder, a cikin lissafin biranen Caesarean Mauritania, ya ambaci Rusguniae daga cikin yankunan da Augustus ya kafa. An san cewa ƙauyen ya girma [1] kuma ya bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 1 AD har zuwa zamanin Byzantine. [2] A zamanin Roman, Rusguniae shine shafin haikalin da aka keɓe ga Saturn, wanda aka fi sani da Roman Baal Hamon . A cikin 419 bishop dinsa, tare da na Icosium da Rusuccuru, sun wakilci lardin Mauretania Caesarea a majalisa a Carthage. qn2p8nblcazyh3zcilpdrfyfr9p5dpx Aikin Kasuwanci 0 178932 966381 2026-10-11T16:34:44Z Faisaldabai 49842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301872013|Marchand Mission]]" 966381 wikitext text/x-wiki Ofishin Jakadancin Marchand wani balaguro ne da wakilin Faransa Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863-1934) da mutane 150 suka yi tare da kayayyaki don fadada ikon mulkin mallaka na Faransa a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Farawa daga [[Libreville]] (a Gabon na yanzu) a cikin 1897, balaguron Marchand ya kwashe watanni 14 masu wahala yana ƙetare yankuna da ba a bayyana su ba na arewacin tsakiyar Afirka. Daga karshe sun isa sansanin [[Kodok|Fashoda]] a saman Nilu a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1898, kuma sun ɗaga tutar Faransa. A ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, wani jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya karkashin jagorancin Horatio Kitchener ya isa Fashoda; Kitchener kawai ya ci sojojin [[Mahdi]] a Yaƙin Omdurman, kuma yana cikin aiwatar da sake mamaye [[Sudan]] da sunan Khedive na Masar. Rikicin Faransanci da Burtaniya ya kasance mai kyau amma bangarorin biyu sun nace kan hakkinsu na Fashoda. Labarin gamuwa an tura shi zuwa Paris da London kuma kowane bangare ya zargi ɗayan da fadadawa da tashin hankali. Wani rikici (Fashoda Incident) ya ci gaba har zuwa Nuwamba 3 lokacin da Ministan Harkokin Waje na Faransa Théophile Delcassé, yana tsoron yiwuwar yaki, ya janye Marchand da dakarunsa kuma ya ba da Sudan ga Birtaniya. Ofishin Jakadancin Marchand babban yunkurin Faransanci ne a lokacin babban lokacin fadada mulkin mallaka don haɗa yankunan mulkin mallaka a fadin Afirka. Kimanin masu ɗaukar kaya 45,000 sun yi gwagwarmaya sama da mil 2000 don cimma nasarar, suna ɗauke da daruruwan tan na kayayyaki. == Manazarta == * Charles Zorgbibe, "Fashoda 1898, Ingila ta zauna a kan Kogin Nilu" * George Tabor, "The Cape to Cairo Railway (2003) " 1q6lthzdkf1x152qh1enxeuxgyp0vr2 966391 966381 2026-10-11T16:36:01Z Faisaldabai 49842 966391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ofishin Jakadancin Marchand wani balaguro ne da wakilin Faransa Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863-1934) da mutane 150 suka yi tare da kayayyaki don fadada ikon mulkin mallaka na Faransa a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Farawa daga [[Libreville]] (a Gabon na yanzu) a cikin 1897, balaguron Marchand ya kwashe watanni 14 masu wahala yana ƙetare yankuna da ba a bayyana su ba na arewacin tsakiyar Afirka. Daga karshe sun isa sansanin [[Kodok|Fashoda]] a saman Nilu a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1898, kuma sun ɗaga tutar Faransa. A ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, wani jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya karkashin jagorancin Horatio Kitchener ya isa Fashoda; Kitchener kawai ya ci sojojin [[Mahdi]] a Yaƙin Omdurman, kuma yana cikin aiwatar da sake mamaye [[Sudan]] da sunan Khedive na Masar. Rikicin Faransanci da Burtaniya ya kasance mai kyau amma bangarorin biyu sun nace kan hakkinsu na Fashoda. Labarin gamuwa an tura shi zuwa Paris da London kuma kowane bangare ya zargi ɗayan da fadadawa da tashin hankali. Wani rikici (Fashoda Incident) ya ci gaba har zuwa Nuwamba 3 lokacin da Ministan Harkokin Waje na Faransa Théophile Delcassé, yana tsoron yiwuwar yaki, ya janye Marchand da dakarunsa kuma ya ba da Sudan ga Birtaniya. Ofishin Jakadancin Marchand babban yunkurin Faransanci ne a lokacin babban lokacin fadada mulkin mallaka don haɗa yankunan mulkin mallaka a fadin Afirka. Kimanin masu ɗaukar kaya 45,000 sun yi gwagwarmaya sama da mil 2000 don cimma nasarar, suna ɗauke da daruruwan tan na kayayyaki. == Manazarta == * Charles Zorgbibe, "Fashoda 1898, Ingila ta zauna a kan Kogin Nilu" * George Tabor, "The Cape to Cairo Railway (2003) " 5ci6vr6xxrtkysoxfyun3fpkba4vdtx 1033 Fez massacre 0 178933 966383 2026-10-11T16:34:49Z Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman 21300 Sabuwar Mukala 966383 wikitext text/x-wiki ==1033 Fez massacre== Kisan kiyashin da aka yi a birnin Fez a shekarar 1033 wani lamari ne da ya faru bayan da sojojin Abu'l Kamal Tamim[1] — shugaban kabilar Banu Ifran — suka kwace birnin daga hannun kabilar Maghrawa, inda suka yi wa Yahudawan birnin Fez kisan kiyashi.[2] David Corcos ya rubuta cewa mutanen kabilar Banu Ifran, wadanda suka fito daga yankin kusa da Salé, sun kai hari birnin Fez, inda suka yi fyade, suka yi ta'addanci da sace-sace, tare da kashe Yahudawa 6,000.[2] A lokacin da ake fama da yaki da tashin hankali tsakanin gwamnatin Sunni a Morocco da kuma gwamnatin Kharijite a yankin gabas,[3] birnin Fez na Morocco ya kasance abin takaddama tsakanin kabilun Berber na Zenata — wato Miknasa, Maghrawa, da Banu Ifran — na tsawon rabin karni, bayan faduwar daular Idrisid.[1] A shekarar 1033, bisa cewar Ibn Khaldun (wanda ya rasu a 1406), Abu'l Kamal Tamim, shugaban kabilar Banu Ifran, shi ne mai iko da birnin Salé da ke bakin tekun Atlantic, yayin da birnin Fez ke karkashin ikon Hammama, shugaban kabilar Maghrawa.[4] Sojojin Tamim sun kashe Yahudawa sama da dubu shida, sun kwace dukiyoyinsu, tare da kama matan Yahudawa na birnin a matsayin fursunoni.[5][6][7][8] An yi wannan kisan ne a watan Jumaada al-Akhir na shekarar 424 bayan hijira (wato tsakanin watan Mayu da Yuni na shekarar 1033 miladiyya).[5] Wasu marubuta na zamani sun bayyana wannan kisan a matsayin kisan kiyashi (pogrom).[9][10] Bayan ya gudu zuwa gabas zuwa birnin Oujda tare da tattara sojojin Maghrawa, Hammama ya sake kwace birnin Fez a shekarar 1037–1038, lamarin da ya tilasta wa Tamim guduwa zuwa Salé.<ref>Khaldūn, Ibn (1856) [14th century]. Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale (in French). Translated by Baron de Slane. Imprimerie du Gouvernement. pp. 251–252.</ref> ==Manazarta== 7kgmhe7rkpvv19v1qmzpuh9dl7hme86 Telele 0 178934 966384 2026-10-11T16:35:06Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1190567754|Telele]]" 966384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Telele''' wani tsibirin ne wanda ba a zaune ba na [[Funafuti]], [[Tuvalu]] . Kimanin tsawo na tsibirin yana da mita 12 sama da matakin teku. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == aniht8mbb7ea37srmmyojo5w2pu87ad 966396 966384 2026-10-11T16:37:15Z Dev ammar 21046 966396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Telele''' wani tsibirin ne wanda ba a zaune ba na [[Funafuti]], [[Tuvalu]] . Kimanin tsawo na tsibirin yana da mita 12 sama da matakin teku.<ref> Admiralty Nautical Chart 2983 Tuvalu - Funafuti atoll. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO). </ref> <ref> Lal, Andrick. South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project - Funafuti atoll (PDF). SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC). p. 64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-03. </ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == h21rsgejwpgysxzfaj9uw253qwd4pv0 966400 966396 2026-10-11T16:37:41Z Dev ammar 21046 966400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Telele''' wani tsibirin ne wanda ba a zaune ba na [[Funafuti]], [[Tuvalu]] . Kimanin tsawo na tsibirin yana da mita 12 sama da matakin teku.<ref> Admiralty Nautical Chart 2983 Tuvalu - Funafuti atoll. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO). </ref> <ref> Lal, Andrick. South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project - Funafuti atoll (PDF). SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC). p. 64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-03. </ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == 4y8y2uv2412qmt4tazz53doun8rtspa Sudra (kayan kai) 0 178935 966385 2026-10-11T16:35:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356915858|Sudra (headdress)]]" 966385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''sudra''' (Yahudawa Babila Aramaic: סודרא , ; Ibrananci: סוּדָר, romanized) yanki ne na rectangular wanda aka sa a matsayin kai, scarf, ko wuyan hannu a cikin tsohuwar al'adar Yahudawa. A tsawon lokaci, yana da ayyuka daban-daban kuma a yau wani lokacin ana fahimtarsa da muhimmancin al'adu da / ko addini ga [[Yahudawa]]. An ambaci shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen addinin Yahudawa da [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] na dā da na zamani a cikin Aramaic da Koine Greek, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin ko kewaye da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sabon Alkawari]], Targum Neofiti, Peshitta, Talmud na Babila (wannan rubutun ya ambaci sudra da yawa kuma muhimmiyar tushe ce ga rawar da ta taka a rayuwar Yahudawa a lokacin), da Targum Pseudo-Jonathan . == Tarihi == === Shahararren wuri a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta dā === Takamaiman asalin tarihi na sanya zane da aka lullube a kan mutum, a halin yanzu, ba a bayyane yake ba. Wasu daga cikin misalai na farko za a iya samun su a cikin zane-zane daga tsohuwar Mesopotamiya, kamar siffofi na siffofi daga Gudea sanye da tufafi masu kama da turban.[1] Ana iya amfani da irin wannan kawunan tun daga 2600 KZ. Wadannan kawunan sau da yawa suna cike da muhimmancin tarihi, addini, da al'adu a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[2] A cewar Farfesa na Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Irish John Raymond Bartlett, Ibraniyawa ma suna sanye da zane-zane, ko dai an tsara su kamar keffiyeh, wani nau'i na masana'anta da aka ninka a kan kansa, ko kuma kamar turban ko sutura.[3] [[File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Siffar Gudea tana sanye da tufafi mai kama da [[Rawani|turban]] daga {{Circa|2400 BCE}} ]] === A Yahudiya da Daular Roma === An adana {{Lang|la|sūdārium}} kamar takalmin aljihu amma galibi ana amfani dashi don share gumi, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna. Wani abu ne na zamani a lokacin [[Cicero]] lokacin da aka fara kirkirar lilin da ya zo [[Rum|Roma]]. A gabashin din" data-linkid="70" href="./Roman_Empire" id="mwfA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Roman Empire">Daular, marubuta na Hellenistic sun karɓi kalmar a matsayin {{Lang|grc|σουδάριον}} soudárion, maye gurbin tsofaffin kalmomi. Ana iya samunsa a cikin matani da ke magana game da abubuwan da suka faru a Lardin Yahuza kamar [[Sabon Alkawari]] misali, inda aka ambaci shi a cikin Luka 19:20, Yahaya 11:44, Yahaya 20:7 (duba Sudarium na Oviedo) da Ayyukan Manzanni 19:12 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biblehub |url=https://biblehub.com/greek/strongs_4676.htm%7Caccess-date=2024-10-30}}</ref> Baya ga amfani da shi don share gumi an kuma sa shi a wuyansa a matsayin tufafi mai kama da takalma. A cikin daular Latin kalmar {{Lang|la|ōrārium}} ta maye gurbin {{Lang|la|sūdārium}} a lokacin zamanin Augustan. Wannan zane lokacin da aka girgiza shi a cikin iska kuma an yi amfani da shi don nuna taya hannu a Roma, maye gurbin lappet na toga da aka yi amfani da ita a baya don wannan dalili. Wilhelm Adolf Becker ya yi jayayya da amfani da {{Lang|la|sūdārium}} da ake amfani da shi don goge hanci. Har ila yau, {{Lang|la|sūdārium}} ya zama wani ɓangare na Makamai na soja na Roma, wanda ake kira focale a cikin aikinsa a matsayin wuyansa don karewa daga haushi ta makamai. Wannan amfani da {{Lang|la|sūdārium}} a cikin Tufafin soja na Romawa wani lokacin ana ganinsa a matsayin mai gabatarwa na sutura ta zamani. 4cb80mk3q9hxd70adj41rgg03gknd9d José Eduardo dos Santos 0 178936 966387 2026-10-11T16:35:30Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378204793|José Eduardo dos Santos]]" 966387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Eduardo Van-Dúnem dos Santos'''{{IPA|pt|ʒuˈzɛ eˈðwaɾðu ðuʃ ˈsɐ̃tuʃ}} ; 28 ga Agusta 1942 - 8 ga Yuli 2022) ɗan siyasa ne kuma jami'in soja na ƙasar Angola wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Angola na biyu daga 1979 zuwa 2017. A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa, dos Santos shi ne kuma babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin Angola (FAA) kuma shugaban [[MPLA|ƙungiyar 'yantar da Angola]] (MPLA), jam'iyyar da ta mulki Angola tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975. A lokacin da ya sauka daga mulki a shekarar 2017, shi ne shugaban ƙasa na biyu mafi daɗewa a Afirka, wanda Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo na [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ne kawai ya fi shi. Dos Santos ya shiga MPLA, wacce a lokacin take fafutukar yaƙi da mulkin mallaka, yayin da yake makaranta, kuma ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan mai da [[Radar|sadarwa ta radar]] yayin da yake karatu a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . Bayan [[Yakin Independence na Angola|Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Angola]], an kafa Angola a shekarar 1975 a matsayin ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya mai ra'ayin Marx-Leninist wanda MPLA ke jagoranta. Dos Santos ya riƙe mukamai da dama, ciki har da Ministan Harkokin Waje a gwamnatin shugaban Angola na farko mai 'yancin kai, Agostinho Neto . Bayan mutuwar Neto a shekarar 1979, MPLA ta zaɓi dos Santos a matsayin sabon shugaban ƙasar, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta goyi baya, kuma ya gaji yaƙin basasa da 'yan tawayen da ke adawa da kwaminisanci waɗanda ƙasashen yamma ke marawa baya, musamman [[UNITA]] . A shekarar 1991, gwamnatinsa ta amince da 'yan tawaye su gabatar da tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa, yayin da ta sauya akidar MPLA daga gurguzu zuwa [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa]] . An zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen gama gari na Angola na 1992 a kan shugaban UNITA [[Jonas Savimbi]], kuma ya jagoranci 'yantar da tattalin arziki na kasuwa mai 'yanci da kuma ci gaban ɓangaren mai na Angola . A shekarar 1997, ya ba da gudummawa ga mamayar 'yan tawaye a kan maƙwabciyar Zaire a lokacin [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko|Yaƙin Kwango na Farko]], wanda ya haifar da hambarar da abokin hamayyar UNITA na Kongo Mobutu Sese Seko da kuma naɗa Laurent-Désiré Kabila a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo daga baya a wannan shekarar. A lokacin Yaƙin Kwango na Biyu daga 1998 zuwa 2003, ya goyi bayan gwamnatin Kabila sannan daga baya na ɗansa Joseph a kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da dama waɗanda ke da alaƙa da UNITA. Jam'iyyar MPLA ta sami nasara a yakin basasar kasar a shekarar 2002 bayan mutuwar Savimbi. Bayan ya lashe wa'adi na biyu na shugabancin ƙasa a zaɓen 2012, ya yi ritaya daga shugabancin ƙasa a shekarar 2017, abokin jam'iyyar João Lourenço ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Mutumin da ake cece-kuce a kansa, Dos Santos ya sami kyaututtuka da dama na ƙasashen duniya saboda jajircewarsa wajen yaƙi da mulkin mallaka da kuma haɓaka tattaunawar zaman lafiya da 'yan tawaye don kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe, kuma an yaba masa saboda jawo hankalin jarin ƙasashen waje ga tattalin arzikin Angola . An soki shi da cewa shi mai kama-karya ne kuma an zarge shi da ƙirƙirar ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatoci mafi cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka, tare da wata hanyar tallafi mai zurfi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2011 |title=The world's enduring dictators: Jose Eduardo dos Santos, Angola |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-worlds-enduring-dictators-jose-eduardo-dos-santos-angola-19-06-2011/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi José Eduardo Van-Dúnem dos Santos <ref>{{Cite web |last=Luís |first=Filipe |date=22 August 2017 |title=Toda a história da "Gloriosa Família" Van Dunem dos Santos |url=http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/mundo/2017-08-22-Toda-a-historia-da-Gloriosa-Familia-Van-Dunem-dos-Santos |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Visão}}</ref> a ranar 28 ga Agusta 1942 a cikin abin da ke a yau gundumar Sambizanga a [[Luanda]], Iyayensa, Avelino Eduardo dos Santos da Jacinta José Paulino, sun koma [[Portuguese Angola]] daga mulkin mallaka na Portuguese São Tomé da Príncipe . Mahaifiyarsa mai aikin gida ce, yayin da mahaifinsa kuma mai gini ne da kuma ma'aikacin gini. Babban 'yar'uwarsa, Isabel Eduardo dos Santos ta girma Manuel Vicente, karkashin Dos Santos daga baya mataimakin shugaban Angola . Dan uwan Dos Santos [[Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos]] shi ne firaministan Angola daga 2002 zuwa 2008. Ya yi makarantar firamare a [[Luanda]], kuma ya yi karatun sakandare a Liceu Salvador Correia, wanda a yau ake kira Mutu ya Kevela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=32 datas para entender José Eduardo dos Santos |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/jose-eduardo-dos-santos/morte/32-datas-para-entender-jose-eduardo-dos-santos/20220708/62c81ea00cf2ea4f0a53148b |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin da yake makaranta, dos Santos ya shiga [[MPLA|jam'iyyar MPLA]], wadda ta zama farkon aikinsa na siyasa. Saboda matsin lamba da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi masa, dos Santos ya yi gudun hijira zuwa makwabciyarsa [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Congo-Brazzaville]] a shekarar 1961. <ref name=":0" /> Daga nan, ya yi aiki tare da MPLA kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama memba na jam'iyyar. Domin ci gaba da karatunsa, ya koma [[Azerbaijan]], wanda shine Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Soviet ta Azerbaijan a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], inda, a shekarar 1969, ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan mai da [[Radar|sadarwa ta radar]] daga Cibiyar Man Fetur da Sinadarai ta Azerbaijan da ke [[Baku]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katsakioris |first=Constantin |date=2021 |title=Students from Portuguese Africa in the Soviet Union, 1960–74: Anti-colonialism, Education, and the Socialist Alliance |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0022009419893739 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=56 |pages=142–165 |doi=10.1177/0022009419893739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1970, dos Santos ya koma Angola, wanda har yanzu yankin Portugal ne da aka sani da [[Portuguese Angola|Lardin Angola na ƙasashen waje]] . Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku a rundunar 'yan tawayen EPLA ta MPLA ( ''Exército Para a Libertação de Angola'' ), wacce daga baya aka san ta da Rundunar Sojojin Jama'a don 'Yantar da Angola (FAPLA), reshen soja na MPLA, ya zama mai watsa rediyo a yankin siyasa da soja na biyu na MPLA a Lardin Cabinda . <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1974, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa ƙaramin kwamandan hukumar sadarwa ta yanki na biyu. <ref name="MPLA" /> Shi ne wakilin MPLA a Yugoslavia, Zaire, da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China kafin a zaɓe shi a Kwamitin Tsakiya da kuma Ofishin Siyasa na MPLA a Moxico a watan Satumba na 1974. <ref name="MPLA" /> === Matsayin siyasa na farko, 1975-1979 === [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018,_Berlin,_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg|left|thumb|227x227px| Dos Santos (na biyar daga hagu) a ƙofar Brandenburg a lokacin ziyarar aiki ta 1981, tare da jami'an Jamus ta Gabas]] A watan Yunin 1975, dos Santos ya zama mai kula da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta MPLA da kuma Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta MPLA. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Angola a watan Nuwamban 1975, MPLA ta riƙe iko a Luanda, amma sabuwar gwamnatin MPLA ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin siyasa, wato National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( [[UNITA]] ) da [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don 'Yanci na Angola|National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA). A wannan shekarar, an naɗa dos Santos a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na farko a Angola bayan samun 'yancin kai, <ref name="MPLA" /> kuma a wannan matsayin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun amincewar diflomasiyya ga gwamnatin MPLA a tsakanin 1975-1976. <ref>{{Cite web |title=President José Eduardo dos Santos (1942 – ) |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/president-jos%C3%A9-eduardo-dos-santos-1942 |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=www.thepresidency.gov.za}}</ref> A babban taron MPLA na farko a watan Disamba na shekarar 1977, an sake zabar dos Santos a matsayin memba na kwamitin tsakiya da kuma ofishin siyasa. <ref name="MPLA" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 1978, an dauke shi daga mukamin Mataimakin Firayim Minista na farko a gwamnati zuwa na Ministan Tsare-tsare. <ref name="MPLA" /> Bayan rasuwar shugaban farko na Angola, Agostinho Neto, a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1979, an zaɓe dos Santos a matsayin shugaban MPLA a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1979, kuma ya hau kan mulki a matsayin shugaban Angola kuma babban kwamandan rundunar sojin ƙasa a ranar 21 ga Satumba. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar Angola na farko a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1980, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Jama'a ta Angola a matsayin ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya . === Tsarin zaman lafiya, 1980-2002 === [[File:George_Bush_with_African_national_leaders_February_26,_2002.jpg|thumb|229x229px| [[George W. Bush]] ya karbi bakuncin Festus Mogae na Botswana, Joaquim Chissano na Mozambique, da José Eduardo dos Santos a 2002.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kea958hip9aoou5tte2410slt5f7mtl 966390 966387 2026-10-11T16:35:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''José Eduardo Van-Dúnem dos Santos'''{{IPA|pt|ʒuˈzɛ eˈðwaɾðu ðuʃ ˈsɐ̃tuʃ}} ; 28 ga Agusta 1942 - 8 ga Yuli 2022) ɗan siyasa ne kuma jami'in soja na ƙasar Angola wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Angola na biyu daga 1979 zuwa 2017. A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa, dos Santos shi ne kuma babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin Angola (FAA) kuma shugaban [[MPLA|ƙungiyar 'yantar da Angola]] (MPLA), jam'iyyar da ta mulki Angola tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975. A lokacin da ya sauka daga mulki a shekarar 2017, shi ne shugaban ƙasa na biyu mafi daɗewa a Afirka, wanda Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo na [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ne kawai ya fi shi. Dos Santos ya shiga MPLA, wacce a lokacin take fafutukar yaƙi da mulkin mallaka, yayin da yake makaranta, kuma ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan mai da [[Radar|sadarwa ta radar]] yayin da yake karatu a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . Bayan [[Yakin Independence na Angola|Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Angola]], an kafa Angola a shekarar 1975 a matsayin ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya mai ra'ayin Marx-Leninist wanda MPLA ke jagoranta. Dos Santos ya riƙe mukamai da dama, ciki har da Ministan Harkokin Waje a gwamnatin shugaban Angola na farko mai 'yancin kai, Agostinho Neto . Bayan mutuwar Neto a shekarar 1979, MPLA ta zaɓi dos Santos a matsayin sabon shugaban ƙasar, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta goyi baya, kuma ya gaji yaƙin basasa da 'yan tawayen da ke adawa da kwaminisanci waɗanda ƙasashen yamma ke marawa baya, musamman [[UNITA]] . A shekarar 1991, gwamnatinsa ta amince da 'yan tawaye su gabatar da tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa, yayin da ta sauya akidar MPLA daga gurguzu zuwa [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa]] . An zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen gama gari na Angola na 1992 a kan shugaban UNITA [[Jonas Savimbi]], kuma ya jagoranci 'yantar da tattalin arziki na kasuwa mai 'yanci da kuma ci gaban ɓangaren mai na Angola . A shekarar 1997, ya ba da gudummawa ga mamayar 'yan tawaye a kan maƙwabciyar Zaire a lokacin [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko|Yaƙin Kwango na Farko]], wanda ya haifar da hambarar da abokin hamayyar UNITA na Kongo Mobutu Sese Seko da kuma naɗa Laurent-Désiré Kabila a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo daga baya a wannan shekarar. A lokacin Yaƙin Kwango na Biyu daga 1998 zuwa 2003, ya goyi bayan gwamnatin Kabila sannan daga baya na ɗansa Joseph a kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da dama waɗanda ke da alaƙa da UNITA. Jam'iyyar MPLA ta sami nasara a yakin basasar kasar a shekarar 2002 bayan mutuwar Savimbi. Bayan ya lashe wa'adi na biyu na shugabancin ƙasa a zaɓen 2012, ya yi ritaya daga shugabancin ƙasa a shekarar 2017, abokin jam'iyyar João Lourenço ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Mutumin da ake cece-kuce a kansa, Dos Santos ya sami kyaututtuka da dama na ƙasashen duniya saboda jajircewarsa wajen yaƙi da mulkin mallaka da kuma haɓaka tattaunawar zaman lafiya da 'yan tawaye don kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe, kuma an yaba masa saboda jawo hankalin jarin ƙasashen waje ga tattalin arzikin Angola . An soki shi da cewa shi mai kama-karya ne kuma an zarge shi da ƙirƙirar ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatoci mafi cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka, tare da wata hanyar tallafi mai zurfi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2011 |title=The world's enduring dictators: Jose Eduardo dos Santos, Angola |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-worlds-enduring-dictators-jose-eduardo-dos-santos-angola-19-06-2011/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi José Eduardo Van-Dúnem dos Santos <ref>{{Cite web |last=Luís |first=Filipe |date=22 August 2017 |title=Toda a história da "Gloriosa Família" Van Dunem dos Santos |url=http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/mundo/2017-08-22-Toda-a-historia-da-Gloriosa-Familia-Van-Dunem-dos-Santos |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Visão}}</ref> a ranar 28 ga Agusta 1942 a cikin abin da ke a yau gundumar Sambizanga a [[Luanda]], Iyayensa, Avelino Eduardo dos Santos da Jacinta José Paulino, sun koma [[Portuguese Angola]] daga mulkin mallaka na Portuguese São Tomé da Príncipe . Mahaifiyarsa mai aikin gida ce, yayin da mahaifinsa kuma mai gini ne da kuma ma'aikacin gini. Babban 'yar'uwarsa, Isabel Eduardo dos Santos ta girma Manuel Vicente, karkashin Dos Santos daga baya mataimakin shugaban Angola . Dan uwan Dos Santos [[Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos]] shi ne firaministan Angola daga 2002 zuwa 2008. Ya yi makarantar firamare a [[Luanda]], kuma ya yi karatun sakandare a Liceu Salvador Correia, wanda a yau ake kira Mutu ya Kevela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=32 datas para entender José Eduardo dos Santos |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/jose-eduardo-dos-santos/morte/32-datas-para-entender-jose-eduardo-dos-santos/20220708/62c81ea00cf2ea4f0a53148b |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin da yake makaranta, dos Santos ya shiga [[MPLA|jam'iyyar MPLA]], wadda ta zama farkon aikinsa na siyasa. Saboda matsin lamba da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi masa, dos Santos ya yi gudun hijira zuwa makwabciyarsa [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Congo-Brazzaville]] a shekarar 1961. <ref name=":0" /> Daga nan, ya yi aiki tare da MPLA kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama memba na jam'iyyar. Domin ci gaba da karatunsa, ya koma [[Azerbaijan]], wanda shine Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Soviet ta Azerbaijan a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], inda, a shekarar 1969, ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan mai da [[Radar|sadarwa ta radar]] daga Cibiyar Man Fetur da Sinadarai ta Azerbaijan da ke [[Baku]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katsakioris |first=Constantin |date=2021 |title=Students from Portuguese Africa in the Soviet Union, 1960–74: Anti-colonialism, Education, and the Socialist Alliance |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0022009419893739 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=56 |pages=142–165 |doi=10.1177/0022009419893739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1970, dos Santos ya koma Angola, wanda har yanzu yankin Portugal ne da aka sani da [[Portuguese Angola|Lardin Angola na ƙasashen waje]] . Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku a rundunar 'yan tawayen EPLA ta MPLA ( ''Exército Para a Libertação de Angola'' ), wacce daga baya aka san ta da Rundunar Sojojin Jama'a don 'Yantar da Angola (FAPLA), reshen soja na MPLA, ya zama mai watsa rediyo a yankin siyasa da soja na biyu na MPLA a Lardin Cabinda . <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1974, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa ƙaramin kwamandan hukumar sadarwa ta yanki na biyu. <ref name="MPLA" /> Shi ne wakilin MPLA a Yugoslavia, Zaire, da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China kafin a zaɓe shi a Kwamitin Tsakiya da kuma Ofishin Siyasa na MPLA a Moxico a watan Satumba na 1974. <ref name="MPLA" /> === Matsayin siyasa na farko, 1975-1979 === [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018,_Berlin,_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg|left|thumb|227x227px| Dos Santos (na biyar daga hagu) a ƙofar Brandenburg a lokacin ziyarar aiki ta 1981, tare da jami'an Jamus ta Gabas]] A watan Yunin 1975, dos Santos ya zama mai kula da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta MPLA da kuma Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta MPLA. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Angola a watan Nuwamban 1975, MPLA ta riƙe iko a Luanda, amma sabuwar gwamnatin MPLA ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin siyasa, wato National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( [[UNITA]] ) da [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don 'Yanci na Angola|National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA). A wannan shekarar, an naɗa dos Santos a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na farko a Angola bayan samun 'yancin kai, <ref name="MPLA" /> kuma a wannan matsayin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun amincewar diflomasiyya ga gwamnatin MPLA a tsakanin 1975-1976. <ref>{{Cite web |title=President José Eduardo dos Santos (1942 – ) |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/president-jos%C3%A9-eduardo-dos-santos-1942 |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=www.thepresidency.gov.za}}</ref> A babban taron MPLA na farko a watan Disamba na shekarar 1977, an sake zabar dos Santos a matsayin memba na kwamitin tsakiya da kuma ofishin siyasa. <ref name="MPLA" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 1978, an dauke shi daga mukamin Mataimakin Firayim Minista na farko a gwamnati zuwa na Ministan Tsare-tsare. <ref name="MPLA" /> Bayan rasuwar shugaban farko na Angola, Agostinho Neto, a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1979, an zaɓe dos Santos a matsayin shugaban MPLA a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1979, kuma ya hau kan mulki a matsayin shugaban Angola kuma babban kwamandan rundunar sojin ƙasa a ranar 21 ga Satumba. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar Angola na farko a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1980, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Jama'a ta Angola a matsayin ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya . === Tsarin zaman lafiya, 1980-2002 === [[File:George_Bush_with_African_national_leaders_February_26,_2002.jpg|thumb|229x229px| [[George W. Bush]] ya karbi bakuncin Festus Mogae na Botswana, Joaquim Chissano na Mozambique, da José Eduardo dos Santos a 2002.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m1llqat49bky6s98tztkkdne0y7osib Nobatia 0 178937 966388 2026-10-11T16:35:33Z BnHamid 12586 Sabon shafi: Nobatia (wanda kuma ake kira Nobadia), masarauta ce ta tarihi a Lower Nubia, a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Masar. Ta bayyana a kusan shekara ta 400 CE, kuma tare da Makuria da Alodia, ta gaji Masarautar Kush. Nobatia ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa bayan ta kayar da Blemmyes da kuma kudu zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Cataracts na Biyu da na Uku na Nilu. A shekara ta 543, ta koma Kiristanci na Coptic. A ƙarni na 7, Makuria ta haɗa ta, kodayake ba a san yanayin da ake ciki ba. ==Ma... 966388 wikitext text/x-wiki Nobatia (wanda kuma ake kira Nobadia), masarauta ce ta tarihi a Lower Nubia, a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Masar. Ta bayyana a kusan shekara ta 400 CE, kuma tare da Makuria da Alodia, ta gaji Masarautar Kush. Nobatia ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa bayan ta kayar da Blemmyes da kuma kudu zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Cataracts na Biyu da na Uku na Nilu. A shekara ta 543, ta koma Kiristanci na Coptic. A ƙarni na 7, Makuria ta haɗa ta, kodayake ba a san yanayin da ake ciki ba. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 3fvbxdrkm2rfansj0e5udk6hjjl13lb 966389 966388 2026-10-11T16:35:51Z BnHamid 12586 966389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nobatia (wanda kuma ake kira Nobadia), masarauta ce ta tarihi a Lower Nubia, a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Masar. Ta bayyana a kusan shekara ta 400 CE, kuma tare da Makuria da Alodia, ta gaji Masarautar Kush. Nobatia ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa bayan ta kayar da Blemmyes da kuma kudu zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Cataracts na Biyu da na Uku na Nilu. A shekara ta 543, ta koma Kiristanci na Coptic. A ƙarni na 7, Makuria ta haɗa ta, kodayake ba a san yanayin da ake ciki ba. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 5l0q5hrfn9axlk03p29eru7q8o99hvd 966401 966389 2026-10-11T16:37:47Z BnHamid 12586 966401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nobatia (wanda kuma ake kira Nobadia), masarauta ce ta tarihi a Lower Nubia, a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Masar. Ta bayyana a kusan shekara ta 400 CE, kuma tare da Makuria da Alodia, ta gaji Masarautar Kush. Nobatia ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa bayan ta kayar da Blemmyes da kuma kudu zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Cataracts na Biyu da na Uku na Nilu. A shekara ta 543, ta koma Kiristanci na Coptic. A ƙarni na 7, Makuria ta haɗa ta, kodayake ba a san yanayin da ake ciki ba. ==Tarihi== An kafa Masarautar Nobatia ne a tsohuwar lardin Akine na daular Meroe, wanda ta mamaye yawancin yankin Lower Nubia. Akwai yiwuwar cewa Akine ta riga ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta tun kafin rushewar Masarautar Kush a tsakiyar karni na 4. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 24zkdlcl83syfspai769we380l76706 966409 966401 2026-10-11T16:39:24Z BnHamid 12586 966409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nobatia (wanda kuma ake kira Nobadia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Richard|title=Nubian Toponyms in Medieval Nubian Sources|journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies|volume=4}}</ref>), masarauta ce ta tarihi a Lower Nubia, a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Masar. Ta bayyana a kusan shekara ta 400 CE, kuma tare da Makuria da Alodia, ta gaji Masarautar Kush. Nobatia ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa bayan ta kayar da Blemmyes da kuma kudu zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Cataracts na Biyu da na Uku na Nilu. A shekara ta 543, ta koma Kiristanci na Coptic. A ƙarni na 7, Makuria ta haɗa ta, kodayake ba a san yanayin da ake ciki ba. ==Tarihi== An kafa Masarautar Nobatia ne a tsohuwar lardin Akine na daular Meroe, wanda ta mamaye yawancin yankin Lower Nubia. Akwai yiwuwar cewa Akine ta riga ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta tun kafin rushewar Masarautar Kush a tsakiyar karni na 4.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|pp=195-196}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1413m7reynxtkc8aledtpa6eq84i0ap 966491 966409 2026-10-11T16:53:37Z BnHamid 12586 966491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nobatia (wanda kuma ake kira Nobadia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Richard|title=Nubian Toponyms in Medieval Nubian Sources|journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies|volume=4}}</ref>), masarauta ce ta tarihi a Lower Nubia, a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Masar. Ta bayyana a kusan shekara ta 400 CE, kuma tare da Makuria da Alodia, ta gaji Masarautar Kush. Nobatia ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa bayan ta kayar da Blemmyes da kuma kudu zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Cataracts na Biyu da na Uku na Nilu. A shekara ta 543, ta koma Kiristanci na Coptic. A ƙarni na 7, Makuria ta haɗa ta, kodayake ba a san yanayin da ake ciki ba. ==Tarihi== An kafa Masarautar Nobatia ne a tsohuwar lardin Akine na daular Meroe, wanda ta mamaye yawancin yankin Lower Nubia. Akwai yiwuwar cewa Akine ta riga ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta tun kafin rushewar Masarautar Kush a tsakiyar karni na 4.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|pp=195-196}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} === Tushe=== * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC|title=A Political Chronology of Africa|last1=Lea|first1=David|last2=Rowe|first2=Annamarie|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781857431162|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|last=McGregor|first=Andrew James|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275986018|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC|title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|last1=Kramer|first1=Robert S.|last2=Lobban|first2=Richard Andrew|last3=Fluehr-Lobban|first3=Carolyn|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780810861800|language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Prokesch Ritter von Osten |first=Anton |title=Das Land zwischen den Katarakten des Nil |year=1831}} ===Karin Karatu=== * {{cite book |last=Bjørkelo |first=Anders |year=2003 |title=Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821-1885 |publisher=Cambridge University}} *{{cite journal|last=Robinson |first=A.E. |year=1925 |title=Nimr, the last King of Shendi |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |volume=8 |pages=105–118}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nimr Muhammad}} k126csrgz7bw5b9pz86ypeyee1czfkx 966501 966491 2026-10-11T16:55:11Z BnHamid 12586 966501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nobatia (wanda kuma ake kira Nobadia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Richard|title=Nubian Toponyms in Medieval Nubian Sources|journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies|volume=4}}</ref>), masarauta ce ta tarihi a Lower Nubia, a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Masar. Ta bayyana a kusan shekara ta 400 CE, kuma tare da Makuria da Alodia, ta gaji Masarautar Kush. Nobatia ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa bayan ta kayar da Blemmyes da kuma kudu zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Cataracts na Biyu da na Uku na Nilu. A shekara ta 543, ta koma Kiristanci na Coptic. A ƙarni na 7, Makuria ta haɗa ta, kodayake ba a san yanayin da ake ciki ba. ==Tarihi== An kafa Masarautar Nobatia ne a tsohuwar lardin Akine na daular Meroe, wanda ta mamaye yawancin yankin Lower Nubia. Akwai yiwuwar cewa Akine ta riga ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta tun kafin rushewar Masarautar Kush a tsakiyar karni na 4.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|pp=195-196}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1413m7reynxtkc8aledtpa6eq84i0ap Evarcha zougoussi 0 178938 966393 2026-10-11T16:36:40Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354691487|Evarcha zougoussi]]" 966393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha zougoussi''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda ke zaune a Ivory Coast. Wanda yake memba ne na dangin ''Evarcha'', Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2022. Gizo-gizo ne mai girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran, tare da siffar cephalothorax mai siffar oval, wanda girmansa ya kasance tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.3|mm|in|2}} dogon ciki mai siffar ugoitic tsakanin {{Convert|3|and|3.5|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Yana da siffar wani haske mai haske a saman cephalothorax ɗinsa, da kuma jerin tabo a cikinsa. Idan aka kwatanta, ƙashin gizo-gizo, ko kuma ƙarƙashin cephalothorax, launin rawaya ne kawai. Kafafunsa gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske. Ko da yake mace ce kawai aka gano, a bayyane yake cewa gabobin haɗuwar gizo-gizo suna da bambanci, ciki har da kasancewar aljihu mai zurfi a cikin epigyne ɗinta da kuma maniyyinta mai siffar wake. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha zougoussi'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba na dangin Salticidae, wanda masana ilimin lissafi Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2022. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2024 |title=''Evarcha zougoussi'' Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2022 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/60698/Evarcha_zougoussi |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da Wesołowska ta gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Duk da shakku, galibi saboda girman gizo-gizon da ba a saba gani ba, sun rarraba shi ga nau'in ''Evarcha'' maimakon ''Hyllus'' . {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2022}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda wurin da aka fara samo shi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2022}} Eugène Simon ne ya fara tsara shi a shekarar 1902, ''kuma'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da membobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Ya fi kusa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2022}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} A shekarar 2018, Prószyński ya yi ƙoƙarin raba wannan nau'in halittar, amma wannan ya zama abin cece-kuce kuma ba a yarda da shi a ko'ina ba. {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha zougoussi'' babban gizo-gizo ne mai kama da juna. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar oval da kuma ciki mai siffar ovoid wanda ya fi kama da ɗigon hawaye. Mace tana da cephalothorax wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.3|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.4|and|2.8|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace ɗin, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da ɗigon haske a tsakiya kuma an rufe shi da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai yawa. Wurin ido yana da baƙi mai launin fari, ƙananan tabo fari da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa a kusa da idanun. Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙashin baya, rawaya ne. Bakin gizo-gizo, gami da labium da maxillae, launin ruwan kasa ne. Chelicerae suna da haƙori ɗaya. [ 4 ] Cikin gizo-gizo yana tsakanin {{Convert|3|and|3.5|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.2|and|2.6|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Yana da launin toka-launin ruwan kasa a sama, wanda ya fi duhu a gefuna, tare da tsarin tabo fari shida a layuka biyu. An rufe shi da gashin launin ruwan kasa mai yawa da kuma dogon gashin launin ruwan kasa lokaci-lokaci. Ƙasan ƙasa rawaya ne tare da babban tabo mai launin toka mai duhu a baya. Yankunan juyawa galibi launin toka ne tare da yankunan rawaya a baya. Kafafun gizo-gizo suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da alamun duhu. Suna da launin ruwan kasa da kashin baya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2022}} Gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. Epigyne yana da aljihuna masu zurfi a gaba da kuma ramuka biyu na haɗin gwiwa da aka sanya a gefunansa. Akwai wuraren da ake samun sclerosis a kan magudanar ruwa. Buɗewar tana haifar da gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa da kuma spermathecae mai siffar wake, ko kuma ma'ajiyar ruwa. [ 13 ] Epigyne ɗinsa yayi kama da na ''Evarcha pinguis'', gami da tsarinsa na ciki. amma ya bambanta a siffar ramukan da ke cikin epigyne na gizo-gizo. [ 4 ] Ba a bayyana namijin ba. <ref name="wsc" /> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Duk da cewa ana samun nau'in halittar a faɗin Afirka, Evarcha zougoussi ya fi yawa a gabar tekun Ivory Coast. [1] An sami holotype na mace a kusa da ƙauyen Zougoussi. [1] Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin nazarin Lamto, wanda yake da nisan 180 kilometres (110 mi) arewacin Abidjan a gefen savanna . [1] Gizo-gizo yana zaune a cikin savanna tsakanin ciyawa masu tsayi. [1] == Manazarta == 93sbyowcqq49rwb2gycg28r2e6uqlmw 966395 966393 2026-10-11T16:37:14Z Sardeeq 39275 966395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha zougoussi''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda ke zaune a Ivory Coast. Wanda yake memba ne na dangin ''Evarcha'', Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2022. Gizo-gizo ne mai girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran, tare da siffar cephalothorax mai siffar oval, wanda girmansa ya kasance tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.3|mm|in|2}} dogon ciki mai siffar ugoitic tsakanin {{Convert|3|and|3.5|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Yana da siffar wani haske mai haske a saman cephalothorax ɗinsa, da kuma jerin tabo a cikinsa. Idan aka kwatanta, ƙashin gizo-gizo, ko kuma ƙarƙashin cephalothorax, launin rawaya ne kawai. Kafafunsa gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske. Ko da yake mace ce kawai aka gano, a bayyane yake cewa gabobin haɗuwar gizo-gizo suna da bambanci, ciki har da kasancewar aljihu mai zurfi a cikin epigyne ɗinta da kuma maniyyinta mai siffar wake. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha zougoussi'' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba na dangin Salticidae, wanda masana ilimin lissafi Wanda Wesołowska da Anthony Russell-Smith suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2022. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2024 |title=''Evarcha zougoussi'' Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2022 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/60698/Evarcha_zougoussi |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da Wesołowska ta gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Duk da shakku, galibi saboda girman gizo-gizon da ba a saba gani ba, sun rarraba shi ga nau'in ''Evarcha'' maimakon ''Hyllus'' . {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2022}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda wurin da aka fara samo shi. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2022}} Eugène Simon ne ya fara tsara shi a shekarar 1902, ''kuma'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gizo-gizo masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da membobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in halittar a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da nau'ikan ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Ya fi kusa da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2022}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} A shekarar 2018, Prószyński ya yi ƙoƙarin raba wannan nau'in halittar, amma wannan ya zama abin cece-kuce kuma ba a yarda da shi a ko'ina ba. {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha zougoussi'' babban gizo-gizo ne mai kama da juna. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar oval da kuma ciki mai siffar ovoid wanda ya fi kama da ɗigon hawaye. Mace tana da cephalothorax wanda ke tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.3|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.4|and|2.8|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace ɗin, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da ɗigon haske a tsakiya kuma an rufe shi da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai yawa. Wurin ido yana da baƙi mai launin fari, ƙananan tabo fari da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa a kusa da idanun. Ƙashin ƙasa, ko kuma ƙashin baya, rawaya ne. Bakin gizo-gizo, gami da labium da maxillae, launin ruwan kasa ne. Chelicerae suna da haƙori ɗaya. [ 4 ] Cikin gizo-gizo yana tsakanin {{Convert|3|and|3.5|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.2|and|2.6|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Yana da launin toka-launin ruwan kasa a sama, wanda ya fi duhu a gefuna, tare da tsarin tabo fari shida a layuka biyu. An rufe shi da gashin launin ruwan kasa mai yawa da kuma dogon gashin launin ruwan kasa lokaci-lokaci. Ƙasan ƙasa rawaya ne tare da babban tabo mai launin toka mai duhu a baya. Yankunan juyawa galibi launin toka ne tare da yankunan rawaya a baya. Kafafun gizo-gizo suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da alamun duhu. Suna da launin ruwan kasa da kashin baya. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Russell-Smith|2022}} Gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo suna taimakawa wajen bambance nau'in da sauran nau'in halittar. Epigyne yana da aljihuna masu zurfi a gaba da kuma ramuka biyu na haɗin gwiwa da aka sanya a gefunansa. Akwai wuraren da ake samun sclerosis a kan magudanar ruwa. Buɗewar tana haifar da gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa da kuma spermathecae mai siffar wake, ko kuma ma'ajiyar ruwa. [ 13 ] Epigyne ɗinsa yayi kama da na ''Evarcha pinguis'', gami da tsarinsa na ciki. amma ya bambanta a siffar ramukan da ke cikin epigyne na gizo-gizo. [ 4 ] Ba a bayyana namijin ba. <ref name="wsc" /> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Gizo-gizon Evarcha suna rayuwa a faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samu a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [1] Duk da cewa ana samun nau'in halittar a faɗin Afirka, Evarcha zougoussi ya fi yawa a gabar tekun Ivory Coast. [1] An sami holotype na mace a kusa da ƙauyen Zougoussi. [1] Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin nazarin Lamto, wanda yake da nisan 180 kilometres (110 mi) arewacin Abidjan a gefen savanna . [1] Gizo-gizo yana zaune a cikin savanna tsakanin ciyawa masu tsayi. [1] == Manazarta == ko1uco6062j63aq1uoyf49y4shfe21g Dokar 'yan kasa ta Djibouti 0 178939 966397 2026-10-11T16:37:27Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291827731|Djiboutian nationality law]]" 966397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dokar ƙasa ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]''' tana ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Djibouti, kamar yadda aka gyara; Dokar Ƙasa ta Djibouti, da gyare-gyarenta; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ƙasar ta sanya hannu a kansu. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} {{Sfn|USOPM|2001}} Waɗannan dokoki suna ƙayyade wanda yake, ko kuma wanda ya cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Djibouti. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Hanyoyin shari'a na samun ƙasa, wato zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, sun bambanta da alaƙar cikin gida ta haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa . {{Sfn|Fransman|2011}} {{Sfn|Rosas|1994}} Ana samun 'yancin ƙasar Djibouti a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar jus soli, wato ta hanyar haihuwa a Djibouti, ko kuma jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa a ƙasashen waje ga iyayensa 'yan ƙasar Djibouti. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga wani mazaunin ƙasar na dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar samun izinin zama ɗan ƙasa. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Samun ƙasa == Ana iya samun ƙasa a Djibouti a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma a lokacin haihuwa ta hanyar samun 'yancin kai. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} === Ta hanyar haihuwa === Waɗanda suka sami ƙasa tun suna haihuwa sun haɗa da: * Yaran da aka haifa a ko'ina waɗanda ke da aƙalla iyaye ɗaya wanda ɗan ƙasar Djibouti ne ta hanyar haihuwa; ko {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} * An gano yara ko marayu da aka yi watsi da su a yankin da ba a san iyayensu ba. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} {{Sfn|USOPM|2001}} === Ta hanyar samun 'yancin kai === Ana iya ba wa mutanen da suka zauna a yankin izinin zama ɗan ƙasa na tsawon lokaci domin tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci harshe, al'adu da al'adun al'umma. Takaddun da aka tanadar sun haɗa da cewa masu neman aiki suna da kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u; ba su da wani hukunci da zai kai ga yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni shida ko fiye da haka; suna da ƙoshin lafiya; kuma sun zauna a ƙasar tsawon shekaru goma. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Baya ga waɗanda suka cika sharuɗɗan, {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} sauran mutanen da za a iya ba su izinin zama ɗan ƙasa sun haɗa da: * Matan/matayen wani ɗan ƙasar Djibouti bayan shekaru goma na aure, ko kuma shekaru biyar idan ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya; {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} {{Sfn|Vafai|2009}} [ Bayani na 1 ] * 'Ya'yan da aka ɗauka daga 'yan ƙasar Djibouti; {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} * Ana iya ba wa ƙananan yara izinin zama 'yan ƙasa ta atomatik lokacin da iyayensu suka sami ƙasa; ko {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} * Mutanen da suka yi ayyuka na musamman ga ƙasar za a iya ba su izinin zama ɗan ƙasa bayan sun cika sharuɗɗan zama na shekaru biyar. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Asarar ƙasa == 'Yan ƙasar Djibouti za su iya yin watsi da ƙasarsu har sai gwamnati ta amince da su. {{Sfn|USOPM|2001}} [ Bayani na 2 ] Ana iya [[Rashin zama na halitta|hana]] 'yan ƙasa shiga ƙasar Djibouti saboda rashin cika wajibai na soja; yin ayyukan da ke nuna cewa ɗaya ɗan ƙasar wata ƙasa ne; yin aiki a gwamnati ko soja na wata jiha ba tare da izinin gwamnatin Djibouti ba; aikata manyan laifuka, ayyukan rashin aminci, ko laifuka a kan jihar; ko kuma saboda zamba, ɓata suna, ko ɓoyewa a cikin takardar neman izinin zama ɗan ƙasa. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Ƙasa biyu == An amince da zama ɗan ƙasa biyu a Djibouti tun daga shekarar 2004. Duk da haka, ba a yarda shugaban ƙasar ya zama ɗan ƙasa ba sai ɗan ƙasar Djibouti. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Sarakunan Afirka (1517–1883) === Tsawon ƙarni da yawa, yankin da ke bakin tekun yankin kusurwar Afirka ya kasance yana fama da rikici tsakanin babbar Daular Kirista ta Abisiniya, [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta zamani, da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman ta]] Musulunci. Daga shekara ta 1517, mazauna yankin Ottomans na Masar ne. {{Sfn|Quinn|2009}} {{Sfn|Hamilton|1967}} A ƙarni na sha bakwai, ƙananan ƙasashe uku na Musulmi, Sarakunan Gobaad, Rahayta, da [[Tadjoura]] sun bayyana a yankin, amma sun ci gaba da fafutukar neman 'yancin kansu daga sarakunan Abisiniya, domin su ne muhimman hanyoyin haɗi a hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Shewa . {{Sfn|Quinn|2009}} {{Sfn|Abir|1968}} A cikin Daular Ottoman, tsawon ƙarni shida, akwai wata ƙungiya ta cikin gida wadda ta ayyana ayyukan gwamnati ga mutane ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da ta al'umma, tana auna ƙwarewa da ayyuka ba tare da akidar ƙasa mai tsakiya ba. {{Sfn|Karpat|1974}} Addinin Ottoman yana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba, idan su ''ahl al-Kitāb'' ne (Mutanen Littafi), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]], za su iya amfana daga zama talakawa ta hanyar amincewa su biya haraji ga sarkin . {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya da aka sani da ''zimma'', a madadin biyan haraji, sarkin ya bai wa waɗannan mutane 'yancin yin addini kuma ya tabbatar musu da rayukansu, dukiyoyinsu, da haƙƙoƙinsu tare da fahimtar cewa suna da haƙƙin samun matsayi ƙasa da na Musulmai. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Shugabannin al'ummar da suka yi ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda suka tafiyar da mabiya da kuma kungiyarsu ta cikin gida a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A ƙarni na sha takwas, wata ƙungiya ta siyasa, wadda aka sani da gero, ta kula da al'amuran al'ummomin addininsu kuma ta bunƙasa zuwa ''tsarin protégé'' ( Turkish , mutanen da aka kare). {{Sfn|Masters|2004}} {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da ƙasashen Turai, tun daga shekarar 1673 da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar mika wuya da Faransa, Daular Ottoman ta bai wa Faransa ikon mallakar wasu Kiristocin Ottoman, Austria ta mallaki wasu Katolika na Roman Roman, matsayin ƙasa da 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya da Holland suka fi so, da kuma takamaiman haƙƙoƙi ga Jamhuriyar Venice da Daular Rasha . {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi, ƙasashen waje za su iya ɗaukar mutanen Ottoman don biyan buƙatunsu a matsayin wakilan kasuwanci, jakadu, ko masu fassara, kuma su faɗaɗa zuwa ga waɗannan kariya daga shari'a da haƙƙin kasuwanci, gami da rage harajin kwastam . A tsawon lokaci, cin zarafin tsarin ya haifar da ikon mallakar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje ta hanyar masu kare haƙƙin mallaka, siyar da haƙƙin mallaka na haruffa a ɓoye ( Turkish ), da kuma buƙatun ƙasashen waje na kariya daga mutane zuwa ga dukkan al'ummomi. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Tasirin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa talakawan Ottoman ya canza fahimtar waɗannan tsirarun ƙungiyoyi a cikin daular, ma'ana ana ƙara ganin su ba a matsayin talakawan Ottoman ba, amma a matsayin baƙi mazauna . {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A shekara ta 1798, rikicin Faransa da Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Napoleon ya faɗaɗa zuwa Masar. {{Sfn|Smith|2021}} {{Sfn|Dykstra|1998}} Faransa ta mamaye yankin har zuwa 1801, lokacin da aka kayar da Faransawa kuma Birtaniya ta fara taimaka wa Daular Ottoman wajen dawo da ikonta. {{Sfn|Hamilton|1967}} {{Sfn|Dykstra|1998}} Domin rage tasirin da Turawa ke yi a daular, tun daga shekarar 1806, gwamnatin Ottoman ta fara aika da sanarwa ga ofisoshin jakadancin ƙasashen waje suna buƙatar a bi ƙa'idodin yarjejeniyarsu. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Ganin rashin samun nasara ta fuskar diflomasiyya, a shekarar 1839, gwamnatin Ottoman ta fitar da Dokar Gülhane, {{Sfn|Çiftçi|2019}} {{Sfn|Goldschmidt|Boum|2018}} a wani yunƙuri na kawo ƙarshen cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren haraji masu adalci da cibiyoyi don kare haƙƙin talakawan Ottoman. {{Sfn|Goldschmidt|Boum|2018}} A shekarar 1838, Turawan Birtaniya suka mallaki tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden a Yemen, wanda hakan ya sa Faransawa suka fara neman tashar jiragen ruwa ta abokan hamayyarsu a [[Tekun Tadjoura]] . {{Sfn|Hamilton|1967}} {{Sfn|Smith|2021}} Dokar Gyaran Ottoman ta 1856 ( Turkish ) an rarraba batutuwa ta hanyar ko su Musulmi ne ko ba Musulmi ba, suna ba kowannensu matsayin farar hula daban-daban. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} A shekara ta 1863, sabbin ƙa'idoji kan waɗanda suka yi wa hidima sun takaita gata da suka samu a daular tare da fayyace waɗanda daga baya aka ɗauke su a matsayin mutanen Ottoman da kuma waɗanda baƙo ne. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} A shekarar 1862, Faransa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Diny Ahmet Abou-Bekr, Sarkin Rahayta don mallakar [[Obock]] don kafa kariyar yankin da kuma samun matsuguni a yankin. {{Sfn|Africa Press Service|1975}} {{Sfn|Brunschwig|1968}} Sun biya sarkin francs 55,000, amma lokaci-lokaci suna amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa lokacin da suke kan hanyarsu ta zuwa wasu kadarori. {{Sfn|Brunschwig|1968}} Lokacin da aka kafa Khedivate na Masar a shekarar 1867, Faransa ta gamsu da barin ƙasar da ke cikin Daular Ottoman ta ci gaba da riƙe iko, matuƙar ta fahimci cewa Faransawa suna da sha'awar yankin. {{Sfn|Brunschwig|1968}} {{Sfn|Mestyan|2020}} Bukatar ƙarin fayyace mutanen Daular Ottoman, ta haifar da dokokin ƙasa da kuma zartar da Dokar Ƙasa ta Daular Ottoman ta 1869 (tâbiiyet-i osmaniye kanunnamesi). {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} [ Bayani na 3 ] Dokar ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa don siyan da rasa wanda ke cikin ikon mallakar daular, maimakon wajibai na cikin gida da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Ya bayyana wanda ake zargi da yin biyayya, kuma ya yi tanadi ga mata, yara, baƙi da baƙi. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} A ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar, yara sun samo asali ne daga ubanninsu, baƙi da aka haifa a yankin za su iya samun ƙasa mafi rinjaye, kuma baƙi da aka haifa a wani wuri za su iya samun ƙasa bayan shekaru biyar na zama a cikin masarautar. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Takamaiman tanade-tanaden sun haɗa da cewa an gano 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a cikin ƙasar; mutanen da ba su da ƙasa da ke zaune a daular; mata Musulmi, waɗanda duk da haramcin auren irin wannan, sun auri mazan Farisa da 'ya'yan irin wannan haɗin gwiwa; mutanen da ba su da rajista waɗanda ba a ƙidaya su a ƙidayar jama'a a cikin ƙidayar jama'ar Ottoman ba, ko dai saboda ba a yi ƙidayar jama'a ba ko kuma haihuwarsu ba a yi rijista ba, duk an ɗauke su a matsayin 'yan Ottoman. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Matan ƙasashen waje sun sami ƙasar Ottoman ta hanyar aure, amma za su iya komawa ƙasarsu ta asali bayan mutuwar mijinta. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Ana iya bayar da ƙasa bisa ga gudummawa ta musamman ko hidima ga ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} An yarda da zama ɗan ƙasa biyu, amma an hana shi, domin gwamnati za ta iya zaɓar kada ta amince da cewa wani ɗan ƙasar Ottoman ya zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar wata ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} == Manazarta == ghsiq5ymrrms1h4vbyu0daa7ap0bhvp 966404 966397 2026-10-11T16:38:07Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokar ƙasa ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]''' tana ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Djibouti, kamar yadda aka gyara; Dokar Ƙasa ta Djibouti, da gyare-gyarenta; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ƙasar ta sanya hannu a kansu. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} {{Sfn|USOPM|2001}} Waɗannan dokoki suna ƙayyade wanda yake, ko kuma wanda ya cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Djibouti. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Hanyoyin shari'a na samun ƙasa, wato zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, sun bambanta da alaƙar cikin gida ta haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zama ɗan ƙasa . {{Sfn|Fransman|2011}} {{Sfn|Rosas|1994}} Ana samun 'yancin ƙasar Djibouti a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar jus soli, wato ta hanyar haihuwa a Djibouti, ko kuma jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa a ƙasashen waje ga iyayensa 'yan ƙasar Djibouti. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga wani mazaunin ƙasar na dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar samun izinin zama ɗan ƙasa. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Samun ƙasa == Ana iya samun ƙasa a Djibouti a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma a lokacin haihuwa ta hanyar samun 'yancin kai. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} === Ta hanyar haihuwa === Waɗanda suka sami ƙasa tun suna haihuwa sun haɗa da: * Yaran da aka haifa a ko'ina waɗanda ke da aƙalla iyaye ɗaya wanda ɗan ƙasar Djibouti ne ta hanyar haihuwa; ko {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} * An gano yara ko marayu da aka yi watsi da su a yankin da ba a san iyayensu ba. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} {{Sfn|USOPM|2001}} === Ta hanyar samun 'yancin kai === Ana iya ba wa mutanen da suka zauna a yankin izinin zama ɗan ƙasa na tsawon lokaci domin tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci harshe, al'adu da al'adun al'umma. Takaddun da aka tanadar sun haɗa da cewa masu neman aiki suna da kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u; ba su da wani hukunci da zai kai ga yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni shida ko fiye da haka; suna da ƙoshin lafiya; kuma sun zauna a ƙasar tsawon shekaru goma. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} Baya ga waɗanda suka cika sharuɗɗan, {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} sauran mutanen da za a iya ba su izinin zama ɗan ƙasa sun haɗa da: * Matan/matayen wani ɗan ƙasar Djibouti bayan shekaru goma na aure, ko kuma shekaru biyar idan ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya; {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} {{Sfn|Vafai|2009}} [ Bayani na 1 ] * 'Ya'yan da aka ɗauka daga 'yan ƙasar Djibouti; {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} * Ana iya ba wa ƙananan yara izinin zama 'yan ƙasa ta atomatik lokacin da iyayensu suka sami ƙasa; ko {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} * Mutanen da suka yi ayyuka na musamman ga ƙasar za a iya ba su izinin zama ɗan ƙasa bayan sun cika sharuɗɗan zama na shekaru biyar. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Asarar ƙasa == 'Yan ƙasar Djibouti za su iya yin watsi da ƙasarsu har sai gwamnati ta amince da su. {{Sfn|USOPM|2001}} [ Bayani na 2 ] Ana iya [[Rashin zama na halitta|hana]] 'yan ƙasa shiga ƙasar Djibouti saboda rashin cika wajibai na soja; yin ayyukan da ke nuna cewa ɗaya ɗan ƙasar wata ƙasa ne; yin aiki a gwamnati ko soja na wata jiha ba tare da izinin gwamnatin Djibouti ba; aikata manyan laifuka, ayyukan rashin aminci, ko laifuka a kan jihar; ko kuma saboda zamba, ɓata suna, ko ɓoyewa a cikin takardar neman izinin zama ɗan ƙasa. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Ƙasa biyu == An amince da zama ɗan ƙasa biyu a Djibouti tun daga shekarar 2004. Duk da haka, ba a yarda shugaban ƙasar ya zama ɗan ƙasa ba sai ɗan ƙasar Djibouti. {{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Sarakunan Afirka (1517–1883) === Tsawon ƙarni da yawa, yankin da ke bakin tekun yankin kusurwar Afirka ya kasance yana fama da rikici tsakanin babbar Daular Kirista ta Abisiniya, [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta zamani, da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman ta]] Musulunci. Daga shekara ta 1517, mazauna yankin Ottomans na Masar ne. {{Sfn|Quinn|2009}} {{Sfn|Hamilton|1967}} A ƙarni na sha bakwai, ƙananan ƙasashe uku na Musulmi, Sarakunan Gobaad, Rahayta, da [[Tadjoura]] sun bayyana a yankin, amma sun ci gaba da fafutukar neman 'yancin kansu daga sarakunan Abisiniya, domin su ne muhimman hanyoyin haɗi a hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Shewa . {{Sfn|Quinn|2009}} {{Sfn|Abir|1968}} A cikin Daular Ottoman, tsawon ƙarni shida, akwai wata ƙungiya ta cikin gida wadda ta ayyana ayyukan gwamnati ga mutane ta hanyar daidaita alaƙar addini da ta al'umma, tana auna ƙwarewa da ayyuka ba tare da akidar ƙasa mai tsakiya ba. {{Sfn|Karpat|1974}} Addinin Ottoman yana da alaƙa sosai da addini da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba, idan su ''ahl al-Kitāb'' ne (Mutanen Littafi), ma'ana Yahudawa, Kirista, ko [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]], za su iya amfana daga zama talakawa ta hanyar amincewa su biya haraji ga sarkin . {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya da aka sani da ''zimma'', a madadin biyan haraji, sarkin ya bai wa waɗannan mutane 'yancin yin addini kuma ya tabbatar musu da rayukansu, dukiyoyinsu, da haƙƙoƙinsu tare da fahimtar cewa suna da haƙƙin samun matsayi ƙasa da na Musulmai. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Shugabannin al'ummar da suka yi ikirari ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda suka tafiyar da mabiya da kuma kungiyarsu ta cikin gida a karkashin dokar addini ta al'ummarsu. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A ƙarni na sha takwas, wata ƙungiya ta siyasa, wadda aka sani da gero, ta kula da al'amuran al'ummomin addininsu kuma ta bunƙasa zuwa ''tsarin protégé'' ( Turkish , mutanen da aka kare). {{Sfn|Masters|2004}} {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da ƙasashen Turai, tun daga shekarar 1673 da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar mika wuya da Faransa, Daular Ottoman ta bai wa Faransa ikon mallakar wasu Kiristocin Ottoman, Austria ta mallaki wasu Katolika na Roman Roman, matsayin ƙasa da 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya da Holland suka fi so, da kuma takamaiman haƙƙoƙi ga Jamhuriyar Venice da Daular Rasha . {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi, ƙasashen waje za su iya ɗaukar mutanen Ottoman don biyan buƙatunsu a matsayin wakilan kasuwanci, jakadu, ko masu fassara, kuma su faɗaɗa zuwa ga waɗannan kariya daga shari'a da haƙƙin kasuwanci, gami da rage harajin kwastam . A tsawon lokaci, cin zarafin tsarin ya haifar da ikon mallakar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje ta hanyar masu kare haƙƙin mallaka, siyar da haƙƙin mallaka na haruffa a ɓoye ( Turkish ), da kuma buƙatun ƙasashen waje na kariya daga mutane zuwa ga dukkan al'ummomi. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Tasirin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa talakawan Ottoman ya canza fahimtar waɗannan tsirarun ƙungiyoyi a cikin daular, ma'ana ana ƙara ganin su ba a matsayin talakawan Ottoman ba, amma a matsayin baƙi mazauna . {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} A shekara ta 1798, rikicin Faransa da Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Napoleon ya faɗaɗa zuwa Masar. {{Sfn|Smith|2021}} {{Sfn|Dykstra|1998}} Faransa ta mamaye yankin har zuwa 1801, lokacin da aka kayar da Faransawa kuma Birtaniya ta fara taimaka wa Daular Ottoman wajen dawo da ikonta. {{Sfn|Hamilton|1967}} {{Sfn|Dykstra|1998}} Domin rage tasirin da Turawa ke yi a daular, tun daga shekarar 1806, gwamnatin Ottoman ta fara aika da sanarwa ga ofisoshin jakadancin ƙasashen waje suna buƙatar a bi ƙa'idodin yarjejeniyarsu. {{Sfn|Sonyel|1991}} Ganin rashin samun nasara ta fuskar diflomasiyya, a shekarar 1839, gwamnatin Ottoman ta fitar da Dokar Gülhane, {{Sfn|Çiftçi|2019}} {{Sfn|Goldschmidt|Boum|2018}} a wani yunƙuri na kawo ƙarshen cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren haraji masu adalci da cibiyoyi don kare haƙƙin talakawan Ottoman. {{Sfn|Goldschmidt|Boum|2018}} A shekarar 1838, Turawan Birtaniya suka mallaki tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden a Yemen, wanda hakan ya sa Faransawa suka fara neman tashar jiragen ruwa ta abokan hamayyarsu a [[Tekun Tadjoura]] . {{Sfn|Hamilton|1967}} {{Sfn|Smith|2021}} Dokar Gyaran Ottoman ta 1856 ( Turkish ) an rarraba batutuwa ta hanyar ko su Musulmi ne ko ba Musulmi ba, suna ba kowannensu matsayin farar hula daban-daban. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} A shekara ta 1863, sabbin ƙa'idoji kan waɗanda suka yi wa hidima sun takaita gata da suka samu a daular tare da fayyace waɗanda daga baya aka ɗauke su a matsayin mutanen Ottoman da kuma waɗanda baƙo ne. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} A shekarar 1862, Faransa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Diny Ahmet Abou-Bekr, Sarkin Rahayta don mallakar [[Obock]] don kafa kariyar yankin da kuma samun matsuguni a yankin. {{Sfn|Africa Press Service|1975}} {{Sfn|Brunschwig|1968}} Sun biya sarkin francs 55,000, amma lokaci-lokaci suna amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa lokacin da suke kan hanyarsu ta zuwa wasu kadarori. {{Sfn|Brunschwig|1968}} Lokacin da aka kafa Khedivate na Masar a shekarar 1867, Faransa ta gamsu da barin ƙasar da ke cikin Daular Ottoman ta ci gaba da riƙe iko, matuƙar ta fahimci cewa Faransawa suna da sha'awar yankin. {{Sfn|Brunschwig|1968}} {{Sfn|Mestyan|2020}} Bukatar ƙarin fayyace mutanen Daular Ottoman, ta haifar da dokokin ƙasa da kuma zartar da Dokar Ƙasa ta Daular Ottoman ta 1869 (tâbiiyet-i osmaniye kanunnamesi). {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} [ Bayani na 3 ] Dokar ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa don siyan da rasa wanda ke cikin ikon mallakar daular, maimakon wajibai na cikin gida da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Ya bayyana wanda ake zargi da yin biyayya, kuma ya yi tanadi ga mata, yara, baƙi da baƙi. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} A ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar, yara sun samo asali ne daga ubanninsu, baƙi da aka haifa a yankin za su iya samun ƙasa mafi rinjaye, kuma baƙi da aka haifa a wani wuri za su iya samun ƙasa bayan shekaru biyar na zama a cikin masarautar. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Takamaiman tanade-tanaden sun haɗa da cewa an gano 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a cikin ƙasar; mutanen da ba su da ƙasa da ke zaune a daular; mata Musulmi, waɗanda duk da haramcin auren irin wannan, sun auri mazan Farisa da 'ya'yan irin wannan haɗin gwiwa; mutanen da ba su da rajista waɗanda ba a ƙidaya su a ƙidayar jama'a a cikin ƙidayar jama'ar Ottoman ba, ko dai saboda ba a yi ƙidayar jama'a ba ko kuma haihuwarsu ba a yi rijista ba, duk an ɗauke su a matsayin 'yan Ottoman. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Matan ƙasashen waje sun sami ƙasar Ottoman ta hanyar aure, amma za su iya komawa ƙasarsu ta asali bayan mutuwar mijinta. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} Ana iya bayar da ƙasa bisa ga gudummawa ta musamman ko hidima ga ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} An yarda da zama ɗan ƙasa biyu, amma an hana shi, domin gwamnati za ta iya zaɓar kada ta amince da cewa wani ɗan ƙasar Ottoman ya zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar wata ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hanley|2016}} == Manazarta == 0p5b3g8gfg6faornseyn5gc0ukrl59k Makhzen (Aljeriya) 0 178940 966405 2026-10-11T16:38:12Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335846295|Makhzen (Algeria)]]" 966405 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chef_kabyle.jpg|thumb|Hoton launi na karni na 19 na shugaban Kabyle]] '''Makhanen''' (Arabic) yana nufin a Aljeriya ga koyarwar iko da kuma sanya yanayin gudanarwa na jihar da ke aiki musamman a lokacin Regency na Algiers . Ya dace da wani nau'i na gudanar da alaƙar tsakanin kabilar da tsakiya a cikin Maghreb wanda aka tsara a cikin tsakiya tun zamanin Fatimid kuma yana tasowa musamman a ƙarƙashin [[Masarautar Tlemcen|Zyyanides]]. Asalin "tsarin makhzen" ya ta'allaka ne a cikin raunanawar jihohin Hafsid, Marinid da Zayyanid zuwa ƙarshen [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] da ke da alaƙa da matsin lamba na Mutanen Espanya a [[Andalusia]] da bakin tekun Maghreb, ci gaban Ottoman, da gwagwarmayar ciki. Wadannan daular sun yi kira ga kabilun Hilalian Bedouin da su riƙe mafi ƙarancin iko kuma su ba da iko da wani ɓangare na yankinsu. Wannan shine tsarin ''Iqta'': kabilun suna karɓar haraji, wanda suke biyan wani bangare ga mai mulkin su, wanda su ma suna bin aikin soja. Wannan tsarin, wanda ya bunkasa a cikin wadannan sarakuna uku, ya riga ya kasance a ƙarƙashin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimids]], kuma Daular Zayyanid, Regency na Algiers, da kuma lokacin mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da shi. An rarraba kabilun ''Makhanen'' a cikin jama'ar karkara na Eyalet na Algiers, saboda sun kasance masu goyon baya masu karfi ga gwamnatin Ottoman Algeria a cikin ƙauyuka, inda suke neman goyon baya mai karfi na gida wanda zai inganta tasirinsa da kasancewarsa, kuma daga wannan al'ummar karkara da aka yi niyya don rufe raunin yawan Ottomans waɗanda aka tsare su a cikin manyan biranen regency. Masanin tarihi [[Ahmed Tewfik El Madani]] (1899-1983) ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|The Ottomans were not colonizers since they were not land owners, The truth is that the Ottoman legitmacy was dependent on the one hand on the Algerian tribesmen, and on the other hand it was dependent on the Islamic unity represented by the Ottoman caliphate. And all power, under the direction of the Pasha and the Beys, was in the hands of the Algerian sheikhs, east and west, plain and mountain<ref>{{Cite book |last1=الزهار |first1=الحاج أحمد الشريف |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkaxQEACAAJ |title=مذكرات الحاج احمد الشريف الزهار نقيب اشراف الجزائر: 1168 - 1246 ه 1754 - 1830 م (Memoirs of Hajj Ahmed Al-Sharif Al-Zahar, captain of the supervision of Algeria: 1168 - 1246 A.H. 1754 - 1830 A.D.) |last2=المدني |first2=أحمد توفيق |date=1974 |publisher=الشركة الوؤنية للنشر و التوزيع |pages=8 |language=ar}}</ref>}} Ƙabilun ''Makhanen'' sun taka muhimmiyar rawa da yawa, ko dai dangane da goyon bayan soja ko tattalin arziki, don amfanin gwamnatin Ottoman a Aljeriya, ban da sanya tsarin jama'a da ikon ''beyliks'' ga jama'a. Har ila yau, ikon Ottoman ya tsara su kuma sun ji daɗin gata da yawa waɗanda suka tabbatar da amincinsu.<ref name=":17" /> == Samun ma'aikata == Kabilan ''Makhanen'' sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin gudanarwa a hidimar ikon Ottoman Algeria, yayin da suke ba da wakilai da ake tuhuma da karbar haraji, ƙidaya yawan jama'a da kuma gudanar da al'amuransa, matsayin jagora ko sheikh na iya ba da dama ga kabilun ''Makhanen''.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=محمد السعيد |first=عقيب |last2=عمر |first2=لمقدم |date=2018-12-30 |title=قبائل المخزن و دورها في علاقة السلطة العثمانية بالسكان (إيالة الجزائر) (The Makhzen Tribes and their Role in the Relationship of the Ottoman Authority with the Population (Eyalet of Algeria)) |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/98396 |journal=مجلة الباحث في العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية |language=ar |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=105–118 |issn=2710-8171}}</ref> Mafi sananne daga cikin sheikhs shine jagoran Kabyle [[Mohamed ben Zamoum]] . Saboda muhimmancin da rawar da kabilun ''Makhanen'' ke takawa wajen fadada ikon ikon tsakiya, kasancewarsu da daukar ma'aikata sun kasance a duk sassan mulkin, Georges Voisin ya yi nuni da kafawa da daukar ma-aikatar wadannan kabilun a kusa da manyan biranen Beyliks, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|The beys summon men who have the willingness and will to cooperate with the Ottoman authority, as these come accompanied with their tents, families and herds, and those who do not own them are provided with horses and weapons, and they also cut lands for plowing and exploitation with the privilege of not paying taxes, These summons are addressed by the beys to the strongest tribes from a military point of view in particular.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=VOISIN |first1=Georges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D5cAAAAcAAJ |title=L'Algérie pour les algériens |last2=Urbain |first2=Ismayl |date=1861 |publisher=Michel Lévy frères |language=fr}}</ref>}} kuma halin da kabilun Makhzen suka kasance har sai sun zama ɗaya daga cikin gabobin mulkin Ottoman a Aljeriya, musamman a matakai na ƙarshe, kuma ikon gudanarwa ya dogara da girman haɗin kai da kabilonin Makhzen.<ref name=":17" /> == Muhimmancin Soja == Muhimmancin soja na kabilun ''Makhanen'' ya bayyana a cikin gaskiyar cewa 'yan Aljeriya na Ottoman ba su da sojan doki na yau da kullun, don haka sun tattara ne kawai daga kabilun mahzen. Saidouni ya kuma nuna cewa Janissaries yawanci sun ƙidaya kasa da 4,000, yayin da kabilun ''Makhanen'' suka yi rajistar mutane 30,000 a cikin ƙauyuka da birane, wanda ya sauka zuwa 15,000 a lokutan zaman lafiya, ban da ajiyar da za a iya amfani da su a lokutan bukata kamar yaƙe-yaƙe da kamfen na horo don murkushe tawaye. Muhimmancin soja ya fito ne a yammacin beylik musamman, yawan amfani da kabilun ''Makhanen'' ya kasance ne saboda kasancewar haɗarin da ke gabatowa da ke wakiltar ainihin a cikin Oran na Mutanen Espanya da Daular Sherifian. A Mascara sun kafa babban rundunar sojojin da ke adawa da Mutanen Espanya a Oran da wasu daga cikin abokansu, kamar kabilar Banu Amer. Al-Zamul da Dway'ir an ƙidaya su daga cikin mafi kyawun mahzen knights, wanda yafi a yankin Orania.<ref name=":17" /> == Muhimmancin tattalin arziki == Game da batun tattalin arziki, Saidouni ya nuna cewa noma ya bunƙasa a zamanin [[Beylerbayat]] (1518-1588) da Pashas (1659-1588), wanda ke nufin wadatar tattalin arziki a yankunan karkara, wanda ya kasance manufa ga kula da gwamnatin Ottoman Algeria ta hanyar na'urar aiki a cikin ƙauyuka, kabilun ''Makhanen'', waɗanda su ma tushen haraji ne mai kyau ga iko, musamman daga zamanin pashas, kuma sarrafawa da samun kayan aikin gona da bukatun kuɗi, saboda haraji na Ottoman sun ɗora wa manyan ayyukan gona da kuma haraji a kan manyan yankunan Ottoman. Haraji da aka ɗora da zakka yawanci ba daidai ba ne kuma ba su da tushe na doka. Maimakon haka, jami'an yankin da kuma jaruman mahzen ne suka ƙaddara su.<ref name=":17" /> A cikin ilimin lissafi, ''Makhanen'' yana nufin "gidan ajiya" ko "haraji", kuma ta hanyar fadada duk kayan aikin jihar na Regency na Algiers. Da farko, ya shafi ainihin ga manyan asusun inda aka ajiye kudaden haraji, sannan ya kara da duk abin da ikon tsakiya zai iya samu da kudaden kansa (gidan sarauta, sojoji, da dai sauransu); sannan ga kabilun, waɗanda, daga yankin da aka ba su, suka ba da sabis ga ikon da ke wurin. Ya kasance a cikin rarraba al'umma zuwa kabilun da ake kira ''Makhanen''. Wadannan kabilun suna da gata: sun ba da sojoji ga Regency, kuma suna da alhakin kiyaye tsari da karɓar haraji. Ma'anar ''Ƙabilar Makhzen'' ta yi tsayayya da na ''Ƙabilun ray'', masu biyan haraji da kuma batun. Daga baya, Sarkin Abd el Kader ya cire bambancin tsakanin kabilun ''Makhanen'' da raya don haɗa yankinsa. Game da sunan gwamnati a Aljeriya, kalmar Turkiyya (''beylik'') ta maye gurbin tsohuwar kalmar Larabci (''Makhanen''). Wannan [bayani da ake buƙata] ya sanya mahayan beylik kawai.  == Aljeriya ta Faransa == A cikin mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya, daga karni na 19, makhzen ya zama yanayin mulkin siyasa mai ban sha'awa ga Faransanci waɗanda, a ci gaba da Regency, har ma sun sake gina tsohuwar makhzen na wani lokaci. Wannan "mahzen na mulkin mallaka" yana bawa ofisoshin Larabawa damar kafa harsashin matsayi na umurni, don samun ragowa a duk yankin. Baya ga manyan mutane da aka dauka daga kabilun (aghas, khalifas, caids, da dai sauransu), ya ba da damar kafa ƙungiyar jami'an 'yan asalin da suka hada da ƙananan kungiyoyi. Don haka, khodja suna da alhakin rubutu a cikin Larabci, chaouchs suna kula da 'yan sanda da leken asiri, khiela da spahis waɗanda suka zama sojan doki da aka biya kuma askars da goums sun samar da ajiyar sojoji waɗanda za a iya tattara su bisa buƙatar ikon tsakiya, tun daga lokacin mulkin Algiers. Kalmar makhzen tana ba da kalmar mokhazni wanda ke nuna ƙungiyar mataimakan sojojin mulkin mallaka. == Makhzen da siyasa ta zamani == A cikin gwamnatin Aljeriya mai zaman kanta, kamar yadda yake a wasu jihohin Larabawa, al'adun bureaucratic suna maye gurbin al'adun gado. Kasuwancin kayan aikin gudanarwa ta hanyar masu siyasa suna gasa da tsarin gargajiya na makhzen. Kasar Larabawa ta zamani ta sami kanta tsakanin nau'o'i biyu, na Jihar Makhzen wanda ba a wanzu da kuma na Jihar gudanarwa wanda ba a riga an cika shi ba. Dangantaka tsakanin kabilun da ikon siyasa na gaba yana ba mu damar fahimtar da kimanta rawar da tsarin kabilanci ke takawa a cikin yanayin jihohin Maghreb na zamani. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eto10wpam6zc6jvscbd375h3cxw4od4 966410 966405 2026-10-11T16:39:29Z Salma Raddah 45959 966410 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chef_kabyle.jpg|thumb|Hoton launi na karni na 19 na shugaban Kabyle]]{{Databox}} '''Makhanen''' (Arabic) yana nufin a Aljeriya ga koyarwar iko da kuma sanya yanayin gudanarwa na jihar da ke aiki musamman a lokacin Regency na Algiers . Ya dace da wani nau'i na gudanar da alaƙar tsakanin kabilar da tsakiya a cikin Maghreb wanda aka tsara a cikin tsakiya tun zamanin Fatimid kuma yana tasowa musamman a ƙarƙashin [[Masarautar Tlemcen|Zyyanides]]. Asalin "tsarin makhzen" ya ta'allaka ne a cikin raunanawar jihohin Hafsid, Marinid da Zayyanid zuwa ƙarshen [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] da ke da alaƙa da matsin lamba na Mutanen Espanya a [[Andalusia]] da bakin tekun Maghreb, ci gaban Ottoman, da gwagwarmayar ciki. Wadannan daular sun yi kira ga kabilun Hilalian Bedouin da su riƙe mafi ƙarancin iko kuma su ba da iko da wani ɓangare na yankinsu. Wannan shine tsarin ''Iqta'': kabilun suna karɓar haraji, wanda suke biyan wani bangare ga mai mulkin su, wanda su ma suna bin aikin soja. Wannan tsarin, wanda ya bunkasa a cikin wadannan sarakuna uku, ya riga ya kasance a ƙarƙashin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimids]], kuma Daular Zayyanid, Regency na Algiers, da kuma lokacin mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da shi. An rarraba kabilun ''Makhanen'' a cikin jama'ar karkara na Eyalet na Algiers, saboda sun kasance masu goyon baya masu karfi ga gwamnatin Ottoman Algeria a cikin ƙauyuka, inda suke neman goyon baya mai karfi na gida wanda zai inganta tasirinsa da kasancewarsa, kuma daga wannan al'ummar karkara da aka yi niyya don rufe raunin yawan Ottomans waɗanda aka tsare su a cikin manyan biranen regency. Masanin tarihi [[Ahmed Tewfik El Madani]] (1899-1983) ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|The Ottomans were not colonizers since they were not land owners, The truth is that the Ottoman legitmacy was dependent on the one hand on the Algerian tribesmen, and on the other hand it was dependent on the Islamic unity represented by the Ottoman caliphate. And all power, under the direction of the Pasha and the Beys, was in the hands of the Algerian sheikhs, east and west, plain and mountain<ref>{{Cite book |last1=الزهار |first1=الحاج أحمد الشريف |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkaxQEACAAJ |title=مذكرات الحاج احمد الشريف الزهار نقيب اشراف الجزائر: 1168 - 1246 ه 1754 - 1830 م (Memoirs of Hajj Ahmed Al-Sharif Al-Zahar, captain of the supervision of Algeria: 1168 - 1246 A.H. 1754 - 1830 A.D.) |last2=المدني |first2=أحمد توفيق |date=1974 |publisher=الشركة الوؤنية للنشر و التوزيع |pages=8 |language=ar}}</ref>}} Ƙabilun ''Makhanen'' sun taka muhimmiyar rawa da yawa, ko dai dangane da goyon bayan soja ko tattalin arziki, don amfanin gwamnatin Ottoman a Aljeriya, ban da sanya tsarin jama'a da ikon ''beyliks'' ga jama'a. Har ila yau, ikon Ottoman ya tsara su kuma sun ji daɗin gata da yawa waɗanda suka tabbatar da amincinsu.<ref name=":17" /> == Samun ma'aikata == Kabilan ''Makhanen'' sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin gudanarwa a hidimar ikon Ottoman Algeria, yayin da suke ba da wakilai da ake tuhuma da karbar haraji, ƙidaya yawan jama'a da kuma gudanar da al'amuransa, matsayin jagora ko sheikh na iya ba da dama ga kabilun ''Makhanen''.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=محمد السعيد |first=عقيب |last2=عمر |first2=لمقدم |date=2018-12-30 |title=قبائل المخزن و دورها في علاقة السلطة العثمانية بالسكان (إيالة الجزائر) (The Makhzen Tribes and their Role in the Relationship of the Ottoman Authority with the Population (Eyalet of Algeria)) |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/98396 |journal=مجلة الباحث في العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية |language=ar |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=105–118 |issn=2710-8171}}</ref> Mafi sananne daga cikin sheikhs shine jagoran Kabyle [[Mohamed ben Zamoum]] . Saboda muhimmancin da rawar da kabilun ''Makhanen'' ke takawa wajen fadada ikon ikon tsakiya, kasancewarsu da daukar ma'aikata sun kasance a duk sassan mulkin, Georges Voisin ya yi nuni da kafawa da daukar ma-aikatar wadannan kabilun a kusa da manyan biranen Beyliks, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|The beys summon men who have the willingness and will to cooperate with the Ottoman authority, as these come accompanied with their tents, families and herds, and those who do not own them are provided with horses and weapons, and they also cut lands for plowing and exploitation with the privilege of not paying taxes, These summons are addressed by the beys to the strongest tribes from a military point of view in particular.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=VOISIN |first1=Georges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D5cAAAAcAAJ |title=L'Algérie pour les algériens |last2=Urbain |first2=Ismayl |date=1861 |publisher=Michel Lévy frères |language=fr}}</ref>}} kuma halin da kabilun Makhzen suka kasance har sai sun zama ɗaya daga cikin gabobin mulkin Ottoman a Aljeriya, musamman a matakai na ƙarshe, kuma ikon gudanarwa ya dogara da girman haɗin kai da kabilonin Makhzen.<ref name=":17" /> == Muhimmancin Soja == Muhimmancin soja na kabilun ''Makhanen'' ya bayyana a cikin gaskiyar cewa 'yan Aljeriya na Ottoman ba su da sojan doki na yau da kullun, don haka sun tattara ne kawai daga kabilun mahzen. Saidouni ya kuma nuna cewa Janissaries yawanci sun ƙidaya kasa da 4,000, yayin da kabilun ''Makhanen'' suka yi rajistar mutane 30,000 a cikin ƙauyuka da birane, wanda ya sauka zuwa 15,000 a lokutan zaman lafiya, ban da ajiyar da za a iya amfani da su a lokutan bukata kamar yaƙe-yaƙe da kamfen na horo don murkushe tawaye. Muhimmancin soja ya fito ne a yammacin beylik musamman, yawan amfani da kabilun ''Makhanen'' ya kasance ne saboda kasancewar haɗarin da ke gabatowa da ke wakiltar ainihin a cikin Oran na Mutanen Espanya da Daular Sherifian. A Mascara sun kafa babban rundunar sojojin da ke adawa da Mutanen Espanya a Oran da wasu daga cikin abokansu, kamar kabilar Banu Amer. Al-Zamul da Dway'ir an ƙidaya su daga cikin mafi kyawun mahzen knights, wanda yafi a yankin Orania.<ref name=":17" /> == Muhimmancin tattalin arziki == Game da batun tattalin arziki, Saidouni ya nuna cewa noma ya bunƙasa a zamanin [[Beylerbayat]] (1518-1588) da Pashas (1659-1588), wanda ke nufin wadatar tattalin arziki a yankunan karkara, wanda ya kasance manufa ga kula da gwamnatin Ottoman Algeria ta hanyar na'urar aiki a cikin ƙauyuka, kabilun ''Makhanen'', waɗanda su ma tushen haraji ne mai kyau ga iko, musamman daga zamanin pashas, kuma sarrafawa da samun kayan aikin gona da bukatun kuɗi, saboda haraji na Ottoman sun ɗora wa manyan ayyukan gona da kuma haraji a kan manyan yankunan Ottoman. Haraji da aka ɗora da zakka yawanci ba daidai ba ne kuma ba su da tushe na doka. Maimakon haka, jami'an yankin da kuma jaruman mahzen ne suka ƙaddara su.<ref name=":17" /> A cikin ilimin lissafi, ''Makhanen'' yana nufin "gidan ajiya" ko "haraji", kuma ta hanyar fadada duk kayan aikin jihar na Regency na Algiers. Da farko, ya shafi ainihin ga manyan asusun inda aka ajiye kudaden haraji, sannan ya kara da duk abin da ikon tsakiya zai iya samu da kudaden kansa (gidan sarauta, sojoji, da dai sauransu); sannan ga kabilun, waɗanda, daga yankin da aka ba su, suka ba da sabis ga ikon da ke wurin. Ya kasance a cikin rarraba al'umma zuwa kabilun da ake kira ''Makhanen''. Wadannan kabilun suna da gata: sun ba da sojoji ga Regency, kuma suna da alhakin kiyaye tsari da karɓar haraji. Ma'anar ''Ƙabilar Makhzen'' ta yi tsayayya da na ''Ƙabilun ray'', masu biyan haraji da kuma batun. Daga baya, Sarkin Abd el Kader ya cire bambancin tsakanin kabilun ''Makhanen'' da raya don haɗa yankinsa. Game da sunan gwamnati a Aljeriya, kalmar Turkiyya (''beylik'') ta maye gurbin tsohuwar kalmar Larabci (''Makhanen''). Wannan [bayani da ake buƙata] ya sanya mahayan beylik kawai.  == Aljeriya ta Faransa == A cikin mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya, daga karni na 19, makhzen ya zama yanayin mulkin siyasa mai ban sha'awa ga Faransanci waɗanda, a ci gaba da Regency, har ma sun sake gina tsohuwar makhzen na wani lokaci. Wannan "mahzen na mulkin mallaka" yana bawa ofisoshin Larabawa damar kafa harsashin matsayi na umurni, don samun ragowa a duk yankin. Baya ga manyan mutane da aka dauka daga kabilun (aghas, khalifas, caids, da dai sauransu), ya ba da damar kafa ƙungiyar jami'an 'yan asalin da suka hada da ƙananan kungiyoyi. Don haka, khodja suna da alhakin rubutu a cikin Larabci, chaouchs suna kula da 'yan sanda da leken asiri, khiela da spahis waɗanda suka zama sojan doki da aka biya kuma askars da goums sun samar da ajiyar sojoji waɗanda za a iya tattara su bisa buƙatar ikon tsakiya, tun daga lokacin mulkin Algiers. Kalmar makhzen tana ba da kalmar mokhazni wanda ke nuna ƙungiyar mataimakan sojojin mulkin mallaka. == Makhzen da siyasa ta zamani == A cikin gwamnatin Aljeriya mai zaman kanta, kamar yadda yake a wasu jihohin Larabawa, al'adun bureaucratic suna maye gurbin al'adun gado. Kasuwancin kayan aikin gudanarwa ta hanyar masu siyasa suna gasa da tsarin gargajiya na makhzen. Kasar Larabawa ta zamani ta sami kanta tsakanin nau'o'i biyu, na Jihar Makhzen wanda ba a wanzu da kuma na Jihar gudanarwa wanda ba a riga an cika shi ba. Dangantaka tsakanin kabilun da ikon siyasa na gaba yana ba mu damar fahimtar da kimanta rawar da tsarin kabilanci ke takawa a cikin yanayin jihohin Maghreb na zamani. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dj6u0ti4zqrdhk5hmtyitcqvuumlneu Makuria 0 178941 966406 2026-10-11T16:38:37Z Faisaldabai 49842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378850709|Makuria]]" 966406 wikitext text/x-wiki Makuria (Nubian" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Old Nubian">Tsohon Nubian; Girkanci; , ; Larabci: , romanified: ) masarautar Nubian ce ta zamani a cikin arewacin Sudan da kudancin Masar. Babban birninta shi ne Dongola (Tsohon Nubian) a cikin Dongola Reach mai ni'ima, kusan rabin tsakanin 3rd da 4th Nile cataract. Da yake kasancewa bayan rushewar Masarautar Kush a karni na 4, da farko ya rufe [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] daga 3rd cataract zuwa wani wuri a kudancin Abu Hamed a [[Tsibirin Mograt]]. An kafa babban birnin Dongola a kusa da 500 kuma ba da daɗewa ba, a tsakiyar karni na 6, Makuria ta tuba zuwa Kiristanci. Wataƙila a farkon karni na 7 Makuria ta haɗa maƙwabcinta ta arewa Nobatia, yanzu tana da iyaka da Byzantine Egypt. A cikin shekara ta 652 sojojin [[Larabawa]] na [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Rashidun]] sun mamaye kuma sun kewaye Dongola, amma an kori su. Dukkanin bangarorin biyu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ''[[Baqt]]'' wanda zai tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Masar da Makuria har zuwa karni na 13. Lokacin daga karni na 9 zuwa 11 ya ga mafi girman ci gaban al'adun Makuria wanda ya haifar da gina gine-gine kamar Gidan sarauta na Dongola, babban cocin gicciye na Dongola. [[Harsunan Nubian|Nubian]] ya zama da mahimmanci a matsayin harshen rubutu, amma ana kuma rubuta Coptic, Girkanci da [[Larabci]]. Makuria ta ci gaba da dangantaka ta kusa da mulkin Nubian na [[Alodia]] zuwa kudu kuma ta fadada zuwa arewacin Kordofan, yayin da kuma kawar da iyakantaccen tasirin siyasa da al'adu a Upper Egypt har zuwa arewacin Akhmim. Ƙarin tashin hankali daga Mamluk Misira, rikice-rikice na ciki, hare-haren Bedouin kuma mai yiwuwa [[Cutar annoba|annoba]] da sauya hanyoyin kasuwanci sun haifar da faduwar jihar a karni na 13 da 14. A cikin 1310s da 1320s sarakunan musulmai ne suka mallake shi a takaice. Saboda yakin basasa a cikin shekara ta 1365, an rage masarautar zuwa wani yanki wanda ya rasa yawancin yankunan kudancinsa, gami da Dongola. Sarkin karshe da aka rubuta, mai yiwuwa yana zaune a Gebel Adda, ya rayu game da 1460. Makuria mai yiwuwa ya rushe ba da daɗewa ba, a ƙarshen karni na 15. A cikin shekarun 1560 Ottomans sun mamaye Lower Nubia, yayin da tsoffin yankunan Makurian a kudancin 3rd cataract, gami da Dongola, sun mamaye ta Musulunci [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj Sultanate]] a farkon karni na 16. Makuria sananne ne fiye da makwabcinta [[Alodia]] a kudu, amma har yanzu akwai gibin da yawa a cikin iliminmu. Mafi mahimmancin tushen tarihin yankin shine matafiya da masana tarihi na [[Larabawa]] da suka wuce ta Nubia a wannan lokacin. Wadannan asusun sau da yawa suna da matsala kamar yadda yawancin marubutan Larabawa suka nuna son kai ga maƙwabtansu Krista. Wadannan ayyukan galibi suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan rikice-rikicen soja tsakanin Masar da Nubia.{{Sfn|Shinnie|1965}}Ɗaya daga cikin banbanci shine Ibn Selim el-Aswani, jami'in diflomasiyyar Masar wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Dongola lokacin da Makuria ke da iko a karni na 10 kuma ya bar cikakken bayani.{{Sfn|Adams|1977}} Nubians al'umma ce mai karatu, kuma rubuce-rubuce masu kyau sun tsira daga lokacin. Wadannan takardun an rubuta su ne a cikin Tsohon Nubian a cikin nau'ikan haruffa na Helenanci da aka faɗaɗa tare da wasu alamomin Coptic da wasu alamomi na musamman ga Nubian. An rubuta su a cikin yaren da ke da alaƙa da yaren Nobiin na zamani, an riga an fassara waɗannan takardu. Koyaya, yawancin su ayyukan da ke hulɗa da addini ko bayanan shari'a waɗanda ba su da amfani ga masana tarihi. Mafi girman tarin da aka sani, wanda aka samo a [[Qasr Ibrim]], ya ƙunshi wasu bayanan gwamnati masu mahimmanci.{{Sfn|Bowersock|Brown|Grabar|2000}} aeecqnob5gkvwmypz1xgm5gqpmxm5ce 966416 966406 2026-10-11T16:39:56Z Faisaldabai 49842 966416 wikitext text/x-wiki Makuria (Nubian" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Old Nubian">Tsohon Nubian; Girkanci; , ; Larabci: , romanified: ) masarautar Nubian ce ta zamani a cikin arewacin Sudan da kudancin Masar. Babban birninta shi ne Dongola (Tsohon Nubian) a cikin Dongola Reach mai ni'ima, kusan rabin tsakanin 3rd da 4th Nile cataract. Da yake kasancewa bayan rushewar Masarautar Kush a karni na 4, da farko ya rufe [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] daga 3rd cataract zuwa wani wuri a kudancin Abu Hamed a [[Tsibirin Mograt]]. An kafa babban birnin Dongola a kusa da 500 kuma ba da daɗewa ba, a tsakiyar karni na 6, Makuria ta tuba zuwa Kiristanci. Wataƙila a farkon karni na 7 Makuria ta haɗa maƙwabcinta ta arewa Nobatia, yanzu tana da iyaka da Byzantine Egypt. A cikin shekara ta 652 sojojin [[Larabawa]] na [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Rashidun]] sun mamaye kuma sun kewaye Dongola, amma an kori su. Dukkanin bangarorin biyu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ''[[Baqt]]'' wanda zai tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Masar da Makuria har zuwa karni na 13. Lokacin daga karni na 9 zuwa 11 ya ga mafi girman ci gaban al'adun Makuria wanda ya haifar da gina gine-gine kamar Gidan sarauta na Dongola, babban cocin gicciye na Dongola. [[Harsunan Nubian|Nubian]] ya zama da mahimmanci a matsayin harshen rubutu, amma ana kuma rubuta Coptic, Girkanci da [[Larabci]]. Makuria ta ci gaba da dangantaka ta kusa da mulkin Nubian na [[Alodia]] zuwa kudu kuma ta fadada zuwa arewacin Kordofan, yayin da kuma kawar da iyakantaccen tasirin siyasa da al'adu a Upper Egypt har zuwa arewacin Akhmim. Ƙarin tashin hankali daga Mamluk Misira, rikice-rikice na ciki, hare-haren Bedouin kuma mai yiwuwa [[Cutar annoba|annoba]] da sauya hanyoyin kasuwanci sun haifar da faduwar jihar a karni na 13 da 14. A cikin 1310s da 1320s sarakunan musulmai ne suka mallake shi a takaice. Saboda yakin basasa a cikin shekara ta 1365, an rage masarautar zuwa wani yanki wanda ya rasa yawancin yankunan kudancinsa, gami da Dongola. Sarkin karshe da aka rubuta, mai yiwuwa yana zaune a Gebel Adda, ya rayu game da 1460. Makuria mai yiwuwa ya rushe ba da daɗewa ba, a ƙarshen karni na 15. A cikin shekarun 1560 Ottomans sun mamaye Lower Nubia, yayin da tsoffin yankunan Makurian a kudancin 3rd cataract, gami da Dongola, sun mamaye ta Musulunci [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj Sultanate]] a farkon karni na 16. Makuria sananne ne fiye da makwabcinta [[Alodia]] a kudu, amma har yanzu akwai gibin da yawa a cikin iliminmu. Mafi mahimmancin tushen tarihin yankin shine matafiya da masana tarihi na [[Larabawa]] da suka wuce ta Nubia a wannan lokacin. Wadannan asusun sau da yawa suna da matsala kamar yadda yawancin marubutan Larabawa suka nuna son kai ga maƙwabtansu Krista. Wadannan ayyukan galibi suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan rikice-rikicen soja tsakanin Masar da Nubia.{{Sfn|Shinnie|1965}}Ɗaya daga cikin banbanci shine Ibn Selim el-Aswani, jami'in diflomasiyyar Masar wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Dongola lokacin da Makuria ke da iko a karni na 10 kuma ya bar cikakken bayani.{{Sfn|Adams|1977}} Nubians al'umma ce mai karatu, kuma rubuce-rubuce masu kyau sun tsira daga lokacin. Wadannan takardun an rubuta su ne a cikin Tsohon Nubian a cikin nau'ikan haruffa na Helenanci da aka faɗaɗa tare da wasu alamomin Coptic da wasu alamomi na musamman ga Nubian. An rubuta su a cikin yaren da ke da alaƙa da yaren Nobiin na zamani, an riga an fassara waɗannan takardu. Koyaya, yawancin su ayyukan da ke hulɗa da addini ko bayanan shari'a waɗanda ba su da amfani ga masana tarihi. Mafi girman tarin da aka sani, wanda aka samo a [[Qasr Ibrim]], ya ƙunshi wasu bayanan gwamnati masu mahimmanci.{{Sfn|Bowersock|Brown|Grabar|2000}} ==Manazarta== gdswnwsj36d0gqvhkw205r05n2gphdh Tattalin arzikin Afirka 0 178942 966407 2026-10-11T16:38:44Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370339109|Economy of Africa]]" 966407 wikitext text/x-wiki Nahiyar [[Afirka]] tana da [[Developing country|tattalin arziki mai tasowa]] daban-daban a fadin nahiyar ta biyu mafi girma a duniya. Ita ce Tattalin arzikin nahiyar na 5 mafi girma a duniya tare da tattalin arzikin kasa 54 da kuma babban tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. Tare da yawan jama'a na biliyan 1.47, tattalin arzikin Afirka yana samar da dala tiriliyan 2.83 a cikin babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP) da kuma sama da dala tiriliya 10 a cikin daidaitattun ikon sayen (PPP) GDP. Gida ce ga yawancin Tattalin arzikin duniya da ke bunkasa da sauri saboda kasuwannin da ke tasowa masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP, current prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/AFQ/DZA/ZAF/MAR/NGA/EGY?year=2018 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=Rise of the African opportunity |url=http://www.slideshare.net/KimberleeLuce/rise-of-the-african-opportunity |website=Boston Analytics}}</ref> An haɗa su da tattalin arziki a cikin ƙungiyarsu ta ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Afirka (AU).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. |url=https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview |website=[[African Union]]}}</ref><ref name="worldbank.org">{{Cite web |title=Africa &#124; World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/region/afr |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> Ita ce nahiyar da ba ta da wadata sosai ga kowane mutum kuma ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta da wadataccen arziki, gaba da [[Osheniya|Oceania]]. Masana sun danganta wannan ga dalilai daban-daban ciki har da [[Yanayin na Afirka|yanayi]] ƙasa, yanayi, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma [[Kasa Afrika|mulkin mallaka]] da Neocolonialism.<ref name="Africa Slow">{{Cite journal |last=Collier |first=Paul |last2=Gunning |first2=Jan Willem |date=1 August 1999 |title=Why Has Africa Grown Slowly? |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1257/jep.13.3.3 |issn=0895-3309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayeh |first=Endalcachew |date=February 2015 |title=The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states |journal=International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78 |s2cid=198939744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙarancin wadata, fadada tattalin arziki da yawan matasa sun sa Afirka ta zama babbar kasuwar masu amfani. Afirka tana da albarkatun kasa da yawa. Babban bangarorin tattalin arzikin Afirka sun kasance [[Agricultural|noma]], Kasuwanci, da masana'antu. Yankunan da suka fi bunkasa sune [[Arewacin Afirka]], [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da [[Kudancin Afirka]]. == Tarihi == === Tarihin Farko === [[File:Market_scene_from_the_Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt.jpg|right|thumb|Yanayin kasuwar [[Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar|Tsohon Masarautar]]: Ana ganin biyu daga cikin abokan ciniki suna ɗauke da ƙananan akwatuna a kafaɗunsu, ana zargin sun ƙunshi ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su azaman biyan kuɗi.]] Tattalin arzikin Afirka na farko ya dogara ne akan [[Agricultural|noma]], kiwo, ko Kasuwanci, tare da karancin abubuwan samarwa (ƙasa, aiki, da babban birnin) wanda ke ƙayyade ƙungiyar su.: 42 Masana'antu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da Masana'antar masana'antu da ƙarfe, kodayake ana zaton cinikin ƙasashen waje sun hana samar da cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=John |date=1990 |title=Precolonial African Industry and the Atlantic Trade, 1500-1800 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601886 |journal=African Economic History |issue=19 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.2307/3601886 |issn=0145-2258 |jstor=3601886 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shekaru da yawa, tattalin arzikin Afirka ya bambanta, wanda ke motsawa ta hanyoyi masu yawa na kasuwanci waɗanda suka bunkasa tsakanin birane da mulkoki. Wasu hanyoyin kasuwanci sun kasance a kan ƙasa, wasu sun haɗa da kewaya koguna, har yanzu wasu sun haɓaka a kusa da biranen tashar jiragen ruwa. Manyan daular Afirka sun zama masu arziki saboda hanyoyin cinikayya, misali Tsohon Misira, Nubia, [[Mali]], [[Daular Ashanti|Ashanti]], [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] da Tsohon Carthage. Wasu sassan Afirka suna da alaƙar kasuwanci ta kusa da masarautun Larabawa, kuma a lokacin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], 'yan Afirka sun fara juyawa zuwa Islama da yawa. Wannan ci gaban, tare da damar tattalin arziki wajen gano hanyar kasuwanci zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], ya kawo Portuguese zuwa Afirka ta kudu da Sahara a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka. Sha'awar mulkin mallaka ta haifar da sabbin masana'antu don ciyar da sha'awar Turai don kayayyaki kamar man dabino, roba, auduga, karafa masu daraja, kayan yaji, amfanin gona na kuɗi da sauran kayayyaki, kuma sun haɗa musamman yankunan bakin teku tare da tattalin arzikin Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Trade, Colonialism, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 1770–1900 – African Economic History Network |url=https://www.aehnetwork.org/european-trade-colonialism-and-human-capital-accumulation-in-senegal-gambia-and-western-mali-1770-1900/ |access-date=2017-08-17 |website=www.aehnetwork.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani muhimmin abu game da ci gaban tattalin arziki shine samun karfin mutum ta hanyar ƙwararrun mutane. Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 20, ana iya lura da cewa a yankunan da ke da tashin hankali a cikin ƙwararrun mutane (sabili da haka damar da za su mutu tun suna ƙanana), ƙwararrun sun saka hannun jari kaɗan. Sabili da haka, lissafin su (a matsayin ma'auni na babban birnin ɗan adam) ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da ƙasashe marasa aminci kuma akasin haka. A cewar Masana tarihi na tattalin arziki Joerg Baten da Kleoniki Alexopoulou, wannan na iya bayyana bambancin ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin yankunan Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baten |first=Jörg |author-link=Jörg Baten |last2=Alexopoulou |first2=Kleoniki |author-link2=Kleoniki Alexopoulou |title=Elite violence and elite numeracy in Africa from 1400 CE to 1950 CE. |journal=}}</ref> === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === [[Taron Berlin]] na 1884–85 ya tsara mulkin mallaka da cinikayyar Turai a Afirka a lokacin [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]], kuma ya yi daidai da fitowar Jamus ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka. Taron ya kawo wani lokaci na ayyukan mulkin mallaka da ƙasashen Turai suka yi, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma aka kawar da yawancin nau'ikan [[Samun cin gashin kai|'yancin kai]] da [[Gudanar da kai|mulkin kai]] na Afirka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} A ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, an gabatar da tsarin noma a ko'ina domin noman amfanin gona mai yawa, da kuma ɗaukar ma'aikata 'yan Afirka masu araha (wanda galibi ake tilasta musu) don fitar da su ƙasashen Turai. Wannan ya nuna sauyin gwamnati zuwa ga samar da masana'antu na jari-hujja zuwa Afirka, wanda ya yi mummunan raguwar mayar da hankali da kuma durkushe kasuwannin gargajiya na Afirka kamar gishiri, yadi, aikin ƙarfe, da tukwane. Sabanin noma don wadatar al'umma ko kasuwannin gida, yawan amfanin gona da ake nomawa don fitar da su waje ya zama babban aikin noma da kuma mayar da hankali kan tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya maye gurbin jujjuyawar amfanin gona iri-iri na yanayi da kuma kula da su da shuke-shuke da gonaki iri ɗaya, wanda hakan ya ƙara lalata da kuma rage abubuwan gina jiki daga manyan filaye na ƙasa mai albarka. Wannan ya haɗa da amfanin gona kamar indigo, sukari, kofi, shayi, taba, man dabino, da roba. Hakar ma'adinai na duwatsu masu daraja da karafa masu daraja kamar zinare an ƙirƙiro su ta wannan hanyar ta hannun attajirai 'yan kasuwa na Turai kamar [[Cecil Rhodes]] . Aiwatarwa da tasirin waɗannan manufofin mulkin mallaka na iya zama abin takaici, yayin da kwace filaye, tashin hankali na zahiri, da kuma takunkumin tattalin arziki suka tilasta wa 'yan Afirka shiga aikin yi don manufar fitar da kayayyaki da kuma samar da tattalin arziki. Misali mai tsanani na cin zarafin 'yan Afirka a wannan lokacin shine Jamhuriyar Kwango mai 'Yanci, wadda ake gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na "ƙa'idar kamfani". 'Yan ƙasar Belgium, a ƙarƙashin [[Leopold na biyu na Belgium|Leopold na biyu na ƙasar Belgium]], sun ba 'yan kasuwa damar yin amfani da tilasta musu yin aiki yadda ya kamata. Mummunan yanayi, yunwa da cututtuka sun ƙare da mutuwar kimanin 'yan Kongo miliyan 10 tsakanin 1885 da 1908.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 0tcueytirlld68oictzpq9g7n0qkz0c 966418 966407 2026-10-11T16:39:57Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 966418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nahiyar [[Afirka]] tana da [[Developing country|tattalin arziki mai tasowa]] daban-daban a fadin nahiyar ta biyu mafi girma a duniya. Ita ce Tattalin arzikin nahiyar na 5 mafi girma a duniya tare da tattalin arzikin kasa 54 da kuma babban tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. Tare da yawan jama'a na biliyan 1.47, tattalin arzikin Afirka yana samar da dala tiriliyan 2.83 a cikin babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP) da kuma sama da dala tiriliya 10 a cikin daidaitattun ikon sayen (PPP) GDP. Gida ce ga yawancin Tattalin arzikin duniya da ke bunkasa da sauri saboda kasuwannin da ke tasowa masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP, current prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/AFQ/DZA/ZAF/MAR/NGA/EGY?year=2018 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=Rise of the African opportunity |url=http://www.slideshare.net/KimberleeLuce/rise-of-the-african-opportunity |website=Boston Analytics}}</ref> An haɗa su da tattalin arziki a cikin ƙungiyarsu ta ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Afirka (AU).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. |url=https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview |website=[[African Union]]}}</ref><ref name="worldbank.org">{{Cite web |title=Africa &#124; World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/region/afr |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> Ita ce nahiyar da ba ta da wadata sosai ga kowane mutum kuma ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta da wadataccen arziki, gaba da [[Osheniya|Oceania]]. Masana sun danganta wannan ga dalilai daban-daban ciki har da [[Yanayin na Afirka|yanayi]] ƙasa, yanayi, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma [[Kasa Afrika|mulkin mallaka]] da Neocolonialism.<ref name="Africa Slow">{{Cite journal |last=Collier |first=Paul |last2=Gunning |first2=Jan Willem |date=1 August 1999 |title=Why Has Africa Grown Slowly? |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1257/jep.13.3.3 |issn=0895-3309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayeh |first=Endalcachew |date=February 2015 |title=The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states |journal=International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78 |s2cid=198939744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin wannan ƙarancin wadata, fadada tattalin arziki da yawan matasa sun sa Afirka ta zama babbar kasuwar masu amfani. Afirka tana da albarkatun kasa da yawa. Babban bangarorin tattalin arzikin Afirka sun kasance [[Agricultural|noma]], Kasuwanci, da masana'antu. Yankunan da suka fi bunkasa sune [[Arewacin Afirka]], [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da [[Kudancin Afirka]]. {{Databox}€ == Tarihi == === Tarihin Farko === [[File:Market_scene_from_the_Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt.jpg|right|thumb|Yanayin kasuwar [[Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar|Tsohon Masarautar]]: Ana ganin biyu daga cikin abokan ciniki suna ɗauke da ƙananan akwatuna a kafaɗunsu, ana zargin sun ƙunshi ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su azaman biyan kuɗi.]] Tattalin arzikin Afirka na farko ya dogara ne akan [[Agricultural|noma]], kiwo, ko Kasuwanci, tare da karancin abubuwan samarwa (ƙasa, aiki, da babban birnin) wanda ke ƙayyade ƙungiyar su.: 42 Masana'antu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da Masana'antar masana'antu da ƙarfe, kodayake ana zaton cinikin ƙasashen waje sun hana samar da cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=John |date=1990 |title=Precolonial African Industry and the Atlantic Trade, 1500-1800 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601886 |journal=African Economic History |issue=19 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.2307/3601886 |issn=0145-2258 |jstor=3601886 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shekaru da yawa, tattalin arzikin Afirka ya bambanta, wanda ke motsawa ta hanyoyi masu yawa na kasuwanci waɗanda suka bunkasa tsakanin birane da mulkoki. Wasu hanyoyin kasuwanci sun kasance a kan ƙasa, wasu sun haɗa da kewaya koguna, har yanzu wasu sun haɓaka a kusa da biranen tashar jiragen ruwa. Manyan daular Afirka sun zama masu arziki saboda hanyoyin cinikayya, misali Tsohon Misira, Nubia, [[Mali]], [[Daular Ashanti|Ashanti]], [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] da Tsohon Carthage. Wasu sassan Afirka suna da alaƙar kasuwanci ta kusa da masarautun Larabawa, kuma a lokacin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], 'yan Afirka sun fara juyawa zuwa Islama da yawa. Wannan ci gaban, tare da damar tattalin arziki wajen gano hanyar kasuwanci zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], ya kawo Portuguese zuwa Afirka ta kudu da Sahara a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka. Sha'awar mulkin mallaka ta haifar da sabbin masana'antu don ciyar da sha'awar Turai don kayayyaki kamar man dabino, roba, auduga, karafa masu daraja, kayan yaji, amfanin gona na kuɗi da sauran kayayyaki, kuma sun haɗa musamman yankunan bakin teku tare da tattalin arzikin Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Trade, Colonialism, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 1770–1900 – African Economic History Network |url=https://www.aehnetwork.org/european-trade-colonialism-and-human-capital-accumulation-in-senegal-gambia-and-western-mali-1770-1900/ |access-date=2017-08-17 |website=www.aehnetwork.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani muhimmin abu game da ci gaban tattalin arziki shine samun karfin mutum ta hanyar ƙwararrun mutane. Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 20, ana iya lura da cewa a yankunan da ke da tashin hankali a cikin ƙwararrun mutane (sabili da haka damar da za su mutu tun suna ƙanana), ƙwararrun sun saka hannun jari kaɗan. Sabili da haka, lissafin su (a matsayin ma'auni na babban birnin ɗan adam) ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da ƙasashe marasa aminci kuma akasin haka. A cewar Masana tarihi na tattalin arziki Joerg Baten da Kleoniki Alexopoulou, wannan na iya bayyana bambancin ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin yankunan Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baten |first=Jörg |author-link=Jörg Baten |last2=Alexopoulou |first2=Kleoniki |author-link2=Kleoniki Alexopoulou |title=Elite violence and elite numeracy in Africa from 1400 CE to 1950 CE. |journal=}}</ref> === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === [[Taron Berlin]] na 1884–85 ya tsara mulkin mallaka da cinikayyar Turai a Afirka a lokacin [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]], kuma ya yi daidai da fitowar Jamus ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka. Taron ya kawo wani lokaci na ayyukan mulkin mallaka da ƙasashen Turai suka yi, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma aka kawar da yawancin nau'ikan [[Samun cin gashin kai|'yancin kai]] da [[Gudanar da kai|mulkin kai]] na Afirka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} A ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, an gabatar da tsarin noma a ko'ina domin noman amfanin gona mai yawa, da kuma ɗaukar ma'aikata 'yan Afirka masu araha (wanda galibi ake tilasta musu) don fitar da su ƙasashen Turai. Wannan ya nuna sauyin gwamnati zuwa ga samar da masana'antu na jari-hujja zuwa Afirka, wanda ya yi mummunan raguwar mayar da hankali da kuma durkushe kasuwannin gargajiya na Afirka kamar gishiri, yadi, aikin ƙarfe, da tukwane. Sabanin noma don wadatar al'umma ko kasuwannin gida, yawan amfanin gona da ake nomawa don fitar da su waje ya zama babban aikin noma da kuma mayar da hankali kan tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya maye gurbin jujjuyawar amfanin gona iri-iri na yanayi da kuma kula da su da shuke-shuke da gonaki iri ɗaya, wanda hakan ya ƙara lalata da kuma rage abubuwan gina jiki daga manyan filaye na ƙasa mai albarka. Wannan ya haɗa da amfanin gona kamar indigo, sukari, kofi, shayi, taba, man dabino, da roba. Hakar ma'adinai na duwatsu masu daraja da karafa masu daraja kamar zinare an ƙirƙiro su ta wannan hanyar ta hannun attajirai 'yan kasuwa na Turai kamar [[Cecil Rhodes]] . Aiwatarwa da tasirin waɗannan manufofin mulkin mallaka na iya zama abin takaici, yayin da kwace filaye, tashin hankali na zahiri, da kuma takunkumin tattalin arziki suka tilasta wa 'yan Afirka shiga aikin yi don manufar fitar da kayayyaki da kuma samar da tattalin arziki. Misali mai tsanani na cin zarafin 'yan Afirka a wannan lokacin shine Jamhuriyar Kwango mai 'Yanci, wadda ake gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na "ƙa'idar kamfani". 'Yan ƙasar Belgium, a ƙarƙashin [[Leopold na biyu na Belgium|Leopold na biyu na ƙasar Belgium]], sun ba 'yan kasuwa damar yin amfani da tilasta musu yin aiki yadda ya kamata. Mummunan yanayi, yunwa da cututtuka sun ƙare da mutuwar kimanin 'yan Kongo miliyan 10 tsakanin 1885 da 1908.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] ==manazarta== 0axiwebkmhdv9m4om4vj7n44f7pkfk8 Rikicin iyakar Djibouti da Eritrea 0 178943 966411 2026-10-11T16:39:35Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375297213|Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict]]" 966411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Djibouti da Eritrea''' rikici ne na kan iyaka tsakanin sojojin [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Eritrea]] wanda ya faru tsakanin 10 ga Yuni zuwa 13 ga Yuni, 2008. An fara rikicin ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2008, lokacin da Djibouti ta ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Eritrea sun shiga Djibouti suka kuma haƙa ramuka a ɓangarorin biyu na kan iyaka. Rikicin ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka yi artabu tsakanin rundunonin soji biyu a yankin kan iyaka a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2008. A lokacin rikicin, Faransa ta ba da tallafin dabaru, na likitanci da na leƙen asiri ga Djibouti, amma ba ta shiga yaƙi kai tsaye ba. <ref name="BBC-2008-06-13">{{Cite web |date=June 13, 2008 |title=Africa &#124; France backing Djibouti in 'war' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7453063.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029180608/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7453063.stm |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Bayani == [[File:Ras_Doumeira.png|left|thumb| Taswirar yankin Ras Doumeira da ake takaddama a kai]] Yarjejeniyar iyaka ta 1900 da ke aiki a yanzu ta ƙayyade cewa iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa sun fara ne daga ''Cape Doumeira'' ( Ras Doumeira ) a [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]] kuma suna aiki ne na 1.5.&nbsp;kilomita a gefen ruwa na yankin. Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar 1900 ta ƙayyade cewa ''Île Doumeira'' ( Tsibirin Doumeira ) nan take a bakin teku da ƙananan tsibiran da ke kusa da ita ba za a ba su ikon mallakarsu ba kuma za su ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da sojoji ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Boundary Studies for most of the world |url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/numericalibs-template.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924211639/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/numericalibs-template.html |archive-date=September 24, 2008 |access-date=November 15, 2008}}</ref> Jibuti da Eritrea sun sha yin arangama sau biyu a baya kan yankin kan iyaka. A watan Janairun 1935, Italiya da Faransa suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Faransa da Italiya inda aka bai wa Italiya (Eritrea) sassan yankin Somaliland na Faransa (Djibouti). Duk da haka, ba a taɓa raba iyakar da ke Ras Doumeira (tudu) gaba ɗaya ba, sai dai don cimma yarjejeniya mai faɗi cewa gangaren arewacin tudu 'yan Italiya ne, kuma gangaren kudu 'yan Faransa ne, kuma wannan tsari ya isa yayin da Faransa da Italiya suka ci gaba da iko da yankin. Duk da haka, batun amincewa da yarjejeniyar ya kawo shakku kan wannan yarjejeniya, da kuma samar da wasu muhimman sassan Djibouti ga Eritrea. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2008 |title=Djibouti-Eritrea boundary row re-emerges |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=6456 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531153410/http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=6456 |archive-date=May 31, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 1996, gwamnatin Djibouti ta zargi sojojin Eritrea da yin wani shiri na musamman mai taken 7.&nbsp;Kutsawar kilomita a cikin kasarta bayan wani artabu da aka yi a kan iyakar Djibouti da Ras Doumeira. Cikin kwana biyu, waɗannan ikirari sun yi ta ƙara zama zargin cewa gwamnatin Eritrea tana da ikon mallakar wani yanki na gabar tekun arewacin Djibouti. Daga nan sai harkokin wajen ƙasar, Mohamed Moussa Chehem, ya yi wannan zargin ga takwaransa na Eritrea, [[Petros Solomon]], wanda ke cikin rudani, wanda ke ziyarar aiki a Djibouti washegari. Daga baya Mista Solomon ya gana da shugaban ƙasar Djibouti, wanda shi ma ya tabo batun kai harin. A cikin jerin rahotanni masu karo da juna, hukumomin Djibouti sun ce sun tura sojoji 600 zuwa yankin. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, Mista Solomon ya bayyana a fili a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar cewa "ba a taɓa samun rikici ko wani lamari a Doumeira ba", ya ƙara da cewa gwamnatin Eritrea ta "yi mamaki kuma ta yi baƙin ciki" da zarge-zargen. == Yunkurin Eritrea a yankin Ras Doumeira == A watan Janairu, an ruwaito cewa Eritrea ta nemi ta ketare iyaka domin samun yashi don yin hanya, amma maimakon haka ta mamaye wani tudu a yankin. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, Djibouti ta ba da rahoton cewa Eritrea ta kafa shinge tare da haƙa ramuka a ɓangarorin biyu na kan iyakar Djibouti kusa da Ras Doumeira. A cikin wata wasika da ta aike wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Djibouti ta yi ikirarin cewa sabbin taswirori da Eritrea ta fitar sun nuna Ras Doumeira a matsayin yankin Eritrea. Eritrea ta musanta cewa tana da wata matsala da Djibouti. Firayim Ministan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] [[Meles Zenawi]] ya fada a ranar 15 ga Mayu cewa takaddamar "barazana ce ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na dukkan yankin Afirka" kuma ya ce Habasha za ta tabbatar da tsaron hanyar kasuwancinta ta hanyar Djibouti idan rikici ya barke. Habasha ta dogara ne da Djibouti don samun damar shiga Tekun Ja tun lokacin da Eritrea [[Yakin 'yancin kai na Eritriya|ta sami 'yancin kai]] . Shugaban Eritrea [[Isaias Afwerki]] ya musanta aika sojoji zuwa yankin kuma ya kara da cewa ba su da wata matsala da Djibouti. == Hare-hare da makamai == [[File:Djiboutian_troops_and_Light_armoured_cars_near_the_border.jpg|left|thumb| Sojan Djibouti a saman wata motar sulke ta Humvee kusa da kan iyaka]] A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2008, a cewar Djibouti, wasu sojojin Eritrea sun yi watsi da sansaninsu, inda suka gudu zuwa bangaren Djibouti. Daga nan sai sojojin Djibouti suka fuskanci hari daga sojojin Eritrea suna neman a dawo da 'yan gudun hijirar. Djibouti ta kira sojoji da 'yan sanda waɗanda suka yi ritaya tun daga shekarar 2004 domin mayar da martani ga faɗan. Eritrea ta yi watsi da rahotannin da aka samu daga Djibouti a matsayin "masu adawa da Eritrea". Wata sanarwa daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Eritrea ta ce ba za ta "shiga cikin gayyatar jayayya da ayyukan ƙiyayya ba" kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa Djibouti na ƙoƙarin jawo Eritrea cikin "ƙiyayya mai cike da rikici". A wata hira da BBC a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2008, Shugaba Guelleh "Faransa za ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar soja bisa ga wannan yarjejeniyar [tsare]. Duk da haka, mun fi son kare ƙasarmu da kanmu kuma mu sami tallafi a fannoni na dabaru, likitanci, da na soja kamar yadda suka riga suka yi." An ruwaito cewa an ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin dakarun biyu na tsawon kwanaki da dama kafin rundunar sojin Djibouti ta sanar a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni cewa fadan ya lafa, amma a wannan rana, BBC ta ambato Shugaba Guelleh yana cewa kasarsa tana yaki da Eritrea. <ref name="BBC-2008-06-13" /> An kashe sojojin Djibouti 44 tare da jikkata 55 a lokacin fadan. A cewar kiyasin da aka yi a Djibouti, an kashe sojojin Eritrea 100, an kama 100, sannan 21 suka sauya sheka. Shugaban ƙasar Djibouti Guelleh ya bayyana cewa: "Mun daɗe muna da kyakkyawar alaƙa. Amma sun mamaye wani ɓangare na ƙasarmu da ƙarfi. Wannan zalunci ne da muke adawa da shi". Zuwa shekarar 2008, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaron Amurka ta kiyasta cewa sojojin sun kai 18,000 (inda aka kiyasta cewa sojojin Eritrea sun kai 200,000).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} == Martanin ƙasa da ƙasa == * {{Flagicon|Arab League}}[[Arab League|Ƙungiyar Larabawa]] : Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasashen Larabawa ta gudanar da wani zaman gaggawa don mayar da martani ga fadan, sannan ta yi kira ga Eritrea da ta janye daga yankin kan iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2008 |title=UN urges restraint in Eritrea-Djibouti clashes |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/djibouti/?id=26433 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528072446/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/djibouti/?id=26433 |archive-date=May 28, 2009 |access-date=October 28, 2009 |website=Middle East Online}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|France}}[[Faransa]] : A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2023, Ministan Tsaron Faransa, Hervé Morin, ya je Djibouti, yana alƙawarin ƙarfafa kasancewar sojojin Faransa a ƙasar idan akwai "ƙaruwar rikici a rikicin kan iyaka na yanzu." Har ila yau, domin sake jaddada "babban damuwar Faransa" game da abubuwan da suka faru a kan iyakokin da suka faru kwanan nan, Morin, a cewar majiyoyin diflomasiyya, ya "tabbatar wa takwaransa cikakken goyon bayan gwamnatinsa", a lokaci guda yana kira da a warware matsalar ta hanyar diflomasiyya. Kasashen biyu suna da yarjejeniyar kare juna. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa ta ce ta damu sosai game da wannan fada. Ma'aikatar tsaron Faransa ta sanar da cewa za ta ƙara yawan sojojinta a Djibouti tare da ƙara yawan goyon bayan da take bai wa sojojin Djibouti bayan rikicin kan iyaka. Sanarwar ta kuma ce Faransa na "shirya don tura sansanin jigilar kayayyaki na gaba da kuma rundunar ƙasa kusa da yankin da rikicin ya faru".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2018}}, tare da ƙara da cewa "sojojinsu sun ƙara himma wajen sa ido kan iyakokin ƙasar domin sa ido kan ayyukan sojojin Eritrea." Rahotanni sun kuma nuna cewa ana tura ƙarin sojojin ruwa zuwa yankin da kuma ƙarin ƙungiyar likitocin sojoji. A ƙarshe, Faransa ta tallafa wa Rundunar Sojojin Djibouti (FAD) da albarkatu daban-daban. Faransa ta ba da tallafin kayan aiki: jigilar sojoji da kayan aiki. Faransa ta kuma samar da sufuri da kulawa ga sojojin Djibouti da dama da suka ji rauni. An kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin leƙen asiri na sojojin Faransa don amfanin sojojin Djibouti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-13 |title=L'armée française a aidé Djibouti |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2008/06/13/l-armee-francaise-a-aide-djibouti |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|United Nations}}[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] : A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2009, an amince da kudurin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 1907, ta sanya takunkumin makamai ga Eritrea, haramta tafiye-tafiye ga shugabanninta, sannan ta daskarar da kadarorin wasu jami'an siyasa da na soji na kasar. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira ga ɓangarorin biyu da su yi taka tsantsan sosai sannan su sake kafa tattaunawa. <ref name="UN_SPV5908_2008">{{UN document|title=Peace and security in Africa}}</ref> Faransa ce ta kaɗa ƙuri'a musamman kan kudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Kasar Sin ce kawai babbar kasa da ta yi afuwa. * {{Flagicon|United States}}[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] : Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar da wata sanarwa ta manema labarai tana Allah wadai da "tashin hankalin soja" na Eritrea, tana mai cewa hakan yana wakiltar "ƙarin barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin Afirka mai cike da rikici" tare da yin kira ga Eritrea da ta amince da shiga tsakani na ɓangare na uku kan rikicin kan iyaka. Eritrea ta mayar da martani ga sanarwar da ke zargin Amurka da tayar da rikici a yankin. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Djibouti ya shawarci 'yan ƙasa da kada su yi tafiya zuwa arewacin Djibouti inda Ras Doumeira yake saboda dalilan tsaro. * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] : Kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ya yi kira ga Eritrea da Djibouti da su yi iya ƙoƙarinsu wajen magance rikicin ta hanyar tattaunawa, ciki har da yin aiki tare da tawagar AU da aka tura yankin. Duk da haka, Eritrea, ba kamar Djibouti ba, ba ta amince da aikin ba tukuna. Bereket Simon, mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Firayim Minista Meles Zenawi na Habasha ya shaida wa Reuters cewa, "Ethiopia ta yi imani da cewa ya kamata a dakatar da irin wannan matakin da ba shi da tushe nan take kuma dole ne a nemi mafita ta lumana da diflomasiyya don magance matsalar." == Bayan haka == A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2008, Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi taro a hedikwatarta da ke New York don jin ta bakinta game da lamarin, da kuma kalaman Firayim Ministan Djibouti Mohamed Dileita da jakadan [[Eritrea]] . <ref name="UN_SPV5924_2008">{{UN document|date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> An aika wata tawagar bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zuwa yankin kuma ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke cewa takaddamar da ke tsakanin Djibouti da Eritrea na iya "yin mummunan tasiri ga yankin baki daya da kuma al'ummar duniya baki daya", inda aka lura cewa Djibouti ta fice daga yankin da ake takaddama a kai wanda Eritrea ba ta yi ba. Gwamnatin Eritrea ba ta ba da izinin tawagar binciken gaskiya zuwa Eritrea ba. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da kuduri mai lamba 1862 a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2009, inda ya bukaci a tattauna tsakanin kasashen biyu domin warware matsalar cikin lumana. Majalisar ta yi maraba da janyewar da Djibouti ta yi zuwa mukamai kafin ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2008, kuma ta bukaci Eritrea ta yi irin wannan janyewar cikin makonni biyar da kudirin. A farkon watan Yunin 2010, Djibouti da Eritrea sun amince su mika batun ga [[Qatar]] don shiga tsakani, matakin da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta yaba. A watan Maris na 2016, fursunonin yaƙi guda 4 na ƙasar Djibouti da aka kama a lokacin yaƙin kan iyaka an saki su daga Eritrea shekaru takwas bayan rikicin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gebre |first=Samuel |date=March 21, 2016 |title=African Union Welcomes Eritrea's Release of Djiboutian Prisoners |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-21/african-union-welcomes-eritrea-s-release-of-djiboutian-prisoners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211153146/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-21/african-union-welcomes-eritrea-s-release-of-djiboutian-prisoners |archive-date=December 11, 2016 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> Bayan rikicin diflomasiyya na Qatar a shekarar 2017, Qatar ta janye dakarunta na wanzar da zaman lafiya daga yankin da ake takaddama a kai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Djibouti ta zargi Eritrea da sake mamaye tudun ƙasar da kuma Tsibirin Doumeira. A watan Satumba na 2018, an sanar da cewa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Eritrea]] sun amince su daidaita dangantakarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2018 |title=Djibouti, Eritrea agree to normalize ties strained since 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eritrea-djibouti-politics/djibouti-eritrea-agree-to-normalize-ties-strained-since-2008-idUSKCN1LM2IM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906230544/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eritrea-djibouti-politics/djibouti-eritrea-agree-to-normalize-ties-strained-since-2008-idUSKCN1LM2IM |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |website=reuters.com}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hulɗar Djibouti da Eritrea * Hulɗar ƙasashen waje ta Djibouti * Hulɗar ƙasashen waje ta Eritrea * Sojojin Tsaron Eritrea * Rundunar Sojin Djibouti == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 150t8cyx21fpo68xxbor5luufc5pzil 966419 966411 2026-10-11T16:39:58Z Arcdanumma047 38699 966419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Djibouti da Eritrea''' rikici ne na kan iyaka tsakanin sojojin [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Eritrea]] wanda ya faru tsakanin 10 ga Yuni zuwa 13 ga Yuni, 2008. An fara rikicin ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2008, lokacin da Djibouti ta ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Eritrea sun shiga Djibouti suka kuma haƙa ramuka a ɓangarorin biyu na kan iyaka. Rikicin ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka yi artabu tsakanin rundunonin soji biyu a yankin kan iyaka a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2008. A lokacin rikicin, Faransa ta ba da tallafin dabaru, na likitanci da na leƙen asiri ga Djibouti, amma ba ta shiga yaƙi kai tsaye ba. <ref name="BBC-2008-06-13">{{Cite web |date=June 13, 2008 |title=Africa &#124; France backing Djibouti in 'war' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7453063.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029180608/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7453063.stm |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Bayani == [[File:Ras_Doumeira.png|left|thumb| Taswirar yankin Ras Doumeira da ake takaddama a kai]] Yarjejeniyar iyaka ta 1900 da ke aiki a yanzu ta ƙayyade cewa iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa sun fara ne daga ''Cape Doumeira'' ( Ras Doumeira ) a [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]] kuma suna aiki ne na 1.5.&nbsp;kilomita a gefen ruwa na yankin. Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar 1900 ta ƙayyade cewa ''Île Doumeira'' ( Tsibirin Doumeira ) nan take a bakin teku da ƙananan tsibiran da ke kusa da ita ba za a ba su ikon mallakarsu ba kuma za su ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da sojoji ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Boundary Studies for most of the world |url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/numericalibs-template.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924211639/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/numericalibs-template.html |archive-date=September 24, 2008 |access-date=November 15, 2008}}</ref> Jibuti da Eritrea sun sha yin arangama sau biyu a baya kan yankin kan iyaka. A watan Janairun 1935, Italiya da Faransa suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Faransa da Italiya inda aka bai wa Italiya (Eritrea) sassan yankin Somaliland na Faransa (Djibouti). Duk da haka, ba a taɓa raba iyakar da ke Ras Doumeira (tudu) gaba ɗaya ba, sai dai don cimma yarjejeniya mai faɗi cewa gangaren arewacin tudu 'yan Italiya ne, kuma gangaren kudu 'yan Faransa ne, kuma wannan tsari ya isa yayin da Faransa da Italiya suka ci gaba da iko da yankin. Duk da haka, batun amincewa da yarjejeniyar ya kawo shakku kan wannan yarjejeniya, da kuma samar da wasu muhimman sassan Djibouti ga Eritrea. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2008 |title=Djibouti-Eritrea boundary row re-emerges |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=6456 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531153410/http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=6456 |archive-date=May 31, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 1996, gwamnatin Djibouti ta zargi sojojin Eritrea da yin wani shiri na musamman mai taken 7.&nbsp;Kutsawar kilomita a cikin kasarta bayan wani artabu da aka yi a kan iyakar Djibouti da Ras Doumeira. Cikin kwana biyu, waɗannan ikirari sun yi ta ƙara zama zargin cewa gwamnatin Eritrea tana da ikon mallakar wani yanki na gabar tekun arewacin Djibouti. Daga nan sai harkokin wajen ƙasar, Mohamed Moussa Chehem, ya yi wannan zargin ga takwaransa na Eritrea, [[Petros Solomon]], wanda ke cikin rudani, wanda ke ziyarar aiki a Djibouti washegari. Daga baya Mista Solomon ya gana da shugaban ƙasar Djibouti, wanda shi ma ya tabo batun kai harin. A cikin jerin rahotanni masu karo da juna, hukumomin Djibouti sun ce sun tura sojoji 600 zuwa yankin. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, Mista Solomon ya bayyana a fili a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar cewa "ba a taɓa samun rikici ko wani lamari a Doumeira ba", ya ƙara da cewa gwamnatin Eritrea ta "yi mamaki kuma ta yi baƙin ciki" da zarge-zargen. == Yunkurin Eritrea a yankin Ras Doumeira == A watan Janairu, an ruwaito cewa Eritrea ta nemi ta ketare iyaka domin samun yashi don yin hanya, amma maimakon haka ta mamaye wani tudu a yankin. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, Djibouti ta ba da rahoton cewa Eritrea ta kafa shinge tare da haƙa ramuka a ɓangarorin biyu na kan iyakar Djibouti kusa da Ras Doumeira. A cikin wata wasika da ta aike wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Djibouti ta yi ikirarin cewa sabbin taswirori da Eritrea ta fitar sun nuna Ras Doumeira a matsayin yankin Eritrea. Eritrea ta musanta cewa tana da wata matsala da Djibouti. Firayim Ministan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] [[Meles Zenawi]] ya fada a ranar 15 ga Mayu cewa takaddamar "barazana ce ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na dukkan yankin Afirka" kuma ya ce Habasha za ta tabbatar da tsaron hanyar kasuwancinta ta hanyar Djibouti idan rikici ya barke. Habasha ta dogara ne da Djibouti don samun damar shiga Tekun Ja tun lokacin da Eritrea [[Yakin 'yancin kai na Eritriya|ta sami 'yancin kai]] . Shugaban Eritrea [[Isaias Afwerki]] ya musanta aika sojoji zuwa yankin kuma ya kara da cewa ba su da wata matsala da Djibouti. == Hare-hare da makamai == [[File:Djiboutian_troops_and_Light_armoured_cars_near_the_border.jpg|left|thumb| Sojan Djibouti a saman wata motar sulke ta Humvee kusa da kan iyaka]] A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2008, a cewar Djibouti, wasu sojojin Eritrea sun yi watsi da sansaninsu, inda suka gudu zuwa bangaren Djibouti. Daga nan sai sojojin Djibouti suka fuskanci hari daga sojojin Eritrea suna neman a dawo da 'yan gudun hijirar. Djibouti ta kira sojoji da 'yan sanda waɗanda suka yi ritaya tun daga shekarar 2004 domin mayar da martani ga faɗan. Eritrea ta yi watsi da rahotannin da aka samu daga Djibouti a matsayin "masu adawa da Eritrea". Wata sanarwa daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Eritrea ta ce ba za ta "shiga cikin gayyatar jayayya da ayyukan ƙiyayya ba" kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa Djibouti na ƙoƙarin jawo Eritrea cikin "ƙiyayya mai cike da rikici". A wata hira da BBC a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2008, Shugaba Guelleh "Faransa za ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar soja bisa ga wannan yarjejeniyar [tsare]. Duk da haka, mun fi son kare ƙasarmu da kanmu kuma mu sami tallafi a fannoni na dabaru, likitanci, da na soja kamar yadda suka riga suka yi." An ruwaito cewa an ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin dakarun biyu na tsawon kwanaki da dama kafin rundunar sojin Djibouti ta sanar a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni cewa fadan ya lafa, amma a wannan rana, BBC ta ambato Shugaba Guelleh yana cewa kasarsa tana yaki da Eritrea. <ref name="BBC-2008-06-13" /> An kashe sojojin Djibouti 44 tare da jikkata 55 a lokacin fadan. A cewar kiyasin da aka yi a Djibouti, an kashe sojojin Eritrea 100, an kama 100, sannan 21 suka sauya sheka. Shugaban ƙasar Djibouti Guelleh ya bayyana cewa: "Mun daɗe muna da kyakkyawar alaƙa. Amma sun mamaye wani ɓangare na ƙasarmu da ƙarfi. Wannan zalunci ne da muke adawa da shi". Zuwa shekarar 2008, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaron Amurka ta kiyasta cewa sojojin sun kai 18,000 (inda aka kiyasta cewa sojojin Eritrea sun kai 200,000).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2017}} == Martanin ƙasa da ƙasa == * {{Flagicon|Arab League}}[[Arab League|Ƙungiyar Larabawa]] : Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasashen Larabawa ta gudanar da wani zaman gaggawa don mayar da martani ga fadan, sannan ta yi kira ga Eritrea da ta janye daga yankin kan iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2008 |title=UN urges restraint in Eritrea-Djibouti clashes |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/djibouti/?id=26433 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528072446/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/djibouti/?id=26433 |archive-date=May 28, 2009 |access-date=October 28, 2009 |website=Middle East Online}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|France}}[[Faransa]] : A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2023, Ministan Tsaron Faransa, Hervé Morin, ya je Djibouti, yana alƙawarin ƙarfafa kasancewar sojojin Faransa a ƙasar idan akwai "ƙaruwar rikici a rikicin kan iyaka na yanzu." Har ila yau, domin sake jaddada "babban damuwar Faransa" game da abubuwan da suka faru a kan iyakokin da suka faru kwanan nan, Morin, a cewar majiyoyin diflomasiyya, ya "tabbatar wa takwaransa cikakken goyon bayan gwamnatinsa", a lokaci guda yana kira da a warware matsalar ta hanyar diflomasiyya. Kasashen biyu suna da yarjejeniyar kare juna. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa ta ce ta damu sosai game da wannan fada. Ma'aikatar tsaron Faransa ta sanar da cewa za ta ƙara yawan sojojinta a Djibouti tare da ƙara yawan goyon bayan da take bai wa sojojin Djibouti bayan rikicin kan iyaka. Sanarwar ta kuma ce Faransa na "shirya don tura sansanin jigilar kayayyaki na gaba da kuma rundunar ƙasa kusa da yankin da rikicin ya faru".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2018}}, tare da ƙara da cewa "sojojinsu sun ƙara himma wajen sa ido kan iyakokin ƙasar domin sa ido kan ayyukan sojojin Eritrea." Rahotanni sun kuma nuna cewa ana tura ƙarin sojojin ruwa zuwa yankin da kuma ƙarin ƙungiyar likitocin sojoji. A ƙarshe, Faransa ta tallafa wa Rundunar Sojojin Djibouti (FAD) da albarkatu daban-daban. Faransa ta ba da tallafin kayan aiki: jigilar sojoji da kayan aiki. Faransa ta kuma samar da sufuri da kulawa ga sojojin Djibouti da dama da suka ji rauni. An kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin leƙen asiri na sojojin Faransa don amfanin sojojin Djibouti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-13 |title=L'armée française a aidé Djibouti |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2008/06/13/l-armee-francaise-a-aide-djibouti |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|United Nations}}[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] : A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2009, an amince da kudurin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 1907, ta sanya takunkumin makamai ga Eritrea, haramta tafiye-tafiye ga shugabanninta, sannan ta daskarar da kadarorin wasu jami'an siyasa da na soji na kasar. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira ga ɓangarorin biyu da su yi taka tsantsan sosai sannan su sake kafa tattaunawa. <ref name="UN_SPV5908_2008">{{UN document|title=Peace and security in Africa}}</ref> Faransa ce ta kaɗa ƙuri'a musamman kan kudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Kasar Sin ce kawai babbar kasa da ta yi afuwa. * {{Flagicon|United States}}[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] : Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar da wata sanarwa ta manema labarai tana Allah wadai da "tashin hankalin soja" na Eritrea, tana mai cewa hakan yana wakiltar "ƙarin barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin Afirka mai cike da rikici" tare da yin kira ga Eritrea da ta amince da shiga tsakani na ɓangare na uku kan rikicin kan iyaka. Eritrea ta mayar da martani ga sanarwar da ke zargin Amurka da tayar da rikici a yankin. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Djibouti ya shawarci 'yan ƙasa da kada su yi tafiya zuwa arewacin Djibouti inda Ras Doumeira yake saboda dalilan tsaro. * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] : Kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ya yi kira ga Eritrea da Djibouti da su yi iya ƙoƙarinsu wajen magance rikicin ta hanyar tattaunawa, ciki har da yin aiki tare da tawagar AU da aka tura yankin. Duk da haka, Eritrea, ba kamar Djibouti ba, ba ta amince da aikin ba tukuna. Bereket Simon, mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Firayim Minista Meles Zenawi na Habasha ya shaida wa Reuters cewa, "Ethiopia ta yi imani da cewa ya kamata a dakatar da irin wannan matakin da ba shi da tushe nan take kuma dole ne a nemi mafita ta lumana da diflomasiyya don magance matsalar." == Bayan haka == A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2008, Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi taro a hedikwatarta da ke New York don jin ta bakinta game da lamarin, da kuma kalaman Firayim Ministan Djibouti Mohamed Dileita da jakadan [[Eritrea]] . <ref name="UN_SPV5924_2008">{{UN document|date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> An aika wata tawagar bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zuwa yankin kuma ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke cewa takaddamar da ke tsakanin Djibouti da Eritrea na iya "yin mummunan tasiri ga yankin baki daya da kuma al'ummar duniya baki daya", inda aka lura cewa Djibouti ta fice daga yankin da ake takaddama a kai wanda Eritrea ba ta yi ba. Gwamnatin Eritrea ba ta ba da izinin tawagar binciken gaskiya zuwa Eritrea ba. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da kuduri mai lamba 1862 a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2009, inda ya bukaci a tattauna tsakanin kasashen biyu domin warware matsalar cikin lumana. Majalisar ta yi maraba da janyewar da Djibouti ta yi zuwa mukamai kafin ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2008, kuma ta bukaci Eritrea ta yi irin wannan janyewar cikin makonni biyar da kudirin. A farkon watan Yunin 2010, Djibouti da Eritrea sun amince su mika batun ga [[Qatar]] don shiga tsakani, matakin da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta yaba. A watan Maris na 2016, fursunonin yaƙi guda 4 na ƙasar Djibouti da aka kama a lokacin yaƙin kan iyaka an saki su daga Eritrea shekaru takwas bayan rikicin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gebre |first=Samuel |date=March 21, 2016 |title=African Union Welcomes Eritrea's Release of Djiboutian Prisoners |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-21/african-union-welcomes-eritrea-s-release-of-djiboutian-prisoners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211153146/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-21/african-union-welcomes-eritrea-s-release-of-djiboutian-prisoners |archive-date=December 11, 2016 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> Bayan rikicin diflomasiyya na Qatar a shekarar 2017, Qatar ta janye dakarunta na wanzar da zaman lafiya daga yankin da ake takaddama a kai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Djibouti ta zargi Eritrea da sake mamaye tudun ƙasar da kuma Tsibirin Doumeira. A watan Satumba na 2018, an sanar da cewa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Eritrea]] sun amince su daidaita dangantakarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2018 |title=Djibouti, Eritrea agree to normalize ties strained since 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eritrea-djibouti-politics/djibouti-eritrea-agree-to-normalize-ties-strained-since-2008-idUSKCN1LM2IM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906230544/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eritrea-djibouti-politics/djibouti-eritrea-agree-to-normalize-ties-strained-since-2008-idUSKCN1LM2IM |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |website=reuters.com}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hulɗar Djibouti da Eritrea * Hulɗar ƙasashen waje ta Djibouti * Hulɗar ƙasashen waje ta Eritrea * Sojojin Tsaron Eritrea * Rundunar Sojin Djibouti == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9oz5d5cvgcc9hjchidwttbczfu0q99s Teb 0 178944 966414 2026-10-11T16:39:50Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1241644454|El Teb]]" 966414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:El_Teb_locator_map.svg|thumb]] A tsakiyar watan Disamba na shekara ta 1883, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya William Gladstone ya ba da umarnin kwashe sojojin Anglo-Masar a Sudan biyo bayan mummunan tawaye na Mahdists, karkashin jagorancin [[Muhammad Ahmad]], a kan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Masar.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> A El Teb, a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1884, wani karfi daban-daban a karkashin Janar [[Valentine Baker]], yana tafiya zuwa ga taimakon sojojin Masar na Tokar, Mahdists sun rushe shi gaba ɗaya, karkashin jagorancin [[Osman Digna]]. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Amsar Burtaniya ita ce aika sojoji a karkashin umurnin Manjo-Janar Sir Gerald Graham V.C. daga Masar zuwa Suakin. Sojojin Graham sun yi yaƙi da karfi kuma sun ci Mahdists a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 1884. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Yaƙe-yaƙe na El Teb * Tafiyar Suakin == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> d8nuzoq2zmau6khnv695enqluzhtu4i Ewedo 0 178945 966420 2026-10-11T16:40:08Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358296601|Ewedo]]" 966420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ewedo''' (an haife shi '''Efabo''', ya yi mulki a {{Circa|1255|1280}} ) shine {{Lang|bin|[[Oba of Benin|Oba]]}} na huɗu ('sarki') na [[Masarautar Benin]] . An haife shi ga wata mace da ke da alaƙa da zuriyar sarauta amma ya girma a tsakanin [[Ilaje]] a Ugho‑Mahin kafin ya koma Benin, inda aka naɗa shi {{Lang|bin|Oba}}, inda aka naɗa shi sarki. a ƙarƙashin sunan sarauta Ewedo. Hawansa ya shafi rikici da {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama Nihinron]]}}, wanda ya rage tasirinsa ta hanyar mayar da fadar sarauta daga Usama zuwa wurin da take a yanzu a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], wani lamari da ake tunawa da shi a cikin al'adun Yaƙin Ekiokpagha . A lokacin mulkinsa, Ewedo ya gabatar da gyare-gyare na siyasa da na gudanarwa, ciki har da sabbin al'adun kotu, takaita iko a kan manyan mukamai, da kuma haɓaka tsarin shugabanci na jami'an fadar. Ana kuma danganta shi da sauye-sauyen al'adu kamar gabatar da {{Lang|bin|Ewini}} kiɗa zuwa bukukuwan sarauta da kuma sauyi zuwa faɗaɗa yankuna da sabbin ayyukan soja ke tallafawa. Gwamnatinsa ta kafa dokoki, ofisoshi, da kuma ayyukan ibada waɗanda suka taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ikon sarauta. Ewedo ya mutu a kusan shekara ta 1280 bayan ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar kuma ɗansa Oguola ya gaje shi. == Rayuwar farko da kuma nadin sarauta == An ruwaito cewa mahaifiyar Ewedo ta auri wani basarake a Benin. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Ta samu ciki a hannun {{Lang|bin|[[Oba of Benin|Oba]]}} [[Ehenmihen]], ɗan {{Lang|bin|Oba}} Eweka I. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Domin gujewa rikici da mijinta, an sayar da ita zuwa bauta kuma wani mutumin [[Ilaje]] daga Ugho-Mahin ya saye ta. Da ya ji labarin ciki da kuma cewa uban shine Ehenmihen, sai ya sake ta. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Daga baya ta haifi ɗa, ta sa masa suna Efabo. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Efabo ya girma a tsakanin mutanen Ilaje, inda ya haɗu da {{Lang|bin|Eneha}} mawakan {{Lang|bin|Ewini}} ƙungiyar rawa. {{Efn|Eneha were the singers of the dance group.{{sfn|Izu|2012|p=54}}}} {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} A matsayinsa na ɗan {{Lang|bin|Oba}} tilo An sanya [[Ehenmihen]], Efabo a ƙarƙashin kulawar wani firist na Ugbo yayin da mahaifinsa yake da rai. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Bayan mutuwar Ehenmihen, Efabo ya koma Benin aka naɗa shi {{Lang|bin|Oba}} a Usama, suna ɗaukar sunan sarauta Ewedo. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Kafin nadin sarautarsa, ya fara damuwa da ikon {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama Nihinron]]}} ("masu yin sarauta"), waɗanda tasirinsu ya yi daidai da na {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Domin rage musu iko, ya ɗauke kujerar sarauta daga Usama, wadda take kusa da {{Lang|bin|Uzama Nihinron}}, zuwa wurin da fadar yanzu take a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]] . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Tare da goyon bayan Ogiamwen, wani basarake wanda ya mallaki ƙasar, Ewedo ya shirya ƙaura cikin sirri kuma ya bayyana wa {{Lang|bin|Uzama Nihinron}} shirinsa. sai a ranar da aka naɗa shi sarauta. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} === Yaƙin Ekiokpagha === Jim kaɗan bayan naɗin sarautarsa a Usama, Ewedo ya nufi sabon wurin sarauta, yana ɗauke da farar kaza da aka ɗaure a wuyansa a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} A kan hanya, ya fuskanci matsaloli irin waɗanda kakansa Yarima [[Hannun daji|Oranmiyan]] ya fuskanta lokacin da yake ketare [[Kogin Ovia]] . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Mai gidan Isekherhe, wanda ke iko da yankin da ke tsakanin Usama da filin fada, da farko ya hana shi wucewa. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Daga ƙarshe aka gina wata gada, kuma Isekherhe ya ba shi izinin ketarewa bayan ya karɓi kuɗin, wanda ya haɗa da matar aure da kuɗin da ake kira {{Lang|bin|ugiamwen}} . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Lokacin da Ewedo ya isa ɗayan gefen, Ogiamwen ya tunkare shi da mutane masu ɗauke da makamai, suna buƙatar ya koma [[Ifẹ|Ife]], ƙasar mahaifinsa. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Ogiamwen ya kwace kazar daga wuyan Ewedo, amma {{Lang|bin|Oba}} Sojojin sun shiga tsakani, inda suka tilasta wa Ogiamwen ya koma gidansa yayin da Ewedo ya zauna a sabon wurin da aka gina fadar. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} An yi gasar kwana bakwai bayan haka. A rikicin, an kashe Oliha ‑Ogiamwen, kwamandan sojojin Ogiamwen. An bi Ogiamwen da kansa zuwa ga Ekiokpagha, aka kayar da shi, aka kuma miƙa wuya ga Ewedo. Yarjejeniyar da ta biyo baya ta sanya Ogiamwen ya zama [[Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya|sarki]], tare da riƙe sunansa a matsayin muƙaminsa na hukuma. Bayan fafatawar, Ewedo ya mallaki kujerar sarautar Ogiso kuma ya fara gina fadar yanzu a kan ƙasa wadda a da ta kasance makabarta a zamanin Ogiso da kuma lokacin jamhuriya. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Tun daga wannan lokacin, kowanne {{Lang|bin|Oba}} An bukaci a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta da ya ketare gadar Isekherhe ya kuma yi yaƙin al'ada da Ogiamwen don tunawa da wannan nasarar. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} == Sarki == === Gyara da kirkire-kirkire === Ewedo ya ƙarfafa ikon sarauta ta hanyar sauya al'adun gargajiya. An bukaci sarakuna su tsaya a gabansa, suna soke al'adar da ta gabata wadda ta ba wa {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama]]}} damar yin hakan. ( masu yin sarauta ) su ci gaba da zama. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Ya ƙara takaita ikonsu ta hanyar hana su amfani da takubban gwamnati ( {{Lang|bin|[[Ada and Abere|ada]]}} ) ko kuma bayar da lakabi. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Duk da waɗannan matakan, {{Lang|bin|Uzama}} sun ci gaba da samun rinjaye, kuma al'ada ta nuna cewa daga baya sun jagoranci tawaye ga {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Ana kuma yaba wa Ewedo da gabatar da sabbin ayyukan addini, matakan shari'a, da kuma tsarin shugabanci na sarakuna da ke da alaƙa da fadar. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Daga waɗannan farkon an samar da tsarin jami'an fadar mai sarkakiya, waɗanda suka kai ɗaruruwa, waɗanda aka keɓe don yi wa {{Lang|bin|Oba}} hidima. . {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Ci gaba a cikin wannan tsarin ya biyo bayan tsarin matsayi mai daraja, wanda ya ƙare da lakabin da aka bayar a {{Lang|bin|Oba}} ikon yin hakan. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} A ƙarni na sha tara, tsarin fadar ya ci gaba da kama da tsarin da aka danganta ga Ewedo, duk da cewa an gabatar da ƙarin lakabi da gyare-gyare a tsawon lokaci. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} {{Lang|bin|Oba}} An tsara gidansu zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku daban-daban, kowannensu yana da alhakin wasu fannoni na rayuwar fada. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Na farko, {{Lang|bin|Iwebo}}, tufafi da kayan sarauta da aka saba sarrafawa don {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} A tsawon lokaci, ayyukanta sun faɗaɗa har sun haɗa da kula da harkokin kuɗi da ciniki, ƙarƙashin ikon Uwangue, wani matsayi da ke da alaƙa da Ewedo. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Rukuni na biyu, {{Lang|bin|Iweguae}}, ya ƙunshi masu hidima da bayin gida, waɗanda Esere ke jagoranta. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Na uku, {{Lang|bin|Ibiwe}}, an yi masa aikin yi wa {{Lang|bin|Oba}} hidima Matan da 'ya'yansa, da babban shugabansu, Osodin, an san su ne tun zamanin Ewedo. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Rarraba nauyi mai tsauri da kuma killace kowace ƙungiya a cikin nata ɓangaren ya ƙarfafa hamayya da gasa, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun siyasar Benin. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} {{Lang|bin|Oba}} mai ƙarfi zai iya amfani da waɗannan hamayya don daidaita ƙungiyoyi da kuma riƙe iko, {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} yayin da mai mulki mai rauni zai iya fuskantar barazanar rushewa daga manyan mutane na gidansa. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Wani sauyi da Ewedo ya gabatar shine sake sunan jihar zuwa Ubini daga tsohon sunanta Ile-Ibinu ('ƙasar azaba'). [1] Ma'anar wannan sunan ba ta da tabbas a al'ada kuma da alama ba asalin Edo ba ne. [1] An yi hasashen cewa sunan yana nuna asalin Ewedo da abokansa, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ke waje da daular ta gabatar. [1] Nasarar da ya samu wajen cin galaba a kan sarakunan ta nuna cewa wannan abu ya mamaye Edo, bayan wani lokaci na sulhu da kuma zama tare. [1] === Waƙar Ewini === An danganta shigar da waƙar Ewini cikin Benin da Ewedo a kusan {{Circa|1255}} {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga mutanen [[Ilaje]] na Ugho‑Mahin, wani matsuguni na bakin teku wanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Turawan Ingila]] suka kira shi Mahin daga baya. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Kafin ya zama {{Lang|bin|Oba}}, Efabo (daga baya Ewedo) ya kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar rawa ta Ewini a Ugho‑Mahin. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Bayan ya hau mulki, ya mayar da ƙungiyar zuwa unguwar Ogbelaka da ke [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], inda aka haɗa ta da bukukuwan sarauta. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Tun daga lokacin, kiɗan Ewini yana tare da manyan bukukuwa, bukukuwa, da al'adu, tare da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} da kansa yana shiga ta hanyar rawa da buga ganguna. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Wannan aikin ya bayyana musamman a lokacin bikin Ugie-Emobo, {{Efn|Ugie Emobo is a purification rite performed during the [[Igue festival]] to chase away evil forces in Benin.{{sfn|''The Punch''|2025}}}} lokacin da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} yana fara al'adar ne ta hanyar buga ganguna. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} === Faɗaɗawa da cin nasara === Mulkin Ewedo ya nuna sauyi a manufofin yankin ƙasar Benin, inda ya sauya daga mulkin mallaka a hankali zuwa faɗaɗa aikin soja kai tsaye. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} An danganta wannan ci gaban da gabatar da sabbin makamai da dabarun yaƙi. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Dawakai, tare da wasu nau'ikan baka da takuba, ana danganta su da wannan daular a al'ada. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Bugu da ƙari, sabbin tsare-tsare na tsari a cikin jihar sun ƙirƙiri ayyuka na musamman da kuma ƙarfafa ikon mulkin kama-karya, wanda ya ba Benin damar tattara albarkatunta don yaƙi yadda ya kamata fiye da da. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} == Manazarta == gxc627wlfjo6ajf9zn96jzc4a7sg3x8 966423 966420 2026-10-11T16:40:33Z Sardeeq 39275 966423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ewedo''' (an haife shi '''Efabo''', ya yi mulki a {{Circa|1255|1280}} ) shine {{Lang|bin|[[Oba of Benin|Oba]]}} na huɗu ('sarki') na [[Masarautar Benin]] . An haife shi ga wata mace da ke da alaƙa da zuriyar sarauta amma ya girma a tsakanin [[Ilaje]] a Ugho‑Mahin kafin ya koma Benin, inda aka naɗa shi {{Lang|bin|Oba}}, inda aka naɗa shi sarki. a ƙarƙashin sunan sarauta Ewedo. Hawansa ya shafi rikici da {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama Nihinron]]}}, wanda ya rage tasirinsa ta hanyar mayar da fadar sarauta daga Usama zuwa wurin da take a yanzu a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], wani lamari da ake tunawa da shi a cikin al'adun Yaƙin Ekiokpagha . A lokacin mulkinsa, Ewedo ya gabatar da gyare-gyare na siyasa da na gudanarwa, ciki har da sabbin al'adun kotu, takaita iko a kan manyan mukamai, da kuma haɓaka tsarin shugabanci na jami'an fadar. Ana kuma danganta shi da sauye-sauyen al'adu kamar gabatar da {{Lang|bin|Ewini}} kiɗa zuwa bukukuwan sarauta da kuma sauyi zuwa faɗaɗa yankuna da sabbin ayyukan soja ke tallafawa. Gwamnatinsa ta kafa dokoki, ofisoshi, da kuma ayyukan ibada waɗanda suka taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ikon sarauta. Ewedo ya mutu a kusan shekara ta 1280 bayan ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar kuma ɗansa Oguola ya gaje shi. == Rayuwar farko da kuma nadin sarauta == An ruwaito cewa mahaifiyar Ewedo ta auri wani basarake a Benin. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Ta samu ciki a hannun {{Lang|bin|[[Oba of Benin|Oba]]}} [[Ehenmihen]], ɗan {{Lang|bin|Oba}} Eweka I. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Domin gujewa rikici da mijinta, an sayar da ita zuwa bauta kuma wani mutumin [[Ilaje]] daga Ugho-Mahin ya saye ta. Da ya ji labarin ciki da kuma cewa uban shine Ehenmihen, sai ya sake ta. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Daga baya ta haifi ɗa, ta sa masa suna Efabo. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Efabo ya girma a tsakanin mutanen Ilaje, inda ya haɗu da {{Lang|bin|Eneha}} mawakan {{Lang|bin|Ewini}} ƙungiyar rawa. {{Efn|Eneha were the singers of the dance group.{{sfn|Izu|2012|p=54}}}} {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} A matsayinsa na ɗan {{Lang|bin|Oba}} tilo An sanya [[Ehenmihen]], Efabo a ƙarƙashin kulawar wani firist na Ugbo yayin da mahaifinsa yake da rai. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Bayan mutuwar Ehenmihen, Efabo ya koma Benin aka naɗa shi {{Lang|bin|Oba}} a Usama, suna ɗaukar sunan sarauta Ewedo. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Kafin nadin sarautarsa, ya fara damuwa da ikon {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama Nihinron]]}} ("masu yin sarauta"), waɗanda tasirinsu ya yi daidai da na {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Domin rage musu iko, ya ɗauke kujerar sarauta daga Usama, wadda take kusa da {{Lang|bin|Uzama Nihinron}}, zuwa wurin da fadar yanzu take a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]] . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Tare da goyon bayan Ogiamwen, wani basarake wanda ya mallaki ƙasar, Ewedo ya shirya ƙaura cikin sirri kuma ya bayyana wa {{Lang|bin|Uzama Nihinron}} shirinsa. sai a ranar da aka naɗa shi sarauta. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} === Yaƙin Ekiokpagha === Jim kaɗan bayan naɗin sarautarsa a Usama, Ewedo ya nufi sabon wurin sarauta, yana ɗauke da farar kaza da aka ɗaure a wuyansa a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} A kan hanya, ya fuskanci matsaloli irin waɗanda kakansa Yarima [[Hannun daji|Oranmiyan]] ya fuskanta lokacin da yake ketare [[Kogin Ovia]] . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Mai gidan Isekherhe, wanda ke iko da yankin da ke tsakanin Usama da filin fada, da farko ya hana shi wucewa. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Daga ƙarshe aka gina wata gada, kuma Isekherhe ya ba shi izinin ketarewa bayan ya karɓi kuɗin, wanda ya haɗa da matar aure da kuɗin da ake kira {{Lang|bin|ugiamwen}} . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Lokacin da Ewedo ya isa ɗayan gefen, Ogiamwen ya tunkare shi da mutane masu ɗauke da makamai, suna buƙatar ya koma [[Ifẹ|Ife]], ƙasar mahaifinsa. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Ogiamwen ya kwace kazar daga wuyan Ewedo, amma {{Lang|bin|Oba}} Sojojin sun shiga tsakani, inda suka tilasta wa Ogiamwen ya koma gidansa yayin da Ewedo ya zauna a sabon wurin da aka gina fadar. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} An yi gasar kwana bakwai bayan haka. A rikicin, an kashe Oliha ‑Ogiamwen, kwamandan sojojin Ogiamwen. An bi Ogiamwen da kansa zuwa ga Ekiokpagha, aka kayar da shi, aka kuma miƙa wuya ga Ewedo. Yarjejeniyar da ta biyo baya ta sanya Ogiamwen ya zama [[Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya|sarki]], tare da riƙe sunansa a matsayin muƙaminsa na hukuma. Bayan fafatawar, Ewedo ya mallaki kujerar sarautar Ogiso kuma ya fara gina fadar yanzu a kan ƙasa wadda a da ta kasance makabarta a zamanin Ogiso da kuma lokacin jamhuriya. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Tun daga wannan lokacin, kowanne {{Lang|bin|Oba}} An bukaci a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta da ya ketare gadar Isekherhe ya kuma yi yaƙin al'ada da Ogiamwen don tunawa da wannan nasarar. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} == Sarki == === Gyara da kirkire-kirkire === Ewedo ya ƙarfafa ikon sarauta ta hanyar sauya al'adun gargajiya. An bukaci sarakuna su tsaya a gabansa, suna soke al'adar da ta gabata wadda ta ba wa {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama]]}} damar yin hakan. ( masu yin sarauta ) su ci gaba da zama. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Ya ƙara takaita ikonsu ta hanyar hana su amfani da takubban gwamnati ( {{Lang|bin|[[Ada and Abere|ada]]}} ) ko kuma bayar da lakabi. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Duk da waɗannan matakan, {{Lang|bin|Uzama}} sun ci gaba da samun rinjaye, kuma al'ada ta nuna cewa daga baya sun jagoranci tawaye ga {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Ana kuma yaba wa Ewedo da gabatar da sabbin ayyukan addini, matakan shari'a, da kuma tsarin shugabanci na sarakuna da ke da alaƙa da fadar. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Daga waɗannan farkon an samar da tsarin jami'an fadar mai sarkakiya, waɗanda suka kai ɗaruruwa, waɗanda aka keɓe don yi wa {{Lang|bin|Oba}} hidima. . {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Ci gaba a cikin wannan tsarin ya biyo bayan tsarin matsayi mai daraja, wanda ya ƙare da lakabin da aka bayar a {{Lang|bin|Oba}} ikon yin hakan. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} A ƙarni na sha tara, tsarin fadar ya ci gaba da kama da tsarin da aka danganta ga Ewedo, duk da cewa an gabatar da ƙarin lakabi da gyare-gyare a tsawon lokaci. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} {{Lang|bin|Oba}} An tsara gidansu zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku daban-daban, kowannensu yana da alhakin wasu fannoni na rayuwar fada. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Na farko, {{Lang|bin|Iwebo}}, tufafi da kayan sarauta da aka saba sarrafawa don {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} A tsawon lokaci, ayyukanta sun faɗaɗa har sun haɗa da kula da harkokin kuɗi da ciniki, ƙarƙashin ikon Uwangue, wani matsayi da ke da alaƙa da Ewedo. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Rukuni na biyu, {{Lang|bin|Iweguae}}, ya ƙunshi masu hidima da bayin gida, waɗanda Esere ke jagoranta. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Na uku, {{Lang|bin|Ibiwe}}, an yi masa aikin yi wa {{Lang|bin|Oba}} hidima Matan da 'ya'yansa, da babban shugabansu, Osodin, an san su ne tun zamanin Ewedo. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Rarraba nauyi mai tsauri da kuma killace kowace ƙungiya a cikin nata ɓangaren ya ƙarfafa hamayya da gasa, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun siyasar Benin. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} {{Lang|bin|Oba}} mai ƙarfi zai iya amfani da waɗannan hamayya don daidaita ƙungiyoyi da kuma riƙe iko, {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} yayin da mai mulki mai rauni zai iya fuskantar barazanar rushewa daga manyan mutane na gidansa. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Wani sauyi da Ewedo ya gabatar shine sake sunan jihar zuwa Ubini daga tsohon sunanta Ile-Ibinu ('ƙasar azaba'). [1] Ma'anar wannan sunan ba ta da tabbas a al'ada kuma da alama ba asalin Edo ba ne. [1] An yi hasashen cewa sunan yana nuna asalin Ewedo da abokansa, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ke waje da daular ta gabatar. [1] Nasarar da ya samu wajen cin galaba a kan sarakunan ta nuna cewa wannan abu ya mamaye Edo, bayan wani lokaci na sulhu da kuma zama tare. [1] === Waƙar Ewini === An danganta shigar da waƙar Ewini cikin Benin da Ewedo a kusan {{Circa|1255}} {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga mutanen [[Ilaje]] na Ugho‑Mahin, wani matsuguni na bakin teku wanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Turawan Ingila]] suka kira shi Mahin daga baya. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Kafin ya zama {{Lang|bin|Oba}}, Efabo (daga baya Ewedo) ya kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar rawa ta Ewini a Ugho‑Mahin. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Bayan ya hau mulki, ya mayar da ƙungiyar zuwa unguwar Ogbelaka da ke [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], inda aka haɗa ta da bukukuwan sarauta. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Tun daga lokacin, kiɗan Ewini yana tare da manyan bukukuwa, bukukuwa, da al'adu, tare da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} da kansa yana shiga ta hanyar rawa da buga ganguna. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} Wannan aikin ya bayyana musamman a lokacin bikin Ugie-Emobo, {{Efn|Ugie Emobo is a purification rite performed during the [[Igue festival]] to chase away evil forces in Benin.{{sfn|''The Punch''|2025}}}} lokacin da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} yana fara al'adar ne ta hanyar buga ganguna. {{Sfn|Izu|2012}} === Faɗaɗawa da cin nasara === Mulkin Ewedo ya nuna sauyi a manufofin yankin ƙasar Benin, inda ya sauya daga mulkin mallaka a hankali zuwa faɗaɗa aikin soja kai tsaye. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} An danganta wannan ci gaban da gabatar da sabbin makamai da dabarun yaƙi. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Dawakai, tare da wasu nau'ikan baka da takuba, ana danganta su da wannan daular a al'ada. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} Bugu da ƙari, sabbin tsare-tsare na tsari a cikin jihar sun ƙirƙiri ayyuka na musamman da kuma ƙarfafa ikon mulkin kama-karya, wanda ya ba Benin damar tattara albarkatunta don yaƙi yadda ya kamata fiye da da. {{Sfn|Ryder|1969}} == Manazarta == goqd6q49nsia9hayyoqfzbnwm82x68t Taisei Marukawa 0 178946 966422 2026-10-11T16:40:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373619935|Taisei Marukawa]]" 966422 wikitext text/x-wiki Taisei Marukawa ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Super League Dewa United Banten . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Marukawa ya fara aikinsa lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare ta hanyar shiga makarantar sakandare ce ta Hiroshima Minami . Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Chuo daga 2016 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taisei Marukawa |url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2021/06/03/taisei-marukawa |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] deef092q18z94sg02ol7dlu4lnyd4oy 966427 966422 2026-10-11T16:41:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373619935|Taisei Marukawa]]" 966427 wikitext text/x-wiki Taisei Marukawa ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Super League Dewa United Banten . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Marukawa ya fara aikinsa lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare ta hanyar shiga makarantar sakandare ce ta Hiroshima Minami . Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Chuo daga 2016 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taisei Marukawa |url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2021/06/03/taisei-marukawa |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> === Senglea Athletic === Kafin rabi na biyu na 2019-20, Marukawa ya koma [[Malta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=丸川太誠選手 マルタプレミアリーグ、セングレア・アスレチック来季加入内定 |url=https://www.footballnavi.jp/chuo_fc/news_view.php?kn=18209 |publisher=footballnavi.jp}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Maltese Premier League Senglea Athletic . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Wilkson dan Taisei Marukawa Pernah Satu Klub, Pelatih Persebaya Ungkap Keuntungannya |url=https://today.line.me/id/v2/article/YJjpgW |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, a matsayin mai farawa a cikin nasara 1-2 ga Balzan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balzan vs Senglea Athletic |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/matchstats?gameId=523871 |access-date=3 February 2019 |website=ESPN.COM}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Senglea Athletic a wasan 2-2 a kan Ħamrun Spartans a Filin wasa na Hibernians . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senglea Athletic vs Hamrun Spartans |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/malta/premier-league/senglea-athletic-fc/hamrun-spartans-fc/2881732/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=Soccerway |language=id}}</ref> === Valletta === A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2020, Marukawa ya sanya hannu tare da Valletta . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=VALLETTA FC COMPLETE TAISEI MARUKAWA, MIHAILO JOVANOVIC SIGNINGS |url=https://www.maltafootball.com/2020/08/26/valletta-fc-complete-taisei-marukawa-mihailo-jovanovic-signings/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=maltafootball}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a Valletta a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2020 a wasan da ya ci Birkirkara 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Valletta – Birkirkara |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/bov-premier-league/2020-2021/live-valletta-fc-birkirkara_mtc1213285/live.shtml |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=eurosport.com}}</ref> kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Valletta a 1-1 draw a kan Hibernians a Filin wasa na kasa, Ta' Qali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hibernians vs Valletta |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/18/malta/premier-league/hibernians-fc/valletta-fc/3405235/venue/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=soccerway.com |language=id}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] sxfjeqjfcnui7q1vz82f87wrd476sq3 966435 966427 2026-10-11T16:42:36Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373619935|Taisei Marukawa]]" 966435 wikitext text/x-wiki Taisei Marukawa ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Super League Dewa United Banten . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Marukawa ya fara aikinsa lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare ta hanyar shiga makarantar sakandare ce ta Hiroshima Minami . Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Chuo daga 2016 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taisei Marukawa |url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2021/06/03/taisei-marukawa |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> === Senglea Athletic === Kafin rabi na biyu na 2019-20, Marukawa ya koma [[Malta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=丸川太誠選手 マルタプレミアリーグ、セングレア・アスレチック来季加入内定 |url=https://www.footballnavi.jp/chuo_fc/news_view.php?kn=18209 |publisher=footballnavi.jp}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Maltese Premier League Senglea Athletic . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Wilkson dan Taisei Marukawa Pernah Satu Klub, Pelatih Persebaya Ungkap Keuntungannya |url=https://today.line.me/id/v2/article/YJjpgW |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, a matsayin mai farawa a cikin nasara 1-2 ga Balzan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balzan vs Senglea Athletic |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/matchstats?gameId=523871 |access-date=3 February 2019 |website=ESPN.COM}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Senglea Athletic a wasan 2-2 a kan Ħamrun Spartans a Filin wasa na Hibernians . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senglea Athletic vs Hamrun Spartans |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/malta/premier-league/senglea-athletic-fc/hamrun-spartans-fc/2881732/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=Soccerway |language=id}}</ref> === Valletta === A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2020, Marukawa ya sanya hannu tare da Valletta . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=VALLETTA FC COMPLETE TAISEI MARUKAWA, MIHAILO JOVANOVIC SIGNINGS |url=https://www.maltafootball.com/2020/08/26/valletta-fc-complete-taisei-marukawa-mihailo-jovanovic-signings/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=maltafootball}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a Valletta a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2020 a wasan da ya ci Birkirkara 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Valletta – Birkirkara |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/bov-premier-league/2020-2021/live-valletta-fc-birkirkara_mtc1213285/live.shtml |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=eurosport.com}}</ref> kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Valletta a 1-1 draw a kan Hibernians a Filin wasa na kasa, Ta' Qali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hibernians vs Valletta |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/18/malta/premier-league/hibernians-fc/valletta-fc/3405235/venue/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=soccerway.com |language=id}}</ref> === Nuhu Jurmala === A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021, Marukawa ya koma Latvia.[1] Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Kungiyar Latvian Higher League Noah Jurmala . [2] === Persebaya Surabaya === A cikin 2021, ya sanya hannu a kulob din Indonesiya Persebaya . A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2021, Marukawa ta fara bugawa Persebaya wasa a lokacin da ta ci Persikabo 3-1. <ref>{{Soccerway|595064}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 9rzxrya2bv1cywkatbn1gebxsczhdpg 966442 966435 2026-10-11T16:43:17Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373619935|Taisei Marukawa]]" 966442 wikitext text/x-wiki Taisei Marukawa ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Super League Dewa United Banten . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Marukawa ya fara aikinsa lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare ta hanyar shiga makarantar sakandare ce ta Hiroshima Minami . Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Chuo daga 2016 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taisei Marukawa |url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2021/06/03/taisei-marukawa |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> === Senglea Athletic === Kafin rabi na biyu na 2019-20, Marukawa ya koma [[Malta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=丸川太誠選手 マルタプレミアリーグ、セングレア・アスレチック来季加入内定 |url=https://www.footballnavi.jp/chuo_fc/news_view.php?kn=18209 |publisher=footballnavi.jp}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Maltese Premier League Senglea Athletic . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Wilkson dan Taisei Marukawa Pernah Satu Klub, Pelatih Persebaya Ungkap Keuntungannya |url=https://today.line.me/id/v2/article/YJjpgW |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, a matsayin mai farawa a cikin nasara 1-2 ga Balzan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balzan vs Senglea Athletic |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/matchstats?gameId=523871 |access-date=3 February 2019 |website=ESPN.COM}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Senglea Athletic a wasan 2-2 a kan Ħamrun Spartans a Filin wasa na Hibernians . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senglea Athletic vs Hamrun Spartans |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/malta/premier-league/senglea-athletic-fc/hamrun-spartans-fc/2881732/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=Soccerway |language=id}}</ref> === Valletta === A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2020, Marukawa ya sanya hannu tare da Valletta . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=VALLETTA FC COMPLETE TAISEI MARUKAWA, MIHAILO JOVANOVIC SIGNINGS |url=https://www.maltafootball.com/2020/08/26/valletta-fc-complete-taisei-marukawa-mihailo-jovanovic-signings/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=maltafootball}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a Valletta a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2020 a wasan da ya ci Birkirkara 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Valletta – Birkirkara |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/bov-premier-league/2020-2021/live-valletta-fc-birkirkara_mtc1213285/live.shtml |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=eurosport.com}}</ref> kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Valletta a 1-1 draw a kan Hibernians a Filin wasa na kasa, Ta' Qali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hibernians vs Valletta |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/18/malta/premier-league/hibernians-fc/valletta-fc/3405235/venue/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=soccerway.com |language=id}}</ref> === Nuhu Jurmala === A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021, Marukawa ya koma Latvia.[1] Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Kungiyar Latvian Higher League Noah Jurmala . [2] === Persebaya Surabaya === A cikin 2021, ya sanya hannu a kulob din Indonesiya Persebaya . A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2021, Marukawa ta fara bugawa Persebaya wasa a lokacin da ta ci Persikabo 3-1. <ref>{{Soccerway|595064}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar 2021, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar a Persebaya tare da zira kwallayi a cikin Liga 1 na 2021-22, wanda ya ba su nasara 1-3 a kan PSS Sleman . [1] A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2021, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye a Persebaya a wasan da ya yi da Persija Jakarta a minti na 25, yana wasa a Filin wasa na Manahan, Persebaya ya sami damar satar dukkan maki uku bayan ya doke Persija da ci 1-0. Wannan burin ya zama burin Persebaya kawai na nasara kuma ya sami nasarar zama na 5 a cikin matsayi.[2] === PSIS Semarang === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] fqnohjyijy89v3mzqgf9tard96vyjqy Shilluk kingdom 0 178947 966425 2026-10-11T16:40:56Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 Shafin farko 966425 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{searchbox}}</nowiki> An kafa masarautar a qarshen karni na 15, ko 16 ( lokacin shakarar 1940 zuwa 1945).ta hannun gwarzon da yashara ji1te884yahr3uknk1c0kq9cqvv7zno El-Kurru 0 178948 966426 2026-10-11T16:41:03Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372299193|El-Kurru]]" 966426 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Napata_english2.jpg|right|thumb|Yanayin da ke kusa da El-Kurru.]] '''El-Kurru''' was the first of the three royal cemeteries used by the Kushite royals of Napata, also referred to as Egypt's 25th Dynasty, and is home to some of the royal Nubian Pyramids.<ref name=":1" /> It is located between the 3rd and 4th [[Ruwan ruwa na Kogin Nilu|cataracts of the Nile]] about {{Convert|1|mi}} west of the river in what is now Northern state, [[Sudan]]. El-Kurru was first excavated by George Reisner in 1918 and 1919 and after his death his assistant Dows Dunham took over his work and published the excavation report on El-Kurru in 1950.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lacovara |first=Peter |date=2018 |title=From Tumulus to Pyramid: The Development of the Kushite Royal Tomb |url=http://www.egyptian-architecture.com/JAEA3/JAEA3_Lacovara |journal=The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture |volume=3 |pages=141–152}}</ref> The El-Kurru cemetery was primarily used from about 860 BC until 650 BC.<ref name=":0" /> The first tomb with a name attached to it is that of King [[Piye]] (also known as King Piankhy) dating to about 750 BC, the sixteen earlier tombs possibly belong to Piye's royal predecessors. The last 25th dynasty king, Tantamani, was buried at El-Kurru around 650 BC. The subsequent Napatan rulers chose to be buried at the royal cemetery at Nuri instead. However, in the mid-4th century the 20th king, whose name is unknown, chose to have his tomb, as well as that of his queen, built at El-Kurru.<ref name=":1" /> == Tarihi da bayanin == Reisner thought that the earliest tomb, Tum.1, dated back to the time of Pharaoh Sheshonq I of [[Tsohuwar Masar|Ancient Egypt]] ({{Circa|860 BC}}) and predates the Kingdom of Napata by some 200 years. At the present, some scholars (Hakem, Torok) think the early cemetery stretches back to the Ramesside period and date the earliest burials to the end of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt ({{Circa|1070 BC}}). However, other scholars, including Kendall, more or less agree with Reisner's chronology, and move the date of initial use to 850-830 BC as opposed to Reisner's proposed date of 860 BC. Kabarin ya kasu kashi uku ta wadis biyu. Sashe na tsakiya yana da alama shine mafi tsufa kuma yana dauke da kaburbura da yawa waɗanda suka riga sun kasance Masarautar Napata. Sashe mafi girma na makabartar ya ƙunshi kaburbura huɗu (Tum. 1, 2, 4 da 5). Tum. 6 yana arewa, a fadin arewacin wadi. A gabashin tumuli akwai jere na akalla pyramids takwas. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya shiga wani kabari (Tum. 19). A cewar Dunham da Reisner, kudancin wannan jere na pyramids (Ku.8) na Sarki [[Kashta]] ne kuma (watakila) matarsa Pebatjma, kuma kabarin Ku.9 na Sarki [[Alara na Kush|Alara]] ne, duk da haka babu rubuce-rubuce na sunayen da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan kaburbura. Kafin wannan jere akwai wani jere na pyramids wanda ya hada da na [[Piye]], Shabaka da Tantamani.<ref name=":0" /> Pyramids na kudanci suna kudu da pyramid na Pebatjma, a fadin kudancin wadi. Waɗannan su ne pyramids na Queens: Naparaye (Ku.3), Khensa (Ku.4), Qalhata (Ku.5), da Ku.6 wanda mai yiwuwa na Arty ne. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ba duk kaburbura a El-Kurru pyramids ba ne. Kabarin Tum. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (tum. tsaye don tumulus), da Ku.19 duk su ne tumuli na Nubian style wanda ya kunshi rami mai yankan dutse wanda aka rufe shi da dutse mai laushi, duwatsu, da tarkace. Ana kuma ganin wannan salon tumulus a cikin jana'izar C-Group da kuma jana'izar a Kerma. Koyaya, salon tumuli ya canza tare da lokaci. Tum.6 da Ku.19 dukansu suna da ganuwar kewaye, waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin tarin tarkace da ke saman kaburbura da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗakin sujada. An gina kaburbura goma masu zuwa, Ku. 14, 13, 11, 10, 9, 23, 21, 8, 20, 7, suma suna da ɗakin sujada (sai dai Ku.21 da Ku.20) kuma suna da tsari na murabba'i maimakon zagaye.<ref name=":2" /> Reisner ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan kaburbura masu murabba'i sune [[Mastaba|mastabas]], gine-ginen da ke saman, amma malaman Lohwasser da Kendall suna jayayya cewa an rufe su da ƙananan pyramids waɗanda aka cire lokacin da aka sace kaburbura.<ref name=":2" /> Kabarin Sarki Piye (Ku.17) ya nuna wani canji a cikin tsarin gine-gine na kaburbura a El-Kurru, an binne shi a cikin ɗakin da aka yi da dutse wanda aka yanka kuma aka gina shi da dutse.<ref name=":02" /> Pyramids na sarauta da aka gina bayan Sarki Piye sun kasance masu ban sha'awa kuma kaburbura na Sarki Tanwetamani (Ku.16) da Sarauniya Qalhata (Ku.5) har ma an fentin su da kyau tare da al'amuran duniyar Masar.<ref name=":2" /> Abin takaici, duka ciki da waje na kusan dukkanin kaburbura a El-Kurru an sace su, inda aka bar kaburbura cikin lalacewa. Koyaya, kayan tarihi da aka bari a baya sun nuna cewa waɗannan sarakuna sun kasance masu arziki sosai kuma sun ci nasara.<ref name="Dixon2" /> mtb89ibn8rjw7hmho8aa5gbw19udbgg Malikization na Maghreb 0 178949 966430 2026-10-11T16:41:33Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361426842|Malikization of the Maghreb]]" 966430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mosque_of_Oqba_Courtyard,_Kairouan.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Babban Masallacin Kairouan ko Masallacin Uqba yana da suna, tun daga karni na 9, na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin makarantar Maliki.]] '''Malikization na Maghreb''' shine tsari na ƙarfafa karɓar [[Malikiyya|Makarantar Maliki]] (wanda [[Imam Malik Ibn Anas|Malik ibn Anas]] ya kafa) na Sunni Islama a cikin Maghreb, musamman a cikin ƙarni na 11 da 12, don cutar da mazaunan [[Shi'a|Shia]] da Kharijite na Magheb. Wannan tsari ya faru ne yayin da malaman Maliki suka kara samun tasiri, wanda ya haifar da karɓar makarantar shari'ar Maliki da kuma ƙaddamar da wasu nau'ikan Islama. An dauki Malikism a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma bambancin addinin Sunni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Toral |first=Isabel |title=The Umayyad Dynasty and the Western Maghreb. A Transregional Perspective. |url=https://medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x003d894f.pdf}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Nasarar Musulmi a Maghreb]], ƙungiyoyin Musulunci daban-daban sun fara tasowa a yankin. Kodayake yawancin mazaunan Ifriqiya sun bi addinin Sunni, adawa da [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] Caliphates sun fara fitowa a yamma da tsakiyar Maghreb. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]]" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism, Isma'ili Shi'ism، Kharijite [[Ibadi|Ibadism]] da Kharijite Sufrism duk an kafa su sosai. Rashin amincewa da kuma ware jam'iyyun siyasa a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] a karni na 8 ya sa masu wa'azi na addini da masu adawa da siyasa suka yi hijira zuwa Maghreb, wadanda suka tuba da yawan jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> === Kharijites === Yunkurin Kharijite Ibadi ya isa Arewacin Afirka a shekara ta 719, lokacin da aka aika mishan Salma ibn Sa'd daga Ibadi ''Jama'a'' na [[Basra]] a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] zuwa Kairouan a Ifriqiya, wanda ya sami nasarar juyar da manyan kabilun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] na Huwara a kusa da [[Tripoli]], a cikin Dutsen Nafusa da Zenata a yammacin Tripolitania a shekara ta 740. : 37-38 Kharijism ya kasance a farkon mafi kyawun nau'in Islama ga Berbers, da farko saboda jaddada daidaito na dukkan Musulmai. Duk da wannan, imanin ya kasance tare da girmamawa mai girma ga iy[[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] Ali, wanda ya ba da izinin tasowa na sarakunan Sharifian daban-daban (ya'yan [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] kai tsaye) a cikin Maghreb, kamar daular Zaydi Shari'a Idrisid . === Shi'a === Maghreb a tarihi yana da yawan Shia Larabawa, kamar su Zaydi [[Daular Idrisid|Idrisids]] da kabilun Bedouin na Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Maghreb. A cikin shekara ta 893, wani mishan na Shia na Larabawa da aka sani da Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i ya isa Maghreb daga [[Yemen]], wanda daga baya ya canza Kutama na arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya zuwa Ismaili Shi'ism. Wadannan sun zo ne a karkashin mulkin Daular Fatimid wanda ya shirya sojoji don yaƙi da daular Mu'tazilite Sunni Aghlabid na Ifriqiya . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da Aghlabids, Fatimids sun yi nasara a cikin 909 kuma sun ci Ifriqiya, sun kafa Fatimid Caliphate. An bayyana [[Daular Idrisid|Idrisids]] na yammacin Maghreb (Morocco na yanzu) a matsayin daular Zaydi Shia wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta gabatar da koyarwar Shia Islama a Maghreb. Da yake sun fito ne daga [[Yankin Larabawa]], Idris ibn Abdallah da zuriyarsa sun kawo tare da su wani nau'i na archaic Shi'ism wanda yayi kama da Zaydism. === Mu'tazilite Hanafites === Daular Aghlabid, wacce ta yi mulki a Ifriqiya daga 800 zuwa 909 a matsayin magoya bayan Abbasids, sun bi koyarwar Mu'tazilite a cikin [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] Sunni Islam. Da zarar an karɓi Mu'tazilism a matsayin koyarwar hukuma ta Khalifancin Abbasid na Baghdad a lokacin mulkin Khalifa Al-Ma'mun (813-833), Aghlabids sun bi hakan kuma sun sanya shi a matsayin hukuma a Ifriqiya. Wannan ya sadu da adawa daga mafi yawan Maliki na Ifriqiya, musamman saboda ƙin Mu'tazilite na imani na Orthodox cewa Alkur'ani kalma ce ta Allah ta har abada sabili da haka ba a halicce ta ba. Kodayake Aghlabids sun fahimci tasirin siyasa na shugabannin addinai na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]], dukansu ba su iya ba kuma ba sa son canza tsarin gwamnati don daidaitawa da imanin su.: 57 <nowiki><i id="mwgg">qāḍī</i></nowiki> (alƙali) na Kairouan ya bi makarantar Hanafi kuma ya amince da manufar Khalq al-Alkur'ani (halitta Alkur'ani). Aghlabids sun fi 'Yan Iraki a matsayin alƙalai mafi girma, yayin da viziers suna da alaƙa da makarantar Maliki. An tsananta wa wasu Malikis saboda kin amincewa da imanin Mu'tazilite, kamar Sahsun, wanda ya sha wahala a lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab (841-856) saboda kin amincewar ra'ayin Mu'tajilite cewa an halicci Alkur'ani.<ref name=":4" /> : 57 : 57  == Malikization == Shekaru biyu kawai bayan nasarar musulmi na Maghreb, Malikism ya zama babbar makarantar Musulunci ta yankin. Wannan a hankali ya sa Ibadism ya ragu kuma ya ɓace daga yawancin yankuna a cikin Maghreb. A tsakiyar karni na goma, Kharijism ya mutu a Arewacin Afirka. Al'ummomin Kharijite sun raunana sosai ta hanyar haɗin kai tare da Maliki Umayyad Andalus da kuma asarar ikon [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|Cinikin bayi]].<ref name=":0" /> A cewar Allaoua Amara, tsarin Malikization ya fara ne a karkashin Fatimid Caliphate . Bugu da ƙari, Hammadids sun ba da gudummawa ga tsari ta hanyar sanya Malikism a Hodna bayan sun kafa babban birnin su, [[Beni Hammad Fort|Qal'at Bani Hammad]] . Al'ummomin Ibadi a [[Tiaret|Tahert]] da Zab sun riga sun raunana ta hanyar shiga tsakani na soja na Umayyad, juyawa zuwa Malikism, shirya manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Maliki, kuma a ƙarshe, isowar Bedouin Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym, waɗanda suka tilasta Ibadi Berbers zuwa gudun hijira. Daular Zirid, wacce ke zaune a sansanin Maliki na Ifriqiya, ta goyi bayan yaduwar Malikism a yankunan da suke sarrafawa, duk da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Isma'ili Shia Fatimid Caliphate.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1016, Malikis a Ifriqiya ya fara zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a rayuwar jama'a kuma yana sukar asalin sarakunan Zirid tare da Shia Islam, kuma da zarar Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis ya zama mai mulki, tashin hankali na Sunni ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1016, farawa daga Kairouan kuma daga baya ya bazu a duk Ifriqiye. Kimanin Isma'ili Shi'ites 20,000 an ce 'yan ta'adda na Malikite sun kashe su, tare da yardar gwamnati. Malikism ya ci gaba da yaduwa a tsakiyar Maghreb a lokacin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads waɗanda suka goyi bayan inganta wannan makarantar shari'ar Musulunci. Sun inganta rawar Maliki [[Ulama'u|Ulamai]] a birane da garuruwa da yawa kamar [[Tlemcen]], Mazouna, [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] da [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] . <ref name="djazairess9">{{Cite web |title=Djazairess : Le rôle des Oulémas dans la préservation de l'unité du référent religieux au Maghreb et en Afrique souligné à Biskra |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/441624 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=djazairess.com}}</ref> Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym, duka kabilun Isma'ili Shia Bedouin Larabawa, Fatimids ne suka tura su zuwa Maghreb don azabtar da Zirids saboda sun watsar da Isma'ili Shi'ism don goyon bayan Maliki Sunnism, wanda ya haifar da kimanin 1,000,000 Larabawa makiyaya da suka koma yankin.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last3=Idris El Hareir, Ravane Mbaye}}</ref> Duk da yake wasu dalilai da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙaurawar waɗannan kabilun Larabawa zuwa Maghreb, gami da fari mai tsawo na shekaru bakwai a Misira, mamayewar Bedouin na Maghreb a ƙarni na 11 an tabbatar da su ne da farko a kan tushen addini. A sakamakon sauye-sauye na kawance, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin mulkin Almoravids, Hafsids, [[Masarautar Tlemcen|Zayyanids]] da Marinids, yawancin Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym sun ci gaba da karɓar makarantar Maliki ta Sunni Islama. <ref name=":3" /> Mai shari'a na Almoravid na karni na 12 Qadi Iyad, wani Maliki wanda ya yi tsayayya da koyarwar Mu'tazilite, yana ambaton aikin Malik ibn Anas, ya rubuta: "Ya ce game da wani wanda ya ce an halicci Alkur'ani, "Shi marar imani ne, don haka kashe shi."Ya ce a cikin fassarar Ibn Nafi', "Ya kamata a yi masa bulala kuma a yi masa duka da zafi kuma a ɗaure shi har sai ya tuba."A cikin fassarar Bishr ibn Bakr at-Tinnisi mun sami, "An kashe shi kuma ba a yarda da tuba ba".[1] == Dubi kuma == * [[Malikiyya|Makarantar Maliki]] * [[Malikism a Algeria|Malikism a Aljeriya]] * [[Imam Malik Ibn Anas|Malik ibn Anas]] * [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Nasarar Musulmi a Maghreb]] * 1016 Kisan kiyashi na Ismaili a Ifriqiya == Manazarta == 3o6t1w4q4t51sf6khwj3c5yzao8bidr 966438 966430 2026-10-11T16:42:43Z Salma Raddah 45959 966438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mosque_of_Oqba_Courtyard,_Kairouan.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Babban Masallacin Kairouan ko Masallacin Uqba yana da suna, tun daga karni na 9, na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin makarantar Maliki.]]{{Databox}} '''Malikization na Maghreb''' shine tsari na ƙarfafa karɓar [[Malikiyya|Makarantar Maliki]] (wanda [[Imam Malik Ibn Anas|Malik ibn Anas]] ya kafa) na Sunni Islama a cikin Maghreb, musamman a cikin ƙarni na 11 da 12, don cutar da mazaunan [[Shi'a|Shia]] da Kharijite na Magheb. Wannan tsari ya faru ne yayin da malaman Maliki suka kara samun tasiri, wanda ya haifar da karɓar makarantar shari'ar Maliki da kuma ƙaddamar da wasu nau'ikan Islama. An dauki Malikism a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma bambancin addinin Sunni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Toral |first=Isabel |title=The Umayyad Dynasty and the Western Maghreb. A Transregional Perspective. |url=https://medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x003d894f.pdf}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Nasarar Musulmi a Maghreb]], ƙungiyoyin Musulunci daban-daban sun fara tasowa a yankin. Kodayake yawancin mazaunan Ifriqiya sun bi addinin Sunni, adawa da [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] Caliphates sun fara fitowa a yamma da tsakiyar Maghreb. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]]" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism, Isma'ili Shi'ism، Kharijite [[Ibadi|Ibadism]] da Kharijite Sufrism duk an kafa su sosai. Rashin amincewa da kuma ware jam'iyyun siyasa a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] a karni na 8 ya sa masu wa'azi na addini da masu adawa da siyasa suka yi hijira zuwa Maghreb, wadanda suka tuba da yawan jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> === Kharijites === Yunkurin Kharijite Ibadi ya isa Arewacin Afirka a shekara ta 719, lokacin da aka aika mishan Salma ibn Sa'd daga Ibadi ''Jama'a'' na [[Basra]] a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] zuwa Kairouan a Ifriqiya, wanda ya sami nasarar juyar da manyan kabilun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] na Huwara a kusa da [[Tripoli]], a cikin Dutsen Nafusa da Zenata a yammacin Tripolitania a shekara ta 740. : 37-38 Kharijism ya kasance a farkon mafi kyawun nau'in Islama ga Berbers, da farko saboda jaddada daidaito na dukkan Musulmai. Duk da wannan, imanin ya kasance tare da girmamawa mai girma ga iy[[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] Ali, wanda ya ba da izinin tasowa na sarakunan Sharifian daban-daban (ya'yan [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] kai tsaye) a cikin Maghreb, kamar daular Zaydi Shari'a Idrisid . === Shi'a === Maghreb a tarihi yana da yawan Shia Larabawa, kamar su Zaydi [[Daular Idrisid|Idrisids]] da kabilun Bedouin na Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Maghreb. A cikin shekara ta 893, wani mishan na Shia na Larabawa da aka sani da Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i ya isa Maghreb daga [[Yemen]], wanda daga baya ya canza Kutama na arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya zuwa Ismaili Shi'ism. Wadannan sun zo ne a karkashin mulkin Daular Fatimid wanda ya shirya sojoji don yaƙi da daular Mu'tazilite Sunni Aghlabid na Ifriqiya . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da Aghlabids, Fatimids sun yi nasara a cikin 909 kuma sun ci Ifriqiya, sun kafa Fatimid Caliphate. An bayyana [[Daular Idrisid|Idrisids]] na yammacin Maghreb (Morocco na yanzu) a matsayin daular Zaydi Shia wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta gabatar da koyarwar Shia Islama a Maghreb. Da yake sun fito ne daga [[Yankin Larabawa]], Idris ibn Abdallah da zuriyarsa sun kawo tare da su wani nau'i na archaic Shi'ism wanda yayi kama da Zaydism. === Mu'tazilite Hanafites === Daular Aghlabid, wacce ta yi mulki a Ifriqiya daga 800 zuwa 909 a matsayin magoya bayan Abbasids, sun bi koyarwar Mu'tazilite a cikin [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] Sunni Islam. Da zarar an karɓi Mu'tazilism a matsayin koyarwar hukuma ta Khalifancin Abbasid na Baghdad a lokacin mulkin Khalifa Al-Ma'mun (813-833), Aghlabids sun bi hakan kuma sun sanya shi a matsayin hukuma a Ifriqiya. Wannan ya sadu da adawa daga mafi yawan Maliki na Ifriqiya, musamman saboda ƙin Mu'tazilite na imani na Orthodox cewa Alkur'ani kalma ce ta Allah ta har abada sabili da haka ba a halicce ta ba. Kodayake Aghlabids sun fahimci tasirin siyasa na shugabannin addinai na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]], dukansu ba su iya ba kuma ba sa son canza tsarin gwamnati don daidaitawa da imanin su.: 57 <nowiki><i id="mwgg">qāḍī</i></nowiki> (alƙali) na Kairouan ya bi makarantar Hanafi kuma ya amince da manufar Khalq al-Alkur'ani (halitta Alkur'ani). Aghlabids sun fi 'Yan Iraki a matsayin alƙalai mafi girma, yayin da viziers suna da alaƙa da makarantar Maliki. An tsananta wa wasu Malikis saboda kin amincewa da imanin Mu'tazilite, kamar Sahsun, wanda ya sha wahala a lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab (841-856) saboda kin amincewar ra'ayin Mu'tajilite cewa an halicci Alkur'ani.<ref name=":4" /> : 57 : 57  == Malikization == Shekaru biyu kawai bayan nasarar musulmi na Maghreb, Malikism ya zama babbar makarantar Musulunci ta yankin. Wannan a hankali ya sa Ibadism ya ragu kuma ya ɓace daga yawancin yankuna a cikin Maghreb. A tsakiyar karni na goma, Kharijism ya mutu a Arewacin Afirka. Al'ummomin Kharijite sun raunana sosai ta hanyar haɗin kai tare da Maliki Umayyad Andalus da kuma asarar ikon [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|Cinikin bayi]].<ref name=":0" /> A cewar Allaoua Amara, tsarin Malikization ya fara ne a karkashin Fatimid Caliphate . Bugu da ƙari, Hammadids sun ba da gudummawa ga tsari ta hanyar sanya Malikism a Hodna bayan sun kafa babban birnin su, [[Beni Hammad Fort|Qal'at Bani Hammad]] . Al'ummomin Ibadi a [[Tiaret|Tahert]] da Zab sun riga sun raunana ta hanyar shiga tsakani na soja na Umayyad, juyawa zuwa Malikism, shirya manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Maliki, kuma a ƙarshe, isowar Bedouin Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym, waɗanda suka tilasta Ibadi Berbers zuwa gudun hijira. Daular Zirid, wacce ke zaune a sansanin Maliki na Ifriqiya, ta goyi bayan yaduwar Malikism a yankunan da suke sarrafawa, duk da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Isma'ili Shia Fatimid Caliphate.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1016, Malikis a Ifriqiya ya fara zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a rayuwar jama'a kuma yana sukar asalin sarakunan Zirid tare da Shia Islam, kuma da zarar Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis ya zama mai mulki, tashin hankali na Sunni ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1016, farawa daga Kairouan kuma daga baya ya bazu a duk Ifriqiye. Kimanin Isma'ili Shi'ites 20,000 an ce 'yan ta'adda na Malikite sun kashe su, tare da yardar gwamnati. Malikism ya ci gaba da yaduwa a tsakiyar Maghreb a lokacin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads waɗanda suka goyi bayan inganta wannan makarantar shari'ar Musulunci. Sun inganta rawar Maliki [[Ulama'u|Ulamai]] a birane da garuruwa da yawa kamar [[Tlemcen]], Mazouna, [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] da [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] . <ref name="djazairess9">{{Cite web |title=Djazairess : Le rôle des Oulémas dans la préservation de l'unité du référent religieux au Maghreb et en Afrique souligné à Biskra |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/441624 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=djazairess.com}}</ref> Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym, duka kabilun Isma'ili Shia Bedouin Larabawa, Fatimids ne suka tura su zuwa Maghreb don azabtar da Zirids saboda sun watsar da Isma'ili Shi'ism don goyon bayan Maliki Sunnism, wanda ya haifar da kimanin 1,000,000 Larabawa makiyaya da suka koma yankin.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last3=Idris El Hareir, Ravane Mbaye}}</ref> Duk da yake wasu dalilai da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙaurawar waɗannan kabilun Larabawa zuwa Maghreb, gami da fari mai tsawo na shekaru bakwai a Misira, mamayewar Bedouin na Maghreb a ƙarni na 11 an tabbatar da su ne da farko a kan tushen addini. A sakamakon sauye-sauye na kawance, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin mulkin Almoravids, Hafsids, [[Masarautar Tlemcen|Zayyanids]] da Marinids, yawancin Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym sun ci gaba da karɓar makarantar Maliki ta Sunni Islama. <ref name=":3" /> Mai shari'a na Almoravid na karni na 12 Qadi Iyad, wani Maliki wanda ya yi tsayayya da koyarwar Mu'tazilite, yana ambaton aikin Malik ibn Anas, ya rubuta: "Ya ce game da wani wanda ya ce an halicci Alkur'ani, "Shi marar imani ne, don haka kashe shi."Ya ce a cikin fassarar Ibn Nafi', "Ya kamata a yi masa bulala kuma a yi masa duka da zafi kuma a ɗaure shi har sai ya tuba."A cikin fassarar Bishr ibn Bakr at-Tinnisi mun sami, "An kashe shi kuma ba a yarda da tuba ba".[1] == Dubi kuma == * [[Malikiyya|Makarantar Maliki]] * [[Malikism a Algeria|Malikism a Aljeriya]] * [[Imam Malik Ibn Anas|Malik ibn Anas]] * [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Nasarar Musulmi a Maghreb]] * 1016 Kisan kiyashi na Ismaili a Ifriqiya == Manazarta == 5c9zazswz0b6vgr9cexxcgl3vljagcf Hammadid Capture of Fez 0 178950 966431 2026-10-11T16:41:44Z Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman 21300 Sabuwar Mukala 966431 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Hammadid capture of Fez== Daular Hammadid ta kwace birnin Fez a shekarar 1062, yayin yakin da Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranta kan kabilar Maghrawa, wadanda ke iko da wasu sassan kasashen Morocco da yammacin Algeria na yau. ==Bayanin Farko== Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya kammala jagorantar wani yaki a Biskra, inda ya sake tabbatar da ikon daular Hammadid a yankin. == Kwace Birnin== Buluggin ya yanke shawarar jagorantar yaki kan birnin Fez, wanda ke karkashin ikon shugabannin kabilar Maghrawa (Zenata) na yankin. Daga nan sai ya kwace birnin Fez. ==Abin da Ya Biyo== Baya Buluggin ya shafe watanni da dama a Fez kafin ya tafi, inda ya tafi da wasu daga cikin mazauna birnin a matsayin fursunoni. Dan uwansa Nasir ibn Alnas—wanda ke son daukar fansar mutuwar 'yar uwarsa—ya yi amfani da damar wajen kashe Buluggin yayin tafiyarsa ta komawa gida, sannan ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban daular Hammadid. Daga baya, birnin Fez ya koma hannun shugabannin Maghrawa na yankin, har sai da daular Almoravid ta yi masa kawanya na tsawon shekaru da dama a shekarun 1060, daga bisani kuma ya fada hannunsu a shekarar 1069–70. ==Manzarta== Idris, H.R. (1960–2007). "Ḥammādids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. ISBN 9789004161214. fxxe04ooewnjhdbaei1l7weberyxtt3 966514 966431 2026-10-11T16:58:17Z Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman 21300 /* Hammadid capture of Fez */ 966514 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Hammadid capture of Fez== Daular Hammadid ta kwace birnin Fez a shekarar 1062, yayin yakin da Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranta kan kabilar Maghrawa, wadanda ke iko da wasu sassan kasashen Morocco da yammacin Algeria na yau. ==Bayanin Farko== Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya kammala jagorantar wani yaki a Biskra, inda ya sake tabbatar da ikon daular Hammadid a yankin. == Kwace Birnin== Buluggin ya yanke shawarar jagorantar yaki kan birnin Fez, wanda ke karkashin ikon shugabannin kabilar Maghrawa (Zenata) na yankin. Daga nan sai ya kwace birnin Fez. ==Abin da Ya Biyo== Baya Buluggin ya shafe watanni da dama a Fez kafin ya tafi, inda ya tafi da wasu daga cikin mazauna birnin a matsayin fursunoni. Dan uwansa Nasir ibn Alnas—wanda ke son daukar fansar mutuwar 'yar uwarsa—ya yi amfani da damar wajen kashe Buluggin yayin tafiyarsa ta komawa gida, sannan ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban daular Hammadid. Daga baya, birnin Fez ya koma hannun shugabannin Maghrawa na yankin, har sai da daular Almoravid ta yi masa kawanya na tsawon shekaru da dama a shekarun 1060, daga bisani kuma ya fada hannunsu a shekarar 1069–70. ==Manzarta== Idris, H.R. (1960–2007). "Ḥammādids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. ISBN 9789004161214. mnq8kw3hotl2huep1prssazeg2me6i8 Mek Nimr 0 178951 966432 2026-10-11T16:42:00Z BnHamid 12586 Start 966432 wikitext text/x-wiki El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. thu845gbq72s5mdu2xj0spw6i8oruuc 966446 966432 2026-10-11T16:43:50Z BnHamid 12586 966446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} b7uxisycg4ugjydkjt70lz0424wzt7x 966472 966446 2026-10-11T16:48:54Z BnHamid 12586 Ingantawa 966472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Yakin Masar a Sudan== A lokacin da Masar ta mamaye Sudan, an tilasta wa Nimr amincewa da mulkin Masar da Turkiyya ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga rundunar Isma'il Kamil Pasha a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1821.[1] Haka kuma, ya shiga yakin da Isma'il ya kaddamar kan daular Sennar. Bayan kammala wannan yakin, Isma'il ya koma Shendi, amma bai nuna wa Mek Nimr, wanda ya kai shekaru sittin a duniya, girmamawar da ta dace ba.[2] Lokacin da ya bukaci a ba shi bayi da kudi a matsayin haraji, Nimr ya ki amincewa. Wannan ya haifar da rikici, inda Isma'il ya kai wa sarkin duka.[3] Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, Nimr ya kai hari sansanin Isma'il, inda ya sa aka kona shi kurmus tare da kashe Isma'il a ciki. Nimr ya kuma sa aka kashe dukkan sojojin Masar tare da kai wa rundunar sojojin doki ta Masar, wadanda suka iso bayan kwana biyu, hari ba-zata.[3] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} m2k5k1hun6gf44nemcpkinfxsc5qw4k 966479 966472 2026-10-11T16:50:11Z BnHamid 12586 /* Yakin Masar a Sudan */ 966479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Yakin Masar a Sudan== A lokacin da Masar ta mamaye Sudan, an tilasta wa Nimr amincewa da mulkin Masar da Turkiyya ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga rundunar Isma'il Kamil Pasha a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1821.<ref>{{Harvp|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=404}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya shiga yakin da Isma'il ya kaddamar kan daular Sennar. Bayan kammala wannan yakin, Isma'il ya koma Shendi, amma bai nuna wa Mek Nimr, wanda ya kai shekaru sittin a duniya, girmamawar da ta dace ba.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Lokacin da ya bukaci a ba shi bayi da kudi a matsayin haraji, Nimr ya ki amincewa. Wannan ya haifar da rikici, inda Isma'il ya kai wa sarkin duka.[3] Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, Nimr ya kai hari sansanin Isma'il, inda ya sa aka kona shi kurmus tare da kashe Isma'il a ciki. Nimr ya kuma sa aka kashe dukkan sojojin Masar tare da kai wa rundunar sojojin doki ta Masar, wadanda suka iso bayan kwana biyu, hari ba-zata.[3] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9z3q9hbnr9vhzlob4z00xbh8c4yzpig 966486 966479 2026-10-11T16:52:19Z BnHamid 12586 /* Yakin Masar a Sudan */ 966486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Yakin Masar a Sudan== A lokacin da Masar ta mamaye Sudan, an tilasta wa Nimr amincewa da mulkin Masar da Turkiyya ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga rundunar Isma'il Kamil Pasha a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1821.<ref>{{Harvp|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=404}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya shiga yakin da Isma'il ya kaddamar kan daular Sennar. Bayan kammala wannan yakin, Isma'il ya koma Shendi, amma bai nuna wa Mek Nimr, wanda ya kai shekaru sittin a duniya, girmamawar da ta dace ba.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Lokacin da ya bukaci a ba shi bayi da kudi a matsayin haraji, Nimr ya ki amincewa. Wannan ya haifar da rikici, inda Isma'il ya kai wa sarkin duka.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, Nimr ya kai hari sansanin Isma'il, inda ya sa aka kona shi kurmus tare da kashe Isma'il a ciki. Nimr ya kuma sa aka kashe dukkan sojojin Masar tare da kai wa rundunar sojojin doki ta Masar, wadanda suka iso bayan kwana biyu, hari ba-zata.<ref name="McGregor77" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 48cljf5qdboshx3yqdm0ffv1i07upcu 966504 966486 2026-10-11T16:55:27Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 966504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Yakin Masar a Sudan== A lokacin da Masar ta mamaye Sudan, an tilasta wa Nimr amincewa da mulkin Masar da Turkiyya ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga rundunar Isma'il Kamil Pasha a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1821.<ref>{{Harvp|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=404}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya shiga yakin da Isma'il ya kaddamar kan daular Sennar. Bayan kammala wannan yakin, Isma'il ya koma Shendi, amma bai nuna wa Mek Nimr, wanda ya kai shekaru sittin a duniya, girmamawar da ta dace ba.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Lokacin da ya bukaci a ba shi bayi da kudi a matsayin haraji, Nimr ya ki amincewa. Wannan ya haifar da rikici, inda Isma'il ya kai wa sarkin duka.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, Nimr ya kai hari sansanin Isma'il, inda ya sa aka kona shi kurmus tare da kashe Isma'il a ciki. Nimr ya kuma sa aka kashe dukkan sojojin Masar tare da kai wa rundunar sojojin doki ta Masar, wadanda suka iso bayan kwana biyu, hari ba-zata.<ref name="McGregor77" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} === Tushe=== * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC|title=A Political Chronology of Africa|last1=Lea|first1=David|last2=Rowe|first2=Annamarie|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781857431162|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|last=McGregor|first=Andrew James|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275986018|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC|title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|last1=Kramer|first1=Robert S.|last2=Lobban|first2=Richard Andrew|last3=Fluehr-Lobban|first3=Carolyn|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780810861800|language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Prokesch Ritter von Osten |first=Anton |title=Das Land zwischen den Katarakten des Nil |year=1831}} ===Karin Karatu=== * {{cite book |last=Bjørkelo |first=Anders |year=2003 |title=Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821-1885 |publisher=Cambridge University}} *{{cite journal|last=Robinson |first=A.E. |year=1925 |title=Nimr, the last King of Shendi |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |volume=8 |pages=105–118}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nimr Muhammad}} 3o66f35flvpa1x6sn75fgj1o5km0nji 966509 966504 2026-10-11T16:56:23Z BnHamid 12586 /* Yakin Masar a Sudan */ 966509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Yakin Masar a Sudan== [[File:Al-MAK NIMIR STREET Khartoum RomanDeckert 24042018.jpg|left|thumb|Street sign in central Khartoum (2018)]] A lokacin da Masar ta mamaye Sudan, an tilasta wa Nimr amincewa da mulkin Masar da Turkiyya ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga rundunar Isma'il Kamil Pasha a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1821.<ref>{{Harvp|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=404}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya shiga yakin da Isma'il ya kaddamar kan daular Sennar. Bayan kammala wannan yakin, Isma'il ya koma Shendi, amma bai nuna wa Mek Nimr, wanda ya kai shekaru sittin a duniya, girmamawar da ta dace ba.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Lokacin da ya bukaci a ba shi bayi da kudi a matsayin haraji, Nimr ya ki amincewa. Wannan ya haifar da rikici, inda Isma'il ya kai wa sarkin duka.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, Nimr ya kai hari sansanin Isma'il, inda ya sa aka kona shi kurmus tare da kashe Isma'il a ciki. Nimr ya kuma sa aka kashe dukkan sojojin Masar tare da kai wa rundunar sojojin doki ta Masar, wadanda suka iso bayan kwana biyu, hari ba-zata.<ref name="McGregor77" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} === Tushe=== * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC|title=A Political Chronology of Africa|last1=Lea|first1=David|last2=Rowe|first2=Annamarie|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781857431162|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|last=McGregor|first=Andrew James|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275986018|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC|title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|last1=Kramer|first1=Robert S.|last2=Lobban|first2=Richard Andrew|last3=Fluehr-Lobban|first3=Carolyn|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780810861800|language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Prokesch Ritter von Osten |first=Anton |title=Das Land zwischen den Katarakten des Nil |year=1831}} ===Karin Karatu=== * {{cite book |last=Bjørkelo |first=Anders |year=2003 |title=Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821-1885 |publisher=Cambridge University}} *{{cite journal|last=Robinson |first=A.E. |year=1925 |title=Nimr, the last King of Shendi |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |volume=8 |pages=105–118}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nimr Muhammad}} rl1t8sg1ylai9asmfkl87t2x3rl4i25 966513 966509 2026-10-11T16:58:10Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 966513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Yakin Masar a Sudan== [[File:Al-MAK NIMIR STREET Khartoum RomanDeckert 24042018.jpg|left|thumb|Street sign in central Khartoum (2018)]] A lokacin da Masar ta mamaye Sudan, an tilasta wa Nimr amincewa da mulkin Masar da Turkiyya ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga rundunar Isma'il Kamil Pasha a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1821.<ref>{{Harvp|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=404}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya shiga yakin da Isma'il ya kaddamar kan daular Sennar. Bayan kammala wannan yakin, Isma'il ya koma Shendi, amma bai nuna wa Mek Nimr, wanda ya kai shekaru sittin a duniya, girmamawar da ta dace ba.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Lokacin da ya bukaci a ba shi bayi da kudi a matsayin haraji, Nimr ya ki amincewa. Wannan ya haifar da rikici, inda Isma'il ya kai wa sarkin duka.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, Nimr ya kai hari sansanin Isma'il, inda ya sa aka kona shi kurmus tare da kashe Isma'il a ciki. Nimr ya kuma sa aka kashe dukkan sojojin Masar tare da kai wa rundunar sojojin doki ta Masar, wadanda suka iso bayan kwana biyu, hari ba-zata.<ref name="McGregor77" /> ==Girmamawa== An sanya wa wani titi a tsakiyar birnin Khartoum sunasa domin girmama shi. Titin yana kaiwa ne zuwa gadar El Mek Nimr, wadda aka bude a shekarar 2007. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} === Tushe=== * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC|title=A Political Chronology of Africa|last1=Lea|first1=David|last2=Rowe|first2=Annamarie|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781857431162|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|last=McGregor|first=Andrew James|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275986018|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC|title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|last1=Kramer|first1=Robert S.|last2=Lobban|first2=Richard Andrew|last3=Fluehr-Lobban|first3=Carolyn|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780810861800|language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Prokesch Ritter von Osten |first=Anton |title=Das Land zwischen den Katarakten des Nil |year=1831}} ===Karin Karatu=== * {{cite book |last=Bjørkelo |first=Anders |year=2003 |title=Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821-1885 |publisher=Cambridge University}} *{{cite journal|last=Robinson |first=A.E. |year=1925 |title=Nimr, the last King of Shendi |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |volume=8 |pages=105–118}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nimr Muhammad}} 2w1xyvz9pzdy2cfrbhn3eyt86uusbmd 966516 966513 2026-10-11T16:58:38Z BnHamid 12586 /* Girmamawa */ 966516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} El Mek Nimr, wanda aka fi sani da Nimr Muhammad (kimanin shekarar 1785–1846), shi ne 'mek' (sarki) na ƙarshe na mutanen Ja’alin, waɗanda suka zauna a Shendi, Sudan. Da farko ya shiga rundunar sojan Masar a lokacin mulkin Turkiyya a Sudan, amma daga baya ya yi nasarar kayar da sojojin Masar sannan ya tafi gudun hijira. ==Yakin Masar a Sudan== [[File:Al-MAK NIMIR STREET Khartoum RomanDeckert 24042018.jpg|left|thumb|Street sign in central Khartoum (2018)]] A lokacin da Masar ta mamaye Sudan, an tilasta wa Nimr amincewa da mulkin Masar da Turkiyya ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga rundunar Isma'il Kamil Pasha a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1821.<ref>{{Harvp|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=404}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya shiga yakin da Isma'il ya kaddamar kan daular Sennar. Bayan kammala wannan yakin, Isma'il ya koma Shendi, amma bai nuna wa Mek Nimr, wanda ya kai shekaru sittin a duniya, girmamawar da ta dace ba.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Lokacin da ya bukaci a ba shi bayi da kudi a matsayin haraji, Nimr ya ki amincewa. Wannan ya haifar da rikici, inda Isma'il ya kai wa sarkin duka.<ref name="McGregor77">{{Harvp|McGregor|2006|p=77}}</ref> Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, Nimr ya kai hari sansanin Isma'il, inda ya sa aka kona shi kurmus tare da kashe Isma'il a ciki. Nimr ya kuma sa aka kashe dukkan sojojin Masar tare da kai wa rundunar sojojin doki ta Masar, wadanda suka iso bayan kwana biyu, hari ba-zata.<ref name="McGregor77" /> ==Girmamawa== An sanya wa wani titi a tsakiyar birnin Khartoum sunasa domin girmama shi. Titin yana kaiwa ne zuwa gadar El Mek Nimr, wadda aka bude a shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Mek Nimir Bridge (Khartoum/Khartoum North, 2007)|url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/el-mek-nimir-bridge|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Structurae|language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} === Tushe=== * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC|title=A Political Chronology of Africa|last1=Lea|first1=David|last2=Rowe|first2=Annamarie|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781857431162|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|last=McGregor|first=Andrew James|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275986018|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC|title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|last1=Kramer|first1=Robert S.|last2=Lobban|first2=Richard Andrew|last3=Fluehr-Lobban|first3=Carolyn|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780810861800|language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Prokesch Ritter von Osten |first=Anton |title=Das Land zwischen den Katarakten des Nil |year=1831}} ===Karin Karatu=== * {{cite book |last=Bjørkelo |first=Anders |year=2003 |title=Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821-1885 |publisher=Cambridge University}} *{{cite journal|last=Robinson |first=A.E. |year=1925 |title=Nimr, the last King of Shendi |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |volume=8 |pages=105–118}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nimr Muhammad}} h9yj1l4qr4a1nj9szeu7edg0wyjt6mi User:Salma Raddah 2 178952 966433 2026-10-11T16:42:11Z Abdulwahabameenu 23926 Shafi na tarihin garin malumfashi 966433 wikitext text/x-wiki tarihin garin malumfashi 2g8xz9znc7gn1tbsurl7n99bvhs0zt4 Jihar Mahdist 0 178953 966434 2026-10-11T16:42:16Z Faisaldabai 49842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377773587|Mahdist State]]" 966434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jihar Mahdist''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Mahdist [[Sudan]]''' ko Sudanese Mahdiyya, jiha ce da ta dogara da yunkurin addini da siyasa da [[Muhammad Ahmad]] (daga baya Muhammad [[Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]) ya ƙaddamar a 1881 a kan Khedivate na Masar, wanda ya mallaki Sudan tun 1821. Bayan shekaru hudu na gwagwarmaya, 'yan tawayen Mahdist sun hambarar da gwamnatin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]]-Masar kuma sun kafa nasu gwamnatin "Islama da kasa" tare da babban birninta a [[Omdurman]]. Don haka, daga 1885 gwamnatin Mahdist ta ci gaba da iko da iko a kan yankunan Sudan har sai sojojin Anglo-Masar sun dakatar da wanzuwarta a cikin 1898. Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi ya shiga mutanen Sudan a cikin abin da ya ayyana [[jihadi]] a kan gwamnatin da ke [[Khartoum]], wanda Masarawa da Turks suka mamaye. Gwamnatin Khartoum da farko ta kori juyin juya halin Mahdi. Ya kayar da tafiye-tafiye biyu da aka aiko don kama shi a cikin shekara guda. Ikon Mahdi ya karu, kuma kiransa ya bazu a duk Sudan, tare da motsi ya zama sananne da Ansar. A wannan lokacin, 'juyin juya halin Urabi ya ɓarke a Misira, tare da Burtaniya ta mamaye ƙasar a 1882. Burtaniya ta nada Charles Gordon a matsayin Janar-Governor na Sudan. Watanni bayan isowarsa Khartoum kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tare da 'yan tawayen Mahdi, sojojin Mahdist sun kama Khartoom, kuma an kashe Gordon a fadarsa. Mahdi bai rayu ba bayan wannan nasarar, kuma magajinsa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ya karfafa sabuwar jihar, tare da tsarin gudanarwa da shari'a bisa ga ma'anar addinin [[Musulunci]] na Musulunci na addinin Musulmi, wanda ya tilasta wa Musulunci. An lalata tattalin arzikin Sudan a lokacin Mahdist War kuma yunwa, yaƙi da cututtuka sun rage yawan jama'a da fiye da rabi.<ref name="AtrocNum">{{Harvard citation no brackets|White|2011}}, "Mahdi Revolt" entry. </ref> Daga farkon karni na 19, Masar ta fara cin nasarar [[Sudan]] kuma ta mamaye ta a matsayin tushen albarkatun mutum da kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}}Wannan lokacin ya zama sananne a cikin gida da Turkiyya, watau mulkin "Turkiyanci" ta Eyalet kuma daga baya Khedivate na Masar.{{Sfn|Nicoll|2005}}Sunan wani abu ne da ba daidai ba: Masarawa sun dauki 'yan Sudan na gida don farawa da ƙananan matsayi, sannan daga baya manyan mukamai. Gudanar da Masar ya haɗa Sudan cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci na duniya, amma haɗin Masar na Trans-Mediterranean ya tabbatar da takobi mai kaifi biyu.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}}A cikin 1869, [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] ya buɗe kuma da sauri ya zama babbar hanyar rayuwa ta tattalin arziki ga [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] a Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Don kare wannan hanyar ruwa, Burtaniya ta nemi babban rawar da ta taka a harkokin Masar.{{Sfn|Knight|2005}} A shekara ta 1873, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta goyi bayan wani shirin inda hukumar bashin Anglo-Faransa ta dauki alhakin gudanar da harkokin kasafin kudin Masar.{{Sfn|Knight|2005}}Don kwantar da hankalin kwamishinan, Masarawa sun ba da izinin masu wa'azi na Kirista su tuba a duk Sudan. A halin yanzu, Khedive Ismail ya nada dan Burtaniya Charles George Gordon a matsayin gwamnan-janar na Sudan. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}Gordon (da kuma gabaɗaya na Burtaniya) sadaukarwa ga kawarwa ya yi tsayayya da tattalin arzikin gargajiya na Sudan, wanda ke zuwa tsakiya a kan [[TARIHIN BAUTAR BAYI|Cinikin bayi]] yanzu cewa tushen hauren giwa sun ƙare.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}} Kwamitin bashin ya tilasta wa Khedive ya yi murabus a 1877 ga ɗansa da ya fi karɓa a siyasa, Tawfiq (ya yi sarauta 1877-1892). [1]A shekara ta 1879, Masar ta fada cikin rikice-rikice na tawaye na Urabi, kuma jim kadan bayan haka Gordon ya yi murabus. Wadanda suka gaje shi ba su da jagora daga Alkahira, kuma rashin jin daɗi na Sudan ya karu da sauri.[1]Cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya farfado, kodayake bai isa ya gamsar da 'yan kasuwa waɗanda Gordon ya rushe ba. Sojojin Sudan sun sha wahala daga rashin albarkatu, kuma sojoji marasa aikin yi daga rukunin da aka rushe sun damu da garuruwan garuruwa. Masu karɓar haraji sun kara haraji da gangan. 7jvgbr1wd7a4lzsrggjnmuayhfas2s6 966440 966434 2026-10-11T16:43:12Z Faisaldabai 49842 966440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jihar Mahdist''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Mahdist [[Sudan]]''' ko Sudanese Mahdiyya, jiha ce da ta dogara da yunkurin addini da siyasa da [[Muhammad Ahmad]] (daga baya Muhammad [[Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]) ya ƙaddamar a 1881 a kan Khedivate na Masar, wanda ya mallaki Sudan tun 1821. Bayan shekaru hudu na gwagwarmaya, 'yan tawayen Mahdist sun hambarar da gwamnatin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]]-Masar kuma sun kafa nasu gwamnatin "Islama da kasa" tare da babban birninta a [[Omdurman]]. Don haka, daga 1885 gwamnatin Mahdist ta ci gaba da iko da iko a kan yankunan Sudan har sai sojojin Anglo-Masar sun dakatar da wanzuwarta a cikin 1898. Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi ya shiga mutanen Sudan a cikin abin da ya ayyana [[jihadi]] a kan gwamnatin da ke [[Khartoum]], wanda Masarawa da Turks suka mamaye. Gwamnatin Khartoum da farko ta kori juyin juya halin Mahdi. Ya kayar da tafiye-tafiye biyu da aka aiko don kama shi a cikin shekara guda. Ikon Mahdi ya karu, kuma kiransa ya bazu a duk Sudan, tare da motsi ya zama sananne da Ansar. A wannan lokacin, 'juyin juya halin Urabi ya ɓarke a Misira, tare da Burtaniya ta mamaye ƙasar a 1882. Burtaniya ta nada Charles Gordon a matsayin Janar-Governor na Sudan. Watanni bayan isowarsa Khartoum kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tare da 'yan tawayen Mahdi, sojojin Mahdist sun kama Khartoom, kuma an kashe Gordon a fadarsa. Mahdi bai rayu ba bayan wannan nasarar, kuma magajinsa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ya karfafa sabuwar jihar, tare da tsarin gudanarwa da shari'a bisa ga ma'anar addinin [[Musulunci]] na Musulunci na addinin Musulmi, wanda ya tilasta wa Musulunci. An lalata tattalin arzikin Sudan a lokacin Mahdist War kuma yunwa, yaƙi da cututtuka sun rage yawan jama'a da fiye da rabi.<ref name="AtrocNum">{{Harvard citation no brackets|White|2011}}, "Mahdi Revolt" entry. </ref> Daga farkon karni na 19, Masar ta fara cin nasarar [[Sudan]] kuma ta mamaye ta a matsayin tushen albarkatun mutum da kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}}Wannan lokacin ya zama sananne a cikin gida da Turkiyya, watau mulkin "Turkiyanci" ta Eyalet kuma daga baya Khedivate na Masar.{{Sfn|Nicoll|2005}}Sunan wani abu ne da ba daidai ba: Masarawa sun dauki 'yan Sudan na gida don farawa da ƙananan matsayi, sannan daga baya manyan mukamai. Gudanar da Masar ya haɗa Sudan cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci na duniya, amma haɗin Masar na Trans-Mediterranean ya tabbatar da takobi mai kaifi biyu.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}}A cikin 1869, [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] ya buɗe kuma da sauri ya zama babbar hanyar rayuwa ta tattalin arziki ga [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] a Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Don kare wannan hanyar ruwa, Burtaniya ta nemi babban rawar da ta taka a harkokin Masar.{{Sfn|Knight|2005}} A shekara ta 1873, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta goyi bayan wani shirin inda hukumar bashin Anglo-Faransa ta dauki alhakin gudanar da harkokin kasafin kudin Masar.{{Sfn|Knight|2005}}Don kwantar da hankalin kwamishinan, Masarawa sun ba da izinin masu wa'azi na Kirista su tuba a duk Sudan. A halin yanzu, Khedive Ismail ya nada dan Burtaniya Charles George Gordon a matsayin gwamnan-janar na Sudan. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}Gordon (da kuma gabaɗaya na Burtaniya) sadaukarwa ga kawarwa ya yi tsayayya da tattalin arzikin gargajiya na Sudan, wanda ke zuwa tsakiya a kan [[TARIHIN BAUTAR BAYI|Cinikin bayi]] yanzu cewa tushen hauren giwa sun ƙare.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}} Kwamitin bashin ya tilasta wa Khedive ya yi murabus a 1877 ga ɗansa da ya fi karɓa a siyasa, Tawfiq (ya yi sarauta 1877-1892). [1]A shekara ta 1879, Masar ta fada cikin rikice-rikice na tawaye na Urabi, kuma jim kadan bayan haka Gordon ya yi murabus. Wadanda suka gaje shi ba su da jagora daga Alkahira, kuma rashin jin daɗi na Sudan ya karu da sauri.[1]Cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya farfado, kodayake bai isa ya gamsar da 'yan kasuwa waɗanda Gordon ya rushe ba. Sojojin Sudan sun sha wahala daga rashin albarkatu, kuma sojoji marasa aikin yi daga rukunin da aka rushe sun damu da garuruwan garuruwa. Masu karɓar haraji sun kara haraji da gangan. ==Manazarta== ajuttgmgsjm2pkq5n9idas94yhv3rq5 966454 966440 2026-10-11T16:44:46Z Faisaldabai 49842 966454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Jihar Mahdist''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Mahdist [[Sudan]]''' ko Sudanese Mahdiyya, jiha ce da ta dogara da yunkurin addini da siyasa da [[Muhammad Ahmad]] (daga baya Muhammad [[Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]) ya ƙaddamar a 1881 a kan Khedivate na Masar, wanda ya mallaki Sudan tun 1821. Bayan shekaru hudu na gwagwarmaya, 'yan tawayen Mahdist sun hambarar da gwamnatin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]]-Masar kuma sun kafa nasu gwamnatin "Islama da kasa" tare da babban birninta a [[Omdurman]]. Don haka, daga 1885 gwamnatin Mahdist ta ci gaba da iko da iko a kan yankunan Sudan har sai sojojin Anglo-Masar sun dakatar da wanzuwarta a cikin 1898. Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi ya shiga mutanen Sudan a cikin abin da ya ayyana [[jihadi]] a kan gwamnatin da ke [[Khartoum]], wanda Masarawa da Turks suka mamaye. Gwamnatin Khartoum da farko ta kori juyin juya halin Mahdi. Ya kayar da tafiye-tafiye biyu da aka aiko don kama shi a cikin shekara guda. Ikon Mahdi ya karu, kuma kiransa ya bazu a duk Sudan, tare da motsi ya zama sananne da Ansar. A wannan lokacin, 'juyin juya halin Urabi ya ɓarke a Misira, tare da Burtaniya ta mamaye ƙasar a 1882. Burtaniya ta nada Charles Gordon a matsayin Janar-Governor na Sudan. Watanni bayan isowarsa Khartoum kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tare da 'yan tawayen Mahdi, sojojin Mahdist sun kama Khartoom, kuma an kashe Gordon a fadarsa. Mahdi bai rayu ba bayan wannan nasarar, kuma magajinsa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ya karfafa sabuwar jihar, tare da tsarin gudanarwa da shari'a bisa ga ma'anar addinin [[Musulunci]] na Musulunci na addinin Musulmi, wanda ya tilasta wa Musulunci. An lalata tattalin arzikin Sudan a lokacin Mahdist War kuma yunwa, yaƙi da cututtuka sun rage yawan jama'a da fiye da rabi.<ref name="AtrocNum">{{Harvard citation no brackets|White|2011}}, "Mahdi Revolt" entry. </ref> Daga farkon karni na 19, Masar ta fara cin nasarar [[Sudan]] kuma ta mamaye ta a matsayin tushen albarkatun mutum da kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}}Wannan lokacin ya zama sananne a cikin gida da Turkiyya, watau mulkin "Turkiyanci" ta Eyalet kuma daga baya Khedivate na Masar.{{Sfn|Nicoll|2005}}Sunan wani abu ne da ba daidai ba: Masarawa sun dauki 'yan Sudan na gida don farawa da ƙananan matsayi, sannan daga baya manyan mukamai. Gudanar da Masar ya haɗa Sudan cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci na duniya, amma haɗin Masar na Trans-Mediterranean ya tabbatar da takobi mai kaifi biyu.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}}A cikin 1869, [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] ya buɗe kuma da sauri ya zama babbar hanyar rayuwa ta tattalin arziki ga [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] a Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Don kare wannan hanyar ruwa, Burtaniya ta nemi babban rawar da ta taka a harkokin Masar.{{Sfn|Knight|2005}} A shekara ta 1873, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta goyi bayan wani shirin inda hukumar bashin Anglo-Faransa ta dauki alhakin gudanar da harkokin kasafin kudin Masar.{{Sfn|Knight|2005}}Don kwantar da hankalin kwamishinan, Masarawa sun ba da izinin masu wa'azi na Kirista su tuba a duk Sudan. A halin yanzu, Khedive Ismail ya nada dan Burtaniya Charles George Gordon a matsayin gwamnan-janar na Sudan. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}Gordon (da kuma gabaɗaya na Burtaniya) sadaukarwa ga kawarwa ya yi tsayayya da tattalin arzikin gargajiya na Sudan, wanda ke zuwa tsakiya a kan [[TARIHIN BAUTAR BAYI|Cinikin bayi]] yanzu cewa tushen hauren giwa sun ƙare.{{Sfn|Sidahmed|Sidahmed|2005}} Kwamitin bashin ya tilasta wa Khedive ya yi murabus a 1877 ga ɗansa da ya fi karɓa a siyasa, Tawfiq (ya yi sarauta 1877-1892). [1]A shekara ta 1879, Masar ta fada cikin rikice-rikice na tawaye na Urabi, kuma jim kadan bayan haka Gordon ya yi murabus. Wadanda suka gaje shi ba su da jagora daga Alkahira, kuma rashin jin daɗi na Sudan ya karu da sauri.[1]Cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya farfado, kodayake bai isa ya gamsar da 'yan kasuwa waɗanda Gordon ya rushe ba. Sojojin Sudan sun sha wahala daga rashin albarkatu, kuma sojoji marasa aikin yi daga rukunin da aka rushe sun damu da garuruwan garuruwa. Masu karɓar haraji sun kara haraji da gangan. ==Manazarta== 79m7i7b3j2ukzd6i7uh3bughd1qolb8 Tafiyar Taimako ta Emin Pasha 0 178954 966439 2026-10-11T16:43:11Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333603255|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]" 966439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg|thumb|Henry Morton Stanley tare da jami'an Advance Column, Alkahira, 1890. Daga hagu: Dokta Thomas Heazle Parke, Robert Henry Nelson, Henry Morton Stanley, William Grant Stairs, da Arthur Jephson.]] Emin Pasha Relief Expedition na 1887 zuwa 1889 yana daya daga cikin manyan tafiye-tafiye na karshe na Turai zuwa cikin [[Afirka]] a karni na sha tara. A karkashin jagorancin Henry Morton Stanley, burinsa shine ya taimaka wa Emin Pasha, gwamnan Masar da aka kewaye na Equatorial (wani ɓangare na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ta zamani), wanda sojojin Mahdi suka yi masa barazana. Stanley ya tashi ya ratsa nahiyar tare da rundunar kusan mutane 700, yana tafiya a [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] sannan ta hanyar gandun daji na Ituri don isa [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Wannan tafiya mai wahala ta sa Stanley ya raba balaguron zuwa ginshiƙai biyu; ginshiƙan gaba sun kai Emin Pasha a watan Yulin 1888. Jerin tawaye, rashin jituwa, da rashin sadarwa sun tilasta Stanley da Emin su janye daga Equatoria a farkon 1889. Da farko an yi bikin tafiyar ne saboda burinsa na tsallaka "Darkest Africa". Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba bayan Stanley ya koma [[Turai]], ya sami sananne saboda mutuwar yawancin membobinta da rahotanni game da zalunci. Wannan shi ne babban balaguron sirri na ƙarshe da aka gudanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Scramble for Africa. == Tarihi == [[File:Emin_Pasha_001.jpg|thumb|Emin Pasha, gwamnan Masar na Equatorial wanda aka haifa a Jamus]] Tare da [[Siege of khartum|Kama Khartoum]] da Mahdists (mabiyan jagoran addinin Islama [[Muhammad Ahmad]]) a 1885, [[Turco-Egyptian Sudan|Gwamnatin Ottoman-Masar]] ta Sudan ta rushe. [[Equatoria|Equatorial]], lardin kudancin Sudan, kusan an yanke shi daga duniyar waje, saboda yana cikin saman [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] kusa da [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]]. Emin Pasha likita ne na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] wanda aka haifa a Jamus kuma masanin halitta wanda [[Charles George Gordon]] ya nada shi Gwamna na Equatoria, janar na Burtaniya wanda shi da kansa ya yi ƙoƙari ya sauƙaƙe Khartoum. Emin, wanda ya iya aikawa da karɓar wasiƙu ta hanyar [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] da [[Zanzibar]], an sanar da shi a watan Fabrairun 1886 cewa gwamnatin Masar za ta bar Equatoria. A watan Yulin, mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje [[Alexander Murdoch Mackay|Alexander Mackay]] ya ƙarfafa shi ya gayyaci [[Government of the United Kingdom|Gwamnatin Burtaniya]] don haɗa Equatoria kanta. Gwamnati ba ta da sha'awar irin wannan kamfani mai shakka, amma jama'ar Burtaniya sun zo su ga Emin a matsayin Janar Gordon na biyu, a cikin haɗari mai mutuwa daga Mahdists. Dan kasuwa na Scotland kuma mai ba da agaji William Mackinnon ya shiga cikin ayyukan mulkin mallaka daban-daban, kuma a watan Nuwamba ya kusanci Stanley game da jagorantar aikin agaji. Stanley ya bayyana kansa a shirye "a wani lokaci" don tafiya. Mackinnon daga nan ya kusanci James Frederick Hutton, wani masanin kasuwanci wanda ke da hannu a ayyukan mulkin mallaka, kuma tare suka shirya "Kwamitin Taimako na Emin Pasha", mafi yawa sun kunshi abokan Mackinnon, daga cikinsu Francis na Winton. Taron su na farko ya faru ne a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1886. Kwamitin ya tara jimillar kusan £ 32,000. Stanley har yanzu yana aiki ne a hukumance na Leopold II na Belgium, wanda ya yi masa aiki don sassaƙa 'Congo Free State' na Leopold. A matsayin sulhu don barin Stanley ya tafi, an shirya shi a wani taro a Brussels tsakanin Stanley da sarki, cewa balaguron zai dauki hanya mai tsawo zuwa [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]], sabanin shirye-shiryen gajeren hanya daga gabar gabashin Afirka. A sakamakon haka, Leopold zai samar da jiragen ruwa na Free State don jigilar balaguron zuwa kogi, daga Stanley Pool (yanzu [[Pool Malebo]]) har zuwa bakin [[Kogin Aruwimi]]. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1887, Stanley ya dawo [[Landan]] yana shirya balaguron don samun yabo ga jama'a. Stanley da kansa ya yi niyyar cewa balaguron ya zama na taimakon jin kai maimakon na cin nasara na soja. Ya ce:   34ejs7iblr6lth41o63cjmcy3mgnwz8 Sojojin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Abyei 0 178955 966443 2026-10-11T16:43:20Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371281559|United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei]]" 966443 wikitext text/x-wiki Rundunar Tsaro ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta Abyei ('''UNISFA''') rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ce ta Majalisar Dattijai a Abyei, wacce ke takara tsakanin [[Sudan|Jamhuriyar Sudan]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu|Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu]] . UNISFA ta amince a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2011 ta Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Resolution na Majalisar Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkinobho 1990 bayan fashewa a Rikicin Kordofan na Kudu a farkon watan Yunin 2011. Sojojin Habasha sune mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikata, kuma har zuwa 2022, shine kawai mai ba da guddina ga dakarun mutum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2018 |title=UN Mission's Contributions by Country |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/5_mission_and_country_3.pdf |access-date=2 July 2018 |publisher=United Nations |pages=31–33}}</ref><ref name="UNIFRA-16-03-2022">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=Nigeria's Major General Sawyerr assumes office as UNISFA Force Commander and Acting Head of Mission |url=https://unisfa.unmissions.org/nigeria%E2%80%99s-major-general-sawyerr-assumes-office-unisfa-force-commander-and-acting-head-mission |website=UNISFA}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2022 an sake daidaita UNISFA zuwa rundunar kasa da kasa tare da isowar rundunar Ghana a karkashin Manjo Enoch Awudu . A matsayin rundunar soji ta kasa da kasa daga wasu kasashe da yawa sun yi aiki a Abeyei, gami da Ghana, Nepal da Vietnam. == Tarihi == Masu kiyaye zaman lafiya sun fara isa Abyei a ranar 15 ga Yulin 2011 bayan sun yi tafiya a kan ƙasa daga Habasha, kasa da mako guda bayan Sudan ta Kudu ta ayyana 'yancin kanta.[1][2] An sabunta umarnin UNISFA a kowace shekara tun 2011. <ref name="UN-SecCouncil-2018">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2018 |title=Security Council Adopts Resolution 2445 (2018), Extending Mandate of United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei |url=https://press.un.org/en/2018/sc13578.doc.htm}}</ref><ref name="UN-SecCouncil-2024">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Security Council Extends Mandate of United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei for One Year, Adopting Resolution 2760 (2024) |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15900.doc.htm}}</ref> Ganin cewa tashin hankali na lokaci-lokaci da na kai tsaye ya kasance mai girma, an yi tambaya game da ikon UNISFA na sarrafa tashin hankali a Abyei.<ref name="UNISFAcondemn">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2017 |title=UNISFA condemns recent attacks in Abyei |url=https://unisfa.unmissions.org/unisfa-condemns-recent-attacks-abyei-0 |access-date=12 February 2018 |website=UNmissions.org}}</ref> A cikin ƙudurin Nuwamba 2024 Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin sake dubawa game da tasirin UNISFA ba daga baya ba 15 ga Agusta 2025.<ref name="UN-SecCouncil-2024" /> A cikin 2024 an kashe daya daga cikin masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya lokacin da aka kai hari kan sansanin su a Agok. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, an kashe masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Bangladesh guda shida a wani harin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wani sansanin kayan aiki a Kadugli. Sauran masu kiyaye zaman lafiya takwas sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2025 |title=UN chief condemns ‘horrific’ drone attack in Sudan as 6 peacekeepers killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/13/bangladesh-peacekeepers-killed-attack-un-base-abyei-sudan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214072652/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/13/bangladesh-peacekeepers-killed-attack-un-base-abyei-sudan |archive-date=14 December 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Umurni == A cikin shekarun farko na aikin, matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin da Kwamandan Sojoji an rike su tare da mutum ɗaya. Da farko a cikin 2014, mutum daban ne ya rike mukamai biyu. Koyaya tun lokacin da Haile Tilahun Gebremariam ya mutu, mukaddashin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin ya kasance Kwamandan Sojoji. == Manazarta == 3aicdq1r38v08y4ixlklppfc1ob4v8m 966456 966443 2026-10-11T16:45:11Z Young ibskeed 46263 966456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rundunar Tsaro ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta Abyei ('''UNISFA''') rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ce ta Majalisar Dattijai a Abyei, wacce ke takara tsakanin [[Sudan|Jamhuriyar Sudan]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu|Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu]] . UNISFA ta amince a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2011 ta Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Resolution na Majalisar Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkinobho 1990 bayan fashewa a Rikicin Kordofan na Kudu a farkon watan Yunin 2011. Sojojin Habasha sune mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikata, kuma har zuwa 2022, shine kawai mai ba da guddina ga dakarun mutum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2018 |title=UN Mission's Contributions by Country |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/5_mission_and_country_3.pdf |access-date=2 July 2018 |publisher=United Nations |pages=31–33}}</ref><ref name="UNIFRA-16-03-2022">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=Nigeria's Major General Sawyerr assumes office as UNISFA Force Commander and Acting Head of Mission |url=https://unisfa.unmissions.org/nigeria%E2%80%99s-major-general-sawyerr-assumes-office-unisfa-force-commander-and-acting-head-mission |website=UNISFA}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2022 an sake daidaita UNISFA zuwa rundunar kasa da kasa tare da isowar rundunar Ghana a karkashin Manjo Enoch Awudu . A matsayin rundunar soji ta kasa da kasa daga wasu kasashe da yawa sun yi aiki a Abeyei, gami da Ghana, Nepal da Vietnam. == Tarihi == Masu kiyaye zaman lafiya sun fara isa Abyei a ranar 15 ga Yulin 2011 bayan sun yi tafiya a kan ƙasa daga Habasha, kasa da mako guda bayan Sudan ta Kudu ta ayyana 'yancin kanta.[1][2] An sabunta umarnin UNISFA a kowace shekara tun 2011. <ref name="UN-SecCouncil-2018">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2018 |title=Security Council Adopts Resolution 2445 (2018), Extending Mandate of United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei |url=https://press.un.org/en/2018/sc13578.doc.htm}}</ref><ref name="UN-SecCouncil-2024">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Security Council Extends Mandate of United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei for One Year, Adopting Resolution 2760 (2024) |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15900.doc.htm}}</ref> Ganin cewa tashin hankali na lokaci-lokaci da na kai tsaye ya kasance mai girma, an yi tambaya game da ikon UNISFA na sarrafa tashin hankali a Abyei.<ref name="UNISFAcondemn">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2017 |title=UNISFA condemns recent attacks in Abyei |url=https://unisfa.unmissions.org/unisfa-condemns-recent-attacks-abyei-0 |access-date=12 February 2018 |website=UNmissions.org}}</ref> A cikin ƙudurin Nuwamba 2024 Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin sake dubawa game da tasirin UNISFA ba daga baya ba 15 ga Agusta 2025.<ref name="UN-SecCouncil-2024" /> A cikin 2024 an kashe daya daga cikin masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya lokacin da aka kai hari kan sansanin su a Agok. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, an kashe masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Bangladesh guda shida a wani harin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wani sansanin kayan aiki a Kadugli. Sauran masu kiyaye zaman lafiya takwas sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2025 |title=UN chief condemns ‘horrific’ drone attack in Sudan as 6 peacekeepers killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/13/bangladesh-peacekeepers-killed-attack-un-base-abyei-sudan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214072652/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/13/bangladesh-peacekeepers-killed-attack-un-base-abyei-sudan |archive-date=14 December 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Umurni == A cikin shekarun farko na aikin, matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin da Kwamandan Sojoji an rike su tare da mutum ɗaya. Da farko a cikin 2014, mutum daban ne ya rike mukamai biyu. Koyaya tun lokacin da Haile Tilahun Gebremariam ya mutu, mukaddashin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin ya kasance Kwamandan Sojoji. == Manazarta == pfs9qvxapfnjaeqc0iatxipv81lpqeq Yaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a Saliyo 0 178956 966451 2026-10-11T16:44:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378544580|Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone]]" 966451 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar kwayar cutar Ebola a Saliyo ta faru a shekarar 2014, tare da kasashe makwabta na [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Laberiya]]. A lokacin da aka gano shi, an yi tunanin cewa kwayar cutar Ebola ba ta da iyaka a Saliyo ko yankin Yammacin Afirka kuma cewa annobar ta wakilci karo na farko da aka gano kwayar cutar a can.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WHO Ebola Response Team |last2=Aylward |first2=B |last3=Barboza |first3=P |last4=Bawo |first4=L |last5=Bertherat |first5=E |last6=Bilivogui |first6=P |last7=Blake |first7=I |last8=Brennan |first8=R |last9=Briand |first9=S |author-link9=Sylvie Briand |last10=Chakauya |first10=J. M |last11=Chitala |first11=K |last12=Conteh |first12=R. M |last13=Cori |first13=A |last14=Croisier |first14=A |last15=Dangou |first15=J. M |display-authors=29 |year=2014 |title=Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — the First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=16 |pages=1481–1495 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1411100 |pmc=4235004 |pmid=25244186}}</ref> Koyaya, masu bincike na Amurka sun nuna samfuran dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka yi amfani da su don gwajin zazzabin Lassa don ba da shawarar cewa Ebola ta kasance a Saliyo tun farkon shekara ta 2006.<ref name="EurekAlert!">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Sierra Leone samples: Ebola evidence in West Africa in 2006 |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/uamr-sls071414.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104164602/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/uamr-sls071414.php |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=EurekAlert!}}</ref> == Tarihin Ebola a Saliyo ==   A cikin shekara ta 2014, an gano cewa samfurori na abin da ake zargi da zazzabin Lassa sun nuna shaidar kwayar cutar Ebola ta Zaire a Saliyo tun farkon shekara ta 2006. <ref name="EurekAlert!" /> Kafin barkewar cutar Zaire ta yanzu a cikin 2014, ba a ga Ebola a Saliyo ba, ko ma a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin mutane.<ref name="EurekAlert!" /> Ana zargin cewa jemagu ne masu dauke da cututtuka, 'yan asalin wannan yankin na Afirka ciki har da Saliyo da kuma sanannen tushen abinci ga mutane da namun daji.<ref name="EurekAlert!" /> Gola da ke kudu maso gabashin Saliyo sanannen tushen nama ne. [[File:Rousettus_aegyptiacus_1.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Dabbobin 'ya'yan itace suna taruwa a kan itace a Yammacin Afirka.]] An san jemagu da masu dauke da akalla ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban 90 waɗanda zasu iya canzawa zuwa mai karɓar mutum. Koyaya, kwayar cutar tana da alamomi daban-daban a cikin mutane.<ref name="cbsnews.com" /> Yana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaya zuwa goma don kamuwa da mutum amma akwai miliyoyin jini daga wani da ke fama da cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kobinger |first=Gary P. |author-link=Gary Kobinger |last2=Leung |first2=Anders |last3=Neufeld |first3=James |last4=Richardson |first4=Jason S. |last5=Falzarano |first5=Darryl |last6=Smith |first6=Greg |last7=Tierney |first7=Kevin |last8=Patel |first8=Ami |last9=Weingartl |first9=Hana M. |year=2011 |title=Replication, Pathogenicity, Shedding, and Transmission of Zaire ebolavirus in Pigs |url=http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/12/infdis.jir077.full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014125337/http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/12/infdis.jir077.full |archive-date=14 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |pages=200–208 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jir077 |pmid=21571728}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2001 |title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheet – Infectious Substances |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/ebola-eng.php |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa yaduwar ta kasance ta hanyar hulɗa da jini da ruwa na jiki na waɗanda suka kamu da kwayar cutar, da kuma ta hanyar sarrafa nama mai laushi kamar jemagu da birai, waɗanda ke da mahimman tushen furotin a Yammacin Afirka. Rashin jiki mai kamuwa da cuta ya haɗa da jini, gumi, maniyyi, madarar nono, hawaye, datti, fitsari, ɓarkewar farji, amai, da zawo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bausch |first=DG |last2=Towner |first2=JS |last3=Dowell |first3=SF |last4=Kaducu |first4=F |last5=Lukwiya |first5=M |last6=Sanchez |first6=A |last7=Nichol |first7=ST |last8=Ksiazek |first8=TG |last9=Rollin |first9=PE |date=November 2007 |title=Assessment of the Risk of Ebola Virus Transmission from Bodily Fluids and Fomites |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=196 |pages=S142–S147 |doi=10.1086/520545 |pmid=17940942 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ko da bayan nasarar warkewa daga kamuwa da cutar Ebola, maniyyi na iya ƙunsar kwayar cutar aƙalla watanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Can You Get Ebola from Sex? |url=http://www.livescience.com/47218-ebola-transmission-routes.html |access-date=30 September 2014 |website=LiveScience.com}}</ref> Madarar nono na iya ƙunshe da kwayar cutar na makonni biyu bayan warkewa, kuma yaduwar cutar ga mai amfani da madarar nono na yiwuwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bausch |first=Daniel G. |title=Assessment of the Risk of Ebola Virus Transmission from Bodily Fluids and Fomites |url=http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_2/S142.full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703120827/http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_2/S142.full |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, an yi zargin cewa sarrafa takarda mai gurbatawa na iya isa ya kamu da cutar. Contamination on paper sa ya zama da wuya a adana rubuce-rubuce a asibitocin Ebola, kamar yadda bayanai game da marasa lafiya da aka rubuta a kan takarda da aka rubuta su a cikin wani "hot" yanki yana da wuyar wucewa zuwa wani "sauri" yanki, saboda idan akwai wani cuta zai iya kawo Ebola cikin wannan yanki.<ref name="The Huffington Post" /> Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran Saliyo wanda ake zargin ya taimaka wa cutar, shine sha'awar mutane da yawa don yin ayyukan jana'izar da suka shafi sosai.<ref name="dailynews.com">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title=Some people would rather die of Ebola than stop hugging sick loved ones |url=http://www.dailynews.com/health/20141013/some-people-would-rather-die-of-ebola-than-stop-hugging-sick-loved-ones |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Misali, ga Mutanen Kissi da ke zaune a wani ɓangare na Saliyo, yana da mahimmanci a binne gawawwakin matattu kusa da su.<ref name="dailynews.com" /> Ayyukan jana'izar sun haɗa da shafa gawawwakin da mai, sanya su cikin tufafi masu kyau, sannan a sami waɗanda ke wurin rungumar jana'izar kuma a sumbace gawawwakinsa.<ref name="dailynews.com" /> Wannan na iya taimakawa yaduwar Ebola, saboda wadanda suka mutu daga cutar Ebola ana zaton suna da babban adadin kwayar cutar a jikinsu, har ma bayan sun mutu.<ref name="dailynews.com" /> Ga barkewar kwayar cutar Sudan a shekara ta 2001 a Uganda, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) sun kiyasta halartar jana'izar wanda aka azabtar da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan haɗari guda uku na kamuwa da cutar Ebola, tare da hulɗa da memba na iyali tare da Ebola ko samar da kulawar lafiya ga wani da ke fama da cutar Ebola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html}}</ref> Babban farkon barkewar cutar a Saliyo an danganta shi da jana'izar guda daya inda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta kusan 365 suka mutu daga cutar Ebola bayan sun sami cutar a jana'izar.<ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Sierra Leone: a traditional healer and a funeral |url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/sierra-leone/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925090337/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/sierra-leone/en/ |archive-date=25 September 2014 |website=WHO}}</ref> Har ila yau, an haɗa nama da yaduwar cutar Ebola, ko dai ta hanyar sarrafa nama ko ta hanyar datti daga dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Ebola and bushmeat in Africa: Q&A with leading researcher |url=http://blog.cifor.org/23924/ebola-and-bushmeat-in-africa-qa-with-leading-researcher |website=CIFOR Forests News Blog}}</ref> Jinin da nama ne ake zaton sun fi haɗari, don haka su ne waɗanda ke farauta da yanka nama da ke cikin haɗari fiye da nama da aka dafa da aka sayar a kasuwa. An gargadi ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Saliyo kada su je kasuwanni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewer |first=Natasha |date=20 October 2014 |title=I volunteered to fight Ebola in Sierra Leone with MSF. Here's what happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/20/volunteered-fight-ebola-sierra-leone-msf |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 72domgwnp20alw30wy71ty1pv8cwxuj 966457 966451 2026-10-11T16:45:19Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 966457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cutar kwayar cutar Ebola a Saliyo ta faru a shekarar 2014, tare da kasashe makwabta na [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Laberiya]]. A lokacin da aka gano shi, an yi tunanin cewa kwayar cutar Ebola ba ta da iyaka a Saliyo ko yankin Yammacin Afirka kuma cewa annobar ta wakilci karo na farko da aka gano kwayar cutar a can.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WHO Ebola Response Team |last2=Aylward |first2=B |last3=Barboza |first3=P |last4=Bawo |first4=L |last5=Bertherat |first5=E |last6=Bilivogui |first6=P |last7=Blake |first7=I |last8=Brennan |first8=R |last9=Briand |first9=S |author-link9=Sylvie Briand |last10=Chakauya |first10=J. M |last11=Chitala |first11=K |last12=Conteh |first12=R. M |last13=Cori |first13=A |last14=Croisier |first14=A |last15=Dangou |first15=J. M |display-authors=29 |year=2014 |title=Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — the First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=16 |pages=1481–1495 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1411100 |pmc=4235004 |pmid=25244186}}</ref> Koyaya, masu bincike na Amurka sun nuna samfuran dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka yi amfani da su don gwajin zazzabin Lassa don ba da shawarar cewa Ebola ta kasance a Saliyo tun farkon shekara ta 2006.<ref name="EurekAlert!">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Sierra Leone samples: Ebola evidence in West Africa in 2006 |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/uamr-sls071414.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104164602/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/uamr-sls071414.php |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=EurekAlert!}}</ref> == Tarihin Ebola a Saliyo ==   A cikin shekara ta 2014, an gano cewa samfurori na abin da ake zargi da zazzabin Lassa sun nuna shaidar kwayar cutar Ebola ta Zaire a Saliyo tun farkon shekara ta 2006. <ref name="EurekAlert!" /> Kafin barkewar cutar Zaire ta yanzu a cikin 2014, ba a ga Ebola a Saliyo ba, ko ma a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin mutane.<ref name="EurekAlert!" /> Ana zargin cewa jemagu ne masu dauke da cututtuka, 'yan asalin wannan yankin na Afirka ciki har da Saliyo da kuma sanannen tushen abinci ga mutane da namun daji.<ref name="EurekAlert!" /> Gola da ke kudu maso gabashin Saliyo sanannen tushen nama ne. [[File:Rousettus_aegyptiacus_1.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Dabbobin 'ya'yan itace suna taruwa a kan itace a Yammacin Afirka.]] An san jemagu da masu dauke da akalla ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban 90 waɗanda zasu iya canzawa zuwa mai karɓar mutum. Koyaya, kwayar cutar tana da alamomi daban-daban a cikin mutane.<ref name="cbsnews.com" /> Yana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaya zuwa goma don kamuwa da mutum amma akwai miliyoyin jini daga wani da ke fama da cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kobinger |first=Gary P. |author-link=Gary Kobinger |last2=Leung |first2=Anders |last3=Neufeld |first3=James |last4=Richardson |first4=Jason S. |last5=Falzarano |first5=Darryl |last6=Smith |first6=Greg |last7=Tierney |first7=Kevin |last8=Patel |first8=Ami |last9=Weingartl |first9=Hana M. |year=2011 |title=Replication, Pathogenicity, Shedding, and Transmission of Zaire ebolavirus in Pigs |url=http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/12/infdis.jir077.full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014125337/http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/12/infdis.jir077.full |archive-date=14 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |pages=200–208 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jir077 |pmid=21571728}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2001 |title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheet – Infectious Substances |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/ebola-eng.php |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa yaduwar ta kasance ta hanyar hulɗa da jini da ruwa na jiki na waɗanda suka kamu da kwayar cutar, da kuma ta hanyar sarrafa nama mai laushi kamar jemagu da birai, waɗanda ke da mahimman tushen furotin a Yammacin Afirka. Rashin jiki mai kamuwa da cuta ya haɗa da jini, gumi, maniyyi, madarar nono, hawaye, datti, fitsari, ɓarkewar farji, amai, da zawo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bausch |first=DG |last2=Towner |first2=JS |last3=Dowell |first3=SF |last4=Kaducu |first4=F |last5=Lukwiya |first5=M |last6=Sanchez |first6=A |last7=Nichol |first7=ST |last8=Ksiazek |first8=TG |last9=Rollin |first9=PE |date=November 2007 |title=Assessment of the Risk of Ebola Virus Transmission from Bodily Fluids and Fomites |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=196 |pages=S142–S147 |doi=10.1086/520545 |pmid=17940942 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ko da bayan nasarar warkewa daga kamuwa da cutar Ebola, maniyyi na iya ƙunsar kwayar cutar aƙalla watanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Can You Get Ebola from Sex? |url=http://www.livescience.com/47218-ebola-transmission-routes.html |access-date=30 September 2014 |website=LiveScience.com}}</ref> Madarar nono na iya ƙunshe da kwayar cutar na makonni biyu bayan warkewa, kuma yaduwar cutar ga mai amfani da madarar nono na yiwuwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bausch |first=Daniel G. |title=Assessment of the Risk of Ebola Virus Transmission from Bodily Fluids and Fomites |url=http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_2/S142.full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703120827/http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_2/S142.full |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, an yi zargin cewa sarrafa takarda mai gurbatawa na iya isa ya kamu da cutar. Contamination on paper sa ya zama da wuya a adana rubuce-rubuce a asibitocin Ebola, kamar yadda bayanai game da marasa lafiya da aka rubuta a kan takarda da aka rubuta su a cikin wani "hot" yanki yana da wuyar wucewa zuwa wani "sauri" yanki, saboda idan akwai wani cuta zai iya kawo Ebola cikin wannan yanki.<ref name="The Huffington Post" /> Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran Saliyo wanda ake zargin ya taimaka wa cutar, shine sha'awar mutane da yawa don yin ayyukan jana'izar da suka shafi sosai.<ref name="dailynews.com">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title=Some people would rather die of Ebola than stop hugging sick loved ones |url=http://www.dailynews.com/health/20141013/some-people-would-rather-die-of-ebola-than-stop-hugging-sick-loved-ones |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}</ref> Misali, ga Mutanen Kissi da ke zaune a wani ɓangare na Saliyo, yana da mahimmanci a binne gawawwakin matattu kusa da su.<ref name="dailynews.com" /> Ayyukan jana'izar sun haɗa da shafa gawawwakin da mai, sanya su cikin tufafi masu kyau, sannan a sami waɗanda ke wurin rungumar jana'izar kuma a sumbace gawawwakinsa.<ref name="dailynews.com" /> Wannan na iya taimakawa yaduwar Ebola, saboda wadanda suka mutu daga cutar Ebola ana zaton suna da babban adadin kwayar cutar a jikinsu, har ma bayan sun mutu.<ref name="dailynews.com" /> Ga barkewar kwayar cutar Sudan a shekara ta 2001 a Uganda, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) sun kiyasta halartar jana'izar wanda aka azabtar da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan haɗari guda uku na kamuwa da cutar Ebola, tare da hulɗa da memba na iyali tare da Ebola ko samar da kulawar lafiya ga wani da ke fama da cutar Ebola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html}}</ref> Babban farkon barkewar cutar a Saliyo an danganta shi da jana'izar guda daya inda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta kusan 365 suka mutu daga cutar Ebola bayan sun sami cutar a jana'izar.<ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Sierra Leone: a traditional healer and a funeral |url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/sierra-leone/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925090337/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/sierra-leone/en/ |archive-date=25 September 2014 |website=WHO}}</ref> Har ila yau, an haɗa nama da yaduwar cutar Ebola, ko dai ta hanyar sarrafa nama ko ta hanyar datti daga dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Ebola and bushmeat in Africa: Q&A with leading researcher |url=http://blog.cifor.org/23924/ebola-and-bushmeat-in-africa-qa-with-leading-researcher |website=CIFOR Forests News Blog}}</ref> Jinin da nama ne ake zaton sun fi haɗari, don haka su ne waɗanda ke farauta da yanka nama da ke cikin haɗari fiye da nama da aka dafa da aka sayar a kasuwa. An gargadi ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Saliyo kada su je kasuwanni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewer |first=Natasha |date=20 October 2014 |title=I volunteered to fight Ebola in Sierra Leone with MSF. Here's what happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/20/volunteered-fight-ebola-sierra-leone-msf |website=the Guardian}}</ref> ==manazarta== 7bhzj22mgczrpgcjs46o4uvmsbpsf44 Heri es-Souni 0 178957 966452 2026-10-11T16:44:39Z Zarah A Zamsarf 19232 Created blank page 966452 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Sudan 0 178958 966462 2026-10-11T16:47:15Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327262785|United Nations Mission in Sudan]]" 966462 wikitext text/x-wiki Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Sudan (UNMIS) an kafa shi ne ta Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho a karkashin Resolution 1590 [1] na 24 ga Maris 2005, don mayar da martani ga sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da Sudan People's Liberation Movement a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2005. Ayyukan UNMIS sune don tallafawa aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya, don aiwatar da wasu ayyuka da suka shafi taimakon jin kai, kariya, inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma tallafawa Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka a Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan & South Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=88&Body=Sudan&Body1= |website=United Nations-DPI/NMD - UN News Service Section}}</ref> Umurnin UNMIS ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2011; UNSC a hukumance ta kawo karshen aikin a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2011, tare da raguwa a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2011. Za a canja kayan aiki da ma'aikata zuwa UNISFA da UNMISS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=F_483 |title=UN Security Council votes to withdraw peacekeeping force in Sudan - People's Daily Online |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90856/7436872.html |website=english.people.com.cn}}</ref> Ma'aikacin da aka fi sani da shi shine ɗan jarida [[Lubna al-Hussein]], wanda ya yi murabus don ya watsar da rigakafinta. == Kididdiga == A cewar [https://web.archive.org/web/20050430115026/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/facts.html] Gaskiya da Lissafi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: [[Khartoum]], Sudan * ''Tsawon lokaci'': Maris 2005 zuwa Yuli 2011 * ''Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar da Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin'': Haile Menkerios . * ''Babban Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar'' (Sashe): Jasbir Singh Lidder[[Jasbir Singh Lidder|Jasbir Singh Jagora]] * ''Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar'' (Mai zama da Mai Gudanar da Ayyuka): Georg Charpentier * ''Kwamandan Sojoji'': Moses Bisong Obi ([[Najeriya]]) * ''Kwamishinan 'yan sanda'': babu kowa == Ƙarfi == == Manazarta == bmi60bsc9go82iqzscqbi139bbc9q2v 966466 966462 2026-10-11T16:47:53Z Young ibskeed 46263 966466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Sudan (UNMIS) an kafa shi ne ta Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho a karkashin Resolution 1590 [1] na 24 ga Maris 2005, don mayar da martani ga sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da Sudan People's Liberation Movement a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2005. Ayyukan UNMIS sune don tallafawa aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya, don aiwatar da wasu ayyuka da suka shafi taimakon jin kai, kariya, inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma tallafawa Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka a Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan & South Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=88&Body=Sudan&Body1= |website=United Nations-DPI/NMD - UN News Service Section}}</ref> Umurnin UNMIS ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2011; UNSC a hukumance ta kawo karshen aikin a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2011, tare da raguwa a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2011. Za a canja kayan aiki da ma'aikata zuwa UNISFA da UNMISS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=F_483 |title=UN Security Council votes to withdraw peacekeeping force in Sudan - People's Daily Online |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90856/7436872.html |website=english.people.com.cn}}</ref> Ma'aikacin da aka fi sani da shi shine ɗan jarida [[Lubna al-Hussein]], wanda ya yi murabus don ya watsar da rigakafinta. == Kididdiga == A cewar [https://web.archive.org/web/20050430115026/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/facts.html] Gaskiya da Lissafi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: [[Khartoum]], Sudan * ''Tsawon lokaci'': Maris 2005 zuwa Yuli 2011 * ''Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar da Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin'': Haile Menkerios . * ''Babban Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar'' (Sashe): Jasbir Singh Lidder[[Jasbir Singh Lidder|Jasbir Singh Jagora]] * ''Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar'' (Mai zama da Mai Gudanar da Ayyuka): Georg Charpentier * ''Kwamandan Sojoji'': Moses Bisong Obi ([[Najeriya]]) * ''Kwamishinan 'yan sanda'': babu kowa == Ƙarfi == == Manazarta == tin3emvrb23ko6gqn3kj8gc497dw4l4 Jerin sarakunan Darfur 0 178959 966464 2026-10-11T16:47:26Z Faisaldabai 49842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377492441|List of sultans of Darfur]]" 966464 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin sunayen sarakuna ne na Sultanate na Darfur . Sun kasance daga Daular Keira. An dauki sunayen da kwanakin daga jihohin Afirka da masu mulki na John Stewart: An soke taken sultan a 1874, biyo bayan cin nasarar Darfur da kuma hade yankin cikin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rex Sean |first=O'Fahey |date=1997 |title=The Conquest of Darfur, 1873–1882 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947726 |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |issue=1 |page=47}}</ref> An soke taken sultan a 1874, biyo bayan cin nasarar Darfur da kuma hade yankin cikin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar.{{Reflist}} dsohzmimg7r0tc39b1saogextorh9wj 966470 966464 2026-10-11T16:48:30Z Faisaldabai 49842 966470 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin sunayen sarakuna ne na Sultanate na Darfur . Sun kasance daga Daular Keira. An dauki sunayen da kwanakin daga jihohin Afirka da masu mulki na John Stewart: An soke taken sultan a 1874, biyo bayan cin nasarar Darfur da kuma hade yankin cikin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rex Sean |first=O'Fahey |date=1997 |title=The Conquest of Darfur, 1873–1882 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947726 |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |issue=1 |page=47}}</ref> An soke taken sultan a 1874, biyo bayan cin nasarar Darfur da kuma hade yankin cikin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar.{{Reflist}} ==Manazarta== m9ntoybe0te1qjpejino26t40ztr0o7 966473 966470 2026-10-11T16:49:06Z Faisaldabai 49842 966473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan jerin sunayen sarakuna ne na Sultanate na Darfur . Sun kasance daga Daular Keira. An dauki sunayen da kwanakin daga jihohin Afirka da masu mulki na John Stewart: An soke taken sultan a 1874, biyo bayan cin nasarar Darfur da kuma hade yankin cikin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rex Sean |first=O'Fahey |date=1997 |title=The Conquest of Darfur, 1873–1882 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947726 |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |issue=1 |page=47}}</ref> An soke taken sultan a 1874, biyo bayan cin nasarar Darfur da kuma hade yankin cikin Sudan na Turkiyya da Masar.{{Reflist}} ==Manazarta== 5iwh29yb1k47uf3bivftpbl2kqwbwui Cutar Ebola a Mali 0 178960 966465 2026-10-11T16:47:44Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365988912|Ebola virus disease in Mali]]" 966465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cutar Ebola a Mali''' ta faru ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, <ref name="WHO20141025">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report Update |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137185/1/roadmapupdate25Oct14_eng.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=World Health organization}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar barkewar cutar Ebola a Mali. An kawo yaro daga Guinea kuma ya mutu a arewa maso yammacin birnin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Mali confirms its first case of Ebola |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024191150/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Tattaunawar Mali ta gano sama da mutane 100 da ke da hulɗa da yaron; an kammala gano ganowa a tsakiyar Nuwamba ba tare da ƙarin shari'o'i ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOS - Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, barkewar cutar ta biyu ta faru a babban birnin Mali, [[Bamako]]. Mutane da yawa a wani asibiti ana zaton wani mutum ne ya kamu da cutar. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, an ayyana Mali ba tare da cutar Ebola ba bayan kwanaki 42 ba tare da sabbin kamuwa da cutar ba. An samu jimillar shari'o'i takwas tare da mutuwar mutum shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2015 |title=Mali announces end of its Ebola outbreak |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/18/mali-announces-end-of-its-ebola-outbreak/ |website=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2014, annobar kwayar cutar Ebola a makwabtan kudancin Mali [[Laberiya]], [[Saliyo]], da [[Gini|Guinea]] sun haifar da dubban mutuwar. Mali, ƙasa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 16.5, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe huɗu da ke cikin haɗarin barkewar cutar kafin rahoton farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francois Rihouay |date=October 25, 2014 |title=Mali Red Cross Says Ebola Tracking Hampered by Health System |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183458/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |publisher=Businessweek}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == A ƙarshen Oktoba 2014, wata yarinya mai shekaru biyu ta mutu daga cutar Ebola a garin Kayes . <ref name="bbcmaligirl">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola crisis: 'Many exposed' to infected Mali girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29755443 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Yaron, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin Fanta Kone, an kwantar da shi a asibiti a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta gwada tabbatacciyar cutar [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]]. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da Ebola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 24, 2014 |title=Ebola patient in Mali dies: health official |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ebola-patient-in-mali-dies-health-official-1.2812473 |publisher=CBC}}</ref><ref name="APfantakone">{{Cite web |title=Mali rushes to track Ebola after toddler dies |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031231449/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |archive-date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-10-31 |website=The Big Story}}</ref> Yaron, kakarta, kawunta, da 'yar'uwarta mai shekaru biyar <ref name="bbcmaligirl" /> sun isa [[Bamako]] bayan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1000 (600 miles) daga Guinea, inda mahaifin Kone ya mutu. <ref name="APfantakone" /><ref name="sciamer">{{Cite web |last=Tom Miles |date=31 Oct 2014 |title=Two Suspected Ebola Cases Reported in Mali, 57 Contacts Sought |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/two-suspected-ebola-cases-reported-in-mali-57-contacts-sought/ |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> &nbsp;Daga nan sai suka yi tafiya zuwa Kayes ta bas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=First Ebola patient in Mali dies |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025154731/http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=euronews.com}}</ref> Mahaifin Fanta Kone, ma'aikacin [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]], ya taimaka a wani asibitin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a Beyla wanda mahaifinsa, kakan mahaifin Fanta ya mallaka kuma ke gudanarwa. Ana zargin cewa yana iya kamuwa da cutar Ebola daga wani manomi daga wani kauye, wanda ya nemi magani a asibitin kuma 'ya'yansa mata biyu ne suka kasance tare da shi. Manomi ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, kuma 'ya'yansa mata a ranar 23 ga Satumba. Bayan ya yi rashin lafiya a ƙarshen Satumba, mahaifin Fanta ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyensa na Sokodugu, mai nisan kilomita 70, inda ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, kakan mahaifinsa, matarsa, da 'ya'ya maza biyu ma sun mutu, tare da wasu mutuwar da aka tabbatar sun kasance daga cutar Ebola. Mahaifiyar Fanta da ɗan'uwanta mai watanni 3 sun kasance marasa cuta kuma suna zaune a Guinea a lokacin makoki na kwanaki 40 kafin su shiga sauran iyalinta a Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO - Mali case, Ebola imported from Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151000/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> Likitan asibitin yara a Kayes ya ce an gaya masa cewa an haifi yaron kuma ya girma a Kayes, kuma ba a sanar da shi game da tafiyarta daga Guinea ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Mali Scrambles to Trace Ebola Victim's Contacts |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mali-scrambles-to-trace-contacts-of-ebola-stricken-baby-girl/2500379.html |website=VOA}}</ref> An gwada samfurori na yaro a Cibiyar Nazarin Tubergine da Cutar Cutar AIDS ta Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2014 |title=WHO &#124; Ebola virus disease – Mali |url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102154219/http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-date=2014-11-02}}</ref> Rashin zazzabi kamar Ebola, Kwayar cutar Marburg, da zazzabi na Lassa na iya samun irin waɗannan alamomi, kuma gwaji na iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko mutum yana da ɗayan waɗannan cututtukan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-16 |title=Mali remains 'free' of deadly Ebola epidemic |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-remains-free-of-deadly-Ebola-epidemic-20140415 |website=News24}}</ref> Akwai kusan rabin miliyan na zazzabin Lassa a kowace shekara a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar 5,000.<ref name="safety">{{Cite web |title=Lassa fever |url=http://www.allcountries.org/health/lassa_fever.html |access-date=2 August 2011 |website=Health Topics A to Z |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> ==== Binciken hulɗa ==== Akwai damuwa cewa Kone ta fallasa wasu ga kwayar cutar yayin tafiyarta saboda tana zubar da jini daga hanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO warns of Mali Ebola risk as infected toddler dies |url=http://www.dw.de/who-warns-of-mali-ebola-risk-as-infected-toddler-dies/a-18020449 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Saduwa da jini ko turare daga wani da ke fama da cutar Ebola babban haɗari ne ga cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message for U.S. Citizens: Bamako (Mali), Ebola Virus Disease (Update) |url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=16186 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, an kiyasta cewa yaron [[Binciken hulɗa|yana da hulɗa]] da mutane 300, 43 daga cikinsu an warewa su don hana yaduwar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Mali Ebola toddler dies, fears dozens exposed |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-Ebola-toddler-dies-fears-dozens-exposed-20141025 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> Daga cikin 43, 10 ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Dozens feared exposed to Ebola in Mali |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/257773/dozens-feared-exposed-to-ebola-in-mali |publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, an gano mutane 111 a matsayin lambobin sadarwa, amma binciken ya sami cikas saboda rashin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma an horar da masu sa kai 40 don taimakawa tare da bin diddigin lamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olivier Monnier |last2=Francois Rihouay |date=28 October 2014 |title=WHO Said to Track 111 People in Mali After Ebola Death |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-28/who-said-to-track-111-people-in-mali-after-ebola-death.html |website=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO says 82 being monitored for Ebola in Mali |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/who-says-82-being-monitored-for-ebola-in-mali/ |access-date=24 November 2014 |website=Fox News}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba an yi tunanin tana da hulɗa da mutane 141, duk da haka ba dukansu ba ne aka samu, ciki har da 6 daga cikin mutane 10 da ke cikin bas din tare da yaron daga iyakar Guinea zuwa Bamako. Ya zuwa 5 ga Nuwamba babu sanannun shari'o'i ban da yaron, kodayake har yanzu ana ɗaukar haɗarin ƙarin shari'o-tafiye da yawa.<ref name="intsos">{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Mutane 108 da suka yi hulɗa da yaron an keɓe su, kodayake lambobin sadarwa 40 sun ɓace har zuwa 9 ga Nuwamba.<ref name="intsos" /> Wadanda ake kallo suna shan zafin jiki sau biyu a kowace rana.<ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Mali ta yi fatan sakin wadannan mutane 108 daga saka idanu a tsakiyar Nuwamba, kuma duk lambobin sadarwa sun samu nasarar kammala lokacin jiran su na kwanaki 21 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba. jo8h541y182b1opjsxgrhyiesq5x4ng 966469 966465 2026-10-11T16:48:21Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 966469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar Ebola a Mali''' ta faru ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, <ref name="WHO20141025">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report Update |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137185/1/roadmapupdate25Oct14_eng.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=World Health organization}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar barkewar cutar Ebola a Mali. An kawo yaro daga Guinea kuma ya mutu a arewa maso yammacin birnin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Mali confirms its first case of Ebola |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024191150/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Tattaunawar Mali ta gano sama da mutane 100 da ke da hulɗa da yaron; an kammala gano ganowa a tsakiyar Nuwamba ba tare da ƙarin shari'o'i ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOS - Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, barkewar cutar ta biyu ta faru a babban birnin Mali, [[Bamako]]. Mutane da yawa a wani asibiti ana zaton wani mutum ne ya kamu da cutar. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, an ayyana Mali ba tare da cutar Ebola ba bayan kwanaki 42 ba tare da sabbin kamuwa da cutar ba. An samu jimillar shari'o'i takwas tare da mutuwar mutum shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2015 |title=Mali announces end of its Ebola outbreak |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/18/mali-announces-end-of-its-ebola-outbreak/ |website=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2014, annobar kwayar cutar Ebola a makwabtan kudancin Mali [[Laberiya]], [[Saliyo]], da [[Gini|Guinea]] sun haifar da dubban mutuwar. Mali, ƙasa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 16.5, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe huɗu da ke cikin haɗarin barkewar cutar kafin rahoton farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francois Rihouay |date=October 25, 2014 |title=Mali Red Cross Says Ebola Tracking Hampered by Health System |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183458/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |publisher=Businessweek}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == A ƙarshen Oktoba 2014, wata yarinya mai shekaru biyu ta mutu daga cutar Ebola a garin Kayes . <ref name="bbcmaligirl">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola crisis: 'Many exposed' to infected Mali girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29755443 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Yaron, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin Fanta Kone, an kwantar da shi a asibiti a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta gwada tabbatacciyar cutar [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]]. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da Ebola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 24, 2014 |title=Ebola patient in Mali dies: health official |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ebola-patient-in-mali-dies-health-official-1.2812473 |publisher=CBC}}</ref><ref name="APfantakone">{{Cite web |title=Mali rushes to track Ebola after toddler dies |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031231449/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |archive-date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-10-31 |website=The Big Story}}</ref> Yaron, kakarta, kawunta, da 'yar'uwarta mai shekaru biyar <ref name="bbcmaligirl" /> sun isa [[Bamako]] bayan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1000 (600 miles) daga Guinea, inda mahaifin Kone ya mutu. <ref name="APfantakone" /><ref name="sciamer">{{Cite web |last=Tom Miles |date=31 Oct 2014 |title=Two Suspected Ebola Cases Reported in Mali, 57 Contacts Sought |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/two-suspected-ebola-cases-reported-in-mali-57-contacts-sought/ |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> &nbsp;Daga nan sai suka yi tafiya zuwa Kayes ta bas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=First Ebola patient in Mali dies |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025154731/http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=euronews.com}}</ref> Mahaifin Fanta Kone, ma'aikacin [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]], ya taimaka a wani asibitin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a Beyla wanda mahaifinsa, kakan mahaifin Fanta ya mallaka kuma ke gudanarwa. Ana zargin cewa yana iya kamuwa da cutar Ebola daga wani manomi daga wani kauye, wanda ya nemi magani a asibitin kuma 'ya'yansa mata biyu ne suka kasance tare da shi. Manomi ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, kuma 'ya'yansa mata a ranar 23 ga Satumba. Bayan ya yi rashin lafiya a ƙarshen Satumba, mahaifin Fanta ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyensa na Sokodugu, mai nisan kilomita 70, inda ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, kakan mahaifinsa, matarsa, da 'ya'ya maza biyu ma sun mutu, tare da wasu mutuwar da aka tabbatar sun kasance daga cutar Ebola. Mahaifiyar Fanta da ɗan'uwanta mai watanni 3 sun kasance marasa cuta kuma suna zaune a Guinea a lokacin makoki na kwanaki 40 kafin su shiga sauran iyalinta a Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO - Mali case, Ebola imported from Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151000/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> Likitan asibitin yara a Kayes ya ce an gaya masa cewa an haifi yaron kuma ya girma a Kayes, kuma ba a sanar da shi game da tafiyarta daga Guinea ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Mali Scrambles to Trace Ebola Victim's Contacts |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mali-scrambles-to-trace-contacts-of-ebola-stricken-baby-girl/2500379.html |website=VOA}}</ref> An gwada samfurori na yaro a Cibiyar Nazarin Tubergine da Cutar Cutar AIDS ta Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2014 |title=WHO &#124; Ebola virus disease – Mali |url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102154219/http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-date=2014-11-02}}</ref> Rashin zazzabi kamar Ebola, Kwayar cutar Marburg, da zazzabi na Lassa na iya samun irin waɗannan alamomi, kuma gwaji na iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko mutum yana da ɗayan waɗannan cututtukan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-16 |title=Mali remains 'free' of deadly Ebola epidemic |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-remains-free-of-deadly-Ebola-epidemic-20140415 |website=News24}}</ref> Akwai kusan rabin miliyan na zazzabin Lassa a kowace shekara a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar 5,000.<ref name="safety">{{Cite web |title=Lassa fever |url=http://www.allcountries.org/health/lassa_fever.html |access-date=2 August 2011 |website=Health Topics A to Z |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> ==== Binciken hulɗa ==== Akwai damuwa cewa Kone ta fallasa wasu ga kwayar cutar yayin tafiyarta saboda tana zubar da jini daga hanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO warns of Mali Ebola risk as infected toddler dies |url=http://www.dw.de/who-warns-of-mali-ebola-risk-as-infected-toddler-dies/a-18020449 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Saduwa da jini ko turare daga wani da ke fama da cutar Ebola babban haɗari ne ga cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message for U.S. Citizens: Bamako (Mali), Ebola Virus Disease (Update) |url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=16186 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, an kiyasta cewa yaron [[Binciken hulɗa|yana da hulɗa]] da mutane 300, 43 daga cikinsu an warewa su don hana yaduwar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Mali Ebola toddler dies, fears dozens exposed |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-Ebola-toddler-dies-fears-dozens-exposed-20141025 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> Daga cikin 43, 10 ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Dozens feared exposed to Ebola in Mali |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/257773/dozens-feared-exposed-to-ebola-in-mali |publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, an gano mutane 111 a matsayin lambobin sadarwa, amma binciken ya sami cikas saboda rashin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma an horar da masu sa kai 40 don taimakawa tare da bin diddigin lamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olivier Monnier |last2=Francois Rihouay |date=28 October 2014 |title=WHO Said to Track 111 People in Mali After Ebola Death |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-28/who-said-to-track-111-people-in-mali-after-ebola-death.html |website=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO says 82 being monitored for Ebola in Mali |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/who-says-82-being-monitored-for-ebola-in-mali/ |access-date=24 November 2014 |website=Fox News}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba an yi tunanin tana da hulɗa da mutane 141, duk da haka ba dukansu ba ne aka samu, ciki har da 6 daga cikin mutane 10 da ke cikin bas din tare da yaron daga iyakar Guinea zuwa Bamako. Ya zuwa 5 ga Nuwamba babu sanannun shari'o'i ban da yaron, kodayake har yanzu ana ɗaukar haɗarin ƙarin shari'o-tafiye da yawa.<ref name="intsos">{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Mutane 108 da suka yi hulɗa da yaron an keɓe su, kodayake lambobin sadarwa 40 sun ɓace har zuwa 9 ga Nuwamba.<ref name="intsos" /> Wadanda ake kallo suna shan zafin jiki sau biyu a kowace rana.<ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Mali ta yi fatan sakin wadannan mutane 108 daga saka idanu a tsakiyar Nuwamba, kuma duk lambobin sadarwa sun samu nasarar kammala lokacin jiran su na kwanaki 21 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba. ==manazarta== fqg5c9k5vopndjv6vj763vre8h30yfp Bansenshūkai 0 178961 966467 2026-10-11T16:48:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337073783|Bansenshūkai]]" 966467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bansenshukai_at_Shinobi_no_sato_PLALA,_Koka_city.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Bansenshukai]] '''''Bansenshūkai''''' ({{Lang|ja|萬川集海}}, Koga Dubu Rivers Flowing Together to form an Ocean) (Har ila yau ana kiransa Mansenshukai) littafi ne na Jafananci na 1676 wanda ke dauke da tarin ilimi daga dangin da ke cikin Iga da Kōga, Fujibayashi Yasutake (ɗan Fujibayash Nagato-no-kami) ne ya tattara littafin a cikin 1676, a farkon shekarun Tokugawa shogunate .<ref>{{Cite web |last=渡邉一郎 |title=萬川集海 |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%90%AC%E5%B7%9D%E9%9B%86%E6%B5%B7-1596669#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) |publisher=コトバンク |language=ja}}</ref> == Tarin == ''Bansenshūkai'' ya taƙaita manyan batutuwa na kundin uku na littafin Ninjutsu na asali ''Kanrinseiyō'' (間林清陽), kuma an rubuta shi ta hanyar zabar waɗanda suka dace da lokutan kawai. A farkon ''Bansenshūkai'', an ambaci wanzuwar asalin rubutun ''Kanrinseiyō'', amma ba a tabbatar da wanzuwarsa ba na dogon lokaci. Koyaya, a watan Yunin 2022, an sami rubutun hannu na kundi na biyu na ''Kanrinseiyō'' da aka kwafe a cikin 1748. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |script-title=ja:日本三大忍術伝書の原典の写本、甲賀市で発見 実戦的な忍術、鮮明に |url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQ6M62GFQ6MPTJB007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620085041/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQ6M62GFQ6MPTJB007.html |archive-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]] |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |script-title=ja:甲賀で忍術書の原典発見 番犬に吠えられない呪術も「間林清陽」48カ条 |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20220619-TZZ42J6D45NENAYKGQLBDLRPNY/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620085044/https://www.sankei.com/article/20220619-TZZ42J6D45NENAYKGQLBDLRPNY/ |archive-date=20 June 2022 |publisher= |language=ja}}</ref> An rubuta shi ne don adana ilimin da aka haɓaka a lokacin rikice-rikicen soja na kusa daga Yaƙin Ōnin har zuwa ƙarshen Siege na Osaka kusan shekaru 150 bayan haka. Kazalika da bayanai game da dabarun soja da makamai, yana da sassan game da imani na astrological da falsafar na lokutan, [1] kuma tare da Shōninki na 1681 da Ninpiden na 1560 sun zama manyan tushe guda uku [2] na bayanai kai tsaye game da wannan aikin inuwa. == Abinda ke ciki == [[File:Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg|thumb|Wannan zane daga ''Bansenshukai'' yana amfani da duba da Ilimin sararin samaniya (''onmyōdō'') don ba da umarni game da lokacin da ya dace don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka.]] * Littattafai biyu na tunani da [[Falsafa|falsafar]] * Littattafai huɗu game da jagorancishugabanci * Littattafai uku a kan ''Yo-nin'' - bude disguise * Littattafai biyar a kan ''In-nin'' - ɓoyayyen shiga * Littattafai biyu game da astrology * Littattafai biyar a kan kayan aiki da [[Makami|makamai]] == Fassara == Akwai nau'o'i biyu: # Koga Version yana da surori ashirin da biyu da aka ɗaure a cikin kundin goma, tare da ƙarin ƙarar guda ɗaya da aka haɗe da shi. # Iga Version yana da surori ashirin da biyu da aka ɗaure a cikin kundin goma sha biyu tare da ƙarin surori huɗu a cikin kundin huɗu da aka haɗe da shi. == Kwafin == Zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, wakilan daga Koga sun roki shogunate don samun tallafi. Daga cikin takardun da suka bayar ga gwamnati don yin shari'arsu akwai kwafin Bansenshukai . Wannan kwafin har yanzu yana cikin National Diet Library. == Manazarta == 820ws4gpnqh1024uynfxxp28p5wfuxi 966471 966467 2026-10-11T16:48:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 966471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bansenshukai_at_Shinobi_no_sato_PLALA,_Koka_city.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Bansenshukai]]{{Databox}} '''''Bansenshūkai''''' ({{Lang|ja|萬川集海}}, Koga Dubu Rivers Flowing Together to form an Ocean) (Har ila yau ana kiransa Mansenshukai) littafi ne na Jafananci na 1676 wanda ke dauke da tarin ilimi daga dangin da ke cikin Iga da Kōga, Fujibayashi Yasutake (ɗan Fujibayash Nagato-no-kami) ne ya tattara littafin a cikin 1676, a farkon shekarun Tokugawa shogunate .<ref>{{Cite web |last=渡邉一郎 |title=萬川集海 |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%90%AC%E5%B7%9D%E9%9B%86%E6%B5%B7-1596669#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) |publisher=コトバンク |language=ja}}</ref> == Tarin == ''Bansenshūkai'' ya taƙaita manyan batutuwa na kundin uku na littafin Ninjutsu na asali ''Kanrinseiyō'' (間林清陽), kuma an rubuta shi ta hanyar zabar waɗanda suka dace da lokutan kawai. A farkon ''Bansenshūkai'', an ambaci wanzuwar asalin rubutun ''Kanrinseiyō'', amma ba a tabbatar da wanzuwarsa ba na dogon lokaci. Koyaya, a watan Yunin 2022, an sami rubutun hannu na kundi na biyu na ''Kanrinseiyō'' da aka kwafe a cikin 1748. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |script-title=ja:日本三大忍術伝書の原典の写本、甲賀市で発見 実戦的な忍術、鮮明に |url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQ6M62GFQ6MPTJB007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620085041/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQ6M62GFQ6MPTJB007.html |archive-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]] |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |script-title=ja:甲賀で忍術書の原典発見 番犬に吠えられない呪術も「間林清陽」48カ条 |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20220619-TZZ42J6D45NENAYKGQLBDLRPNY/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620085044/https://www.sankei.com/article/20220619-TZZ42J6D45NENAYKGQLBDLRPNY/ |archive-date=20 June 2022 |publisher= |language=ja}}</ref> An rubuta shi ne don adana ilimin da aka haɓaka a lokacin rikice-rikicen soja na kusa daga Yaƙin Ōnin har zuwa ƙarshen Siege na Osaka kusan shekaru 150 bayan haka. Kazalika da bayanai game da dabarun soja da makamai, yana da sassan game da imani na astrological da falsafar na lokutan, [1] kuma tare da Shōninki na 1681 da Ninpiden na 1560 sun zama manyan tushe guda uku [2] na bayanai kai tsaye game da wannan aikin inuwa. == Abinda ke ciki == [[File:Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg|thumb|Wannan zane daga ''Bansenshukai'' yana amfani da duba da Ilimin sararin samaniya (''onmyōdō'') don ba da umarni game da lokacin da ya dace don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka.]] * Littattafai biyu na tunani da [[Falsafa|falsafar]] * Littattafai huɗu game da jagorancishugabanci * Littattafai uku a kan ''Yo-nin'' - bude disguise * Littattafai biyar a kan ''In-nin'' - ɓoyayyen shiga * Littattafai biyu game da astrology * Littattafai biyar a kan kayan aiki da [[Makami|makamai]] == Fassara == Akwai nau'o'i biyu: # Koga Version yana da surori ashirin da biyu da aka ɗaure a cikin kundin goma, tare da ƙarin ƙarar guda ɗaya da aka haɗe da shi. # Iga Version yana da surori ashirin da biyu da aka ɗaure a cikin kundin goma sha biyu tare da ƙarin surori huɗu a cikin kundin huɗu da aka haɗe da shi. == Kwafin == Zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, wakilan daga Koga sun roki shogunate don samun tallafi. Daga cikin takardun da suka bayar ga gwamnati don yin shari'arsu akwai kwafin Bansenshukai . Wannan kwafin har yanzu yana cikin National Diet Library. == Manazarta == liarazytwe4u13k81d6vhooxj2sce7q Tarihin Fez 0 178962 966468 2026-10-11T16:48:14Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966468 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] glaotwru49ohevlsa9nb88hbi1fg49k 966474 966468 2026-10-11T16:49:11Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966474 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} n8c8nflcqymjwb56pc4piymebw0wc3w 966480 966474 2026-10-11T16:50:14Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966480 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] lysq98uq47fjc9rczerlyspqo6n7uf8 966482 966480 2026-10-11T16:51:38Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966482 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] 1vgqwvkcwg7j2qspisbkubt0xbds1n4 966487 966482 2026-10-11T16:52:30Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966487 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] mx9rd3wx3hfptxbevc8wv52qsbirml9 966494 966487 2026-10-11T16:53:50Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966494 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 83zw4bylnbtugolgm9m8pmf29805ua9 966503 966494 2026-10-11T16:55:20Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966503 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ake2l8ggwvbrzudgwkqorgtbu8gpuq0 966508 966503 2026-10-11T16:56:22Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966508 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] erup6aj9u0sl8psnwt4p09yhy9vj473 966511 966508 2026-10-11T16:57:52Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966511 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 266l8v5l0v2vuce9gq87sk6ryhx4wf8 966518 966511 2026-10-11T16:59:42Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966518 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] == Raguwa a ƙarƙashin Saadians (karni na 16 da farkon 17) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_4_-_early_17th_century_(Saadian_period).png|left|thumb|Canje-canje ga Fez a ƙarƙashin Saadians: an gina manyan birane da yawa a kusa da yankin, kuma lambun Mosara ya faɗi cikin raguwa]] A cikin karni na 16 Saadians (ko Saadis) sun hau mulki a kudancin Morocco kuma sun kalubalanci Wattasids. A halin yanzu, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta zo kusa da Fez bayan cin nasarar [[Aljeriya]] a karni na 16. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1549 sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh ya dauki Fez kuma ya kori sultan na karshe na Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun . Daga baya sun sake karbar birnin a shekara ta 1554 tare da goyon bayan Ottoman, amma wannan sake cin nasara ba ta da tsawo kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka ci Wattasids a Yaƙin Tadla da Saadians. Ottomans za su yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Morocco bayan kisan Mohammed ash-Sheikh a 1558, amma ɗansa Abdallah al-Ghalib ya dakatar da su a yakin Wadi al-Laban a arewacin Fez . Saboda haka, Maroko ta kasance ita kadai ce jihar Arewacin Afirka da ta kasance a waje da ikon Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=3. North Africa, 1504-1799. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219212840/http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi|Abd al-Malik]], ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa [[Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi|Abu Abdullah]] daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ya gaje shi.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg|thumb|Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. Abd al-Malik, ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa Abu Abdullah daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma Ahmad al-Mansur ya gaje shi.[1]Borj Nord, wani sansanin soja na Saadian da aka gina a karni na 16 yana kallon Fez daga arewa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dta14qln0gflh5ptuwjcy5wlr4dczac 966522 966518 2026-10-11T17:02:07Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966522 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] == Raguwa a ƙarƙashin Saadians (karni na 16 da farkon 17) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_4_-_early_17th_century_(Saadian_period).png|left|thumb|Canje-canje ga Fez a ƙarƙashin Saadians: an gina manyan birane da yawa a kusa da yankin, kuma lambun Mosara ya faɗi cikin raguwa]] A cikin karni na 16 Saadians (ko Saadis) sun hau mulki a kudancin Morocco kuma sun kalubalanci Wattasids. A halin yanzu, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta zo kusa da Fez bayan cin nasarar [[Aljeriya]] a karni na 16. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1549 sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh ya dauki Fez kuma ya kori sultan na karshe na Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun . Daga baya sun sake karbar birnin a shekara ta 1554 tare da goyon bayan Ottoman, amma wannan sake cin nasara ba ta da tsawo kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka ci Wattasids a Yaƙin Tadla da Saadians. Ottomans za su yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Morocco bayan kisan Mohammed ash-Sheikh a 1558, amma ɗansa Abdallah al-Ghalib ya dakatar da su a yakin Wadi al-Laban a arewacin Fez . Saboda haka, Maroko ta kasance ita kadai ce jihar Arewacin Afirka da ta kasance a waje da ikon Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=3. North Africa, 1504-1799. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219212840/http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi|Abd al-Malik]], ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa [[Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi|Abu Abdullah]] daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ya gaje shi.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg|thumb|Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. Abd al-Malik, ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa Abu Abdullah daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma Ahmad al-Mansur ya gaje shi.[1]Borj Nord, wani sansanin soja na Saadian da aka gina a karni na 16 yana kallon Fez daga arewa]] Saadians, wadanda suka sake amfani da Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu, ba su kula da yawa ga Fez ba, ban da kayan ado na wanka da aka kara a farfajiyar Masallacin Qarawiyyin a lokacin su. Wataƙila a lokacin Saadian ne tsoffin lambunan sarauta na Marinids, Mosara, suka fada cikin rashin amfani kuma suka fara ɓacewa.<ref name=":32" /> Wataƙila sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali tare da mazaunan garin, Saadians sun gina sabbin sansanoni da yawa a kusa da birnin waɗanda suka bayyana cewa an yi niyyar riƙe iko akan yawan mutanen yankin. Yawancin su suna kan tudu da ke kallon Fes el-Bali, daga inda za su iya samun damar bombarding birnin da canons. Wadannan sun hada da Kasbah Tamdert, kawai a cikin ganuwar birni kusa da Bab Ftouh, da kuma tsaunuka na Borj Nord (''Borj al-Shamali'') a kan tsaunuka zuwa arewa, Borj Sud (Borja al-Janoub) a kan tuddai zuwa kudu, da Borj Sheikh Ahmed zuwa yamma, a wani batu a cikin ginshiƙan Fes el-Jdid wanda ya fi kusa da Fes el. Wadannan an gina su ne a ƙarshen karni na 16, galibi Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ne. <ref name=":25" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wasu ginshiƙai guda biyu, Borj Twil da Borj Sidi Bou Nafa', tare da ganuwar Fes el-Jdid a kudancin Borj Sheikh Ahmed . <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Borj Nord, Borj Sud, da waɗannan bastions (wani lokacin ana kiransu bastioun a cikin [[Larabci]]) na Fes el-Jdid su ne kawai ganuwar a Fez don nuna tasirin [[Turai]] (watakila Portuguese) a cikin ƙirarsu, an sabunta su don zama kariya a zamanin gunpowder. Wasu daga cikinsu ana iya gina su ne tare da taimakon fursunonin yaki na Kirista na Turai daga nasarar da Saadians suka yi a kan Portuguese a shekara ta 1578. <ref name=":25" /> Bayan dogon lokaci mai ban sha'awa na Ahmad al-Mansur, jihar Saadian ta fada cikin yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza da wadanda zasu iya maye gurbinsa. Fez ya zama wurin zama na iko ga 'yan'uwa da yawa da ke gwagwarmaya da sauran dangin da ke mulki daga Marrakesh kuma biranen biyu sun sauya hannun sau da yawa har sai rikici ya ƙare a cikin 1627 . <ref name=":05222" /> A wannan lokacin, mazaunan garin suna da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali tare da Chraga, ƙabilar Larabawa wacce Saadians suka kafa a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da ita a matsayin dakarun garuruwa (wanda aka sani da ''Guich'' ko "sojoji"). A shekara ta 1611 yawan mutanen garin sun tayar da kayar baya har ma sun kashe yawancin Chraga a bayyane don rama laifuffukan da wasu mambobinsu suka aikata.: 81-82 Duk da sake haɗuwa da mulkin bayan 1627, Saadians sun kasance cikin cikakkiyar raguwa kuma Fez ta riga ta sha wahala sosai daga maimaitawa da sakewa a lokacin rikici.<ref name=":0523" /> Yayin da sultanate na Saadian ya rushe, duka birnin da kuma kasar da ta fi girma sun sauka cikin rikici. Yankunan biyu na birnin, ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-''Qarawiyyin'''' da ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Andalusiyyin'' (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ''al-'Adwat''), sun fada cikin rikice-rikice da ke tunatar da tarihin farko na birnin, yayin da sabbin rikice-rikicen suka bunkasa tsakanin dangin daban-daban a cikin yammacin (Qarawiyyi). Fes el-Jdid, wanda shine cibiyar gwamnatin hukuma, ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya da Fes el'Bali, tsohon birni.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|82}} A shekara ta 1641, Muhammad al-Haj na Sanhaja Amazigh Dilā' tsarin Sufi na Tsakiyar Atlas ya mamaye Fes. : 88 Wannan lokacin ya kasance da wahala musamman ga Yahudawa na Fessi. Wani tarihin Yahudawa na lokacin ya ba da labarin cewa a cikin 1646 an umarci majami'u su rufe kuma daga baya an lalata su, sun lalace, ko kuma sun hallaka su.<ref name=":211" />: 88-89 Birnin bai karɓi Dilā' ba, kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1651 sun yi tawaye kuma sun gayyaci Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sharif, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Alaouite na farko, don karɓar iko da birnin.{{Rp|82–83}}{{Rp|229}} == Lokacin Alaouite na farko (karni na 17 da 18) == [[File:Cherratine_DSCF6208.jpg|thumb|[[Cherratine Madrasa|Madrasa ta Cherratine]], wanda Moulay Rashid ya gina a cikin 1670]] kawai lokacin da wanda ya kafa jihar Alaouite ta gaba, Moulay Rashid, ya ɗauki Fez a cikin 1666 cewa birnin ya ga farfadowa kuma ya sake zama babban birnin, duk da cewa a takaice.[1] Moulay Rashid ya fara dawo da birnin bayan dogon lokaci na sakaci. Ya gina Kasbah Cherarda (wanda aka fi sani da Kasbah al-Khemis) a arewacin Fes el-Jdid da na fadar sarauta don ya ba da babban ɓangare na dakarunsa na kabilarsa.[2][1] Ya kuma mayar da shi ko sake gina abin da aka sani da Kasbah an-Nouar, wanda ya zama wurin zama na mabiyansa daga yankin Tafilalt (gidan kakannin Alaouite). Saboda wannan dalili, an kuma san kasbah da Kasbah Filala ("Kasbah na mutane daga Tafilalt"). [2] Moulay Rashid ya kuma gina babban sabon madrasa, Cherratine Madrasa, a cikin 1670 .[3] Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1672 an binne shi a cikin Mausoleum na Sidi Harazem, a cikin makabartar kudancin birnin a waje da Bab Ftouh . [4] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pbt8sxct8uxk4eh3m0a8gt6njudrr3k 966530 966522 2026-10-11T17:05:36Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966530 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] == Raguwa a ƙarƙashin Saadians (karni na 16 da farkon 17) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_4_-_early_17th_century_(Saadian_period).png|left|thumb|Canje-canje ga Fez a ƙarƙashin Saadians: an gina manyan birane da yawa a kusa da yankin, kuma lambun Mosara ya faɗi cikin raguwa]] A cikin karni na 16 Saadians (ko Saadis) sun hau mulki a kudancin Morocco kuma sun kalubalanci Wattasids. A halin yanzu, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta zo kusa da Fez bayan cin nasarar [[Aljeriya]] a karni na 16. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1549 sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh ya dauki Fez kuma ya kori sultan na karshe na Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun . Daga baya sun sake karbar birnin a shekara ta 1554 tare da goyon bayan Ottoman, amma wannan sake cin nasara ba ta da tsawo kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka ci Wattasids a Yaƙin Tadla da Saadians. Ottomans za su yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Morocco bayan kisan Mohammed ash-Sheikh a 1558, amma ɗansa Abdallah al-Ghalib ya dakatar da su a yakin Wadi al-Laban a arewacin Fez . Saboda haka, Maroko ta kasance ita kadai ce jihar Arewacin Afirka da ta kasance a waje da ikon Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=3. North Africa, 1504-1799. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219212840/http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi|Abd al-Malik]], ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa [[Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi|Abu Abdullah]] daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ya gaje shi.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg|thumb|Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. Abd al-Malik, ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa Abu Abdullah daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma Ahmad al-Mansur ya gaje shi.[1]Borj Nord, wani sansanin soja na Saadian da aka gina a karni na 16 yana kallon Fez daga arewa]] Saadians, wadanda suka sake amfani da Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu, ba su kula da yawa ga Fez ba, ban da kayan ado na wanka da aka kara a farfajiyar Masallacin Qarawiyyin a lokacin su. Wataƙila a lokacin Saadian ne tsoffin lambunan sarauta na Marinids, Mosara, suka fada cikin rashin amfani kuma suka fara ɓacewa.<ref name=":32" /> Wataƙila sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali tare da mazaunan garin, Saadians sun gina sabbin sansanoni da yawa a kusa da birnin waɗanda suka bayyana cewa an yi niyyar riƙe iko akan yawan mutanen yankin. Yawancin su suna kan tudu da ke kallon Fes el-Bali, daga inda za su iya samun damar bombarding birnin da canons. Wadannan sun hada da Kasbah Tamdert, kawai a cikin ganuwar birni kusa da Bab Ftouh, da kuma tsaunuka na Borj Nord (''Borj al-Shamali'') a kan tsaunuka zuwa arewa, Borj Sud (Borja al-Janoub) a kan tuddai zuwa kudu, da Borj Sheikh Ahmed zuwa yamma, a wani batu a cikin ginshiƙan Fes el-Jdid wanda ya fi kusa da Fes el. Wadannan an gina su ne a ƙarshen karni na 16, galibi Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ne. <ref name=":25" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wasu ginshiƙai guda biyu, Borj Twil da Borj Sidi Bou Nafa', tare da ganuwar Fes el-Jdid a kudancin Borj Sheikh Ahmed . <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Borj Nord, Borj Sud, da waɗannan bastions (wani lokacin ana kiransu bastioun a cikin [[Larabci]]) na Fes el-Jdid su ne kawai ganuwar a Fez don nuna tasirin [[Turai]] (watakila Portuguese) a cikin ƙirarsu, an sabunta su don zama kariya a zamanin gunpowder. Wasu daga cikinsu ana iya gina su ne tare da taimakon fursunonin yaki na Kirista na Turai daga nasarar da Saadians suka yi a kan Portuguese a shekara ta 1578. <ref name=":25" /> Bayan dogon lokaci mai ban sha'awa na Ahmad al-Mansur, jihar Saadian ta fada cikin yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza da wadanda zasu iya maye gurbinsa. Fez ya zama wurin zama na iko ga 'yan'uwa da yawa da ke gwagwarmaya da sauran dangin da ke mulki daga Marrakesh kuma biranen biyu sun sauya hannun sau da yawa har sai rikici ya ƙare a cikin 1627 . <ref name=":05222" /> A wannan lokacin, mazaunan garin suna da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali tare da Chraga, ƙabilar Larabawa wacce Saadians suka kafa a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da ita a matsayin dakarun garuruwa (wanda aka sani da ''Guich'' ko "sojoji"). A shekara ta 1611 yawan mutanen garin sun tayar da kayar baya har ma sun kashe yawancin Chraga a bayyane don rama laifuffukan da wasu mambobinsu suka aikata.: 81-82 Duk da sake haɗuwa da mulkin bayan 1627, Saadians sun kasance cikin cikakkiyar raguwa kuma Fez ta riga ta sha wahala sosai daga maimaitawa da sakewa a lokacin rikici.<ref name=":0523" /> Yayin da sultanate na Saadian ya rushe, duka birnin da kuma kasar da ta fi girma sun sauka cikin rikici. Yankunan biyu na birnin, ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-''Qarawiyyin'''' da ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Andalusiyyin'' (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ''al-'Adwat''), sun fada cikin rikice-rikice da ke tunatar da tarihin farko na birnin, yayin da sabbin rikice-rikicen suka bunkasa tsakanin dangin daban-daban a cikin yammacin (Qarawiyyi). Fes el-Jdid, wanda shine cibiyar gwamnatin hukuma, ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya da Fes el'Bali, tsohon birni.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|82}} A shekara ta 1641, Muhammad al-Haj na Sanhaja Amazigh Dilā' tsarin Sufi na Tsakiyar Atlas ya mamaye Fes. : 88 Wannan lokacin ya kasance da wahala musamman ga Yahudawa na Fessi. Wani tarihin Yahudawa na lokacin ya ba da labarin cewa a cikin 1646 an umarci majami'u su rufe kuma daga baya an lalata su, sun lalace, ko kuma sun hallaka su.<ref name=":211" />: 88-89 Birnin bai karɓi Dilā' ba, kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1651 sun yi tawaye kuma sun gayyaci Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sharif, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Alaouite na farko, don karɓar iko da birnin.{{Rp|82–83}}{{Rp|229}} == Lokacin Alaouite na farko (karni na 17 da 18) == [[File:Cherratine_DSCF6208.jpg|thumb|[[Cherratine Madrasa|Madrasa ta Cherratine]], wanda Moulay Rashid ya gina a cikin 1670]] kawai lokacin da wanda ya kafa jihar Alaouite ta gaba, Moulay Rashid, ya ɗauki Fez a cikin 1666 cewa birnin ya ga farfadowa kuma ya sake zama babban birnin, duk da cewa a takaice.[1] Moulay Rashid ya fara dawo da birnin bayan dogon lokaci na sakaci. Ya gina Kasbah Cherarda (wanda aka fi sani da Kasbah al-Khemis) a arewacin Fes el-Jdid da na fadar sarauta don ya ba da babban ɓangare na dakarunsa na kabilarsa.[2][1] Ya kuma mayar da shi ko sake gina abin da aka sani da Kasbah an-Nouar, wanda ya zama wurin zama na mabiyansa daga yankin Tafilalt (gidan kakannin Alaouite). Saboda wannan dalili, an kuma san kasbah da Kasbah Filala ("Kasbah na mutane daga Tafilalt"). [2] Moulay Rashid ya kuma gina babban sabon madrasa, Cherratine Madrasa, a cikin 1670 .[3] Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1672 an binne shi a cikin Mausoleum na Sidi Harazem, a cikin makabartar kudancin birnin a waje da Bab Ftouh . [4] Bayan mutuwarsa Fez ya sake fuskantar wani lokaci mai duhu. Moulay Isma'il, wanda ya gaje shi, a bayyane yake bai son birnin ba - watakila saboda tawaye a can a farkon mulkinsa [1] - kuma ya zaɓi Meknes da ke kusa a matsayin babban birninsa a maimakon haka. Har ila yau, sau da yawa ya ɗora haraji mai nauyi a kan mazaunan garin kuma wani lokacin ma ya tilasta wa wasu daga cikin jama'arta su sake gina wasu biranen a kasar. Duk da haka, ya dawo ko sake gina wasu manyan abubuwan tunawa a cikin birni, kamar Zawiya na Moulay Idris II . [1] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qm06vvjoilykeukaihfwgx66nahwxe5 966534 966530 2026-10-11T17:06:31Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966534 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] == Raguwa a ƙarƙashin Saadians (karni na 16 da farkon 17) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_4_-_early_17th_century_(Saadian_period).png|left|thumb|Canje-canje ga Fez a ƙarƙashin Saadians: an gina manyan birane da yawa a kusa da yankin, kuma lambun Mosara ya faɗi cikin raguwa]] A cikin karni na 16 Saadians (ko Saadis) sun hau mulki a kudancin Morocco kuma sun kalubalanci Wattasids. A halin yanzu, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta zo kusa da Fez bayan cin nasarar [[Aljeriya]] a karni na 16. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1549 sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh ya dauki Fez kuma ya kori sultan na karshe na Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun . Daga baya sun sake karbar birnin a shekara ta 1554 tare da goyon bayan Ottoman, amma wannan sake cin nasara ba ta da tsawo kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka ci Wattasids a Yaƙin Tadla da Saadians. Ottomans za su yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Morocco bayan kisan Mohammed ash-Sheikh a 1558, amma ɗansa Abdallah al-Ghalib ya dakatar da su a yakin Wadi al-Laban a arewacin Fez . Saboda haka, Maroko ta kasance ita kadai ce jihar Arewacin Afirka da ta kasance a waje da ikon Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=3. North Africa, 1504-1799. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219212840/http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi|Abd al-Malik]], ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa [[Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi|Abu Abdullah]] daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ya gaje shi.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg|thumb|Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. Abd al-Malik, ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa Abu Abdullah daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma Ahmad al-Mansur ya gaje shi.[1]Borj Nord, wani sansanin soja na Saadian da aka gina a karni na 16 yana kallon Fez daga arewa]] Saadians, wadanda suka sake amfani da Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu, ba su kula da yawa ga Fez ba, ban da kayan ado na wanka da aka kara a farfajiyar Masallacin Qarawiyyin a lokacin su. Wataƙila a lokacin Saadian ne tsoffin lambunan sarauta na Marinids, Mosara, suka fada cikin rashin amfani kuma suka fara ɓacewa.<ref name=":32" /> Wataƙila sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali tare da mazaunan garin, Saadians sun gina sabbin sansanoni da yawa a kusa da birnin waɗanda suka bayyana cewa an yi niyyar riƙe iko akan yawan mutanen yankin. Yawancin su suna kan tudu da ke kallon Fes el-Bali, daga inda za su iya samun damar bombarding birnin da canons. Wadannan sun hada da Kasbah Tamdert, kawai a cikin ganuwar birni kusa da Bab Ftouh, da kuma tsaunuka na Borj Nord (''Borj al-Shamali'') a kan tsaunuka zuwa arewa, Borj Sud (Borja al-Janoub) a kan tuddai zuwa kudu, da Borj Sheikh Ahmed zuwa yamma, a wani batu a cikin ginshiƙan Fes el-Jdid wanda ya fi kusa da Fes el. Wadannan an gina su ne a ƙarshen karni na 16, galibi Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ne. <ref name=":25" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wasu ginshiƙai guda biyu, Borj Twil da Borj Sidi Bou Nafa', tare da ganuwar Fes el-Jdid a kudancin Borj Sheikh Ahmed . <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Borj Nord, Borj Sud, da waɗannan bastions (wani lokacin ana kiransu bastioun a cikin [[Larabci]]) na Fes el-Jdid su ne kawai ganuwar a Fez don nuna tasirin [[Turai]] (watakila Portuguese) a cikin ƙirarsu, an sabunta su don zama kariya a zamanin gunpowder. Wasu daga cikinsu ana iya gina su ne tare da taimakon fursunonin yaki na Kirista na Turai daga nasarar da Saadians suka yi a kan Portuguese a shekara ta 1578. <ref name=":25" /> Bayan dogon lokaci mai ban sha'awa na Ahmad al-Mansur, jihar Saadian ta fada cikin yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza da wadanda zasu iya maye gurbinsa. Fez ya zama wurin zama na iko ga 'yan'uwa da yawa da ke gwagwarmaya da sauran dangin da ke mulki daga Marrakesh kuma biranen biyu sun sauya hannun sau da yawa har sai rikici ya ƙare a cikin 1627 . <ref name=":05222" /> A wannan lokacin, mazaunan garin suna da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali tare da Chraga, ƙabilar Larabawa wacce Saadians suka kafa a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da ita a matsayin dakarun garuruwa (wanda aka sani da ''Guich'' ko "sojoji"). A shekara ta 1611 yawan mutanen garin sun tayar da kayar baya har ma sun kashe yawancin Chraga a bayyane don rama laifuffukan da wasu mambobinsu suka aikata.: 81-82 Duk da sake haɗuwa da mulkin bayan 1627, Saadians sun kasance cikin cikakkiyar raguwa kuma Fez ta riga ta sha wahala sosai daga maimaitawa da sakewa a lokacin rikici.<ref name=":0523" /> Yayin da sultanate na Saadian ya rushe, duka birnin da kuma kasar da ta fi girma sun sauka cikin rikici. Yankunan biyu na birnin, ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-''Qarawiyyin'''' da ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Andalusiyyin'' (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ''al-'Adwat''), sun fada cikin rikice-rikice da ke tunatar da tarihin farko na birnin, yayin da sabbin rikice-rikicen suka bunkasa tsakanin dangin daban-daban a cikin yammacin (Qarawiyyi). Fes el-Jdid, wanda shine cibiyar gwamnatin hukuma, ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya da Fes el'Bali, tsohon birni.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|82}} A shekara ta 1641, Muhammad al-Haj na Sanhaja Amazigh Dilā' tsarin Sufi na Tsakiyar Atlas ya mamaye Fes. : 88 Wannan lokacin ya kasance da wahala musamman ga Yahudawa na Fessi. Wani tarihin Yahudawa na lokacin ya ba da labarin cewa a cikin 1646 an umarci majami'u su rufe kuma daga baya an lalata su, sun lalace, ko kuma sun hallaka su.<ref name=":211" />: 88-89 Birnin bai karɓi Dilā' ba, kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1651 sun yi tawaye kuma sun gayyaci Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sharif, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Alaouite na farko, don karɓar iko da birnin.{{Rp|82–83}}{{Rp|229}} == Lokacin Alaouite na farko (karni na 17 da 18) == [[File:Cherratine_DSCF6208.jpg|thumb|[[Cherratine Madrasa|Madrasa ta Cherratine]], wanda Moulay Rashid ya gina a cikin 1670]] kawai lokacin da wanda ya kafa jihar Alaouite ta gaba, Moulay Rashid, ya ɗauki Fez a cikin 1666 cewa birnin ya ga farfadowa kuma ya sake zama babban birnin, duk da cewa a takaice.[1] Moulay Rashid ya fara dawo da birnin bayan dogon lokaci na sakaci. Ya gina Kasbah Cherarda (wanda aka fi sani da Kasbah al-Khemis) a arewacin Fes el-Jdid da na fadar sarauta don ya ba da babban ɓangare na dakarunsa na kabilarsa.[2][1] Ya kuma mayar da shi ko sake gina abin da aka sani da Kasbah an-Nouar, wanda ya zama wurin zama na mabiyansa daga yankin Tafilalt (gidan kakannin Alaouite). Saboda wannan dalili, an kuma san kasbah da Kasbah Filala ("Kasbah na mutane daga Tafilalt"). [2] Moulay Rashid ya kuma gina babban sabon madrasa, Cherratine Madrasa, a cikin 1670 .[3] Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1672 an binne shi a cikin Mausoleum na Sidi Harazem, a cikin makabartar kudancin birnin a waje da Bab Ftouh . [4] Bayan mutuwarsa Fez ya sake fuskantar wani lokaci mai duhu. Moulay Isma'il, wanda ya gaje shi, a bayyane yake bai son birnin ba - watakila saboda tawaye a can a farkon mulkinsa [1] - kuma ya zaɓi Meknes da ke kusa a matsayin babban birninsa a maimakon haka. Har ila yau, sau da yawa ya ɗora haraji mai nauyi a kan mazaunan garin kuma wani lokacin ma ya tilasta wa wasu daga cikin jama'arta su sake gina wasu biranen a kasar. Duk da haka, ya dawo ko sake gina wasu manyan abubuwan tunawa a cikin birni, kamar Zawiya na Moulay Idris II . [1] [[File:Fez,_Porte_de_Dar-Debibagh_IMG27348.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Dar Dbibegh, fadar da aka gina a waje da birnin ta [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]] a cikin 1729 (hoton daga 1920s) ]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il abubuwa sun kara muni yayin da Morocco ta shiga cikin rikici da kuma shekaru da yawa na rikici tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya don maye gurbinsa. Fez ta sha wahala musamman daga rikice-rikice da aka yi akai-akai tare da Udayas (ko Oudayas), ƙabilar ''Guich'' (ƙabilar mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a matsayin garuruwa da rundunar soja) da Moulay Isma'il ya kafa a Kasbah Cherarda. Sultan [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]], wanda ya yi mulki a wannan lokacin kuma ya yi amfani da Fez a matsayin babban birni, an fara maraba da shi a cikin 1728-29 a matsayin abokin gaba na Udayas, amma dangantakar da ke tsakanin shi da yawan mutanen garin ta yi saurin fushi saboda zaɓin gwamnan da ya yi. Nan da nan ya gina wani fadar sarauta a cikin ƙauyen, Dar Dbibegh, inda ya zauna a maimakon haka. Kusan kusan shekaru talatin da suka gabata birnin ya kasance cikin rikici na dindindin tare da Udayas da Alaouite sultans. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mr8l89szdt34ykpbiia950zz03h8zrv 966539 966534 2026-10-11T17:08:10Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966539 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] == Raguwa a ƙarƙashin Saadians (karni na 16 da farkon 17) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_4_-_early_17th_century_(Saadian_period).png|left|thumb|Canje-canje ga Fez a ƙarƙashin Saadians: an gina manyan birane da yawa a kusa da yankin, kuma lambun Mosara ya faɗi cikin raguwa]] A cikin karni na 16 Saadians (ko Saadis) sun hau mulki a kudancin Morocco kuma sun kalubalanci Wattasids. A halin yanzu, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta zo kusa da Fez bayan cin nasarar [[Aljeriya]] a karni na 16. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1549 sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh ya dauki Fez kuma ya kori sultan na karshe na Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun . Daga baya sun sake karbar birnin a shekara ta 1554 tare da goyon bayan Ottoman, amma wannan sake cin nasara ba ta da tsawo kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka ci Wattasids a Yaƙin Tadla da Saadians. Ottomans za su yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Morocco bayan kisan Mohammed ash-Sheikh a 1558, amma ɗansa Abdallah al-Ghalib ya dakatar da su a yakin Wadi al-Laban a arewacin Fez . Saboda haka, Maroko ta kasance ita kadai ce jihar Arewacin Afirka da ta kasance a waje da ikon Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=3. North Africa, 1504-1799. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219212840/http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi|Abd al-Malik]], ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa [[Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi|Abu Abdullah]] daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ya gaje shi.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg|thumb|Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. Abd al-Malik, ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa Abu Abdullah daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma Ahmad al-Mansur ya gaje shi.[1]Borj Nord, wani sansanin soja na Saadian da aka gina a karni na 16 yana kallon Fez daga arewa]] Saadians, wadanda suka sake amfani da Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu, ba su kula da yawa ga Fez ba, ban da kayan ado na wanka da aka kara a farfajiyar Masallacin Qarawiyyin a lokacin su. Wataƙila a lokacin Saadian ne tsoffin lambunan sarauta na Marinids, Mosara, suka fada cikin rashin amfani kuma suka fara ɓacewa.<ref name=":32" /> Wataƙila sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali tare da mazaunan garin, Saadians sun gina sabbin sansanoni da yawa a kusa da birnin waɗanda suka bayyana cewa an yi niyyar riƙe iko akan yawan mutanen yankin. Yawancin su suna kan tudu da ke kallon Fes el-Bali, daga inda za su iya samun damar bombarding birnin da canons. Wadannan sun hada da Kasbah Tamdert, kawai a cikin ganuwar birni kusa da Bab Ftouh, da kuma tsaunuka na Borj Nord (''Borj al-Shamali'') a kan tsaunuka zuwa arewa, Borj Sud (Borja al-Janoub) a kan tuddai zuwa kudu, da Borj Sheikh Ahmed zuwa yamma, a wani batu a cikin ginshiƙan Fes el-Jdid wanda ya fi kusa da Fes el. Wadannan an gina su ne a ƙarshen karni na 16, galibi Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ne. <ref name=":25" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wasu ginshiƙai guda biyu, Borj Twil da Borj Sidi Bou Nafa', tare da ganuwar Fes el-Jdid a kudancin Borj Sheikh Ahmed . <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Borj Nord, Borj Sud, da waɗannan bastions (wani lokacin ana kiransu bastioun a cikin [[Larabci]]) na Fes el-Jdid su ne kawai ganuwar a Fez don nuna tasirin [[Turai]] (watakila Portuguese) a cikin ƙirarsu, an sabunta su don zama kariya a zamanin gunpowder. Wasu daga cikinsu ana iya gina su ne tare da taimakon fursunonin yaki na Kirista na Turai daga nasarar da Saadians suka yi a kan Portuguese a shekara ta 1578. <ref name=":25" /> Bayan dogon lokaci mai ban sha'awa na Ahmad al-Mansur, jihar Saadian ta fada cikin yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza da wadanda zasu iya maye gurbinsa. Fez ya zama wurin zama na iko ga 'yan'uwa da yawa da ke gwagwarmaya da sauran dangin da ke mulki daga Marrakesh kuma biranen biyu sun sauya hannun sau da yawa har sai rikici ya ƙare a cikin 1627 . <ref name=":05222" /> A wannan lokacin, mazaunan garin suna da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali tare da Chraga, ƙabilar Larabawa wacce Saadians suka kafa a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da ita a matsayin dakarun garuruwa (wanda aka sani da ''Guich'' ko "sojoji"). A shekara ta 1611 yawan mutanen garin sun tayar da kayar baya har ma sun kashe yawancin Chraga a bayyane don rama laifuffukan da wasu mambobinsu suka aikata.: 81-82 Duk da sake haɗuwa da mulkin bayan 1627, Saadians sun kasance cikin cikakkiyar raguwa kuma Fez ta riga ta sha wahala sosai daga maimaitawa da sakewa a lokacin rikici.<ref name=":0523" /> Yayin da sultanate na Saadian ya rushe, duka birnin da kuma kasar da ta fi girma sun sauka cikin rikici. Yankunan biyu na birnin, ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-''Qarawiyyin'''' da ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Andalusiyyin'' (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ''al-'Adwat''), sun fada cikin rikice-rikice da ke tunatar da tarihin farko na birnin, yayin da sabbin rikice-rikicen suka bunkasa tsakanin dangin daban-daban a cikin yammacin (Qarawiyyi). Fes el-Jdid, wanda shine cibiyar gwamnatin hukuma, ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya da Fes el'Bali, tsohon birni.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|82}} A shekara ta 1641, Muhammad al-Haj na Sanhaja Amazigh Dilā' tsarin Sufi na Tsakiyar Atlas ya mamaye Fes. : 88 Wannan lokacin ya kasance da wahala musamman ga Yahudawa na Fessi. Wani tarihin Yahudawa na lokacin ya ba da labarin cewa a cikin 1646 an umarci majami'u su rufe kuma daga baya an lalata su, sun lalace, ko kuma sun hallaka su.<ref name=":211" />: 88-89 Birnin bai karɓi Dilā' ba, kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1651 sun yi tawaye kuma sun gayyaci Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sharif, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Alaouite na farko, don karɓar iko da birnin.{{Rp|82–83}}{{Rp|229}} == Lokacin Alaouite na farko (karni na 17 da 18) == [[File:Cherratine_DSCF6208.jpg|thumb|[[Cherratine Madrasa|Madrasa ta Cherratine]], wanda Moulay Rashid ya gina a cikin 1670]] kawai lokacin da wanda ya kafa jihar Alaouite ta gaba, Moulay Rashid, ya ɗauki Fez a cikin 1666 cewa birnin ya ga farfadowa kuma ya sake zama babban birnin, duk da cewa a takaice.[1] Moulay Rashid ya fara dawo da birnin bayan dogon lokaci na sakaci. Ya gina Kasbah Cherarda (wanda aka fi sani da Kasbah al-Khemis) a arewacin Fes el-Jdid da na fadar sarauta don ya ba da babban ɓangare na dakarunsa na kabilarsa.[2][1] Ya kuma mayar da shi ko sake gina abin da aka sani da Kasbah an-Nouar, wanda ya zama wurin zama na mabiyansa daga yankin Tafilalt (gidan kakannin Alaouite). Saboda wannan dalili, an kuma san kasbah da Kasbah Filala ("Kasbah na mutane daga Tafilalt"). [2] Moulay Rashid ya kuma gina babban sabon madrasa, Cherratine Madrasa, a cikin 1670 .[3] Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1672 an binne shi a cikin Mausoleum na Sidi Harazem, a cikin makabartar kudancin birnin a waje da Bab Ftouh . [4] Bayan mutuwarsa Fez ya sake fuskantar wani lokaci mai duhu. Moulay Isma'il, wanda ya gaje shi, a bayyane yake bai son birnin ba - watakila saboda tawaye a can a farkon mulkinsa [1] - kuma ya zaɓi Meknes da ke kusa a matsayin babban birninsa a maimakon haka. Har ila yau, sau da yawa ya ɗora haraji mai nauyi a kan mazaunan garin kuma wani lokacin ma ya tilasta wa wasu daga cikin jama'arta su sake gina wasu biranen a kasar. Duk da haka, ya dawo ko sake gina wasu manyan abubuwan tunawa a cikin birni, kamar Zawiya na Moulay Idris II . [1] [[File:Fez,_Porte_de_Dar-Debibagh_IMG27348.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Dar Dbibegh, fadar da aka gina a waje da birnin ta [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]] a cikin 1729 (hoton daga 1920s) ]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il abubuwa sun kara muni yayin da Morocco ta shiga cikin rikici da kuma shekaru da yawa na rikici tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya don maye gurbinsa. Fez ta sha wahala musamman daga rikice-rikice da aka yi akai-akai tare da Udayas (ko Oudayas), ƙabilar ''Guich'' (ƙabilar mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a matsayin garuruwa da rundunar soja) da Moulay Isma'il ya kafa a Kasbah Cherarda. Sultan [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]], wanda ya yi mulki a wannan lokacin kuma ya yi amfani da Fez a matsayin babban birni, an fara maraba da shi a cikin 1728-29 a matsayin abokin gaba na Udayas, amma dangantakar da ke tsakanin shi da yawan mutanen garin ta yi saurin fushi saboda zaɓin gwamnan da ya yi. Nan da nan ya gina wani fadar sarauta a cikin ƙauyen, Dar Dbibegh, inda ya zauna a maimakon haka. Kusan kusan shekaru talatin da suka gabata birnin ya kasance cikin rikici na dindindin tare da Udayas da Alaouite sultans. Farawa da mulkin Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah, tsakanin 1757 da 1790, ƙasar ta daidaita kuma Fez a ƙarshe ta sake samun wadata. Kodayake an raba matsayinta tare da Marrakesh, ya kasance babban birnin Maroko na sauran zamanin Alaouite har zuwa karni na 20. Udayas, wanda ya kasance nauyi ga yawan mutanen Fez, ya zama babban ƙalubale ga ikon sabon sultan, kuma a cikin 1760 an tilasta Muhammad ibn Abdallah ya yi tafiya tare da sojoji zuwa Fez inda ya kama shugabanninsu kuma ya hallaka sojojin su, ya kashe yawancin sojojin su. Bayan haka sultan ya kirkiro sabon, ƙarami sosai, rundunar Udaya wacce aka ba da sabbin kwamandoji kuma aka ajiye su a Meknes a maimakon haka.{{Rp|240}} ɗan gajeren lokaci na rikici a ƙarƙashin Moulay Yazid (ya yi mulki 1790-1792) da Moulay Slimane (ya yi sarauta 1792-1822), tare da sarakuna a Fez sun rasa iko da mafi yawan sauran Morocco tsakanin 1790 da 1795. [1]: 241-242 Sarautar Moulay Yazid ta kasance bala'i musamman ga birnin. An dawo da kabilar Udayas a matsayin garuruwa na gida. A cikin waɗannan sheAkwaikaru biyu sultan ya tilasta dukan al'ummar Yahudawa su koma wani yanki mai budewa kusa da Kasbah Cherarda, arewacin Fes el-Jdid.[2] Sojojin kabilanci da ke da alaƙa da sultan sun mamaye Mellah, babban majami'arta an maye gurbinsa da masallaci, kuma gundumar kanta ta ragu har abada.[3][4] Sai kawai bayan mutuwar Moulay Yazid ne babban musulmi qadi (alƙali) na Fez ya ba da umarnin a mayar da Mellah ga al'ummar Yahudawa, tare da rushe masallacin da sojojin Yazid suka gina. [[File:Fes_walls_history_5_-_circa_1913_(after_Alaouite_additions).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a farkon karni na 20, bayan mafi yawan manyan abubuwan da aka kara a zamanin Alaouite zuwa birnin, kamar Kasbah Cherarda da sabbin ganuwar da Moulay Hasan ya gina don haɗa tsoffin da sabbin biranen]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8xpvmt2l4381xjfp984ywmrwmwcpdod 966546 966539 2026-10-11T17:10:38Z Saadatu Aminu Bala 49924 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377243011|History of Fez]]" 966546 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] == Raguwa a ƙarƙashin Saadians (karni na 16 da farkon 17) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_4_-_early_17th_century_(Saadian_period).png|left|thumb|Canje-canje ga Fez a ƙarƙashin Saadians: an gina manyan birane da yawa a kusa da yankin, kuma lambun Mosara ya faɗi cikin raguwa]] A cikin karni na 16 Saadians (ko Saadis) sun hau mulki a kudancin Morocco kuma sun kalubalanci Wattasids. A halin yanzu, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta zo kusa da Fez bayan cin nasarar [[Aljeriya]] a karni na 16. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1549 sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh ya dauki Fez kuma ya kori sultan na karshe na Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun . Daga baya sun sake karbar birnin a shekara ta 1554 tare da goyon bayan Ottoman, amma wannan sake cin nasara ba ta da tsawo kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka ci Wattasids a Yaƙin Tadla da Saadians. Ottomans za su yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Morocco bayan kisan Mohammed ash-Sheikh a 1558, amma ɗansa Abdallah al-Ghalib ya dakatar da su a yakin Wadi al-Laban a arewacin Fez . Saboda haka, Maroko ta kasance ita kadai ce jihar Arewacin Afirka da ta kasance a waje da ikon Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=3. North Africa, 1504-1799. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219212840/http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi|Abd al-Malik]], ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa [[Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi|Abu Abdullah]] daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ya gaje shi.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg|thumb|Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. Abd al-Malik, ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa Abu Abdullah daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma Ahmad al-Mansur ya gaje shi.[1]Borj Nord, wani sansanin soja na Saadian da aka gina a karni na 16 yana kallon Fez daga arewa]] Saadians, wadanda suka sake amfani da Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu, ba su kula da yawa ga Fez ba, ban da kayan ado na wanka da aka kara a farfajiyar Masallacin Qarawiyyin a lokacin su. Wataƙila a lokacin Saadian ne tsoffin lambunan sarauta na Marinids, Mosara, suka fada cikin rashin amfani kuma suka fara ɓacewa.<ref name=":32" /> Wataƙila sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali tare da mazaunan garin, Saadians sun gina sabbin sansanoni da yawa a kusa da birnin waɗanda suka bayyana cewa an yi niyyar riƙe iko akan yawan mutanen yankin. Yawancin su suna kan tudu da ke kallon Fes el-Bali, daga inda za su iya samun damar bombarding birnin da canons. Wadannan sun hada da Kasbah Tamdert, kawai a cikin ganuwar birni kusa da Bab Ftouh, da kuma tsaunuka na Borj Nord (''Borj al-Shamali'') a kan tsaunuka zuwa arewa, Borj Sud (Borja al-Janoub) a kan tuddai zuwa kudu, da Borj Sheikh Ahmed zuwa yamma, a wani batu a cikin ginshiƙan Fes el-Jdid wanda ya fi kusa da Fes el. Wadannan an gina su ne a ƙarshen karni na 16, galibi Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ne. <ref name=":25" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wasu ginshiƙai guda biyu, Borj Twil da Borj Sidi Bou Nafa', tare da ganuwar Fes el-Jdid a kudancin Borj Sheikh Ahmed . <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Borj Nord, Borj Sud, da waɗannan bastions (wani lokacin ana kiransu bastioun a cikin [[Larabci]]) na Fes el-Jdid su ne kawai ganuwar a Fez don nuna tasirin [[Turai]] (watakila Portuguese) a cikin ƙirarsu, an sabunta su don zama kariya a zamanin gunpowder. Wasu daga cikinsu ana iya gina su ne tare da taimakon fursunonin yaki na Kirista na Turai daga nasarar da Saadians suka yi a kan Portuguese a shekara ta 1578. <ref name=":25" /> Bayan dogon lokaci mai ban sha'awa na Ahmad al-Mansur, jihar Saadian ta fada cikin yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza da wadanda zasu iya maye gurbinsa. Fez ya zama wurin zama na iko ga 'yan'uwa da yawa da ke gwagwarmaya da sauran dangin da ke mulki daga Marrakesh kuma biranen biyu sun sauya hannun sau da yawa har sai rikici ya ƙare a cikin 1627 . <ref name=":05222" /> A wannan lokacin, mazaunan garin suna da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali tare da Chraga, ƙabilar Larabawa wacce Saadians suka kafa a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da ita a matsayin dakarun garuruwa (wanda aka sani da ''Guich'' ko "sojoji"). A shekara ta 1611 yawan mutanen garin sun tayar da kayar baya har ma sun kashe yawancin Chraga a bayyane don rama laifuffukan da wasu mambobinsu suka aikata.: 81-82 Duk da sake haɗuwa da mulkin bayan 1627, Saadians sun kasance cikin cikakkiyar raguwa kuma Fez ta riga ta sha wahala sosai daga maimaitawa da sakewa a lokacin rikici.<ref name=":0523" /> Yayin da sultanate na Saadian ya rushe, duka birnin da kuma kasar da ta fi girma sun sauka cikin rikici. Yankunan biyu na birnin, ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-''Qarawiyyin'''' da ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Andalusiyyin'' (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ''al-'Adwat''), sun fada cikin rikice-rikice da ke tunatar da tarihin farko na birnin, yayin da sabbin rikice-rikicen suka bunkasa tsakanin dangin daban-daban a cikin yammacin (Qarawiyyi). Fes el-Jdid, wanda shine cibiyar gwamnatin hukuma, ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya da Fes el'Bali, tsohon birni.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|82}} A shekara ta 1641, Muhammad al-Haj na Sanhaja Amazigh Dilā' tsarin Sufi na Tsakiyar Atlas ya mamaye Fes. : 88 Wannan lokacin ya kasance da wahala musamman ga Yahudawa na Fessi. Wani tarihin Yahudawa na lokacin ya ba da labarin cewa a cikin 1646 an umarci majami'u su rufe kuma daga baya an lalata su, sun lalace, ko kuma sun hallaka su.<ref name=":211" />: 88-89 Birnin bai karɓi Dilā' ba, kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1651 sun yi tawaye kuma sun gayyaci Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sharif, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Alaouite na farko, don karɓar iko da birnin.{{Rp|82–83}}{{Rp|229}} == Lokacin Alaouite na farko (karni na 17 da 18) == [[File:Cherratine_DSCF6208.jpg|thumb|[[Cherratine Madrasa|Madrasa ta Cherratine]], wanda Moulay Rashid ya gina a cikin 1670]] kawai lokacin da wanda ya kafa jihar Alaouite ta gaba, Moulay Rashid, ya ɗauki Fez a cikin 1666 cewa birnin ya ga farfadowa kuma ya sake zama babban birnin, duk da cewa a takaice.[1] Moulay Rashid ya fara dawo da birnin bayan dogon lokaci na sakaci. Ya gina Kasbah Cherarda (wanda aka fi sani da Kasbah al-Khemis) a arewacin Fes el-Jdid da na fadar sarauta don ya ba da babban ɓangare na dakarunsa na kabilarsa.[2][1] Ya kuma mayar da shi ko sake gina abin da aka sani da Kasbah an-Nouar, wanda ya zama wurin zama na mabiyansa daga yankin Tafilalt (gidan kakannin Alaouite). Saboda wannan dalili, an kuma san kasbah da Kasbah Filala ("Kasbah na mutane daga Tafilalt"). [2] Moulay Rashid ya kuma gina babban sabon madrasa, Cherratine Madrasa, a cikin 1670 .[3] Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1672 an binne shi a cikin Mausoleum na Sidi Harazem, a cikin makabartar kudancin birnin a waje da Bab Ftouh . [4] Bayan mutuwarsa Fez ya sake fuskantar wani lokaci mai duhu. Moulay Isma'il, wanda ya gaje shi, a bayyane yake bai son birnin ba - watakila saboda tawaye a can a farkon mulkinsa [1] - kuma ya zaɓi Meknes da ke kusa a matsayin babban birninsa a maimakon haka. Har ila yau, sau da yawa ya ɗora haraji mai nauyi a kan mazaunan garin kuma wani lokacin ma ya tilasta wa wasu daga cikin jama'arta su sake gina wasu biranen a kasar. Duk da haka, ya dawo ko sake gina wasu manyan abubuwan tunawa a cikin birni, kamar Zawiya na Moulay Idris II . [1] [[File:Fez,_Porte_de_Dar-Debibagh_IMG27348.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Dar Dbibegh, fadar da aka gina a waje da birnin ta [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]] a cikin 1729 (hoton daga 1920s) ]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il abubuwa sun kara muni yayin da Morocco ta shiga cikin rikici da kuma shekaru da yawa na rikici tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya don maye gurbinsa. Fez ta sha wahala musamman daga rikice-rikice da aka yi akai-akai tare da Udayas (ko Oudayas), ƙabilar ''Guich'' (ƙabilar mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a matsayin garuruwa da rundunar soja) da Moulay Isma'il ya kafa a Kasbah Cherarda. Sultan [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]], wanda ya yi mulki a wannan lokacin kuma ya yi amfani da Fez a matsayin babban birni, an fara maraba da shi a cikin 1728-29 a matsayin abokin gaba na Udayas, amma dangantakar da ke tsakanin shi da yawan mutanen garin ta yi saurin fushi saboda zaɓin gwamnan da ya yi. Nan da nan ya gina wani fadar sarauta a cikin ƙauyen, Dar Dbibegh, inda ya zauna a maimakon haka. Kusan kusan shekaru talatin da suka gabata birnin ya kasance cikin rikici na dindindin tare da Udayas da Alaouite sultans. Farawa da mulkin Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah, tsakanin 1757 da 1790, ƙasar ta daidaita kuma Fez a ƙarshe ta sake samun wadata. Kodayake an raba matsayinta tare da Marrakesh, ya kasance babban birnin Maroko na sauran zamanin Alaouite har zuwa karni na 20. Udayas, wanda ya kasance nauyi ga yawan mutanen Fez, ya zama babban ƙalubale ga ikon sabon sultan, kuma a cikin 1760 an tilasta Muhammad ibn Abdallah ya yi tafiya tare da sojoji zuwa Fez inda ya kama shugabanninsu kuma ya hallaka sojojin su, ya kashe yawancin sojojin su. Bayan haka sultan ya kirkiro sabon, ƙarami sosai, rundunar Udaya wacce aka ba da sabbin kwamandoji kuma aka ajiye su a Meknes a maimakon haka.{{Rp|240}} ɗan gajeren lokaci na rikici a ƙarƙashin Moulay Yazid (ya yi mulki 1790-1792) da Moulay Slimane (ya yi sarauta 1792-1822), tare da sarakuna a Fez sun rasa iko da mafi yawan sauran Morocco tsakanin 1790 da 1795. [1]: 241-242 Sarautar Moulay Yazid ta kasance bala'i musamman ga birnin. An dawo da kabilar Udayas a matsayin garuruwa na gida. A cikin waɗannan sheAkwaikaru biyu sultan ya tilasta dukan al'ummar Yahudawa su koma wani yanki mai budewa kusa da Kasbah Cherarda, arewacin Fes el-Jdid.[2] Sojojin kabilanci da ke da alaƙa da sultan sun mamaye Mellah, babban majami'arta an maye gurbinsa da masallaci, kuma gundumar kanta ta ragu har abada.[3][4] Sai kawai bayan mutuwar Moulay Yazid ne babban musulmi qadi (alƙali) na Fez ya ba da umarnin a mayar da Mellah ga al'ummar Yahudawa, tare da rushe masallacin da sojojin Yazid suka gina. [[File:Fes_walls_history_5_-_circa_1913_(after_Alaouite_additions).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a farkon karni na 20, bayan mafi yawan manyan abubuwan da aka kara a zamanin Alaouite zuwa birnin, kamar Kasbah Cherarda da sabbin ganuwar da Moulay Hasan ya gina don haɗa tsoffin da sabbin biranen]] Tsarin [[Tijaniyyah|Tijani]] Sufi, wanda [[Ahmad al-Tijani]] (d. 1815), ya fara, yana da cibiyar ruhaniya a Fez bayan al-Tejani ya koma nan daga Aljeriya a cikin 1789. :{{Rp|244}} Umurnin ya bazu da sauri tsakanin manyan marubuta na Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka kuma ''ulama'' suna da tasirin addini, ilimi, da siyasa a Fez da bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brigaglia |first=Andrea |date=2013–2014 |title=Sufi Revival and Islamic Literacy: Tijaniyya Writings in Twentieth-Century Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/9668574 |journal=Annual Review of Islam in Africa |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages= |via=}}</ref> Har zuwa karni na 19 birnin kuma shine kawai cibiyar masana'antu ta fezzes (wanda aka fi sani da ''tarboosh''). Har ila yau, wadatar al'ummar Yahudawa ta inganta sosai a karni na 19 lokacin da fadada hulɗa da kasuwanci tare da Turai ya ba da damar ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Yahudawa su sanya kansu a tsakiyar hanyoyin cinikayya na duniya a Maroko.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Gilson Miller |first=Susan |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> Wannan kuma ya haifar da budewa ta zamantakewa da canji a cikin dandano da halayen, musamman tsakanin Yahudawa masu arziki, waɗanda suka gina gidaje masu alatu a saman Mellah . <ref name=":72" /> Hakazalika, iyalai masu arziki na Musulmai da fitattun mutane sun gina manyan gidajensu, musamman a cikin gundumomin lambu na ''al-'Uyun'' a yankin kudu maso yammacin Fes el-Bali. Misalan daga ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 sun haɗa da Dar Moqri, Dar Glaoui, Dar Mnebhi da Dar Jama'i.{{Rp|222}} A shekara ta 1873, don mayar da martani ga yunkurin Sultan Hassan I na gabatar da harajin kasuwa da ake kira ''Mukūs'' ({{Lang|ar|المكوس}}), ƙungiyoyin masana'antun fata na Fes sun jagoranci tawaye wanda ya zama tashin hankali. [[File:New_mechouar.jpg|thumb|Sabon Mechouar wanda Moulay Hassan ya kirkira (ƙarshen karni na 19) a ƙofar arewacin Fadar Sarauta; a hagu shine ƙofar Dar al-Makina]] Babban canji na karshe ga yanayin Fez kafin karni na 20 an yi shi ne a lokacin mulkin Sultan Hasan I, wanda a ƙarshe ya haɗa Fes el-Jdid da Fes el'Bali ta hanyar gina hanyar da aka kewaye tsakanin su.[1][2] A cikin wannan sabon gangaren, tsakanin biranen biyu, an gina sabbin lambuna da fadar bazara da sarakuna da manyan al'ummomin babban birnin suka yi amfani da su, kamar Jnan Sbil Gardens da fadar Dar Batha. [1] [3] Moulay Hassan ya kuma fadada tsohuwar fadar sarauta kanta, ya kara ƙofar ta har zuwa wurin da Tsohon Mechouar yake yanzu yayin da yake ƙara Sabon Mechouar, tare da Dar al-Makina, zuwa arewa. Wannan ya haifar da raba unguwar Moulay Abdallah zuwa arewa maso yamma daga sauran Fes el-Jdid.[3] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nyr3phjdq6qu1hvh4sdxaits9bmnb2u Ƙauyen da aka ɓoye 0 178963 966477 2026-10-11T16:49:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284902289|Hidden village]]" 966477 wikitext text/x-wiki Wani kauye mai ɓoye wani yanki ne mai nisa a Japan a [[Tarihin Ƙasar Japan|Lokacin mulkin mallaka]] . Sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rashin isa da sauƙin karewa, al'adar ta ce waɗannan ƙauyuka sune wurin zama na ninja. Misali na wurin daya daga cikin wadannan ƙauyuka ana iya samunsa a Kamakura, Kanagawa kusa da Sasuke Inari Shrine . == Takaitaccen Bayani == Akwai labaru na mafarauta da ke yawo cikin tsaunuka masu zurfi, suna zuwa da sa'a, suna jin saƙa da yin shinkafa a cikin duwatsu, da kuma tsintsiya da kwanon rufi suna gudana daga saman kogi. Mazauna suna rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali ba tare da rikici ba, kuma yanayin yana da dumi, kuma baƙi daga waje suna ciyar da kwanaki masu kyau tare da karimci, amma ko da sun yi ƙoƙari su sake ziyarta, ba za su sake ziyarar ba. A cikin irin wannan al'ada, kasancewar ƙauyen da aka ce mutanen da suka fadi na Heike sun zauna a ɓoye, kuma akwai ƙauyuka waɗanda a zahiri aka ce su kwarin heike ne da kuma wuraren ɓoye heike. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya ƙaddara cewa bautar dutse mai sauƙi da ra'ayin utopia kafin gabatarwar tunanin Buddha mai tsabta suna da tasiri. Ƙauyen da aka ɓoye ƙasa ce ta daban wacce aka yi tunanin tana da zurfi a cikin duwatsu, a cikin rami, da kuma a cikin kogin da ke sama, da kuma kasan rami. An ce Hinden Hyakushomura ne, amma ƙauyen da aka ɓoye duniya ce mai zaman lafiya ba tare da wani baƙin ciki ba, kuma akwai gudana a wasu lokuta daban-daban daga duniyar ɗan adam. Mutane na yau da kullun ba za su iya zuwa can ba, amma mutane masu kyau wani lokacin suna da damar samun hangen nesa na duniya. A kowane hali, Eiko Arima, memba na National Society of Japan, ya ce an sanya sha'awar mutane don utopia. == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Ƙauyukan da ninja ke zaune da kuma gudanarwa a cikin manga da jerin anime Naruto an san su da ƙauyukan ɓoye. Yawancin manyan haruffa sun fito ne daga Konohagakure no sato . == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == lzbjs9060uh2w0xjzzjvpzznl6l18t2 Mahu Bey Urfali 0 178964 966478 2026-10-11T16:49:34Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307457008|Mahu Bey Urfali]]" 966478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mahu Bey Urfali''' (Arabic na Masar; ya mutu a shekara ta 1826) jami'in soja ne na Masar na asalin Kurdawa wanda ya shiga cikin mamayar Masar a Sudan a shekara ta 1820 kuma ya gudanar da sassan yankin tun daga shekara ta 1822. Ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan lardin Berber, wanda ke arewacin mahaɗar [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da [[Kogin Atbarah|Kogin Atbara]], daga 1822 zuwa 1825. A shekara ta 1825 an nada shi mukaddashin kwamandan Sojojin Masar a [[Sudan]], kuma an tura shi zuwa mahaɗar [[Blue Nile|Blue]] da [[White Nile]] a babban birnin [[Khartoum]]. Ya yi mulki kasa da shekara guda saboda ya mutu daga kyanda a shekara ta 1826. ''laqab'' dinsa na Larabci, ko sunan laƙabi, "Urfa", ya nuna cewa ya fito ne daga Urfa a cikin abin da ke yanzu kudu maso gabashin [[Turkiyya]]. == Ayyuka a Sudan == Mahu Bey na daga cikin jami'an da suka shiga Isma'il Kamil Pasha, ɗan [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Mahammad Ali Pasha]] (Gwamnan [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] na Masar), don mamayewa da cin nasarar Sudan a cikin 1820. Wannan nasarar Masar (kamar yadda masana tarihi na Sudan ke kira taron) ya haifar da hambarar da ragowar [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj Sultanate]] a Sudan da kuma murkushe juriya daga kabilun Larabawa ta hanyar harin soja. A matsayinsa na Kurdawa-Masar da ke aiki da mulkin Mahammad Ali, Mahu Bey na cikin rundunar da ta hada da maza daga sassa daban-daban na arewacin Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Turai, da yammacin Asiya, gami da, alal misali, yankunan da suka dace da [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Georgia]] na yanzu (Circassia). A cikin 1822, Isma'il Kamil Pasha ya nada Mahu Bey gwamna na sansanin soja a Berber . A cikin tarihin mulkin Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan (1820-1881), masanin tarihi Richard Leslie Hill ya bayyana Mahu Bey a matsayin mai gudanarwa mai matsayi da kuma "hasumiyar ƙarfi" a lardin, wanda ya daidaita bukatun Isma'il Pasha don aiwatar da ramuwar gayya ga mutanen Larabawa na Sudan (Kababish, Hasaniyya, Shukriyya, da [[Kabilar Ja'alin|Ja'aliyyin]]) tare da buƙatar kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki.<ref name=":0" /> Hill ya rubuta cewa Mahu Bey ya murkushe tawaye na Ja'aliyyin kuma ya bukaci dala 50,000 (Maria Theresa thalers), amma ya ki cire cikakken adadin don mutane ba za su bar yankin da ƙafafun ruwa ba, ko ''saqiya'', ma'ana gonakin da ke da tushe na Nilu. Mahu Bey ya yi tsayayya da buƙatun Mahammad Ali Pasha da kansa, yana rubutu daga [[Kairo|Alkahira]], don murkushe kabilun Larabawa na gida gaba ɗaya, musamman bayan mazauna yankin sun kashe ɗan Mahammad Ali Isma'il (shugaban cin nasara) ta hanyar ƙone hutunsa, tare da shi a ciki, a cikin dare.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekaru arba'in da suka biyo baya, wasu gwamnonin yanki, wadanda ba su da kwanciyar hankali fiye da Mahu Bey, sun yi buƙatu masu yawa don haraji da diyya; waɗannan buƙatun sun haifar da karuwar rashin jin daɗi kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga [[Yakin Mahdist|Juyin Juya Halin Mahdist]]. A cikin 1825, wani jami'in Circassian mai suna Uthman Jarkas al-Biringi ya zama babban kwamandan sojojin Turkiyya da Masar kuma ya kafa sansani a mahaɗar Blue da White Niles, wanda ya zama sabon babban birnin a Khartoum bayan 'yan shekaru kuma a ƙarshe ya maye gurbin tsohon babban birnin Funj a Sennar. Lokacin da Birinji ya mutu a shekara mai zuwa, Mahu Bey ya maye gurbinsa. Hill ya bayyana Mahu Bey a matsayin mutumin da ke da "ma'ana" da kuma babban ci gaba a kan Birinji, wanda ya kasance mai karɓar haraji "mai zalunci" wanda ya kashe 'yan gudun hijira a cikin sintiri na azabtarwa kuma wanda ya kashe shugabannin kabilanci ta hanyar busa jikinsu daga bindigogi. Mahu Bey, Hill ya kara da cewa, shi ma dangi ne mai ban mamaki ga abokan aikinsa na soja saboda ya kasance Musulmi mai ibada wanda ke kiyaye azumi na Ramadan.<ref name=":0" /> Koyaya, Mahu Bey amma ya yi mulki ƙasa da shekara guda har zuwa mutuwarsa daga kyanda - cuta da ta kasance a yankin, duk da cewa an riga an san hanyoyin rigakafin gida kuma ana yin su, kamar lokacin da mutane suka ɗaure rags da aka shafa akan cututtukan kyanda a kan mutanen da ba su da kamuwa da cuta. 1g7cu7ofub16wh6x2z3pkav9v5ia1i9 966481 966478 2026-10-11T16:50:17Z Young ibskeed 46263 966481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mahu Bey Urfali''' (Arabic na Masar; ya mutu a shekara ta 1826) jami'in soja ne na Masar na asalin Kurdawa wanda ya shiga cikin mamayar Masar a Sudan a shekara ta 1820 kuma ya gudanar da sassan yankin tun daga shekara ta 1822. Ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan lardin Berber, wanda ke arewacin mahaɗar [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da [[Kogin Atbarah|Kogin Atbara]], daga 1822 zuwa 1825. A shekara ta 1825 an nada shi mukaddashin kwamandan Sojojin Masar a [[Sudan]], kuma an tura shi zuwa mahaɗar [[Blue Nile|Blue]] da [[White Nile]] a babban birnin [[Khartoum]]. Ya yi mulki kasa da shekara guda saboda ya mutu daga kyanda a shekara ta 1826. ''laqab'' dinsa na Larabci, ko sunan laƙabi, "Urfa", ya nuna cewa ya fito ne daga Urfa a cikin abin da ke yanzu kudu maso gabashin [[Turkiyya]]. == Ayyuka a Sudan == Mahu Bey na daga cikin jami'an da suka shiga Isma'il Kamil Pasha, ɗan [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Mahammad Ali Pasha]] (Gwamnan [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] na Masar), don mamayewa da cin nasarar Sudan a cikin 1820. Wannan nasarar Masar (kamar yadda masana tarihi na Sudan ke kira taron) ya haifar da hambarar da ragowar [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj Sultanate]] a Sudan da kuma murkushe juriya daga kabilun Larabawa ta hanyar harin soja. A matsayinsa na Kurdawa-Masar da ke aiki da mulkin Mahammad Ali, Mahu Bey na cikin rundunar da ta hada da maza daga sassa daban-daban na arewacin Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Turai, da yammacin Asiya, gami da, alal misali, yankunan da suka dace da [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Georgia]] na yanzu (Circassia). A cikin 1822, Isma'il Kamil Pasha ya nada Mahu Bey gwamna na sansanin soja a Berber . A cikin tarihin mulkin Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan (1820-1881), masanin tarihi Richard Leslie Hill ya bayyana Mahu Bey a matsayin mai gudanarwa mai matsayi da kuma "hasumiyar ƙarfi" a lardin, wanda ya daidaita bukatun Isma'il Pasha don aiwatar da ramuwar gayya ga mutanen Larabawa na Sudan (Kababish, Hasaniyya, Shukriyya, da [[Kabilar Ja'alin|Ja'aliyyin]]) tare da buƙatar kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki.<ref name=":0" /> Hill ya rubuta cewa Mahu Bey ya murkushe tawaye na Ja'aliyyin kuma ya bukaci dala 50,000 (Maria Theresa thalers), amma ya ki cire cikakken adadin don mutane ba za su bar yankin da ƙafafun ruwa ba, ko ''saqiya'', ma'ana gonakin da ke da tushe na Nilu. Mahu Bey ya yi tsayayya da buƙatun Mahammad Ali Pasha da kansa, yana rubutu daga [[Kairo|Alkahira]], don murkushe kabilun Larabawa na gida gaba ɗaya, musamman bayan mazauna yankin sun kashe ɗan Mahammad Ali Isma'il (shugaban cin nasara) ta hanyar ƙone hutunsa, tare da shi a ciki, a cikin dare.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekaru arba'in da suka biyo baya, wasu gwamnonin yanki, wadanda ba su da kwanciyar hankali fiye da Mahu Bey, sun yi buƙatu masu yawa don haraji da diyya; waɗannan buƙatun sun haifar da karuwar rashin jin daɗi kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga [[Yakin Mahdist|Juyin Juya Halin Mahdist]]. A cikin 1825, wani jami'in Circassian mai suna Uthman Jarkas al-Biringi ya zama babban kwamandan sojojin Turkiyya da Masar kuma ya kafa sansani a mahaɗar Blue da White Niles, wanda ya zama sabon babban birnin a Khartoum bayan 'yan shekaru kuma a ƙarshe ya maye gurbin tsohon babban birnin Funj a Sennar. Lokacin da Birinji ya mutu a shekara mai zuwa, Mahu Bey ya maye gurbinsa. Hill ya bayyana Mahu Bey a matsayin mutumin da ke da "ma'ana" da kuma babban ci gaba a kan Birinji, wanda ya kasance mai karɓar haraji "mai zalunci" wanda ya kashe 'yan gudun hijira a cikin sintiri na azabtarwa kuma wanda ya kashe shugabannin kabilanci ta hanyar busa jikinsu daga bindigogi. Mahu Bey, Hill ya kara da cewa, shi ma dangi ne mai ban mamaki ga abokan aikinsa na soja saboda ya kasance Musulmi mai ibada wanda ke kiyaye azumi na Ramadan.<ref name=":0" /> Koyaya, Mahu Bey amma ya yi mulki ƙasa da shekara guda har zuwa mutuwarsa daga kyanda - cuta da ta kasance a yankin, duk da cewa an riga an san hanyoyin rigakafin gida kuma ana yin su, kamar lokacin da mutane suka ɗaure rags da aka shafa akan cututtukan kyanda a kan mutanen da ba su da kamuwa da cuta. k1h9txgs7n12gktp8g91l5ir7utqo9s Jerin shugabannin kasashe na Sudan 0 178965 966483 2026-10-11T16:51:44Z Faisaldabai 49842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377471128|List of heads of state of Sudan]]" 966483 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>Wannan labarin ya lissafa shugabannin kasashe na [[Sudan]] tun lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Mulki ta farko a shekarar 1955, kafin samun 'yancin kai a kasar. == Tarihin ofishin == Tun lokacin da aka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1956, mutane shida (da majalisun masu iko guda uku) sun yi aiki a matsayin [[shugaban kasa]] [[Sudan]], a halin yanzu a karkashin taken '''Shugaban Jamhuriyar Sudan'''. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, Masar da Ingila sun mallaki Sudan a matsayin mulkin mallaka, a ƙarƙashin sunan Anglo-Masar Sudan . Saboda haka, an ba da ikon zartarwa a cikin dyarchy wanda ya kunshi shugabannin kasashe biyu - a lokacin samun 'yancin kai, Sarauniyar Ingila (Elizabeth II) da Majalisar Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Masar (wanda [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ke jagoranta). Nan da nan bayan samun 'yancin kai, matsayin shugaban kasa ya cika da Majalisar Mulki mai mambobi biyar, tare da bangarorin masu adawa da kasa da ba su iya yarda da dan takara daya ba. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1958, Janar Ibrahim Abboud ya jagoranci [[Juyin mulki a kasar sudan shekarar 1958|juyin mulkin soja]], ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban kasa a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Koli. Da yake ɗaukar taken shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1964, ya yi murabus daga baya a wannan shekarar saboda rashin jin daɗi game da mulkin soja. Babban ma'aikacin gwamnati, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban kasa na kwanaki 18 kafin ya sauya ikon zartarwa zuwa Kwamitin Mulki. Ismail al-Azhari, shugaban Jam'iyyar National Unionist Party, an sanya shi shugaban kasa a watan Yulin 1965; ya yi mulki tare da iyakantaccen iko har sai an tsige shi a Juyin mulkin soja na 1969. Jami'an soja da ke da alhakin juyin mulkin sun kafa Majalisar Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Kasa, wanda Jaafar Nimeiry ke jagoranta. Nimeiry, shugaban sabuwar kungiyar Socialist Union ta Sudan, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban kasa a 1971, sannan daga baya ya kafa jam'iyya daya, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1985, lokacin da ƙungiyar jami'an soja suka hambarar da gwamnatinsa kuma suka kafa Majalisar Sojojin Canji ta 1985, karkashin jagorancin Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Ahmed al-Mirghani ya yi nasara a matsayin shugaban majalisar koli a shekarar 1986, bayan zaben jam'iyyun da aka gudanar a wannan shekarar. An tsige shi a Juyin mulkin soja na 1989 karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant-General Omar al-Bashir . Al-Bashir ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa, a karkashin taken Shugaban Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin don Ceto na Kasa daga 1989 zuwa 1993 kuma a matsayin shugaban daga 1993 zuwa 2019 (kuma daga 1996 a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar National Congress). Sojojin Sudan sun cire Al-Bashir daga mulki a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2019, a cikin [[Juyin juya halin Sudan|Juyin Juya Halin Sudan]] bayan ya rike mukamin kusan shekaru 30. Lieutenant-General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf ya karɓi iko da Sudan ba tare da ya zama shugaban ƙasa ba, ya kafa Majalisar Sojojin Canji ta 2019, amma ya yi murabus washegari don goyon bayan Lieutenant-Janar Abdel Fattah al-Burhan . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=El Sirgany |first=Sarah |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Abdullah |first3=Yasir |date=11 April 2019 |title=Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/11/africa/sudan-unrest-intl/index.html |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN}}</ref> An maye gurbin Majalisar Sojojin Canji da Majalisar Mulki ta Canji a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2019, a karkashin shugabancin al-Burhan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Civilian-majority ruling council sworn in – DW – 08/21/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sudan-civilian-majority-ruling-council-sworn-in/a-50116205 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Majalisar Mulki, shugaban farar hula-soja mai mambobi 11, an tsara shi don jagorantar kasar na watanni 39 a cikin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya, wanda ya kamata ya ƙare tare da Babban zabe na gaba. Al-Burhan ya rushe Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021, biyo bayan [[Juyin Mulkin Sudan na 2021|juyin mulki]]. Al-Burhan ya sake dawo da shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2021, tare da maye gurbin wasu mambobi. * 1955-1958: Majalisar Mulki * 1958-1964: Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai * '''1964''': Shugaban kasa * 1964-1965: Majalisar Mulki * 1965-1969: Shugaban Majalisar Mulki * 1969-1971: Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa * '''1971''': Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin * '''1971''': Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa * 1971-1985: Shugaban kasa * '''1985''': Babban Kwamandan * 1985-1986: Shugaban Majalisar Sojojin CanjiMajalisar Sojoji ta Canji * 1986-1989: Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai * 1989-1993: Shugaban Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin don Ceto na Kasa[[Majalisar kwamandan juyin juya hali don ceton ta kasa|Kwamitin Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Ceto na Kasa]] * 1993-2019: Shugaban kasa * '''2019''': Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Sojojin CanjiMajalisar Sojoji ta Canji * 2019-2021: Majalisar Mulki ta MusammanMajalisar Sarautar Canji ** 2019-2021: Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman * '''2021''': Babban Kwamandan Sojoji <ref name="Clingendael">{{Cite web |last=Hoffmann |first=Anette |date=November 2021 |title=Military coup betrays Sudan's revolution: Scenarios to regain the path towards full civilian rule |url=https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/PB%20Sudan%20Coup.pdf |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=[[Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael]]}}</ref> * 2021-ya zuwa yanzu: Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman ** 2021-ya zuwa yanzu: Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman {{Notelist}} f3gdvr6bbl2cc4sd6v73zb4lwcunfid 966488 966483 2026-10-11T16:52:40Z Faisaldabai 49842 966488 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>Wannan labarin ya lissafa shugabannin kasashe na [[Sudan]] tun lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Mulki ta farko a shekarar 1955, kafin samun 'yancin kai a kasar. == Tarihin ofishin == Tun lokacin da aka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1956, mutane shida (da majalisun masu iko guda uku) sun yi aiki a matsayin [[shugaban kasa]] [[Sudan]], a halin yanzu a karkashin taken '''Shugaban Jamhuriyar Sudan'''. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, Masar da Ingila sun mallaki Sudan a matsayin mulkin mallaka, a ƙarƙashin sunan Anglo-Masar Sudan . Saboda haka, an ba da ikon zartarwa a cikin dyarchy wanda ya kunshi shugabannin kasashe biyu - a lokacin samun 'yancin kai, Sarauniyar Ingila (Elizabeth II) da Majalisar Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Masar (wanda [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ke jagoranta). Nan da nan bayan samun 'yancin kai, matsayin shugaban kasa ya cika da Majalisar Mulki mai mambobi biyar, tare da bangarorin masu adawa da kasa da ba su iya yarda da dan takara daya ba. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1958, Janar Ibrahim Abboud ya jagoranci [[Juyin mulki a kasar sudan shekarar 1958|juyin mulkin soja]], ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban kasa a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Koli. Da yake ɗaukar taken shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1964, ya yi murabus daga baya a wannan shekarar saboda rashin jin daɗi game da mulkin soja. Babban ma'aikacin gwamnati, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban kasa na kwanaki 18 kafin ya sauya ikon zartarwa zuwa Kwamitin Mulki. Ismail al-Azhari, shugaban Jam'iyyar National Unionist Party, an sanya shi shugaban kasa a watan Yulin 1965; ya yi mulki tare da iyakantaccen iko har sai an tsige shi a Juyin mulkin soja na 1969. Jami'an soja da ke da alhakin juyin mulkin sun kafa Majalisar Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Kasa, wanda Jaafar Nimeiry ke jagoranta. Nimeiry, shugaban sabuwar kungiyar Socialist Union ta Sudan, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban kasa a 1971, sannan daga baya ya kafa jam'iyya daya, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1985, lokacin da ƙungiyar jami'an soja suka hambarar da gwamnatinsa kuma suka kafa Majalisar Sojojin Canji ta 1985, karkashin jagorancin Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Ahmed al-Mirghani ya yi nasara a matsayin shugaban majalisar koli a shekarar 1986, bayan zaben jam'iyyun da aka gudanar a wannan shekarar. An tsige shi a Juyin mulkin soja na 1989 karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant-General Omar al-Bashir . Al-Bashir ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa, a karkashin taken Shugaban Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin don Ceto na Kasa daga 1989 zuwa 1993 kuma a matsayin shugaban daga 1993 zuwa 2019 (kuma daga 1996 a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar National Congress). Sojojin Sudan sun cire Al-Bashir daga mulki a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2019, a cikin [[Juyin juya halin Sudan|Juyin Juya Halin Sudan]] bayan ya rike mukamin kusan shekaru 30. Lieutenant-General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf ya karɓi iko da Sudan ba tare da ya zama shugaban ƙasa ba, ya kafa Majalisar Sojojin Canji ta 2019, amma ya yi murabus washegari don goyon bayan Lieutenant-Janar Abdel Fattah al-Burhan . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=El Sirgany |first=Sarah |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Abdullah |first3=Yasir |date=11 April 2019 |title=Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/11/africa/sudan-unrest-intl/index.html |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN}}</ref> An maye gurbin Majalisar Sojojin Canji da Majalisar Mulki ta Canji a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2019, a karkashin shugabancin al-Burhan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Civilian-majority ruling council sworn in – DW – 08/21/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sudan-civilian-majority-ruling-council-sworn-in/a-50116205 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Majalisar Mulki, shugaban farar hula-soja mai mambobi 11, an tsara shi don jagorantar kasar na watanni 39 a cikin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya, wanda ya kamata ya ƙare tare da Babban zabe na gaba. Al-Burhan ya rushe Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021, biyo bayan [[Juyin Mulkin Sudan na 2021|juyin mulki]]. Al-Burhan ya sake dawo da shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2021, tare da maye gurbin wasu mambobi. * 1955-1958: Majalisar Mulki * 1958-1964: Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai * '''1964''': Shugaban kasa * 1964-1965: Majalisar Mulki * 1965-1969: Shugaban Majalisar Mulki * 1969-1971: Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa * '''1971''': Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin * '''1971''': Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa * 1971-1985: Shugaban kasa * '''1985''': Babban Kwamandan * 1985-1986: Shugaban Majalisar Sojojin CanjiMajalisar Sojoji ta Canji * 1986-1989: Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai * 1989-1993: Shugaban Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin don Ceto na Kasa[[Majalisar kwamandan juyin juya hali don ceton ta kasa|Kwamitin Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Ceto na Kasa]] * 1993-2019: Shugaban kasa * '''2019''': Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Sojojin CanjiMajalisar Sojoji ta Canji * 2019-2021: Majalisar Mulki ta MusammanMajalisar Sarautar Canji ** 2019-2021: Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman * '''2021''': Babban Kwamandan Sojoji <ref name="Clingendael">{{Cite web |last=Hoffmann |first=Anette |date=November 2021 |title=Military coup betrays Sudan's revolution: Scenarios to regain the path towards full civilian rule |url=https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/PB%20Sudan%20Coup.pdf |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=[[Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael]]}}</ref> * 2021-ya zuwa yanzu: Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman ** 2021-ya zuwa yanzu: Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== tmwcemlv2gzejkch8tkx2g465nop9t0 966496 966488 2026-10-11T16:53:59Z Faisaldabai 49842 966496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <tem''Italic text''platestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>Wannan labarin ya lissafa shugabannin kasashe na [[Sudan]] tun lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Mulki ta farko a shekarar 1955, kafin samun 'yancin kai a kasar. == Tarihin ofishin == Tun lokacin da aka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1956, mutane shida (da majalisun masu iko guda uku) sun yi aiki a matsayin [[shugaban kasa]] [[Sudan]], a halin yanzu a karkashin taken '''Shugaban Jamhuriyar Sudan'''. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, Masar da Ingila sun mallaki Sudan a matsayin mulkin mallaka, a ƙarƙashin sunan Anglo-Masar Sudan . Saboda haka, an ba da ikon zartarwa a cikin dyarchy wanda ya kunshi shugabannin kasashe biyu - a lokacin samun 'yancin kai, Sarauniyar Ingila (Elizabeth II) da Majalisar Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Masar (wanda [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ke jagoranta). Nan da nan bayan samun 'yancin kai, matsayin shugaban kasa ya cika da Majalisar Mulki mai mambobi biyar, tare da bangarorin masu adawa da kasa da ba su iya yarda da dan takara daya ba. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1958, Janar Ibrahim Abboud ya jagoranci [[Juyin mulki a kasar sudan shekarar 1958|juyin mulkin soja]], ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban kasa a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Koli. Da yake ɗaukar taken shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1964, ya yi murabus daga baya a wannan shekarar saboda rashin jin daɗi game da mulkin soja. Babban ma'aikacin gwamnati, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban kasa na kwanaki 18 kafin ya sauya ikon zartarwa zuwa Kwamitin Mulki. Ismail al-Azhari, shugaban Jam'iyyar National Unionist Party, an sanya shi shugaban kasa a watan Yulin 1965; ya yi mulki tare da iyakantaccen iko har sai an tsige shi a Juyin mulkin soja na 1969. Jami'an soja da ke da alhakin juyin mulkin sun kafa Majalisar Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Kasa, wanda Jaafar Nimeiry ke jagoranta. Nimeiry, shugaban sabuwar kungiyar Socialist Union ta Sudan, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban kasa a 1971, sannan daga baya ya kafa jam'iyya daya, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1985, lokacin da ƙungiyar jami'an soja suka hambarar da gwamnatinsa kuma suka kafa Majalisar Sojojin Canji ta 1985, karkashin jagorancin Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Ahmed al-Mirghani ya yi nasara a matsayin shugaban majalisar koli a shekarar 1986, bayan zaben jam'iyyun da aka gudanar a wannan shekarar. An tsige shi a Juyin mulkin soja na 1989 karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant-General Omar al-Bashir . Al-Bashir ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa, a karkashin taken Shugaban Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin don Ceto na Kasa daga 1989 zuwa 1993 kuma a matsayin shugaban daga 1993 zuwa 2019 (kuma daga 1996 a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar National Congress). Sojojin Sudan sun cire Al-Bashir daga mulki a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2019, a cikin [[Juyin juya halin Sudan|Juyin Juya Halin Sudan]] bayan ya rike mukamin kusan shekaru 30. Lieutenant-General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf ya karɓi iko da Sudan ba tare da ya zama shugaban ƙasa ba, ya kafa Majalisar Sojojin Canji ta 2019, amma ya yi murabus washegari don goyon bayan Lieutenant-Janar Abdel Fattah al-Burhan . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=El Sirgany |first=Sarah |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Abdullah |first3=Yasir |date=11 April 2019 |title=Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/11/africa/sudan-unrest-intl/index.html |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN}}</ref> An maye gurbin Majalisar Sojojin Canji da Majalisar Mulki ta Canji a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2019, a karkashin shugabancin al-Burhan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Civilian-majority ruling council sworn in – DW – 08/21/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sudan-civilian-majority-ruling-council-sworn-in/a-50116205 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Majalisar Mulki, shugaban farar hula-soja mai mambobi 11, an tsara shi don jagorantar kasar na watanni 39 a cikin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya, wanda ya kamata ya ƙare tare da Babban zabe na gaba. Al-Burhan ya rushe Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021, biyo bayan [[Juyin Mulkin Sudan na 2021|juyin mulki]]. Al-Burhan ya sake dawo da shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2021, tare da maye gurbin wasu mambobi. * 1955-1958: Majalisar Mulki * 1958-1964: Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai * '''1964''': Shugaban kasa * 1964-1965: Majalisar Mulki * 1965-1969: Shugaban Majalisar Mulki * 1969-1971: Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa * '''1971''': Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin * '''1971''': Shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa * 1971-1985: Shugaban kasa * '''1985''': Babban Kwamandan * 1985-1986: Shugaban Majalisar Sojojin CanjiMajalisar Sojoji ta Canji * 1986-1989: Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai * 1989-1993: Shugaban Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin don Ceto na Kasa[[Majalisar kwamandan juyin juya hali don ceton ta kasa|Kwamitin Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin Ceto na Kasa]] * 1993-2019: Shugaban kasa * '''2019''': Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Sojojin CanjiMajalisar Sojoji ta Canji * 2019-2021: Majalisar Mulki ta MusammanMajalisar Sarautar Canji ** 2019-2021: Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman * '''2021''': Babban Kwamandan Sojoji <ref name="Clingendael">{{Cite web |last=Hoffmann |first=Anette |date=November 2021 |title=Military coup betrays Sudan's revolution: Scenarios to regain the path towards full civilian rule |url=https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/PB%20Sudan%20Coup.pdf |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=[[Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael]]}}</ref> * 2021-ya zuwa yanzu: Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman ** 2021-ya zuwa yanzu: Shugaba / Shugaban Majalisar Mulki ta Musamman {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== hz6f0z2uqg7pkjc6qkjc55c9otnxioo Cocin Presbyterian na Ebenezer, Osu 0 178966 966484 2026-10-11T16:51:45Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376839748|Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu]]" 966484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta Ebenezer,''' wacce aka fi sani da Ikilisiyar Basel Mission, Christiansborg, cocin Protestant ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin unguwar Osu a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] . Cocin ya kafa ta Basel Evangelical Missionary Society a cikin 1847. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Innovation |first=Osis |title=Osu Eben-ezer Presbyterian Church |url=http://osueben-ezer.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424030125/http://www.osueben-ezer.com/ |archive-date=2017-04-24 |access-date=2017-11-26 |website=osueben-ezer.com}}</ref> A baya kusa da Gidan Kirista na Christiansborg a wani ƙauye da ake kira Osu Amanfong, inda wani abin tunawa yake yanzu, cocin ya koma arewa zuwa wurin da yake yanzu kusa da [[Makarantar Salem, Osu|Makarantar Salem]] lokacin da aka gina sabon ɗakin sujada kuma aka tsarkake shi a cikin 1902.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Osu Presbyterian Church celebrates Centenary of Chapel |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Osu-Presbyterian-Church-celebrates-Centenary-of-Chapel-30130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127025030/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Osu-Presbyterian-Church-celebrates-Centenary-of-Chapel-30130 |archive-date=2017-11-27 |access-date=2017-11-27 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-01 |title=Osu Presbyterian Church celebrates Centenary of Chapel |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/28592/osu-presbyterian-church-celebrates-centenary-of-chapel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204015030/https://www.modernghana.com/news/28592/osu-presbyterian-church-celebrates-centenary-of-chapel.html |archive-date=2019-02-04 |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Cocin yana da alaƙa da Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana . <ref name=":0" /> Ana gudanar da Ayyukan liturgical a [[Turanci]] da [[Harshen Ga]].<ref name=":0" /> == Tarihin tarihi == Asalin Kiristanci a kan [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] za a iya gano shi ne zuwan 'yan kasuwa na Portugal a farkon karni na 16. <ref name=":0" /> Sun yi wa Babban shugaban Fetu, Cape Coast baftisma a cikin 1503. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1576, yaduwar Kiristanci ta tsaya.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da hamsin da suka biyo baya, ayyukan wasu al'ummomin mishan ciki har da Franciscans na Capuchin na Faransa da ke Axim da Komenda, Ofishin Jakadancin Moravian a [[Accra]] da [[Elmina]] da kuma Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts in Cape Coast sun samar da sakamako mara kyau a cikin hinterlands.<ref name=":0" /> Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Basel Evangelical Missionary Society sun isa Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg, (yanzu unguwar Osu) a Gold Coast a cikin 1828 a kan umarnin Gwamnan Danish na lokacin, Major Christopher von Richelieu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NUPS-G KNUST>>PCG>>History |url=http://www.nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207131702/http://nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |archive-date=2005-02-07 |access-date=2017-11-26 |website=www.nupsgknust.itgo.com}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 1815 a Basel, Switzerland a tsawo na ƙungiyar tauhidin Pietist, yawancin matasa masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun fito ne daga asalin masu sana'a a Wurtemberg da ke kudancin Jamus.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=South India remembers sacrifice of Basel missionaries {{!}} Christian News on Christian Today |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/south.india.remembers.sacrifice.of.basel.missionaries/24495.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106040732/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/south.india.remembers.sacrifice.of.basel.missionaries/24495.htm |archive-date=6 January 2010 |access-date=2017-09-29 |website=www.christiantoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |last=Joeden-Forgey |first=Elisa von |date=November 2004 |title=Review of Miller, Jon, Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast, 1828-1917 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9969 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020201647/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9969 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-20 |website=www.h-net.org |language=en}}</ref> Pietism ya nemi "farfado da cocin Kirista daga ciki ta hanyar zurfafawa da kuma yin rayuwa ta addini ta al'ummar Kirista. Yana da niyyar bayyana imanin kiristanci ta hanyar ayyuka masu kyau da kuma salon rayuwa mai kyau ciki har da yada Linjila zuwa wasu nahiyoyi don amsawa ga 'kira ta Allah".A ra'ayinsu, ilimi na yau da kullun, noma, ƙananan masana'antu, zane-zane da sana'a sun tafi hannu da hannu tare da yaduwar Linjila.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":34" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth: PCG History |url=http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121124/http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |archive-date=2017-04-25 |access-date=2017-11-26 |website=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth}}</ref> Yawancin al'ummomin Turai daga [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], [[Denmark]] da [[Holand|Netherlands]] suna da kasancewar da aka kafa a bakin tekun inda kasuwanci da kasuwanci suka bunƙasa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Denmark ta ba da izinin ma'aikatanta su zauna tare da mata na cikin gida a cikin dangantaka ta mace ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, akwai wata babbar al'umma ta Turai da Afirka a lokacin da ta kunshi zuriyar "Mulatto" na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi.<ref name=":0" /> Bukatar Manjo Richelieu don bishara an tsara ta ne don maido da halin Kiristanci tsakanin jama'a.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":34" /><ref name=":2" /> Masu wa'azi na Basel guda huɗu daga [[Jamus]] da [[Switzerland]] sun sauka a bakin tekun [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] a cikin 1828. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Su ne Karl Salbach, Gottlieb Holzwarth, Johannes Henke da Johannes Schmidt.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1831, duk hudu da ke cikin shekaru ashirin sun mutu daga cututtukan wurare masu zafi. An aika da ƙungiyar manufofi ta biyu ta Basel Mission a cikin 1832. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sune Andreas Riis, Peter Jager da Christian Heinze . <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Jager da Heinze sun mutu a cikin 'yan watanni bayan isowarsu daga cututtukan wurare masu zafi. A cikin garin Osu na bakin teku, 'yan asalin manya goma sha huɗu ne kawai suka tuba [[Kiristanci]] daga 1828 zuwa 1850. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ya tsira, Andreas Riis ya koma garin Akropong a cikin 1835, inda yanayin sanyi ya fi dacewa, wanda ya haifar da karfafa aikin wa'azi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> 9a5aezsw1km0nt1gvwd03yqqe8n1xj8 966492 966484 2026-10-11T16:53:42Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 966492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta Ebenezer,''' wacce aka fi sani da Ikilisiyar Basel Mission, Christiansborg, cocin Protestant ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin unguwar Osu a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] . Cocin ya kafa ta Basel Evangelical Missionary Society a cikin 1847. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Innovation |first=Osis |title=Osu Eben-ezer Presbyterian Church |url=http://osueben-ezer.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424030125/http://www.osueben-ezer.com/ |archive-date=2017-04-24 |access-date=2017-11-26 |website=osueben-ezer.com}}</ref> A baya kusa da Gidan Kirista na Christiansborg a wani ƙauye da ake kira Osu Amanfong, inda wani abin tunawa yake yanzu, cocin ya koma arewa zuwa wurin da yake yanzu kusa da [[Makarantar Salem, Osu|Makarantar Salem]] lokacin da aka gina sabon ɗakin sujada kuma aka tsarkake shi a cikin 1902.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Osu Presbyterian Church celebrates Centenary of Chapel |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Osu-Presbyterian-Church-celebrates-Centenary-of-Chapel-30130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127025030/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Osu-Presbyterian-Church-celebrates-Centenary-of-Chapel-30130 |archive-date=2017-11-27 |access-date=2017-11-27 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-01 |title=Osu Presbyterian Church celebrates Centenary of Chapel |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/28592/osu-presbyterian-church-celebrates-centenary-of-chapel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204015030/https://www.modernghana.com/news/28592/osu-presbyterian-church-celebrates-centenary-of-chapel.html |archive-date=2019-02-04 |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Cocin yana da alaƙa da Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana . <ref name=":0" /> Ana gudanar da Ayyukan liturgical a [[Turanci]] da [[Harshen Ga]].<ref name=":0" /> == Tarihin tarihi == Asalin Kiristanci a kan [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] za a iya gano shi ne zuwan 'yan kasuwa na Portugal a farkon karni na 16. <ref name=":0" /> Sun yi wa Babban shugaban Fetu, Cape Coast baftisma a cikin 1503. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1576, yaduwar Kiristanci ta tsaya.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da hamsin da suka biyo baya, ayyukan wasu al'ummomin mishan ciki har da Franciscans na Capuchin na Faransa da ke Axim da Komenda, Ofishin Jakadancin Moravian a [[Accra]] da [[Elmina]] da kuma Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts in Cape Coast sun samar da sakamako mara kyau a cikin hinterlands.<ref name=":0" /> Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Basel Evangelical Missionary Society sun isa Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg, (yanzu unguwar Osu) a Gold Coast a cikin 1828 a kan umarnin Gwamnan Danish na lokacin, Major Christopher von Richelieu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NUPS-G KNUST>>PCG>>History |url=http://www.nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207131702/http://nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |archive-date=2005-02-07 |access-date=2017-11-26 |website=www.nupsgknust.itgo.com}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 1815 a Basel, Switzerland a tsawo na ƙungiyar tauhidin Pietist, yawancin matasa masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun fito ne daga asalin masu sana'a a Wurtemberg da ke kudancin Jamus.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=South India remembers sacrifice of Basel missionaries {{!}} Christian News on Christian Today |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/south.india.remembers.sacrifice.of.basel.missionaries/24495.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106040732/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/south.india.remembers.sacrifice.of.basel.missionaries/24495.htm |archive-date=6 January 2010 |access-date=2017-09-29 |website=www.christiantoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |last=Joeden-Forgey |first=Elisa von |date=November 2004 |title=Review of Miller, Jon, Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast, 1828-1917 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9969 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020201647/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9969 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-20 |website=www.h-net.org |language=en}}</ref> Pietism ya nemi "farfado da cocin Kirista daga ciki ta hanyar zurfafawa da kuma yin rayuwa ta addini ta al'ummar Kirista. Yana da niyyar bayyana imanin kiristanci ta hanyar ayyuka masu kyau da kuma salon rayuwa mai kyau ciki har da yada Linjila zuwa wasu nahiyoyi don amsawa ga 'kira ta Allah".A ra'ayinsu, ilimi na yau da kullun, noma, ƙananan masana'antu, zane-zane da sana'a sun tafi hannu da hannu tare da yaduwar Linjila.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":34" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth: PCG History |url=http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121124/http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |archive-date=2017-04-25 |access-date=2017-11-26 |website=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth}}</ref> Yawancin al'ummomin Turai daga [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], [[Denmark]] da [[Holand|Netherlands]] suna da kasancewar da aka kafa a bakin tekun inda kasuwanci da kasuwanci suka bunƙasa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Denmark ta ba da izinin ma'aikatanta su zauna tare da mata na cikin gida a cikin dangantaka ta mace ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, akwai wata babbar al'umma ta Turai da Afirka a lokacin da ta kunshi zuriyar "Mulatto" na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi.<ref name=":0" /> Bukatar Manjo Richelieu don bishara an tsara ta ne don maido da halin Kiristanci tsakanin jama'a.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":34" /><ref name=":2" /> Masu wa'azi na Basel guda huɗu daga [[Jamus]] da [[Switzerland]] sun sauka a bakin tekun [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] a cikin 1828. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Su ne Karl Salbach, Gottlieb Holzwarth, Johannes Henke da Johannes Schmidt.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1831, duk hudu da ke cikin shekaru ashirin sun mutu daga cututtukan wurare masu zafi. An aika da ƙungiyar manufofi ta biyu ta Basel Mission a cikin 1832. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sune Andreas Riis, Peter Jager da Christian Heinze . <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Jager da Heinze sun mutu a cikin 'yan watanni bayan isowarsu daga cututtukan wurare masu zafi. A cikin garin Osu na bakin teku, 'yan asalin manya goma sha huɗu ne kawai suka tuba [[Kiristanci]] daga 1828 zuwa 1850. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ya tsira, Andreas Riis ya koma garin Akropong a cikin 1835, inda yanayin sanyi ya fi dacewa, wanda ya haifar da karfafa aikin wa'azi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> ==manazarta== g4reiq6hzmsdoi1yh4en1nin03bz6ox Mosara Garden 0 178967 966485 2026-10-11T16:52:02Z Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman 21300 Sabuwar Mukala 966485 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Mosara Garden== Lambun Mosara ko el-Mosara (Larabci: المسارة) babban lambun sarauta ne da ke arewacin Fes el-Jdid, tsohon sansanin soja da birnin fadar sarautar daular Marinid a birnin Fes na kasar Morocco. Sarkin daular Marinid, Abu Ya'qub Yusuf, ne ya samar da lambun a shekarar 1286, kuma ya shahara musamman saboda wata babbar na'urar jan ruwa mai juyi (noria) da aka gina domin samar masa da ruwa. An yi watsi da lambun kuma ya ci gaba da lalacewa a zamanin daular Saadi (karni na 16 zuwa 17), har ya zuwa yanzu ya bace gaba daya; abin da ya rage kawai shi ne wasu alamomi a wurin da a yanzu ake kira Makabartar Bab Segma, tare da ginshikan da suka tallafa wa tsohuwar na'urar jan ruwan da kuma magudanar ruwan da take ciyarwa. Suna Rubuce-rubucen tarihi na Larabci daga zamanin daular Marinid sun kira wannan lambu da ==suna== *Jannat al-Muṣāra* ko *Rawḍ al-Muṣāra*.[1] Kalmomin *jannat* da *rawḍ* suna nufin "lambu". A cewar masana Henri Bressolette da Jean Delarozière, sunan *al-Muṣāra* ko *el-Mosara* yana nufin "abin ban mamaki", saboda yadda lambun ya burge masu ziyara sosai.[2]: 57  A cewar masani Iñigo Almela, sunan yana da wani asali daban, wanda mai yiwuwa yana da alaka da wurin da ake horar da dawakai ko kuma wurin gasar tsere ta dawakai.<ref> Almela, Iñigo (2024-12-27). "The Marinid Royal Estate of Ǧannat Al-Muṣāra and Its Great Noria (New Fez, Morocco)". Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World. 5 (1–2): 229–268. </ref> ==Manazarta== sokd683bmfrgenv7reb109874j7zebl 1755 Girgizar kasa ta Meknes 0 178968 966489 2026-10-11T16:53:00Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366163698|1755 Meknes earthquake]]" 966489 wikitext text/x-wiki Girgizar kasa ta Meknes ta 1755 ta shafi Morocco a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1755. Girgizar ƙasa tana da gir lokaci (Mw) wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin 6.5 da 7.0. Ya lalata biranen [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]] - ya kashe akalla mutane 15,000 a cikin biranen biyu. Girgizar kasa ta faru kasa da wata daya bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta lalata Morocco da Lisbon a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba. A baya an dauke shi a matsayin girgizar kasa, wannan girgizar ƙasa mai yiwuwa ta wakilci fashewar kuskuren daban saboda canje-canje a cikin damuwa bayan taron su na 34ehe364o62xd6kc723cvkag7zwesf3 966495 966489 2026-10-11T16:53:58Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366163698|1755 Meknes earthquake]]" 966495 wikitext text/x-wiki Girgizar kasa ta Meknes ta 1755 ta shafi Morocco a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1755. Girgizar ƙasa tana da gir lokaci (Mw) wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin 6.5 da 7.0. Ya lalata biranen [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]] - ya kashe akalla mutane 15,000 a cikin biranen biyu. Girgizar kasa ta faru kasa da wata daya bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta lalata Morocco da Lisbon a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba. A baya an dauke shi a matsayin girgizar kasa, wannan girgizar ƙasa mai yiwuwa ta wakilci fashewar kuskuren daban saboda canje-canje a cikin damuwa bayan taron su na Yankin farantin yammacin Eurasia-Afirka ya mamaye Gloria Fault System wanda ke tsakanin mahaɗar Azores sau uku da Gibraltar Arc. Yankin farar da ke kewaye da Gibraltar Arc da yankin Alboran Sea ba a bayyana shi sosai ba kuma yana da babban yanki na girgizar ƙasa. Farantin Afirka da Eurasia sun haɗu a cikin N-S zuwa NNW-SSE. Haɗuwa tana da alaƙa da haɓaka da turawa tare da tsaunukan Rif. jrscbf1ucg7frmfz5tb7f1h0zf6t5l9 966502 966495 2026-10-11T16:55:13Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366163698|1755 Meknes earthquake]]" 966502 wikitext text/x-wiki Girgizar kasa ta Meknes ta 1755 ta shafi Morocco a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1755. Girgizar ƙasa tana da gir lokaci (Mw) wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin 6.5 da 7.0. Ya lalata biranen [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]] - ya kashe akalla mutane 15,000 a cikin biranen biyu. Girgizar kasa ta faru kasa da wata daya bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta lalata Morocco da Lisbon a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba. A baya an dauke shi a matsayin girgizar kasa, wannan girgizar ƙasa mai yiwuwa ta wakilci fashewar kuskuren daban saboda canje-canje a cikin damuwa bayan taron su na Yankin farantin yammacin Eurasia-Afirka ya mamaye Gloria Fault System wanda ke tsakanin mahaɗar Azores sau uku da Gibraltar Arc. Yankin farar da ke kewaye da Gibraltar Arc da yankin Alboran Sea ba a bayyana shi sosai ba kuma yana da babban yanki na girgizar ƙasa. Farantin Afirka da Eurasia sun haɗu a cikin N-S zuwa NNW-SSE. Haɗuwa tana da alaƙa da haɓaka da turawa tare da tsaunukan Rif. Wannan girgizar ta zo ne kawai bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta shafi Lisbon (1 ga Nuwamba) - an gano shi da kuskure a matsayin girgizar ƙasa ta wannan taron, kuma ba daidai ba ne zuwa 18 ga Nuwamba. Tushen Larabawa sun danganta girgizar ƙasa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba da kuma yankin mezoseismal ga Fes da Meknes. An kuma bayar da rahoton Rushewar girgizar ƙasa amma ba a rubuta shi sosai ba.<ref name="Poujol">{{Cite journal |last=Poujol |first=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=J.-F. |last3=Vernant |first3=P. |last4=Huot |first4=S. |last5=Maate |first5=S. |last6=Tahayt |first6=A. |date=2017 |title=Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=712–713 |pages=303–311 |bibcode=2017Tectp.712..303P |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036}}</ref> hiwgy41mlcnsfh9tyidn6blvh915pyo 966507 966502 2026-10-11T16:56:20Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366163698|1755 Meknes earthquake]]" 966507 wikitext text/x-wiki Girgizar kasa ta Meknes ta 1755 ta shafi Morocco a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1755. Girgizar ƙasa tana da gir lokaci (Mw) wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin 6.5 da 7.0. Ya lalata biranen [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]] - ya kashe akalla mutane 15,000 a cikin biranen biyu. Girgizar kasa ta faru kasa da wata daya bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta lalata Morocco da Lisbon a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba. A baya an dauke shi a matsayin girgizar kasa, wannan girgizar ƙasa mai yiwuwa ta wakilci fashewar kuskuren daban saboda canje-canje a cikin damuwa bayan taron su na Yankin farantin yammacin Eurasia-Afirka ya mamaye Gloria Fault System wanda ke tsakanin mahaɗar Azores sau uku da Gibraltar Arc. Yankin farar da ke kewaye da Gibraltar Arc da yankin Alboran Sea ba a bayyana shi sosai ba kuma yana da babban yanki na girgizar ƙasa. Farantin Afirka da Eurasia sun haɗu a cikin N-S zuwa NNW-SSE. Haɗuwa tana da alaƙa da haɓaka da turawa tare da tsaunukan Rif. Wannan girgizar ta zo ne kawai bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta shafi Lisbon (1 ga Nuwamba) - an gano shi da kuskure a matsayin girgizar ƙasa ta wannan taron, kuma ba daidai ba ne zuwa 18 ga Nuwamba. Tushen Larabawa sun danganta girgizar ƙasa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba da kuma yankin mezoseismal ga Fes da Meknes. An kuma bayar da rahoton Rushewar girgizar ƙasa amma ba a rubuta shi sosai ba.<ref name="Poujol">{{Cite journal |last=Poujol |first=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=J.-F. |last3=Vernant |first3=P. |last4=Huot |first4=S. |last5=Maate |first5=S. |last6=Tahayt |first6=A. |date=2017 |title=Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=712–713 |pages=303–311 |bibcode=2017Tectp.712..303P |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036}}</ref> During a field survey of the area in 2017, surface ruptures were identified along the {{Cvt|150|km}}-long Southern Rif front; a thrust fault with some left-lateral strike-slip component. The fault displays a listric geometry and is connected with a décollement at its base; dipping at 60° near the surface to 35° at depth. A slip rate was estimated at {{Cvt|3.5 ± 1|mm}}/yr for the [[Holocene]]. The fault accommodates convergence between the African plate and the Rif. The last earthquake along the fault produced {{Cvt|0.9–1.7|m}} of coseismic slip—by assuming that as the average slip across a {{Cvt|30|km}} surface rupture, the moment magnitude obtained was 6.5–7.0. Although not considered an aftershock of the 1 November Lisbon earthquake, it may have been an example of a triggered earthquake due to stress transfer.<ref name="Poujol" /> 7hmb3je2b6oomvpqgxelowemmua31di 966510 966507 2026-10-11T16:57:48Z Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 49926 Inganta muqala 966510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Girgizar kasa ta Meknes ta 1755 ta shafi Morocco a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1755. Girgizar ƙasa tana da gir lokaci (Mw) wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin 6.5 da 7.0. Ya lalata biranen [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]] - ya kashe akalla mutane 15,000 a cikin biranen biyu. Girgizar kasa ta faru kasa da wata daya bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta lalata Morocco da Lisbon a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba. A baya an dauke shi a matsayin girgizar kasa, wannan girgizar ƙasa mai yiwuwa ta wakilci fashewar kuskuren daban saboda canje-canje a cikin damuwa bayan taron su na Yankin farantin yammacin Eurasia-Afirka ya mamaye Gloria Fault System wanda ke tsakanin mahaɗar Azores sau uku da Gibraltar Arc. Yankin farar da ke kewaye da Gibraltar Arc da yankin Alboran Sea ba a bayyana shi sosai ba kuma yana da babban yanki na girgizar ƙasa. Farantin Afirka da Eurasia sun haɗu a cikin N-S zuwa NNW-SSE. Haɗuwa tana da alaƙa da haɓaka da turawa tare da tsaunukan Rif. Wannan girgizar ta zo ne kawai bayan wani girgizar kasa da ta shafi Lisbon (1 ga Nuwamba) - an gano shi da kuskure a matsayin girgizar ƙasa ta wannan taron, kuma ba daidai ba ne zuwa 18 ga Nuwamba. Tushen Larabawa sun danganta girgizar ƙasa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba da kuma yankin mezoseismal ga Fes da Meknes. An kuma bayar da rahoton Rushewar girgizar ƙasa amma ba a rubuta shi sosai ba.<ref name="Poujol">{{Cite journal |last=Poujol |first=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=J.-F. |last3=Vernant |first3=P. |last4=Huot |first4=S. |last5=Maate |first5=S. |last6=Tahayt |first6=A. |date=2017 |title=Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=712–713 |pages=303–311 |bibcode=2017Tectp.712..303P |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036}}</ref> During a field survey of the area in 2017, surface ruptures were identified along the {{Cvt|150|km}}-long Southern Rif front; a thrust fault with some left-lateral strike-slip component. The fault displays a listric geometry and is connected with a décollement at its base; dipping at 60° near the surface to 35° at depth. A slip rate was estimated at {{Cvt|3.5 ± 1|mm}}/yr for the [[Holocene]]. The fault accommodates convergence between the African plate and the Rif. The last earthquake along the fault produced {{Cvt|0.9–1.7|m}} of coseismic slip—by assuming that as the average slip across a {{Cvt|30|km}} surface rupture, the moment magnitude obtained was 6.5–7.0. Although not considered an aftershock of the 1 November Lisbon earthquake, it may have been an example of a triggered earthquake due to stress transfer.<ref name="Poujol" /> rpdg1bo341ly6eshhngj3cm0vd0vsru Ewuare 0 178969 966490 2026-10-11T16:53:25Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379480794|Ewuare]]" 966490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ewuare''' (wanda aka fi sani da Ewuare the Great; r. c. 1440 – c. 1473 ) shine {{Lang|bin|[[Oba of Benin|Oba]]}} na goma sha biyu ('sarki') na [[Masarautar Benin]] . An haife shi a Ogun, ɗan Ohen, kuma ya shafe wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa a nesa da babban birnin Benin. Ogun ya hau karagar mulki bayan ya kashe ɗan'uwansa Uwaifiokun kuma ya karɓi suna na sarauta Ewuare. Al'adun [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]] sun haɗa haihuwarsa da ƙuruciyarsa da {{Lang|bin|Ekoko n'Utẹ}}, wasan kwaikwayo na fada wanda ya kunshi masu rawa da suka rufe fuska, da kuma tare da mace mai kasuwa [[Emotan]] da rikice-rikicen da suka shafi zuriyar Ogiamiɛn. Ewuare ya sake ginawa tare da faɗaɗa babban birnin Benin, ya faɗaɗa [[Ganuwar Benin|ganuwarta da ramukanta]], sannan ya sake tsara gwamnatin masarautar. Ya ƙarfafa ofisoshin da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} kuma ya gabatar da maye gurbin layi ta hanyar taken {{Lang|bin|Edaiken}} (' Yarima mai jiran gado '). Mulkinsa kuma yana da alaƙa da tsara sassan fada, sassan hidima, da cibiyoyi. Al'adar Benin ta danganta yakin neman zabe da dama ga Ewuare, wanda ta hanyarsa ne aka shigar da al'ummomi da masarautu maƙwabta cikin dangantaka ta haraji da Benin. Ana kuma tunawa da mulkinsa dangane da sarauta mai tsarki, al'adar sarauta, [[bikin Igue]] na shekara-shekara, kayan ado na murjani, da al'adun addini game da Olokun da Osanobua . Labaran fasahar Benin sun danganta shi da sassaka, kiɗa, da canje-canje a matsayin ƙungiyoyin sana'o'i. Mulkinsa ya zo daidai da binciken farko na Portugal a gabar tekun Benin da kuma fara hulɗar kasuwanci da Turawa, kodayake ko baƙi 'yan Portugal sun isa babban birnin Benin a lokacin rayuwarsa har yanzu ba a tabbatar da ko hakan zai faru ba. Al'adun da suka biyo baya sun mayar da hankali kan tarihin iyalinsa, dokokin makokinsa, da kuma faɗaɗawar da magajinsa suka ci gaba da yi. An tuna da shi a matsayin {{Lang|bin|Ewuare n'Ogidigan}} ('Ewuare the Great'), ya ci gaba da taka rawa a al'adun baki na Edo, bikin kotu, da rubuce-rubucen tarihi. [[Zamanin Zamani|Masana tarihi na zamani]] galibi suna gabatar da shi a matsayin wani muhimmin mutum a cikin ci gaban cibiyoyin siyasa na Benin, yanayin birane, isa ga sojoji, da al'adun gargajiya da fasaha, yayin da kuma suke bambance tsakanin yiwuwar ci gaban tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihi na baya-bayan nan. == Bayani == === Mahallin da ke da ƙarfin hali === Ewuare ya kasance mai mulkin [[Masarautar Benin]] na ƙarni na sha biyar wanda aka sake gina mulkinsa daga al'adar baki da kuma rubuce-rubucen tarihi daga baya maimakon daga bayanan Benin na zamani da suka rage. {{Sfn|Bradbury|1973}} Ya zo ne bayan jerin sarakunan da suka haɗa da Ohen, [[Egbeka]], Orobiru, da Uwaifiokun. Egbeka, babban ɗan Ohen, ya gaje shi a kusan shekara ta 1370 kuma ana tunawa da shi a al'ada saboda rikicin basasa da {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama Nihinron]]}} ('masu sarauta') da kuma mulki mai rauni. Orobiru, ɗan Ohen na biyu, ya gaji Egbeka kuma an siffanta shi a al'ada a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman lafiya da wadata. Lokacin da Orobiru ya mutu, an ruwaito cewa sarautar ta kasance babu kowa a cikinta tsawon watanni da dama saboda an riga an kori Ogun, magajin gari na gaskiya a al'adar, daga babban birnin, wanda yanzu ake kira [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], tare da ƙanensa Uwaifiokun. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Jacob Egharevba, a cikin ''[[Takaitaccen Tarihin Benin|littafin A Short History of Benin]]'', ya rubuta tarihin hawan Ewuare zuwa kusan 1440; Natalie Sandomirsky a cikin ''Encyclopedia of African History'' ta ba da labarin mulkinsa daga kusan 1440 zuwa 1473. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Sandomirsky|2005}} Marubuciya Heather Millar a cikin ''littafinta The Kingdom of Benin in West Africa'' ta sanya gadon sarautarsa a kusan 1440 da kuma mutuwarsa a kusan 1481. {{Sfn|Millar|1997}} Mulkin Ewuare ya faɗi kafin farkon bayanin da Portugal ta yi game da Benin, kuma a cewar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Robert Elwyn Bradbury, babu wata majiya ta zamani da ta rubuta kai tsaye game da rayuwarsa ko ayyukansa. {{Sfn|Bradbury|1973}} {{Sfn|Bradbury|1969}} === Al'adun haihuwa da iyaye === An haifi Ewuare a matsayin Ogun, ɗan Ohen. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Al'adun baki ba su yi daidai da sunan mahaifiyarsa ba; wani sigar ta sanya mata suna Elere, amma wasu suna ba da sunaye kamar Eleye ko Onwheren. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Al'adun da suka shafi cibiyar haihuwa ta Ogun kan abubuwa uku masu maimaitawa: Ɓoyayyen dangantakar Ohen da wata mace a Utẹ, amfani da {{Lang|bin|Ekoko n'Utẹ}} yi wa kansu ado don ɓoye wannan dangantaka, da kuma matsalar siyasa da aka haifar ta hanyar haɗa gidan sarauta da zuriyar Ogiamiɛn. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Waɗannan labaran sun dace da Ewuare saboda wasu fassarori daga baya sun haɗa yanayin da ake takaddama a kai na haihuwar Ogun da ƙuruciyarsa mai cike da matsaloli, gudun hijira, da kuma shiga mulkinsa daga ƙarshe. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} A wani sigar, Ohen ya ziyarci wata mata a Utẹ a ɓoye wadda mahaifinta mai warkarwa ne mai ƙarfi. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Bayan wani dogon ziyara, Ohen ya ba da umarnin a yi masa abin rufe fuska domin a ɓoye rashin zuwansa fadar. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Wata sigar kuma ta ce wani mai duba ya shawarci Ohen mara haihuwa ya auri Erere, 'yar {{Lang|bin|Ogi'Utẹ}} ('Duke na Utẹ'), kuma cewa Elera daga baya ta haifi Ogun. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Wani labari kuma ya ambaci mahaifiyar Ogun a matsayin Onẹrẹ, wata mace bayan an yi mata haila wadda ta ɗauki cikinsa bayan Allah ya sa baki. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Bangaren siyasa a cikin waɗannan al'adu ya shafi iyalin Ogiamiɛn, wata zuriya mai kama da ta mutum ɗaya da aka bambanta a cikin al'adar baki ta Benin da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} mai zuwa. mulkin mallaka. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Wasu sigar sun ce yarjejeniya ta hana aure tsakanin gidan sarauta da zuriyar Ogiamiɛn. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} A wani labari, Ohen ya yi fatan auren Elera, wata mace a Utẹ kuma zuriyar Ubi, {{Efn|Ubi is one of the daughters of a chief called Ogieka.{{sfn|Egharevba|1968|p=17}}}} a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin warware takaddamar da ke tsakanin daular sarauta da dangin Ogiamiɛn. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Ohen ya ratsa [[Kogin Ikpoba]] da daddare da shafuka, amma daga ƙarshe mutanen da ake zargi sun ba da rahoton motsinsa ga {{Lang|bin|Iyase}} . {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Efn|The {{lang|bin|Iyase}} is the commander-in-chief of the Benin warriors, followed by the {{lang|bin|Ezomo}} and the [[Ologbosere]] and Imaran.{{sfn|Egharevba|1968|p=80}}}} {{Lang|bin|Ehuae}} ('Duke') na Ikpoba sai suka sanya [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|magunguna]] masu cutarwa a ƙarƙashin gadar da kuma a Utẹ, wanda hakan ya sa Ohen ta yi barci mai yawa kuma ta yi kasadar gano mutane. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Ohen ta mayar da martani ta hanyar yin kayan ado na ado ga kansa da Elera, ta koma fada cikin ɓoye, ta shirya madadin kayan ado na ado, sannan ta kawo Elera cikin haram, inda daga baya ta haifi Ogun. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Lang|bin|Ekoko n'Utẹ}} An ci gaba da danganta yin abin rufe fuska da waɗannan al'adun haihuwa da kuma al'adar fada. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Maganar {{Lang|bin|Ekoko i mwẹn ihuan ọvbehe}} ('Ekoko ba shi da wata waƙa') yana nufin asalin abin da aka tuna da shi na almara. Layinsa ya maimaita, {{Lang|bin|Ogbe uvbe rre ekpo}}, an fassara shi da "Bari mu gan ka, ka yi kama da mutum". {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} An yi wannan abin al'ajabi a Utẹ kuma ana bayyana shi kowace shekara a fada, yawanci dangane da {{Lang|bin|Otuẹ Igu'Ọba}} a lokacin [[bikin Igue]] a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Efn|{{lang|bin|Otuẹ Igu'Ọba}} (also known as {{lang|bin|Ugie Otuẹ}}) is a sacred pre-Igue greeting and homage ritual performed during the annual Igue festival.{{sfn|Ogbeifun|2014}}}} Wasan kwaikwayon ya yi amfani da masqueraders guda biyu, namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Mutumin mai wasan kwaikwayo ya ɓoye fuskarsa da zane mai tsiri kuma ana kiransa {{Lang|bin|Ekoko Ogiowẹrẹ}} ; macen mai wasan kwaikwayo ta sanya abin rufe fuska na barewa mai ƙunci da idanuwa masu ƙasa, siffofin da aka ambata a cikin Edo suna yabon kyawun mata. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Kayan da suka saka sun haɗa da gashin kai mai gashin fuka-fukai, gashin wutsiyar aku ja mai launin toka ta Afirka, kwalaye masu madubi, zane mai laushi na gida, da kuma abin rawa irin na idon sawu. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Ta hanyar ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo na fadar, wannan abin al'ajabin yana adana tunawa da al'adar auren da wasu al'adu suka shafi matasa da kuma gudun hijirar Ogun. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} == Shiga == === Komawa Benin daga gudun hijira === Al'adu sun bayar da labarai daban-daban game da dawowar Ogun daga gudun hijira da kuma hawansa kan karagar mulki, lokacin da ya ɗauki sunan Ewuare. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] ==== Orobiru version ==== A wani labarin da ya biyo baya, Ogun da ƙanensa Uwaifiokun suna zaune nesa da babban birnin Benin bayan korarsu lokacin da Orobiru ya mutu. [ 5 ] Ogun ta aika Uwaifiokun don ya tambayi dattawan ko za su ba da damar dawowar Ogun. Madadin haka, Uwaifiokun ya shaida wa dattawan cewa bai ga Ogun ba tun lokacin da 'yan'uwan biyu suka bar babban birnin. Daga nan sai Uwaifiokun ya shawo kan dattawan su naɗa shi {{Lang|bin|Oba}} ('sarki'). [ 5 ] ==== Zagayen Emotan ==== Tsarin [[Emotan]] ya ba da labarin daban game da dawowar Ogun. Ya ce sarakuna sun fi son 'yan'uwan Ogun a matsayin sarakunan da za a iya sarrafa su. {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} Bayan dawowarsa daga gudun hijira, Ogun ta sami taimako daga Emotan, wata mata da ke sayar da abinci a kasuwar Oba . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} Ta gargaɗe shi da kada ya bayyana kansa ga sarakunan da suka yi niyyar kashe shi, kuma ta ɓoye shi daga wakilan Uwaifiokun, ƙanensa da kuma {{Lang|bin|Oba}} mai ci. . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} A cikin wannan al'ada, ta ciyar da Ogun, ta yi masa gargaɗi game da 'yan leƙen asirin ɗan'uwansa, kuma ta tattara magoya bayansa a hankali. {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} Daga baya Ogun ya shiga wani jerin gwanon biki a kasuwar Oba yana yin shigar 'yar rawa ya kashe Uwaifiokun da mashi. {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} ==== Ogiefa da Edo episode ==== Wani shiri na daban da Egharevba ya yi game da tserewa ya shafi wani sarki Ogiefa da babban bawan sa, Edo. Da farko Ogiefa ya killace Ogun a cikin wata busasshiyar rijiya da aka rufe da ganye, amma daga baya ya tafi don sanar da mutanen da ke neman Ogun. Kafin Ogiefa ya dawo, Edo ya sauke tsani cikin rijiyar ya kuma taimaka wa Ogun ta tsere. Ogun ya ɗauki takobinsa da mashinsa cikin daji tsakanin hanyoyin Okhorho da [[Uselu, Benin City|Uselu]] . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} A daren, Ogun ya yi barci a ƙarƙashin bishiya sai ya ji ruwa yana faɗowa a kansa. Da safe, sai ya ga cewa jini ne daga damisa a kan bishiyar kuma yana kwance a kan maciji. Ya kashe dabbobin biyu, ya dasa wani {{Lang|bin|[[Newbouldia|ikhimwin]]}} itace, kuma ya yi alƙawarin sanya wurin ya zama wurin ibada ga allolin ƙaddararsa idan ya zama {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . Bayan ya hau mulki, ya sanya masu gadi a wurin kuma ya yanka damisa a can kowace shekara, wani aiki da sarakunan da suka biyo baya suka ci gaba. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Millar|1997}} Bayan zama Oba, Ewuare ya ba Edo kyaututtuka. Lokacin da Edo ya mutu, Ewuare ya sayi gawarsa daga Ogiefa ya kuma yi masa jana'iza a ƙofar shiga fadar da aka sani da Unuogua . Al'ada ta bayyana sunan ƙasar, "Edo", a matsayin wanda ya samo asali daga wannan bawa mai aminci da aka bauta wa. Maganar daga baya Edo n'Evbo Ahire yana nufin "Edo the City of Love" kuma yana tuna da amincin Edo wajen ceton Ewuare. [1] Daga nan sai aka ba da labarin cewa, bayan hawansa mulki, Ewuare ya binne Emotan a kasuwar Oba, ya dasa itace a kan kabarinta, ya bauta mata, sannan ya naɗa wani mai bauta mai suna Ekpate. [1] Daga baya bishiyoyin tunawa sun mutu, kuma gwamnatin Benin ta kafa mutum-mutumin Emotan a wurin bisa shawarar Akenzua II . [1] [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gpffg45vbpxnowfzkcj28mopsp0pd1v 966500 966490 2026-10-11T16:54:56Z Sardeeq 39275 966500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ewuare''' (wanda aka fi sani da Ewuare the Great; r. c. 1440 – c. 1473 ) shine {{Lang|bin|[[Oba of Benin|Oba]]}} na goma sha biyu ('sarki') na [[Masarautar Benin]] . An haife shi a Ogun, ɗan Ohen, kuma ya shafe wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa a nesa da babban birnin Benin. Ogun ya hau karagar mulki bayan ya kashe ɗan'uwansa Uwaifiokun kuma ya karɓi suna na sarauta Ewuare. Al'adun [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]] sun haɗa haihuwarsa da ƙuruciyarsa da {{Lang|bin|Ekoko n'Utẹ}}, wasan kwaikwayo na fada wanda ya kunshi masu rawa da suka rufe fuska, da kuma tare da mace mai kasuwa [[Emotan]] da rikice-rikicen da suka shafi zuriyar Ogiamiɛn. Ewuare ya sake ginawa tare da faɗaɗa babban birnin Benin, ya faɗaɗa [[Ganuwar Benin|ganuwarta da ramukanta]], sannan ya sake tsara gwamnatin masarautar. Ya ƙarfafa ofisoshin da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} kuma ya gabatar da maye gurbin layi ta hanyar taken {{Lang|bin|Edaiken}} (' Yarima mai jiran gado '). Mulkinsa kuma yana da alaƙa da tsara sassan fada, sassan hidima, da cibiyoyi. Al'adar Benin ta danganta yakin neman zabe da dama ga Ewuare, wanda ta hanyarsa ne aka shigar da al'ummomi da masarautu maƙwabta cikin dangantaka ta haraji da Benin. Ana kuma tunawa da mulkinsa dangane da sarauta mai tsarki, al'adar sarauta, [[bikin Igue]] na shekara-shekara, kayan ado na murjani, da al'adun addini game da Olokun da Osanobua . Labaran fasahar Benin sun danganta shi da sassaka, kiɗa, da canje-canje a matsayin ƙungiyoyin sana'o'i. Mulkinsa ya zo daidai da binciken farko na Portugal a gabar tekun Benin da kuma fara hulɗar kasuwanci da Turawa, kodayake ko baƙi 'yan Portugal sun isa babban birnin Benin a lokacin rayuwarsa har yanzu ba a tabbatar da ko hakan zai faru ba. Al'adun da suka biyo baya sun mayar da hankali kan tarihin iyalinsa, dokokin makokinsa, da kuma faɗaɗawar da magajinsa suka ci gaba da yi. An tuna da shi a matsayin {{Lang|bin|Ewuare n'Ogidigan}} ('Ewuare the Great'), ya ci gaba da taka rawa a al'adun baki na Edo, bikin kotu, da rubuce-rubucen tarihi. [[Zamanin Zamani|Masana tarihi na zamani]] galibi suna gabatar da shi a matsayin wani muhimmin mutum a cikin ci gaban cibiyoyin siyasa na Benin, yanayin birane, isa ga sojoji, da al'adun gargajiya da fasaha, yayin da kuma suke bambance tsakanin yiwuwar ci gaban tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihi na baya-bayan nan. == Bayani == === Mahallin da ke da ƙarfin hali === Ewuare ya kasance mai mulkin [[Masarautar Benin]] na ƙarni na sha biyar wanda aka sake gina mulkinsa daga al'adar baki da kuma rubuce-rubucen tarihi daga baya maimakon daga bayanan Benin na zamani da suka rage. {{Sfn|Bradbury|1973}} Ya zo ne bayan jerin sarakunan da suka haɗa da Ohen, [[Egbeka]], Orobiru, da Uwaifiokun. Egbeka, babban ɗan Ohen, ya gaje shi a kusan shekara ta 1370 kuma ana tunawa da shi a al'ada saboda rikicin basasa da {{Lang|bin|[[Uzama Nihinron]]}} ('masu sarauta') da kuma mulki mai rauni. Orobiru, ɗan Ohen na biyu, ya gaji Egbeka kuma an siffanta shi a al'ada a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman lafiya da wadata. Lokacin da Orobiru ya mutu, an ruwaito cewa sarautar ta kasance babu kowa a cikinta tsawon watanni da dama saboda an riga an kori Ogun, magajin gari na gaskiya a al'adar, daga babban birnin, wanda yanzu ake kira [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], tare da ƙanensa Uwaifiokun. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Jacob Egharevba, a cikin ''[[Takaitaccen Tarihin Benin|littafin A Short History of Benin]]'', ya rubuta tarihin hawan Ewuare zuwa kusan 1440; Natalie Sandomirsky a cikin ''Encyclopedia of African History'' ta ba da labarin mulkinsa daga kusan 1440 zuwa 1473. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Sandomirsky|2005}} Marubuciya Heather Millar a cikin ''littafinta The Kingdom of Benin in West Africa'' ta sanya gadon sarautarsa a kusan 1440 da kuma mutuwarsa a kusan 1481. {{Sfn|Millar|1997}} Mulkin Ewuare ya faɗi kafin farkon bayanin da Portugal ta yi game da Benin, kuma a cewar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Robert Elwyn Bradbury, babu wata majiya ta zamani da ta rubuta kai tsaye game da rayuwarsa ko ayyukansa. {{Sfn|Bradbury|1973}} {{Sfn|Bradbury|1969}} === Al'adun haihuwa da iyaye === An haifi Ewuare a matsayin Ogun, ɗan Ohen. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} Al'adun baki ba su yi daidai da sunan mahaifiyarsa ba; wani sigar ta sanya mata suna Elere, amma wasu suna ba da sunaye kamar Eleye ko Onwheren. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Al'adun da suka shafi cibiyar haihuwa ta Ogun kan abubuwa uku masu maimaitawa: Ɓoyayyen dangantakar Ohen da wata mace a Utẹ, amfani da {{Lang|bin|Ekoko n'Utẹ}} yi wa kansu ado don ɓoye wannan dangantaka, da kuma matsalar siyasa da aka haifar ta hanyar haɗa gidan sarauta da zuriyar Ogiamiɛn. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Waɗannan labaran sun dace da Ewuare saboda wasu fassarori daga baya sun haɗa yanayin da ake takaddama a kai na haihuwar Ogun da ƙuruciyarsa mai cike da matsaloli, gudun hijira, da kuma shiga mulkinsa daga ƙarshe. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} A wani sigar, Ohen ya ziyarci wata mata a Utẹ a ɓoye wadda mahaifinta mai warkarwa ne mai ƙarfi. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Bayan wani dogon ziyara, Ohen ya ba da umarnin a yi masa abin rufe fuska domin a ɓoye rashin zuwansa fadar. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Wata sigar kuma ta ce wani mai duba ya shawarci Ohen mara haihuwa ya auri Erere, 'yar {{Lang|bin|Ogi'Utẹ}} ('Duke na Utẹ'), kuma cewa Elera daga baya ta haifi Ogun. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Wani labari kuma ya ambaci mahaifiyar Ogun a matsayin Onẹrẹ, wata mace bayan an yi mata haila wadda ta ɗauki cikinsa bayan Allah ya sa baki. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Bangaren siyasa a cikin waɗannan al'adu ya shafi iyalin Ogiamiɛn, wata zuriya mai kama da ta mutum ɗaya da aka bambanta a cikin al'adar baki ta Benin da {{Lang|bin|Oba}} mai zuwa. mulkin mallaka. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Wasu sigar sun ce yarjejeniya ta hana aure tsakanin gidan sarauta da zuriyar Ogiamiɛn. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} A wani labari, Ohen ya yi fatan auren Elera, wata mace a Utẹ kuma zuriyar Ubi, {{Efn|Ubi is one of the daughters of a chief called Ogieka.{{sfn|Egharevba|1968|p=17}}}} a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin warware takaddamar da ke tsakanin daular sarauta da dangin Ogiamiɛn. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Ohen ya ratsa [[Kogin Ikpoba]] da daddare da shafuka, amma daga ƙarshe mutanen da ake zargi sun ba da rahoton motsinsa ga {{Lang|bin|Iyase}} . {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Efn|The {{lang|bin|Iyase}} is the commander-in-chief of the Benin warriors, followed by the {{lang|bin|Ezomo}} and the [[Ologbosere]] and Imaran.{{sfn|Egharevba|1968|p=80}}}} {{Lang|bin|Ehuae}} ('Duke') na Ikpoba sai suka sanya [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|magunguna]] masu cutarwa a ƙarƙashin gadar da kuma a Utẹ, wanda hakan ya sa Ohen ta yi barci mai yawa kuma ta yi kasadar gano mutane. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Ohen ta mayar da martani ta hanyar yin kayan ado na ado ga kansa da Elera, ta koma fada cikin ɓoye, ta shirya madadin kayan ado na ado, sannan ta kawo Elera cikin haram, inda daga baya ta haifi Ogun. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Lang|bin|Ekoko n'Utẹ}} An ci gaba da danganta yin abin rufe fuska da waɗannan al'adun haihuwa da kuma al'adar fada. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Maganar {{Lang|bin|Ekoko i mwẹn ihuan ọvbehe}} ('Ekoko ba shi da wata waƙa') yana nufin asalin abin da aka tuna da shi na almara. Layinsa ya maimaita, {{Lang|bin|Ogbe uvbe rre ekpo}}, an fassara shi da "Bari mu gan ka, ka yi kama da mutum". {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} An yi wannan abin al'ajabi a Utẹ kuma ana bayyana shi kowace shekara a fada, yawanci dangane da {{Lang|bin|Otuẹ Igu'Ọba}} a lokacin [[bikin Igue]] a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} {{Efn|{{lang|bin|Otuẹ Igu'Ọba}} (also known as {{lang|bin|Ugie Otuẹ}}) is a sacred pre-Igue greeting and homage ritual performed during the annual Igue festival.{{sfn|Ogbeifun|2014}}}} Wasan kwaikwayon ya yi amfani da masqueraders guda biyu, namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Mutumin mai wasan kwaikwayo ya ɓoye fuskarsa da zane mai tsiri kuma ana kiransa {{Lang|bin|Ekoko Ogiowẹrẹ}} ; macen mai wasan kwaikwayo ta sanya abin rufe fuska na barewa mai ƙunci da idanuwa masu ƙasa, siffofin da aka ambata a cikin Edo suna yabon kyawun mata. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Kayan da suka saka sun haɗa da gashin kai mai gashin fuka-fukai, gashin wutsiyar aku ja mai launin toka ta Afirka, kwalaye masu madubi, zane mai laushi na gida, da kuma abin rawa irin na idon sawu. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} Ta hanyar ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo na fadar, wannan abin al'ajabin yana adana tunawa da al'adar auren da wasu al'adu suka shafi matasa da kuma gudun hijirar Ogun. {{Sfn|Curnow|2017}} == Shiga == === Komawa Benin daga gudun hijira === Al'adu sun bayar da labarai daban-daban game da dawowar Ogun daga gudun hijira da kuma hawansa kan karagar mulki, lokacin da ya ɗauki sunan Ewuare. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] ==== Orobiru version ==== A wani labarin da ya biyo baya, Ogun da ƙanensa Uwaifiokun suna zaune nesa da babban birnin Benin bayan korarsu lokacin da Orobiru ya mutu. [ 5 ] Ogun ta aika Uwaifiokun don ya tambayi dattawan ko za su ba da damar dawowar Ogun. Madadin haka, Uwaifiokun ya shaida wa dattawan cewa bai ga Ogun ba tun lokacin da 'yan'uwan biyu suka bar babban birnin. Daga nan sai Uwaifiokun ya shawo kan dattawan su naɗa shi {{Lang|bin|Oba}} ('sarki'). [ 5 ] ==== Zagayen Emotan ==== Tsarin [[Emotan]] ya ba da labarin daban game da dawowar Ogun. Ya ce sarakuna sun fi son 'yan'uwan Ogun a matsayin sarakunan da za a iya sarrafa su. {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} Bayan dawowarsa daga gudun hijira, Ogun ta sami taimako daga Emotan, wata mata da ke sayar da abinci a kasuwar Oba . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} Ta gargaɗe shi da kada ya bayyana kansa ga sarakunan da suka yi niyyar kashe shi, kuma ta ɓoye shi daga wakilan Uwaifiokun, ƙanensa da kuma {{Lang|bin|Oba}} mai ci. . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} A cikin wannan al'ada, ta ciyar da Ogun, ta yi masa gargaɗi game da 'yan leƙen asirin ɗan'uwansa, kuma ta tattara magoya bayansa a hankali. {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} Daga baya Ogun ya shiga wani jerin gwanon biki a kasuwar Oba yana yin shigar 'yar rawa ya kashe Uwaifiokun da mashi. {{Sfn|Jackson-Laufer|1996}} ==== Ogiefa da Edo episode ==== Wani shiri na daban da Egharevba ya yi game da tserewa ya shafi wani sarki Ogiefa da babban bawan sa, Edo. Da farko Ogiefa ya killace Ogun a cikin wata busasshiyar rijiya da aka rufe da ganye, amma daga baya ya tafi don sanar da mutanen da ke neman Ogun. Kafin Ogiefa ya dawo, Edo ya sauke tsani cikin rijiyar ya kuma taimaka wa Ogun ta tsere. Ogun ya ɗauki takobinsa da mashinsa cikin daji tsakanin hanyoyin Okhorho da [[Uselu, Benin City|Uselu]] . {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} A daren, Ogun ya yi barci a ƙarƙashin bishiya sai ya ji ruwa yana faɗowa a kansa. Da safe, sai ya ga cewa jini ne daga damisa a kan bishiyar kuma yana kwance a kan maciji. Ya kashe dabbobin biyu, ya dasa wani {{Lang|bin|[[Newbouldia|ikhimwin]]}} itace, kuma ya yi alƙawarin sanya wurin ya zama wurin ibada ga allolin ƙaddararsa idan ya zama {{Lang|bin|Oba}} . Bayan ya hau mulki, ya sanya masu gadi a wurin kuma ya yanka damisa a can kowace shekara, wani aiki da sarakunan da suka biyo baya suka ci gaba. {{Sfn|Egharevba|1968}} {{Sfn|Millar|1997}} Bayan zama Oba, Ewuare ya ba Edo kyaututtuka. Lokacin da Edo ya mutu, Ewuare ya sayi gawarsa daga Ogiefa ya kuma yi masa jana'iza a ƙofar shiga fadar da aka sani da Unuogua . Al'ada ta bayyana sunan ƙasar, "Edo", a matsayin wanda ya samo asali daga wannan bawa mai aminci da aka bauta wa. Maganar daga baya Edo n'Evbo Ahire yana nufin "Edo the City of Love" kuma yana tuna da amincin Edo wajen ceton Ewuare. [1] Daga nan sai aka ba da labarin cewa, bayan hawansa mulki, Ewuare ya binne Emotan a kasuwar Oba, ya dasa itace a kan kabarinta, ya bauta mata, sannan ya naɗa wani mai bauta mai suna Ekpate. [1] Daga baya bishiyoyin tunawa sun mutu, kuma gwamnatin Benin ta kafa mutum-mutumin Emotan a wurin bisa shawarar Akenzua II . [1] [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8q5vsazcgauz6y7b4mf7x9dbetu4dfl White Flag League 0 178970 966497 2026-10-11T16:54:30Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369214049|White Flag League]]" 966497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''White Flag League''' (wanda aka fi sani da White Flag Association, '''White Flag Society''', ko White Brigade Movement) ƙungiya ce mai tsayayya ta ƙasa ta jami'an soja na Sudan, wanda aka kafa a 1923, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari na farko ga 'yancin Sudan tare da '''Juyin juya halin 1924'''. <ref name="women-politics">{{Cite book|title=Najma Chowdhury}}</ref> == Tarihi == Labarin Lieutenant [[Ali Abd al Latif|Ali Abd Al-Latif]] na 1922 "Claim of the Sudanese Nation" a cikin ''al-Hadarah'' ya yi kira ga 'yan Sudan su sami 'yancin kai, ƙarin ilimi, kawo ƙarshen ikon sukari, da kuma manyan mukamai ga Sudanese a cikin gwamnatin Anglo-Masar, wanda ya kai ga ɗaurinsa. Bayan an sake shi, shi da sauran 'yan kasa sun kara karfi don yin aiki a kan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kai ga tsarin juyin juya hali wanda ya nuna karuwar yunkurin' yancin Sudan.'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gaffer |first=Nowar |date=2012 |title=THE GRADUATES` NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN SUDAN, 1918-1944 |url=https://ijie.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9240/6546 |journal=SEJARAH: Journal of the Department of History |language=en |volume=20 |issue=20 |doi=10.22452/sejarah.vol20no20.6 |issn=2756-8253 |doi-access=free}}</ref>''' Rarrabawar cikin gida ta tashi a cikin League of Sudanese Union, kuma a cikin 1923, wasu mambobi, ciki har da Obaid Haj al-Amin, sun bar League, suna gaskanta rashin amincewa da baki bai isa ba. Sun shiga sabuwar kungiyar White Flag League, karkashin jagorancin mutane kamar Ali Abd Al-Latif, Lieutenant Abdullah Khalil, da Lieutenant [[Abdel Fadil Elmaz]], wanda ya dauki matsayi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi game da mulkin Burtaniya, '''<ref name=":1" />''' yayin da yake ba da shawara ga "Unity of the Nile Valley, " yana kira ga 'yancin Sudan da hadin kai da Masar da kuma yin alkawarin biyayya ga Sarki Fuad. <ref name="al-ahram2">{{Cite web |last=Rizk |first=Yunan Labib |date=2001-02-08 |title=Chronicles: The Sudan Defence Force |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/520/chrncls.htm |access-date=2008-08-09 |website=Al-Ahram Weekly |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> == Manazarta == ojumrrt2vugelcu9c5zz6ghu4rzbsai Cocin Episcopal a Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya 0 178971 966499 2026-10-11T16:54:38Z Almustapha bk 49060 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368277245|Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East]]" 966499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya''' lardin Anglican Communion ne. Ana kiran shugaban cocin Shugaba Bishop kuma yana wakiltar Cocin a taron shugabannin Anglican na kasa da kasa. Babban majalisa na cocin shine tsarin shawarwari da majalisa. * Diocese na Urushalima - wanda ya shafi [[Isra'ila]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Siriya]] da [[Lebanon]], * [[Cyprus]]_and_the_Gulf" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anglican Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf">Diocese na Cyprus da Gulf - wanda ke rufe Cyprus, [[Yankin Larabawa]] da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], * Diocese na Iran. Diocese na huɗu (Masar tare da Arewacin Afirka da Horn of Africa) ya kasance wani ɓangare na lardin har zuwa Yuni 2020. A cikin 2019 majalisa ta lardin ta amince da ba da izinin Diocese na Masar ya janye, don ya zama lardin mai cin gashin kansa, <ref name="overview">{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Province |url=https://jmeca.org.uk/christianity-middle-east/anglican-episcopal-church/overview-province |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=The Jerusalem and the Middle East Church Association}}</ref> tare da sauran diocese uku da suka rage a matsayin Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. An fara wannan ne a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2020, tare da kirkirar Lardin Iskandariya. <ref name="ACNS">{{Cite web |title=The Episcopal / Anglican Province of Alexandria officially inaugurated as 41st Province of the Anglican Communion |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2020/06/the-episcopal-anglican-province-of-alexandria-officially-inaugurated-as-41st-province-of-the-anglican-communion.aspx |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Anglican Communion News Service}}</ref> Kowace diocese tana karkashin jagorancin bishop. An zaɓi Shugaba Bishop (Primate, amma ba Archbishop ba) daga cikin bishops na diocesan, kuma yana riƙe da alhakin diocesan. Shugaban Bishop, Hosam Naoum tun 2023, yana aiki a matsayin Babban Bishop a Urushalima. Lardin ya kiyasta cewa yana da kusan mambobi 35,000 da aka yi wa baftisma a cikin ikilisiyoyi 55. Lardin yana da kusan cibiyoyin ilimi ko kiwon lafiya 40 da malamai 90. == Tarihi == === Karni na goma sha tara === Ikilisiyar Episcopal a Urushalima da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] sun fara ne a matsayin wasu wuraren mishan na Church Mission Society (CMS) a Cyprus, Gabas ta tsakiya da [[Iran|Farisa]]. The Church Mission Society ya ci gaba da samar da lardin tare da abokan hulɗa na mishan da kuma limamai masu daraja, amma yanzu yawancin hidimarsa sun fito ne daga ikilisiyoyin gida. A cikin shekarun 1820, CMS ta fara shirya don tashoshin mishan na dindindin a yankin. A cikin 1833, an kafa tashar mishan a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] tare da goyon bayan ''London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews'' (ƙungiyar mishan Kirista ta Yahudawa da aka sani yanzu da Ma'aikatar Ikilisiya tsakanin Yahudawa ko CMJ). A cikin 1839, an fara gina [[Church of Saint Mark, Alexandria|Cocin Saint Mark, Alexandria]]. A cikin 1841, Michael Solomon Alexander, wani [[rabbi]] mai tuba, ya isa Urushalima a matsayin bishop. diocese dinsa da farko ya rufe tashoshin mishan a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Masar, kuma ya kasance hadin gwiwa tare da Ikilisiyar Bishara a Prussia da aka sani da Bishopric na Anglo-Prussian a Urushalima (wanda ake kira Anglo-Prusian Union), yana hidimar Lutherans da Anglicans. A cikin 1849, Ikilisiyar Kristi, Urushalima, ta zama cocin Anglican na farko a Urushalima. A cikin shekarun 1860 Ikilisiyar Makiyayi Mai Kyau, Gishiri a Jordan ta zamani ta samo asali ne daga aikin wani dan kasuwa na Arabiya da kuma colporteur daga Nablus wanda ya fara nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a ƙarƙashin itace. A lokacin Salt, Jordan babban birni ne na yankin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] a gabashin kogin Jordan a Levant . A shekara ta 1871, Ikilisiyar Kristi, Nazarat ta tsarkake ta Bishop Samuel Gobat, kuma an naɗa 'yan Anglican Larabawa na farko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Malcolm |date=April 2012 |title=Anglican Pioneers of the Ottoman Period |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Duane Alexander |date=October 2012 |title=Christ Church (Anglican) in Nazareth |url=https://www.academia.edu/1992026 |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=8 |issue=5}}</ref> A shekara ta 1881, Ƙungiyar Anglo-Prussian ta daina aiki, kuma an rushe ta a hukumance a shekara ta 1887. Daga wannan lokacin, diocese ya zama kawai Anglican, yayin da aikin Lutheran ya zama Ikilisiyar Lutheran a Jordan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} A cikin 1888, Bishop George Blyth ya kafa Urushalima da Ofishin Jakadancin Gabas, wanda zai taimaka wajen tara kudade don manufofi a duk Gabas ta Tsakiya. An gina Cathedral na Saint George a cikin 1898 a Urushalima a matsayin babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga diocese. === Karni na ashirin === Kodayake Diocese na Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar mishan ta ƙasashen waje, da sauri ta kafa kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin, musamman al'ummar Palasdinawa. A cikin 1905, an kafa Majalisar Ikilisiyar 'yan asalin Palasdinawa don ba Palasdinawa karin magana a cikin gudanar da cocin. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar yawan malamai na Palasdinawa da Larabawa da ke aiki a diocese. A cikin 1920, an kafa Diocese na Masar da Sudan, ya rabu da Diocese of Jerusalem, tare da Llewelyn Gwynne a matsayin bishop na farko. A cikin shekarun 1920 Bishop ya kafa Kwalejin St. George a matsayin seminary don horar da malamai na gida. Bishop Gwynne ya kafa babban coci na biyu na All Saints', Alkahira (babban coci na yanzu shine gini na uku) a 1938. A shekara ta 1945, [[Sudan]] ta zama diocese daban daga Masar (duba Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Sudan don tarihinta). A shekara ta 1957, an ɗaga See na Urushalima zuwa matsayin babban bishop (bishop dinsa babban bishop ne) a ƙarƙashin ikon Archbishop na Canterbury . Babban bishop a Urushalima yana da kulawar babban birni na duk yankin lardin na yanzu tare da ƙarin Sudan (diocese biyar a duka). A wannan shekarar, an tsarkake [[Najib Cubain]] Bishop na Jordan, Lebanon da Siriya, bishop na farko na Larabawa, mataimakin Archbishop a Urushalima. A cikin shekarun 1950, tashin hankali na siyasa a Misira ya bar diocese a ƙarƙashin kulawar malamai hudu na Masar a ƙarƙashin kula da Archbishop a Urushalima. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1974, Faik Haddad (ya zama bishop coadjutor a Urushalima) da [[Aql Aql]] (ya zama Mataimakin Bishop a Diocese na Jordan, Lebanon da Siriya) Stopford ya tsarkake su bishops a St George's Cathedral, Urushalima. An nada Bishop na Anglican na Masar a 1968, kuma, a 1974, an tsarkake bishop na farko na Masar, Ishaq Musaad. A shekara ta 1976, Faik Haddad ya zama bishop na farko na Anglican na Palasdinawa a Urushalima. A shekara ta 1976, an sake fasalin tsarin cocin Anglican a yankin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Duane Alexander |date=August 2011 |title=Book Review: The Episcopal Church and the Middle East by Charles Thorley Bridgeman |url=https://www.academia.edu/1482546 |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=126}}</ref> Urushalima ta zama bishopric na yau da kullun kuma dioceses guda huɗu suna da matsayi daidai a Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Archbishop na Canterbury ya bar ikonsa na babban birni ga Shugaba Bishop da Babban Synod, tare da dioceses guda huɗu suna juyawa da alhakin Shugaban Bishop da jagorancin majalisa. Babban majalisa ya hada da dioceses hudu na Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Urushalima lokacin da bishop ya kai shekaru 68 ya kamata a zabi bishop coadjutor don aiki tare da bishop na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suheil Dawani: The new Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem |url=http://www.comeandsee.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=659}}</ref> yayin da aka zaba Bishops a Misira da Iran ba tare da yin aiki tare da tsohon bishop ba; kuma Archbishop na Canterbury ne ya nada Bishop na Cyprus da Gulf. Saboda mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a Iran tun daga shekarun 1970 an nada Bishops ko Vicars General don yin aiki a matsayin, sau da yawa suna zaune a waje da kasar. An fadada Diocese na Masar don ɗaukar ma'aikatan Habasha, Somalia, Libya, Tunisia da Aljeriya. Sudan ta zama lardin da ya rabu da shi kuma mai zaman kansa; an sake raba shi zuwa Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1970, an rushe Cathedral of All Saints a Alkahira don samar da sabuwar gadar Nilu. A shekara ta 1977, an fara aiki a kan sabon gini a [[Zamalek]], kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 1988. A watan Yunin 2020 Diocese na Masar ya bar lardin, ya rabu zuwa dioceses huɗu, kuma an kafa shi cikin lardin mai cin gashin kansa mai suna Lardin Episcopal / Anglican na Alexandria . <ref name="ACNS" /> == Shugabannin Bishops == Shugabannin Bishops na Babban Synod sun kasance: * 1977–1985: Hassan Dehqani-Tafti, Bishop in Iran * 1985–1995: Samir Kafity, Bishop of Jerusalem * 1995–2000: Ghais Malik, Bishop of Egypt * 2000–2002: Iraj Mottahedeh, Bishop in Iran * 2002–2007: Clive Handford, Bishop in Cyprus and the Gulf * 2007–2017: Mouneer Anis, Bishop of Egypt * 2017–2019: Suheil Dawani, Archbishop in Jerusalem * 2019–2023: Michael Lewis, Bishop in Cyprus and the Gulf * 2023–present: Hosam Naoum, Archbishop in Jerusalem == Diocesees == === Diocese na Cyprus da Gulf === Kujerun Diocesan sune St Paul's Cathedral, [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] da St Christopher's Cath Cathedral, [[Manama]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]]. Bishop na yanzu shine Sean Semple . Diocese ya kasu kashi biyu: daya na Cyprus kuma daya na yankin Gulf na Farisa. * [[Baharen|Bahrain]] * [[Cyprus]] * [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] * [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] * [[Oman]] * [[Qatar]] * [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] * [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] * [[Yemen]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3yrd3s9osukoa4cm2hlsgc2no466clc 966506 966499 2026-10-11T16:55:50Z Almustapha bk 49060 966506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya''' lardin Anglican Communion ne. Ana kiran shugaban cocin Shugaba Bishop kuma yana wakiltar Cocin a taron shugabannin Anglican na kasa da kasa. Babban majalisa na cocin shine tsarin shawarwari da majalisa. * Diocese na Urushalima - wanda ya shafi [[Isra'ila]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Siriya]] da [[Lebanon]], * [[Cyprus]]_and_the_Gulf" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anglican Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf">Diocese na Cyprus da Gulf - wanda ke rufe Cyprus, [[Yankin Larabawa]] da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], * Diocese na Iran. Diocese na huɗu (Masar tare da Arewacin Afirka da Horn of Africa) ya kasance wani ɓangare na lardin har zuwa Yuni 2020. A cikin 2019 majalisa ta lardin ta amince da ba da izinin Diocese na Masar ya janye, don ya zama lardin mai cin gashin kansa, <ref name="overview">{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Province |url=https://jmeca.org.uk/christianity-middle-east/anglican-episcopal-church/overview-province |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=The Jerusalem and the Middle East Church Association}}</ref> tare da sauran diocese uku da suka rage a matsayin Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. An fara wannan ne a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2020, tare da kirkirar Lardin Iskandariya. <ref name="ACNS">{{Cite web |title=The Episcopal / Anglican Province of Alexandria officially inaugurated as 41st Province of the Anglican Communion |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2020/06/the-episcopal-anglican-province-of-alexandria-officially-inaugurated-as-41st-province-of-the-anglican-communion.aspx |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Anglican Communion News Service}}</ref> Kowace diocese tana karkashin jagorancin bishop. An zaɓi Shugaba Bishop (Primate, amma ba Archbishop ba) daga cikin bishops na diocesan, kuma yana riƙe da alhakin diocesan. Shugaban Bishop, Hosam Naoum tun 2023, yana aiki a matsayin Babban Bishop a Urushalima. Lardin ya kiyasta cewa yana da kusan mambobi 35,000 da aka yi wa baftisma a cikin ikilisiyoyi 55. Lardin yana da kusan cibiyoyin ilimi ko kiwon lafiya 40 da malamai 90. == Tarihi == === Karni na goma sha tara === Ikilisiyar Episcopal a Urushalima da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] sun fara ne a matsayin wasu wuraren mishan na Church Mission Society (CMS) a Cyprus, Gabas ta tsakiya da [[Iran|Farisa]]. The Church Mission Society ya ci gaba da samar da lardin tare da abokan hulɗa na mishan da kuma limamai masu daraja, amma yanzu yawancin hidimarsa sun fito ne daga ikilisiyoyin gida. A cikin shekarun 1820, CMS ta fara shirya don tashoshin mishan na dindindin a yankin. A cikin 1833, an kafa tashar mishan a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] tare da goyon bayan ''London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews'' (ƙungiyar mishan Kirista ta Yahudawa da aka sani yanzu da Ma'aikatar Ikilisiya tsakanin Yahudawa ko CMJ). A cikin 1839, an fara gina [[Church of Saint Mark, Alexandria|Cocin Saint Mark, Alexandria]]. A cikin 1841, Michael Solomon Alexander, wani [[rabbi]] mai tuba, ya isa Urushalima a matsayin bishop. diocese dinsa da farko ya rufe tashoshin mishan a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Masar, kuma ya kasance hadin gwiwa tare da Ikilisiyar Bishara a Prussia da aka sani da Bishopric na Anglo-Prussian a Urushalima (wanda ake kira Anglo-Prusian Union), yana hidimar Lutherans da Anglicans. A cikin 1849, Ikilisiyar Kristi, Urushalima, ta zama cocin Anglican na farko a Urushalima. A cikin shekarun 1860 Ikilisiyar Makiyayi Mai Kyau, Gishiri a Jordan ta zamani ta samo asali ne daga aikin wani dan kasuwa na Arabiya da kuma colporteur daga Nablus wanda ya fara nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a ƙarƙashin itace. A lokacin Salt, Jordan babban birni ne na yankin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] a gabashin kogin Jordan a Levant . A shekara ta 1871, Ikilisiyar Kristi, Nazarat ta tsarkake ta Bishop Samuel Gobat, kuma an naɗa 'yan Anglican Larabawa na farko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Malcolm |date=April 2012 |title=Anglican Pioneers of the Ottoman Period |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Duane Alexander |date=October 2012 |title=Christ Church (Anglican) in Nazareth |url=https://www.academia.edu/1992026 |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=8 |issue=5}}</ref> A shekara ta 1881, Ƙungiyar Anglo-Prussian ta daina aiki, kuma an rushe ta a hukumance a shekara ta 1887. Daga wannan lokacin, diocese ya zama kawai Anglican, yayin da aikin Lutheran ya zama Ikilisiyar Lutheran a Jordan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} A cikin 1888, Bishop George Blyth ya kafa Urushalima da Ofishin Jakadancin Gabas, wanda zai taimaka wajen tara kudade don manufofi a duk Gabas ta Tsakiya. An gina Cathedral na Saint George a cikin 1898 a Urushalima a matsayin babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga diocese. === Karni na ashirin === Kodayake Diocese na Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar mishan ta ƙasashen waje, da sauri ta kafa kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin, musamman al'ummar Palasdinawa. A cikin 1905, an kafa Majalisar Ikilisiyar 'yan asalin Palasdinawa don ba Palasdinawa karin magana a cikin gudanar da cocin. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar yawan malamai na Palasdinawa da Larabawa da ke aiki a diocese. A cikin 1920, an kafa Diocese na Masar da Sudan, ya rabu da Diocese of Jerusalem, tare da Llewelyn Gwynne a matsayin bishop na farko. A cikin shekarun 1920 Bishop ya kafa Kwalejin St. George a matsayin seminary don horar da malamai na gida. Bishop Gwynne ya kafa babban coci na biyu na All Saints', Alkahira (babban coci na yanzu shine gini na uku) a 1938. A shekara ta 1945, [[Sudan]] ta zama diocese daban daga Masar (duba Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Sudan don tarihinta). A shekara ta 1957, an ɗaga See na Urushalima zuwa matsayin babban bishop (bishop dinsa babban bishop ne) a ƙarƙashin ikon Archbishop na Canterbury . Babban bishop a Urushalima yana da kulawar babban birni na duk yankin lardin na yanzu tare da ƙarin Sudan (diocese biyar a duka). A wannan shekarar, an tsarkake [[Najib Cubain]] Bishop na Jordan, Lebanon da Siriya, bishop na farko na Larabawa, mataimakin Archbishop a Urushalima. A cikin shekarun 1950, tashin hankali na siyasa a Misira ya bar diocese a ƙarƙashin kulawar malamai hudu na Masar a ƙarƙashin kula da Archbishop a Urushalima. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1974, Faik Haddad (ya zama bishop coadjutor a Urushalima) da [[Aql Aql]] (ya zama Mataimakin Bishop a Diocese na Jordan, Lebanon da Siriya) Stopford ya tsarkake su bishops a St George's Cathedral, Urushalima. An nada Bishop na Anglican na Masar a 1968, kuma, a 1974, an tsarkake bishop na farko na Masar, Ishaq Musaad. A shekara ta 1976, Faik Haddad ya zama bishop na farko na Anglican na Palasdinawa a Urushalima. A shekara ta 1976, an sake fasalin tsarin cocin Anglican a yankin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Duane Alexander |date=August 2011 |title=Book Review: The Episcopal Church and the Middle East by Charles Thorley Bridgeman |url=https://www.academia.edu/1482546 |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=126}}</ref> Urushalima ta zama bishopric na yau da kullun kuma dioceses guda huɗu suna da matsayi daidai a Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Archbishop na Canterbury ya bar ikonsa na babban birni ga Shugaba Bishop da Babban Synod, tare da dioceses guda huɗu suna juyawa da alhakin Shugaban Bishop da jagorancin majalisa. Babban majalisa ya hada da dioceses hudu na Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Urushalima lokacin da bishop ya kai shekaru 68 ya kamata a zabi bishop coadjutor don aiki tare da bishop na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suheil Dawani: The new Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem |url=http://www.comeandsee.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=659}}</ref> yayin da aka zaba Bishops a Misira da Iran ba tare da yin aiki tare da tsohon bishop ba; kuma Archbishop na Canterbury ne ya nada Bishop na Cyprus da Gulf. Saboda mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a Iran tun daga shekarun 1970 an nada Bishops ko Vicars General don yin aiki a matsayin, sau da yawa suna zaune a waje da kasar. An fadada Diocese na Masar don ɗaukar ma'aikatan Habasha, Somalia, Libya, Tunisia da Aljeriya. Sudan ta zama lardin da ya rabu da shi kuma mai zaman kansa; an sake raba shi zuwa Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1970, an rushe Cathedral of All Saints a Alkahira don samar da sabuwar gadar Nilu. A shekara ta 1977, an fara aiki a kan sabon gini a [[Zamalek]], kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 1988. A watan Yunin 2020 Diocese na Masar ya bar lardin, ya rabu zuwa dioceses huɗu, kuma an kafa shi cikin lardin mai cin gashin kansa mai suna Lardin Episcopal / Anglican na Alexandria . <ref name="ACNS" /> == Shugabannin Bishops == Shugabannin Bishops na Babban Synod sun kasance: * 1977–1985: Hassan Dehqani-Tafti, Bishop in Iran * 1985–1995: Samir Kafity, Bishop of Jerusalem * 1995–2000: Ghais Malik, Bishop of Egypt * 2000–2002: Iraj Mottahedeh, Bishop in Iran * 2002–2007: Clive Handford, Bishop in Cyprus and the Gulf * 2007–2017: Mouneer Anis, Bishop of Egypt * 2017–2019: Suheil Dawani, Archbishop in Jerusalem * 2019–2023: Michael Lewis, Bishop in Cyprus and the Gulf * 2023–present: Hosam Naoum, Archbishop in Jerusalem == Diocesees == === Diocese na Cyprus da Gulf === Kujerun Diocesan sune St Paul's Cathedral, [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] da St Christopher's Cath Cathedral, [[Manama]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]]. Bishop na yanzu shine Sean Semple . Diocese ya kasu kashi biyu: daya na Cyprus kuma daya na yankin Gulf na Farisa. * [[Baharen|Bahrain]] * [[Cyprus]] * [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] * [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] * [[Oman]] * [[Qatar]] * [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] * [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] * [[Yemen]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4kc3mvx5pd97b0gn6xd2ekucdpakl0b 966520 966506 2026-10-11T17:00:07Z Almustapha bk 49060 966520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya''' lardin Anglican Communion ne. Ana kiran shugaban cocin Shugaba Bishop kuma yana wakiltar Cocin a taron shugabannin Anglican na kasa da kasa. Babban majalisa na cocin shine tsarin shawarwari da majalisa. * Diocese na jerusalima - wanda ya shafi [[Isra'ila]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palastinawa]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Siriya]] da [[Lebanon]], * [[Cyprus]]_and_the_Gulf" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anglican Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf">Diocese na Cyprus da Gulf - wanda ke rufe Cyprus, [[Yankin Larabawa]] da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], * Diocese na Iran. Diocese na huɗu (Masar tare da Arewacin Afirka da Horn of Africa) ya kasance wani ɓangare na lardin har zuwa Yuni 2020. A cikin 2019 majalisa ta lardin ta amince da ba da izinin Diocese na Masar ya janye, don ya zama lardin mai cin gashin kansa, <ref name="overview">{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Province |url=https://jmeca.org.uk/christianity-middle-east/anglican-episcopal-church/overview-province |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=The Jerusalem and the Middle East Church Association}}</ref> tare da sauran diocese uku da suka rage a matsayin Lardin jerusalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. An fara wannan ne a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2020, tare da kirkirar Lardin Iskandariya. <ref name="ACNS">{{Cite web |title=The Episcopal / Anglican Province of Alexandria officially inaugurated as 41st Province of the Anglican Communion |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2020/06/the-episcopal-anglican-province-of-alexandria-officially-inaugurated-as-41st-province-of-the-anglican-communion.aspx |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Anglican Communion News Service}}</ref> Kowace diocese tana karkashin jagorancin bishop. An zaɓi Shugaba Bishop (Primate, amma ba Archbishop ba) daga cikin bishops na diocesan, kuma yana riƙe da alhakin diocesan. Shugaban Bishop, Hosam Naoum tun 2023, yana aiki a matsayin Babban Bishop a Urushalima. Lardin ya kiyasta cewa yana da kusan mambobi 35,000 da aka yi wa baftisma a cikin ikilisiyoyi 55. Lardin yana da kusan cibiyoyin ilimi ko kiwon lafiya 40 da malamai 90. == Tarihi == === Karni na goma sha tara === Ikilisiyar Episcopal a Urushalima da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] sun fara ne a matsayin wasu wuraren mishan na Church Mission Society (CMS) a Cyprus, Gabas ta tsakiya da [[Iran|Farisa]]. The Church Mission Society ya ci gaba da samar da lardin tare da abokan hulɗa na mishan da kuma limamai masu daraja, amma yanzu yawancin hidimarsa sun fito ne daga ikilisiyoyin gida. A cikin shekarun 1820, CMS ta fara shirya don tashoshin mishan na dindindin a yankin. A cikin 1833, an kafa tashar mishan a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] tare da goyon bayan ''London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews'' (ƙungiyar mishan Kirista ta Yahudawa da aka sani yanzu da Ma'aikatar Ikilisiya tsakanin Yahudawa ko CMJ). A cikin 1839, an fara gina [[Church of Saint Mark, Alexandria|Cocin Saint Mark, Alexandria]]. A cikin 1841, Michael Solomon Alexander, wani [[rabbi]] mai tuba, ya isa Urushalima a matsayin bishop. diocese dinsa da farko ya rufe tashoshin mishan a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Masar, kuma ya kasance hadin gwiwa tare da Ikilisiyar Bishara a Prussia da aka sani da Bishopric na Anglo-Prussian a Urushalima (wanda ake kira Anglo-Prusian Union), yana hidimar Lutherans da Anglicans. A cikin 1849, Ikilisiyar Kristi, Urushalima, ta zama cocin Anglican na farko a Urushalima. A cikin shekarun 1860 Ikilisiyar Makiyayi Mai Kyau, Gishiri a Jordan ta zamani ta samo asali ne daga aikin wani dan kasuwa na Arabiya da kuma colporteur daga Nablus wanda ya fara nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a ƙarƙashin itace. A lokacin Salt, Jordan babban birni ne na yankin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] a gabashin kogin Jordan a Levant . A shekara ta 1871, Ikilisiyar Kristi, Nazarat ta tsarkake ta Bishop Samuel Gobat, kuma an naɗa 'yan Anglican Larabawa na farko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Malcolm |date=April 2012 |title=Anglican Pioneers of the Ottoman Period |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Duane Alexander |date=October 2012 |title=Christ Church (Anglican) in Nazareth |url=https://www.academia.edu/1992026 |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=8 |issue=5}}</ref> A shekara ta 1881, Ƙungiyar Anglo-Prussian ta daina aiki, kuma an rushe ta a hukumance a shekara ta 1887. Daga wannan lokacin, diocese ya zama kawai Anglican, yayin da aikin Lutheran ya zama Ikilisiyar Lutheran a Jordan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} A cikin 1888, Bishop George Blyth ya kafa Urushalima da Ofishin Jakadancin Gabas, wanda zai taimaka wajen tara kudade don manufofi a duk Gabas ta Tsakiya. An gina Cathedral na Saint George a cikin 1898 a Urushalima a matsayin babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga diocese. === Karni na ashirin === Kodayake Diocese na Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar mishan ta ƙasashen waje, da sauri ta kafa kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin, musamman al'ummar Palasdinawa. A cikin 1905, an kafa Majalisar Ikilisiyar 'yan asalin Palasdinawa don ba Palasdinawa karin magana a cikin gudanar da cocin. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar yawan malamai na Palasdinawa da Larabawa da ke aiki a diocese. A cikin 1920, an kafa Diocese na Masar da Sudan, ya rabu da Diocese of Jerusalem, tare da Llewelyn Gwynne a matsayin bishop na farko. A cikin shekarun 1920 Bishop ya kafa Kwalejin St. George a matsayin seminary don horar da malamai na gida. Bishop Gwynne ya kafa babban coci na biyu na All Saints', Alkahira (babban coci na yanzu shine gini na uku) a 1938. A shekara ta 1945, [[Sudan]] ta zama diocese daban daga Masar (duba Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Sudan don tarihinta). A shekara ta 1957, an ɗaga See na Urushalima zuwa matsayin babban bishop (bishop dinsa babban bishop ne) a ƙarƙashin ikon Archbishop na Canterbury . Babban bishop a Urushalima yana da kulawar babban birni na duk yankin lardin na yanzu tare da ƙarin Sudan (diocese biyar a duka). A wannan shekarar, an tsarkake [[Najib Cubain]] Bishop na Jordan, Lebanon da Siriya, bishop na farko na Larabawa, mataimakin Archbishop a Urushalima. A cikin shekarun 1950, tashin hankali na siyasa a Misira ya bar diocese a ƙarƙashin kulawar malamai hudu na Masar a ƙarƙashin kula da Archbishop a Urushalima. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1974, Faik Haddad (ya zama bishop coadjutor a Urushalima) da [[Aql Aql]] (ya zama Mataimakin Bishop a Diocese na Jordan, Lebanon da Siriya) Stopford ya tsarkake su bishops a St George's Cathedral, Urushalima. An nada Bishop na Anglican na Masar a 1968, kuma, a 1974, an tsarkake bishop na farko na Masar, Ishaq Musaad. A shekara ta 1976, Faik Haddad ya zama bishop na farko na Anglican na Palasdinawa a Urushalima. A shekara ta 1976, an sake fasalin tsarin cocin Anglican a yankin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Duane Alexander |date=August 2011 |title=Book Review: The Episcopal Church and the Middle East by Charles Thorley Bridgeman |url=https://www.academia.edu/1482546 |journal=St Francis Magazine |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=126}}</ref> Urushalima ta zama bishopric na yau da kullun kuma dioceses guda huɗu suna da matsayi daidai a Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Archbishop na Canterbury ya bar ikonsa na babban birni ga Shugaba Bishop da Babban Synod, tare da dioceses guda huɗu suna juyawa da alhakin Shugaban Bishop da jagorancin majalisa. Babban majalisa ya hada da dioceses hudu na Lardin Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Urushalima lokacin da bishop ya kai shekaru 68 ya kamata a zabi bishop coadjutor don aiki tare da bishop na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suheil Dawani: The new Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem |url=http://www.comeandsee.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=659}}</ref> yayin da aka zaba Bishops a Misira da Iran ba tare da yin aiki tare da tsohon bishop ba; kuma Archbishop na Canterbury ne ya nada Bishop na Cyprus da Gulf. Saboda mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a Iran tun daga shekarun 1970 an nada Bishops ko Vicars General don yin aiki a matsayin, sau da yawa suna zaune a waje da kasar. An fadada Diocese na Masar don ɗaukar ma'aikatan Habasha, Somalia, Libya, Tunisia da Aljeriya. Sudan ta zama lardin da ya rabu da shi kuma mai zaman kansa; an sake raba shi zuwa Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1970, an rushe Cathedral of All Saints a Alkahira don samar da sabuwar gadar Nilu. A shekara ta 1977, an fara aiki a kan sabon gini a [[Zamalek]], kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 1988. A watan Yunin 2020 Diocese na Masar ya bar lardin, ya rabu zuwa dioceses huɗu, kuma an kafa shi cikin lardin mai cin gashin kansa mai suna Lardin Episcopal / Anglican na Alexandria . <ref name="ACNS" /> == Shugabannin Bishops == Shugabannin Bishops na Babban Synod sun kasance: * 1977–1985: Hassan Dehqani-Tafti, Bishop in Iran * 1985–1995: Samir Kafity, Bishop of Jerusalem * 1995–2000: Ghais Malik, Bishop of Egypt * 2000–2002: Iraj Mottahedeh, Bishop in Iran * 2002–2007: Clive Handford, Bishop in Cyprus and the Gulf * 2007–2017: Mouneer Anis, Bishop of Egypt * 2017–2019: Suheil Dawani, Archbishop in Jerusalem * 2019–2023: Michael Lewis, Bishop in Cyprus and the Gulf * 2023–present: Hosam Naoum, Archbishop in Jerusalem == Diocesees == === Diocese na Cyprus da Gulf === Kujerun Diocesan sune St Paul's Cathedral, [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] da St Christopher's Cath Cathedral, [[Manama]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]]. Bishop na yanzu shine Sean Semple . Diocese ya kasu kashi biyu: daya na Cyprus kuma daya na yankin Gulf na Farisa. * [[Baharen|Bahrain]] * [[Cyprus]] * [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] * [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] * [[Oman]] * [[Qatar]] * [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] * [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] * [[Yemen]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7rbwahcndcht54qoj7g67qc6gdnhao1 Evarcha mai zurfi 0 178972 966505 2026-10-11T16:55:39Z Mahmud maby 33237 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327964654|Evarcha acuta]]" 966505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Evarcha striolata 18057857.jpg|image_caption=The related ''[[Evarcha striolata]]''|genus=Evarcha|species=acuta|authority=[[Wanda Wesołowska|Wesołowska]], 2006|synonyms={{Species list |Evacin acuta|Wesołowska, 2006 }}}} ''Evarcha'' acuta wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin jinsin Evarcha wanda ke zaune a Namibia, Seychelles da Afirka ta Kudu. Wanda Wesołowska ce ta fara bayyana nau'in a shekara ta 2006. gizo-gizo karami ne, tare da kwarangwal da ke auna yawanci {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} in) tsawo tsakanin 1.4 da 1.9 in) tsaunuka. Kwayar tana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da gajeren baƙar fata. Abun ciki yana da alamu waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da yanayin ƙasa. holotype, wanda aka samo a kusa da Dutsen Brandberg a Namibia, yana da layi na launin ruwan kasa a saman. Misalan da aka samu a Free State, Afirka ta Kudu, suna da layin baki a saman da bangarori. Ana iya rarrabe gizo-gizo daga sauran gizo-gizarin a cikin jinsin ta hanyar gabobin jima'i. Maza yana da bambanci na musamman a kan dogon madaidaiciya tsinkaye daga tibia da aka sani da tibial apophysis da dogon embolus. Ba a bayyana mace ba. == Tarihin lissafi == Evarcha acuta wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska ta fara bayyanawa a shekara ta 2006. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha acuta'' Wesolowska, 2006 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29339/Evarcha_acuta |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'in 500 da ta gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin masu ilimin arachnologists mafi yawa a kowane lokaci.{{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}}Ta ba da shi ga jinsin ''Evarcha'', wanda Eugène Simon ya fara kewaye da shi a cikin 1902.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}Wannan nau'in yana daya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi da aka samu a nahiyoyi huɗu.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekara ta 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya jinsin a cikin iyalin Pelleninae, tare da jinsin ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}}A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabawar phylogenetic na gizo-gizo, an tura jinsin ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙabilar Plexippina.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}}Wannan memba ne na kabilar Plexippini, wanda shi kansa yana cikin ɓangaren Simonida a cikin Saltafresia . {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}}Wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da nau'in ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}}Binciken kwayoyin halitta na furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}}A cikin shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya kara jinsin zuwa rukuni na jinsuna mai suna Evarchines, mai suna bayan jinsin, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizo a cikin sabon nau'in Evacin a cikin 2018 bisa ga kamanceceniya da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Evarcha]''_striolata" id="mwbA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Evarcha striolata">Evarcha striolata da bambanci da wasu gizo-giyon Evarcha.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}}Wannan ƙaddamarwa ba a yarda da shi ba kuma jinsin ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin World Spider Catalog . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}}Prószyński daga baya ya lissafa gizo-gizo a cikin jinsin ''Evarcha''.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}}An sanya wa jinsin suna ne saboda ƙarshen gizo-gizo na namiji.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}} == Bayyanawa == Evarcha acuta ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, wanda ya dace da jinsin. Maza yana da matsakaici mai tsayi zuwa tsayi da kuma fadi mai launin ruwan kasa wanda yawanci {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} in) tsawo da {{Convert|1.0|mm|in|2}} in) fadi. Yankin ido gajere ne kuma baƙar fata tare da launin ruwan kasa a kusa da idanu. Akwai gashi mai launin fari da rawaya zuwa gaban filin ido. Fuskar gizo-gizo ko Clypeus launin ruwan kasa ne tare da fararen gashi. Ƙasa, ko sternum, yana da launin ruwan kasa-orange. Abubuwan bakinsu sun bambanta da launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata, orange-brown ko launin ruwan kasa labium da orange-Brown ko launin launin ruwan kasa.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Abun gizo-gizo na namiji ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da kwarangwal, yana auna tsakanin 1.4 da 1.9 in) a tsawon kuma yana da faɗin tsakanin 1.0 da 1.2 in). {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}}Yana da fari-gris ko rawaya-gris mai laushi. Misali da aka samo a Namibia suna da tsari na ƙananan launin ruwan kasa da ke samar da layi uku masu tsawo a saman da kuma fararen ƙasa; waɗanda aka samo a Afirka ta Kudu suna da alamun baki suna yin layi a tsakiyar saman, akwai layin baki zuwa ga bangarorin haske da ƙananan layi biyu masu duhu a kan launin rawaya a ƙasa. Sashe na gaba na wasu misalai an rufe shi da ƙaramin orange scutum. Abun ciki yana da murfin gashi mai laushi. gizo-gizo yana da spinnerets mai launin rawaya tare da matakai masu launin ruwan kasa. kafafu suna da launin rawaya mai duhu tare da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa da launin ruwan kasa ko launin rawaya. A wasu misalai, ƙafafun suna da launin ruwan kasa a ƙarshen. A wasu, sassan wasu launin ruwan kasa ne. pedipalps suna da launin ruwan kasa ko baki.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Kwayoyin haɗin gizo-gizo na gizo-gizarin sun bambanta. Fuskar palpal tana da faɗi kuma tana da siffar da ta bambanta da ƙuƙwalwar da aka samu zuwa ƙasa. Yana da dogon embolus wanda aka lankwasa zuwa, kuma ya shimfiɗa kusan gaba ɗaya a saman, bulb palpal. Akwai tsinkaye madaidaiciya mai tsawo daga tibia palpal, wanda ake kira tibial apophysis, wanda yake da faɗi tare da ƙuƙwalwa a ƙarshen.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}}Har yanzu ba a bayyana mace ba.<ref name="wsc" /> Wannan nau'in yayi kama da ''Evarcha bakorensis'' mai alaƙa, ya bambanta da tsarin gabobin jima'i. Maza yana da embolus mai tsawo da kuma apophysis mai zurfi tare da halayyar halayyar. a kan kwalban palpal.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}Ya bambanta da alaƙa da ''[[Evarcha dena]]'' a gaban wani nau'i na musamman a kan kwalban palpal.{{Sfn|Zamani|Hosseinpour|Azizi|Soltani2017}}Irin wannan Evarcha ignea yana da rami amma ya fi girma a cikin wannan gizo-gizo. Har ila yau, embolus ya fi tsayi kuma clypeus yana da murfin fararen gashi wanda sauran jinsunan ba su da shi.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} == Rarraba da mazaunin == '''Clare Ezeakacha''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1985) [[Ɗan wasa|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Najeriya, furodusa, darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma mai ba da shawara ga yara da aka sani da fina-fakkawarta ''Arima'' da Gone Grey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’ |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos |url=https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=diamondcelebrities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=nollywoodgists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=ARIMA |url=https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181017/https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=worldfilmfair.com}}</ref> '''Clare Ezeakacha''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1985) [[Ɗan wasa|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Najeriya, furodusa, darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma mai ba da shawara ga yara da aka sani da fina-fakkawarta ''Arima'' da Gone Grey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’ |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos |url=https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=diamondcelebrities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=nollywoodgists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=ARIMA |url=https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181017/https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=worldfilmfair.com}}</ref> == manazarta == 0eiyywspvsyw63xnft14ttka0lacjfc 966519 966505 2026-10-11T17:00:07Z Mahmud maby 33237 966519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Evarcha striolata 18057857.jpg|image_caption=The related ''[[Evarcha striolata]]''|genus=Evarcha|species=acuta|authority=[[Wanda Wesołowska|Wesołowska]], 2006|synonyms={{Species list |Evacin acuta|Wesołowska, 2006 }}}} {{Databox}} ''Evarcha'' acuta wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin jinsin Evarcha wanda ke zaune a Namibia, Seychelles da Afirka ta Kudu. Wanda Wesołowska ce ta fara bayyana nau'in a shekara ta 2006. gizo-gizo karami ne, tare da kwarangwal da ke auna yawanci {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} in) tsawo tsakanin 1.4 da 1.9 in) tsaunuka. Kwayar tana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da gajeren baƙar fata. Abun ciki yana da alamu waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da yanayin ƙasa. holotype, wanda aka samo a kusa da Dutsen Brandberg a Namibia, yana da layi na launin ruwan kasa a saman. Misalan da aka samu a Free State, Afirka ta Kudu, suna da layin baki a saman da bangarori. Ana iya rarrabe gizo-gizo daga sauran gizo-gizarin a cikin jinsin ta hanyar gabobin jima'i. Maza yana da bambanci na musamman a kan dogon madaidaiciya tsinkaye daga tibia da aka sani da tibial apophysis da dogon embolus. Ba a bayyana mace ba. == Tarihin lissafi == Evarcha acuta wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska ta fara bayyanawa a shekara ta 2006. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha acuta'' Wesolowska, 2006 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29339/Evarcha_acuta |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'in 500 da ta gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin masu ilimin arachnologists mafi yawa a kowane lokaci.{{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}}Ta ba da shi ga jinsin ''Evarcha'', wanda Eugène Simon ya fara kewaye da shi a cikin 1902.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}Wannan nau'in yana daya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi da aka samu a nahiyoyi huɗu.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekara ta 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya jinsin a cikin iyalin Pelleninae, tare da jinsin ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}}A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabawar phylogenetic na gizo-gizo, an tura jinsin ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙabilar Plexippina.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}}Wannan memba ne na kabilar Plexippini, wanda shi kansa yana cikin ɓangaren Simonida a cikin Saltafresia . {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}}Wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da nau'in ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}}Binciken kwayoyin halitta na furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}}A cikin shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya kara jinsin zuwa rukuni na jinsuna mai suna Evarchines, mai suna bayan jinsin, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Prószyński ya sanya gizo-gizo a cikin sabon nau'in Evacin a cikin 2018 bisa ga kamanceceniya da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Evarcha]''_striolata" id="mwbA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Evarcha striolata">Evarcha striolata da bambanci da wasu gizo-giyon Evarcha.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}}Wannan ƙaddamarwa ba a yarda da shi ba kuma jinsin ya kasance a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' a cikin World Spider Catalog . <ref name="wsc" /> {{Sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019}}Prószyński daga baya ya lissafa gizo-gizo a cikin jinsin ''Evarcha''.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}}An sanya wa jinsin suna ne saboda ƙarshen gizo-gizo na namiji.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}} == Bayyanawa == Evarcha acuta ƙaramin gizo-gizo ne, wanda ya dace da jinsin. Maza yana da matsakaici mai tsayi zuwa tsayi da kuma fadi mai launin ruwan kasa wanda yawanci {{Convert|1.6|mm|in|2}} in) tsawo da {{Convert|1.0|mm|in|2}} in) fadi. Yankin ido gajere ne kuma baƙar fata tare da launin ruwan kasa a kusa da idanu. Akwai gashi mai launin fari da rawaya zuwa gaban filin ido. Fuskar gizo-gizo ko Clypeus launin ruwan kasa ne tare da fararen gashi. Ƙasa, ko sternum, yana da launin ruwan kasa-orange. Abubuwan bakinsu sun bambanta da launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata, orange-brown ko launin ruwan kasa labium da orange-Brown ko launin launin ruwan kasa.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Abun gizo-gizo na namiji ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da kwarangwal, yana auna tsakanin 1.4 da 1.9 in) a tsawon kuma yana da faɗin tsakanin 1.0 da 1.2 in). {{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}}Yana da fari-gris ko rawaya-gris mai laushi. Misali da aka samo a Namibia suna da tsari na ƙananan launin ruwan kasa da ke samar da layi uku masu tsawo a saman da kuma fararen ƙasa; waɗanda aka samo a Afirka ta Kudu suna da alamun baki suna yin layi a tsakiyar saman, akwai layin baki zuwa ga bangarorin haske da ƙananan layi biyu masu duhu a kan launin rawaya a ƙasa. Sashe na gaba na wasu misalai an rufe shi da ƙaramin orange scutum. Abun ciki yana da murfin gashi mai laushi. gizo-gizo yana da spinnerets mai launin rawaya tare da matakai masu launin ruwan kasa. kafafu suna da launin rawaya mai duhu tare da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa da launin ruwan kasa ko launin rawaya. A wasu misalai, ƙafafun suna da launin ruwan kasa a ƙarshen. A wasu, sassan wasu launin ruwan kasa ne. pedipalps suna da launin ruwan kasa ko baki.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2018}} Kwayoyin haɗin gizo-gizo na gizo-gizarin sun bambanta. Fuskar palpal tana da faɗi kuma tana da siffar da ta bambanta da ƙuƙwalwar da aka samu zuwa ƙasa. Yana da dogon embolus wanda aka lankwasa zuwa, kuma ya shimfiɗa kusan gaba ɗaya a saman, bulb palpal. Akwai tsinkaye madaidaiciya mai tsawo daga tibia palpal, wanda ake kira tibial apophysis, wanda yake da faɗi tare da ƙuƙwalwa a ƙarshen.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}{{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}}Har yanzu ba a bayyana mace ba.<ref name="wsc" /> Wannan nau'in yayi kama da ''Evarcha bakorensis'' mai alaƙa, ya bambanta da tsarin gabobin jima'i. Maza yana da embolus mai tsawo da kuma apophysis mai zurfi tare da halayyar halayyar. a kan kwalban palpal.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|2006}}Ya bambanta da alaƙa da ''[[Evarcha dena]]'' a gaban wani nau'i na musamman a kan kwalban palpal.{{Sfn|Zamani|Hosseinpour|Azizi|Soltani2017}}Irin wannan Evarcha ignea yana da rami amma ya fi girma a cikin wannan gizo-gizo. Har ila yau, embolus ya fi tsayi kuma clypeus yana da murfin fararen gashi wanda sauran jinsunan ba su da shi.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Cumming|2008}} == Rarraba da mazaunin == '''Clare Ezeakacha''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1985) [[Ɗan wasa|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Najeriya, furodusa, darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma mai ba da shawara ga yara da aka sani da fina-fakkawarta ''Arima'' da Gone Grey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’ |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos |url=https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=diamondcelebrities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=nollywoodgists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=ARIMA |url=https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181017/https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=worldfilmfair.com}}</ref> '''Clare Ezeakacha''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1985) [[Ɗan wasa|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Najeriya, furodusa, darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma mai ba da shawara ga yara da aka sani da fina-fakkawarta ''Arima'' da Gone Grey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’ |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos |url=https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=diamondcelebrities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=nollywoodgists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=ARIMA |url=https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181017/https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=worldfilmfair.com}}</ref> == manazarta == c95ghyv2x6nb0owlhqr3crf3dhodxqv Evarcha tabbatacce 0 178973 966512 2026-10-11T16:58:07Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317939002|Evarcha certa]]" 966512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Evarcha certa''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Guinea da Habasha. Tana bunƙasa a cikin ciyayi, musamman kusa da wuraren ruwa kamar [[Kogin Baro]] da kuma a wurare masu tsayi kamar tsaunukan Guinea . Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2002. Gizo-gizo ƙarami ne, tare da cephalothorax wanda ke auna tsakanin {{Convert|2.6|and|2.9|mm|in|2}} tsayi da ciki wanda yake tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.4|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Cephalothorax yana da gefen sama mai launin ja-launin ruwan kasa, ko carapace, tare da yankin ido mai duhu, da kuma gefen ƙasa mai launin orange, ko ƙwanƙolin . Cikin yana da tsari wanda ya ƙunshi faci masu launin ruwan kasa marasa tsari, kodayake wannan ya bambanta tsakanin gizo-gizo ɗaya-ɗaya. Gizo-gizo yana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan lemu ko rawaya. Yana da gabobin haɗin gwiwa na musamman. Macen tana da ƙwayoyin maniyyi masu sauƙi waɗanda suka yi kauri sosai kuma gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa. Ba a bayyana namijin ba. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha certa'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2002. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha certa'' Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29356/Evarcha_certa |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin dabbobi na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "babu shakka" kuma tana tuna da alaƙar da ke tsakanin wannan nau'in da kuma nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'' . {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya halittar ''Evarcha'' a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da dangin ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, a shekarar 2016, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gwiwar gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Ya riƙe nau'in a cikin ''Evarcha'' a cikin sake rarraba nau'in halittar a shekarar 2018. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha certa'' ƙarami ce, tana da kamannin da suka saba da wannan nau'in. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar kwai da kuma ciki mai siffar kwai. Cephalothorax yana tsakanin {{Convert|2.6|and|2.9|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2|and|2.4|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace ɗin, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da launin ruwan kasa ja-ja. Yana da duhun ido, an rufe shi da adadi mai yawa na gashin launin toka. Yankin da ke kewaye da idanun kansa baƙi ne, wasu daga cikinsu an kewaye su da ƙananan sifofi masu launin toka mai launin rawaya da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Wasu misalai suna da ma'aunin rawaya. Ƙarƙashin cephalothorax, ko sternum, launin lemu ne. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana da tsayi da haske. Bakinsa suna da bambanci. Chelicerae suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da haƙora biyu a gaba da haƙori ɗaya a baya. Labium mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, tare da ƙananan haske, ya bambanta da maxillae mai launin lemu na gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Cikin gizo-gizo ya fi girman carapace ɗinsa girma, yana auna tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi kuma yana da faɗi tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.5|mm|in|2}} . Gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne da launin toka, kodayake wasu misalai rawaya ne. Dukansu suna da tsarin launin ruwan kasa. Wasu suna da ƙira mai ban mamaki. Wasu kuma suna da launin ruwan kasa mara tsari, wasu daga cikinsu suna da sauƙi kuma siffar kibiya ce. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Wasu misalan suna da tsarin ciki iri ɗaya da na ''Evarcha maculata'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Wasu kuma suna da ƙananan raunuka a bayan ciki. Kowannensu yana da ciki wanda aka lulluɓe da gashin launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka, wanda aka haɗa shi da gashin gashi mai kauri launin ruwan kasa. Ƙashin ƙasa launin toka ne tare da tsarin ɗigogi masu duhu da aka zana a samansa da kuma layuka uku masu duhu waɗanda suka miƙe daga gaba zuwa kusa da baya. Gizo-gizon yana da launin rawaya mai launin toka a gaba da kuma launin toka a baya. Kafafunsa suna da launin ruwan lemu ko rawaya tare da rufe gashin launin ruwan kasa. Kafafu suna da kashin baya mai launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Gizo-gizo yana da tsarin haihuwa na musamman. Macen tana da wani irin ƙashin baya mai siffar oval wanda ke da babban sclerosis . [1] Buɗewar haɗin gwiwa suna bayan epigyne kuma suna kaiwa, da farko, kunkuntar hanyoyin haihuwa masu sauƙi. Man spermathecae, ko kuma ma'ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta, suma suna da yawan ƙwayoyin cuta. Suna da kauri bango da tsari mai sauƙi, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin ɗakuna. Glandan kayan haɗin suna da tsayi. [1] Tsawon bututun haihuwa da kuma sauƙin tsarin maniyyi yana taimakawa wajen gano nau'in. [1] Ba a bayyana namijin ba. [1] == Manazarta == 7k3pujk9r2museasm5hva6t2vrpcf35 966515 966512 2026-10-11T16:58:34Z Sardeeq 39275 966515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Evarcha certa''''' nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle a cikin nau'in ''Evarcha'' da ke zaune a Guinea da Habasha. Tana bunƙasa a cikin ciyayi, musamman kusa da wuraren ruwa kamar [[Kogin Baro]] da kuma a wurare masu tsayi kamar tsaunukan Guinea . Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska ne suka fara bayyana wannan nau'in a shekarar 2002. Gizo-gizo ƙarami ne, tare da cephalothorax wanda ke auna tsakanin {{Convert|2.6|and|2.9|mm|in|2}} tsayi da ciki wanda yake tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.4|mm|in|2}} dogon lokaci. Cephalothorax yana da gefen sama mai launin ja-launin ruwan kasa, ko carapace, tare da yankin ido mai duhu, da kuma gefen ƙasa mai launin orange, ko ƙwanƙolin . Cikin yana da tsari wanda ya ƙunshi faci masu launin ruwan kasa marasa tsari, kodayake wannan ya bambanta tsakanin gizo-gizo ɗaya-ɗaya. Gizo-gizo yana da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan lemu ko rawaya. Yana da gabobin haɗin gwiwa na musamman. Macen tana da ƙwayoyin maniyyi masu sauƙi waɗanda suka yi kauri sosai kuma gajerun hanyoyin haihuwa. Ba a bayyana namijin ba. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Evarcha certa'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Christine Rollard da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana a shekarar 2002. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha certa'' Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29356/Evarcha_certa |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu sama da 500 da masanin ilmin dabbobi na ƙasar Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawan amfanin gona a wannan fanni. {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun rarraba shi ga nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'', wacce Eugène Simon ya fara tsara ta a shekarar 1902. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Wannan nau'in halittar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi a nahiyoyi huɗu. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} An sanya wa nau'in suna ne saboda kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da za a iya fassara ta "babu shakka" kuma tana tuna da alaƙar da ke tsakanin wannan nau'in da kuma nau'in halittar ''Evarcha'' . {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} A shekarar 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya halittar ''Evarcha'' a cikin dangin Pelleninae, tare da dangin ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabuwar halittar gizo-gizo, an mayar da halittar ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙaramin kabila Plexippina. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Wannan ɗan ƙabilar Plexippini ne, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na Simonida a cikin clade Saltafresia. {{Sfn|Maddison|2015}} Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da nau'ikan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}} Binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da sinadarin furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}} A shekara mai zuwa, a shekarar 2016, Prószyński ya ƙara nau'in halittar zuwa ga wani rukuni na nau'ikan halittar da ake kira Evarchines, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan nau'in halittar, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gwiwar gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}} Ya riƙe nau'in a cikin ''Evarcha'' a cikin sake rarraba nau'in halittar a shekarar 2018. {{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} == Bayani == ''Evarcha certa'' ƙarami ce, tana da kamannin da suka saba da wannan nau'in. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: cephalothorax mai siffar kwai da kuma ciki mai siffar kwai. Cephalothorax yana tsakanin {{Convert|2.6|and|2.9|mm|in|2}} tsayi da {{Convert|2|and|2.4|mm|in|2}} faɗi. Carapace ɗin, ɓangaren sama mai tauri na cephalothorax, yana da launin ruwan kasa ja-ja. Yana da duhun ido, an rufe shi da adadi mai yawa na gashin launin toka. Yankin da ke kewaye da idanun kansa baƙi ne, wasu daga cikinsu an kewaye su da ƙananan sifofi masu launin toka mai launin rawaya da dogayen gashin launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Wasu misalai suna da ma'aunin rawaya. Ƙarƙashin cephalothorax, ko sternum, launin lemu ne. Fuskar gizo-gizo, ko clypeus, tana da tsayi da haske. Bakinsa suna da bambanci. Chelicerae suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da haƙora biyu a gaba da haƙori ɗaya a baya. Labium mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, tare da ƙananan haske, ya bambanta da maxillae mai launin lemu na gizo-gizo. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Cikin gizo-gizo ya fi girman carapace ɗinsa girma, yana auna tsakanin {{Convert|2.7|and|3.4|mm|in|2}} tsayi kuma yana da faɗi tsakanin {{Convert|1.9|and|2.5|mm|in|2}} . Gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne da launin toka, kodayake wasu misalai rawaya ne. Dukansu suna da tsarin launin ruwan kasa. Wasu suna da ƙira mai ban mamaki. Wasu kuma suna da launin ruwan kasa mara tsari, wasu daga cikinsu suna da sauƙi kuma siffar kibiya ce. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Wasu misalan suna da tsarin ciki iri ɗaya da na ''Evarcha maculata'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Rollard|Wesołowska|2002}} Wasu kuma suna da ƙananan raunuka a bayan ciki. Kowannensu yana da ciki wanda aka lulluɓe da gashin launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka, wanda aka haɗa shi da gashin gashi mai kauri launin ruwan kasa. Ƙashin ƙasa launin toka ne tare da tsarin ɗigogi masu duhu da aka zana a samansa da kuma layuka uku masu duhu waɗanda suka miƙe daga gaba zuwa kusa da baya. Gizo-gizon yana da launin rawaya mai launin toka a gaba da kuma launin toka a baya. Kafafunsa suna da launin ruwan lemu ko rawaya tare da rufe gashin launin ruwan kasa. Kafafu suna da kashin baya mai launin ruwan kasa. {{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Gizo-gizo yana da tsarin haihuwa na musamman. Macen tana da wani irin ƙashin baya mai siffar oval wanda ke da babban sclerosis . [1] Buɗewar haɗin gwiwa suna bayan epigyne kuma suna kaiwa, da farko, kunkuntar hanyoyin haihuwa masu sauƙi. Man spermathecae, ko kuma ma'ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta, suma suna da yawan ƙwayoyin cuta. Suna da kauri bango da tsari mai sauƙi, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin ɗakuna. Glandan kayan haɗin suna da tsayi. [1] Tsawon bututun haihuwa da kuma sauƙin tsarin maniyyi yana taimakawa wajen gano nau'in. [1] Ba a bayyana namijin ba. [1] == Manazarta == fgxob7rgo6ul0bmr6mt6j9z83q4cepf Heri es-Swani 0 178974 966517 2026-10-11T16:59:06Z Zarah A Zamsarf 19232 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365245465|Heri es-Swani]]" 966517 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Heri es-Swani''' ko '''Heri es-Souani''' ( Arabic ), wani lokacin kuma ana fassara shi da '''Hury as-Swani''' <ref name=":52">{{Citation|journal=Jacques}}</ref> ko '''Hri Swani''', <ref name=":0" /> wani abin tarihi ne a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Babban gini ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin rumbun ajiya ko [[Rumbu|wurin ajiye kaya]] na Daular Kasbah da [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Isma'il]] ya gina a lokacin mulkinsa daga 1672 zuwa 1727. Yana cikin wani babban fili na kayan aiki wanda ya haɗa da '''Gidan Norias Goma''' da ke haɗe, wanda ke samar da ruwa ga fadoji, da kuma wani babban kwano na ruwa kusa da shi wanda aka sani da '''Sahrij Swani''' ko '''Agdal Basin''' . <ref name=":142">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Basin of the Norias |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=317&lang=en |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sahrij Swani (Basin of the Norias) - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;ma;Mon01;28;en |access-date=2021-12-13 |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org}}</ref> Sunan "Heri es-Swani" sau da yawa yana amfani da Gidan Norias Goma da kuma silos, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna kuma masu yawon buɗe ido ke ziyarta a matsayin wurin jan hankali guda ɗaya a yau. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Heri Es Souani {{!}} Meknes, Morocco Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/the-mediterranean-coast-and-the-rif/meknes/attractions/heri-es-souani/a/poi-sig/483070/355511 |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref> A cikin amfani da jama'a, sau da yawa ana kiran silos ɗin da "Royal Stables", amma waɗannan rumfunan a zahiri wani tsari ne daban da ke can kudu. == Tarihin Baya == {{Reflist}}Moulay Isma'il ya zama sarki bayan rasuwar ɗan'uwansa Moulay Rashid a shekarar 1672. Ya karya al'ada, ya zaɓi ya mayar da Meknes babban birninsa. A nan, ya gina wani babban birni na fadar sarki ( kasbah ) a gefen kudu maso yammacin tsohon birnin ( ''madina'' ). Ya ƙunshi gidaje daban-daban na fadar da sauran wurare da aka shimfiɗa a wani babban yanki da aka kewaye da katanga masu ƙarfi. <ref name=":52" /> Aikin gina babban ginin fadar ya fara ne da zarar ya hau karagar mulki a shekarar 1672. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Mezzine |first=Mohamed |title=Palace of Mulay Isma'il |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;ma;Mon01;16;en |website=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Baya ga girmanta mai girma, ginin fadar ya shahara saboda kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka gina sosai. Samar da ruwan ta kasance mai matuƙar inganci a lokacin, ta hanyar amfani da sabon nau'in famfo na cikin gida wanda ke rarraba ruwa ga gine-gine a faɗin Kasbah ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da bututun terracotta na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. An ɗebo wannan ruwan kai tsaye daga teburin phreatic a cikin Gidan Noria Goma ta amfani da tsarin injina na bokiti masu sarka da ke juyawa ta hanyar keken hawa. <ref name=":142" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ana ɗaukar wannan tsarin samar da ruwa da bututun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a matsayin ƙarni ɗaya da ya fi kayayyakin more rayuwa da ake samu a gidajen sarauta da gine-gine na Turai na zamani. <ref name=":122" /> {{Rp|194}} Bayan mutuwar Moulay Isma'il, yanayin siyasa a Morocco ya rikide zuwa rashin tsari. 'Ya'yansa maza sun yi faɗa da junansu don neman iko kuma tsohuwar rundunarsa ta 'abid' ta zama babbar runduna a jihar, inda ta yi mulki a bayan karagar mulki. [1] [2] Meknes ya rasa matsayinsa na babban birni kuma ya sha wahala a girgizar ƙasa ta 1755. [3] An yi watsi da birnin kuma sassa da yawa na babban kasbah na daular sun lalace. A yau, wani ɓangare na kasbah, Dar al-Makhzen, har yanzu Sarkin Morocco yana amfani da shi kuma ba a ba shi izinin jama'a ba. [3] Wasu wurare, kamar kabarin Moulay Isma'il da Heri es-Swani, a buɗe suke a matsayin wuraren addini ko wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido. [4] Babban tsarin ginin ya kasu kashi biyu: Gidan Goma na Norias da kuma Heri es-Swani da kanta. A waje, a gefen arewa maso yammacin ginin, akwai babban wurin ruwa da aka sani da Sahrij Swani. === Gidan Norias Goma === "Gidan Norias Goma", wanda kuma aka sani da Dar al-Ma ("Gidan Ruwa"), <ref name=":172" /> : 117 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heri Souani and Dar Al Ma – PREFECTURAL COUNCIL OF TOURISM OF MEKNES |url=https://visit-meknes.com/en/portfolio/heri-souani-and-dar-al-ma/ |access-date=2021-12-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> yana tsaye a gefen arewa maso gabas na silos na Heri es-Swani. Masu ziyara zuwa wannan ginin a yau suna shiga ta wannan ginin da farko. Babban gini ne wanda ya ƙunshi babban ɗaki na tsakiya wanda ke kewaye da ƙananan ɗakuna, wanda a gefe guda kuma, akwai babban falo mai rufin asiri wanda ke ba da damar shiga ɗakuna 15 masu rufin asiri. Waɗannan ɗakunan da aka yi da dome kowannensu yana ɗauke da tsarin noria ko na injina wanda ke jawo ruwa daga rijiya mai zurfi da ta kai har zuwa teburin phreatic, ta hanyar jerin bokiti ko bokiti da aka ɗaure tare kuma aka ɗaga su ta hanyar tayar da doki. Wannan ginin ya samar da ruwa ga birnin sarauta ta hanyar tsarin hanyoyin terracotta ko na yumbu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":142" /> <ref name=":18" /> == Manazarta == cocki17x6xpamuuu7ozak78d9zyv1k2 966521 966517 2026-10-11T17:00:45Z Zarah A Zamsarf 19232 966521 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Heri es-Swani''' ko '''Heri es-Souani''' ( Arabic ), wani lokacin kuma ana fassara shi da '''Hury as-Swani''' <ref name=":52">{{Citation|journal=Jacques}}</ref> ko '''Hri Swani''', <ref name=":0" /> wani abin tarihi ne a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Babban gini ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin rumbun ajiya ko [[Rumbu|wurin ajiye kaya]] na Daular Kasbah da [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Isma'il]] ya gina a lokacin mulkinsa daga 1672 zuwa 1727. Yana cikin wani babban fili na kayan aiki wanda ya haɗa da '''Gidan Norias Goma''' da ke haɗe, wanda ke samar da ruwa ga fadoji, da kuma wani babban kwano na ruwa kusa da shi wanda aka sani da '''Sahrij Swani''' ko '''Agdal Basin''' . <ref name=":142">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Basin of the Norias |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=317&lang=en |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sahrij Swani (Basin of the Norias) - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;ma;Mon01;28;en |access-date=2021-12-13 |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org}}</ref> Sunan "Heri es-Swani" sau da yawa yana amfani da Gidan Norias Goma da kuma silos, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna kuma masu yawon buɗe ido ke ziyarta a matsayin wurin jan hankali guda ɗaya a yau. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Heri Es Souani {{!}} Meknes, Morocco Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/the-mediterranean-coast-and-the-rif/meknes/attractions/heri-es-souani/a/poi-sig/483070/355511 |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref> A cikin amfani da jama'a, sau da yawa ana kiran silos ɗin da "Royal Stables", amma waɗannan rumfunan a zahiri wani tsari ne daban da ke can kudu. == Tarihin Baya == {{Reflist}}Moulay Isma'il ya zama sarki bayan rasuwar ɗan'uwansa Moulay Rashid a shekarar 1672. Ya karya al'ada, ya zaɓi ya mayar da Meknes babban birninsa. A nan, ya gina wani babban birni na fadar sarki ( kasbah ) a gefen kudu maso yammacin tsohon birnin ( ''madina'' ). Ya ƙunshi gidaje daban-daban na fadar da sauran wurare da aka shimfiɗa a wani babban yanki da aka kewaye da katanga masu ƙarfi. <ref name=":52" /> Aikin gina babban ginin fadar ya fara ne da zarar ya hau karagar mulki a shekarar 1672. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Mezzine |first=Mohamed |title=Palace of Mulay Isma'il |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;ma;Mon01;16;en |website=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Baya ga girmanta mai girma, ginin fadar ya shahara saboda kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka gina sosai. Samar da ruwan ta kasance mai matuƙar inganci a lokacin, ta hanyar amfani da sabon nau'in famfo na cikin gida wanda ke rarraba ruwa ga gine-gine a faɗin Kasbah ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da bututun terracotta na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. An ɗebo wannan ruwan kai tsaye daga teburin phreatic a cikin Gidan Noria Goma ta amfani da tsarin injina na bokiti masu sarka da ke juyawa ta hanyar keken hawa. <ref name=":142" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ana ɗaukar wannan tsarin samar da ruwa da bututun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a matsayin ƙarni ɗaya da ya fi kayayyakin more rayuwa da ake samu a gidajen sarauta da gine-gine na Turai na zamani. <ref name=":122" /> {{Rp|194}} Bayan mutuwar Moulay Isma'il, yanayin siyasa a Morocco ya rikide zuwa rashin tsari. 'Ya'yansa maza sun yi faɗa da junansu don neman iko kuma tsohuwar rundunarsa ta 'abid' ta zama babbar runduna a jihar, inda ta yi mulki a bayan karagar mulki. [1] [2] Meknes ya rasa matsayinsa na babban birni kuma ya sha wahala a girgizar ƙasa ta 1755. [3] An yi watsi da birnin kuma sassa da yawa na babban kasbah na daular sun lalace. A yau, wani ɓangare na kasbah, Dar al-Makhzen, har yanzu Sarkin Morocco yana amfani da shi kuma ba a ba shi izinin jama'a ba. [3] Wasu wurare, kamar kabarin Moulay Isma'il da Heri es-Swani, a buɗe suke a matsayin wuraren addini ko wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido. [4] Babban tsarin ginin ya kasu kashi biyu: Gidan Goma na Norias da kuma Heri es-Swani da kanta. A waje, a gefen arewa maso yammacin ginin, akwai babban wurin ruwa da aka sani da Sahrij Swani. === Gidan Norias Goma === "Gidan Norias Goma", wanda kuma aka sani da Dar al-Ma ("Gidan Ruwa"), <ref name=":172" /> : 117 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heri Souani and Dar Al Ma – PREFECTURAL COUNCIL OF TOURISM OF MEKNES |url=https://visit-meknes.com/en/portfolio/heri-souani-and-dar-al-ma/ |access-date=2021-12-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> yana tsaye a gefen arewa maso gabas na silos na Heri es-Swani. Masu ziyara zuwa wannan ginin a yau suna shiga ta wannan ginin da farko. Babban gini ne wanda ya ƙunshi babban ɗaki na tsakiya wanda ke kewaye da ƙananan ɗakuna, wanda a gefe guda kuma, akwai babban falo mai rufin asiri wanda ke ba da damar shiga ɗakuna 15 masu rufin asiri. Waɗannan ɗakunan da aka yi da dome kowannensu yana ɗauke da tsarin noria ko na injina wanda ke jawo ruwa daga rijiya mai zurfi da ta kai har zuwa teburin phreatic, ta hanyar jerin bokiti ko bokiti da aka ɗaure tare kuma aka ɗaga su ta hanyar tayar da doki. Wannan ginin ya samar da ruwa ga birnin sarauta ta hanyar tsarin hanyoyin terracotta ko na yumbu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":142" /> <ref name=":18" /> == Manazarta == i1zvp8k5ambg0mwojsqr6jpm2js9t0o Hukumar Lasisin Direban da Motoci 0 178975 966528 2026-10-11T17:05:15Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368383746|Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority]]" 966528 wikitext text/x-wiki Hukumar lasisi Driver and Vehicle ('''DVLA''') ta [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Ghana]] ita ce hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin lasisi da kimantawa ga direbobi da motoci a Ghana. == Tarihi == An kafa DVLA a cikin 1999 ta Dokar 569 ta [[Majalisar Ghana|Majalisar dokokin Ghana]]. <ref name="DVLA">{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.dvlaghana.gov.gh/pub/?pid=43&rlid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116133622/http://dvlaghana.gov.gh/pub/?pid=43&rlid=2 |archive-date=16 January 2012 |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=www.dvlaghana.gov.gh}}</ref> Dokar ta ba da izinin hukuma ta sami matsayi mai cin gashin kanta a cikin ƙungiyar bangaren jama'a a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Sufuri. Hukumomin suna da alhakin tabbatar da aminci a kan hanyoyin Ghana. Ikon kafin aiwatar da Dokar DVLA an kira shi Vehicle Examination & Licensing Division (VELD). <ref name="DVLA" /> Dokokin Ghana suna ba da izini ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa su tuka mota.[1][2] 'Yan Ghana da mazauna kasar na iya neman lasisin mai koyo na wata 3.[1] Bayan kammalawar lasisin mai koyo, ana gudanar da jarrabawar rubuce-rubuce wanda mai son direba dole ne ya ci kashi 70% ko fiye don wucewa. Bayan jarrabawar da aka rubuta, wanda zai zama direba yana yin gwaji wanda ya haɗa da ganowa da bayanin Alamun hanya da yawa. Idan an wuce gwajin alamun hanya, wanda zai zama direba yana ɗaukar gwajin ƙarshe tare da mai koyar da DVLA. Gwajin gwaji ba tare da kuskure ba ya cancanta ga direba zuwa bayanin rufewa, wanda aka dawo da shi don lasisin tuki a ranar da aka ambata. == Rijistar kan layi == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, hukuma ta ba da sanarwar aikin rajista na kan layi na 306,000 wanda ke neman daidaita ayyukan hukuma don ba da damar ba da sabis mai inganci ga abokan cinikinta. An kuma nemi tsarin don kawar da ayyukan matsakaici waɗanda suka hana ayyukan hukuma. Tsarin kan layi ya fara aiki a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008. <ref name="ONL" /> == Sanya takardar shaidar == Hukumomin suna ba da takaddun shaida (L.O.C) ga mai motar da ke neman su. Ana ba da buƙatar a kan motocin kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba a motsa su ba na akalla watanni 6. L.O.Cs suna bawa masu motoci damar adana farashi ta hanyar rashin biyan kuɗin amfani da hanya.<ref name="LAY">{{Cite web |title=Requirements And Procedures For Vehicle Lay-Offs In Ghana |url=http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324120047/http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=www.ghanacartrader.com}}</ref> == Lasisin kasa da kasa == Hukumar ta ba da lasisin tuki Dan Ghana ga baƙi waɗanda masu sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa suka ba da lasisi na tuki. Neman irin wannan lasisi yana buƙatar samar da lasisin tuki na kasashen waje da fassarar shi idan ba a cikin [[Turanci|Harshen Ingilishi]] ba da kuma hotunan fasfo guda huɗu. Ana yin gwajin ido kuma an ba da bayanin rufewa ga mutum.<ref name="CHA">{{Cite web |title=DVLA Info - Converting A Foreign Driver Licence In Ghana |url=http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324120047/http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=www.ghanacartrader.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == nh4xdfdc3r570mnrytqg6umpagtno9x 966531 966528 2026-10-11T17:06:03Z Khaleel767 49732 966531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hukumar lasisi Driver and Vehicle ('''DVLA''') ta [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Ghana]] ita ce hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin lasisi da kimantawa ga direbobi da motoci a Ghana. == Tarihi == An kafa DVLA a cikin 1999 ta Dokar 569 ta [[Majalisar Ghana|Majalisar dokokin Ghana]]. <ref name="DVLA">{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.dvlaghana.gov.gh/pub/?pid=43&rlid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116133622/http://dvlaghana.gov.gh/pub/?pid=43&rlid=2 |archive-date=16 January 2012 |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=www.dvlaghana.gov.gh}}</ref> Dokar ta ba da izinin hukuma ta sami matsayi mai cin gashin kanta a cikin ƙungiyar bangaren jama'a a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Sufuri. Hukumomin suna da alhakin tabbatar da aminci a kan hanyoyin Ghana. Ikon kafin aiwatar da Dokar DVLA an kira shi Vehicle Examination & Licensing Division (VELD). <ref name="DVLA" /> Dokokin Ghana suna ba da izini ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa su tuka mota.[1][2] 'Yan Ghana da mazauna kasar na iya neman lasisin mai koyo na wata 3.[1] Bayan kammalawar lasisin mai koyo, ana gudanar da jarrabawar rubuce-rubuce wanda mai son direba dole ne ya ci kashi 70% ko fiye don wucewa. Bayan jarrabawar da aka rubuta, wanda zai zama direba yana yin gwaji wanda ya haɗa da ganowa da bayanin Alamun hanya da yawa. Idan an wuce gwajin alamun hanya, wanda zai zama direba yana ɗaukar gwajin ƙarshe tare da mai koyar da DVLA. Gwajin gwaji ba tare da kuskure ba ya cancanta ga direba zuwa bayanin rufewa, wanda aka dawo da shi don lasisin tuki a ranar da aka ambata. == Rijistar kan layi == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, hukuma ta ba da sanarwar aikin rajista na kan layi na 306,000 wanda ke neman daidaita ayyukan hukuma don ba da damar ba da sabis mai inganci ga abokan cinikinta. An kuma nemi tsarin don kawar da ayyukan matsakaici waɗanda suka hana ayyukan hukuma. Tsarin kan layi ya fara aiki a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008. <ref name="ONL" /> == Sanya takardar shaidar == Hukumomin suna ba da takaddun shaida (L.O.C) ga mai motar da ke neman su. Ana ba da buƙatar a kan motocin kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba a motsa su ba na akalla watanni 6. L.O.Cs suna bawa masu motoci damar adana farashi ta hanyar rashin biyan kuɗin amfani da hanya.<ref name="LAY">{{Cite web |title=Requirements And Procedures For Vehicle Lay-Offs In Ghana |url=http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324120047/http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=www.ghanacartrader.com}}</ref> == Lasisin kasa da kasa == Hukumar ta ba da lasisin tuki Dan Ghana ga baƙi waɗanda masu sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa suka ba da lasisi na tuki. Neman irin wannan lasisi yana buƙatar samar da lasisin tuki na kasashen waje da fassarar shi idan ba a cikin [[Turanci|Harshen Ingilishi]] ba da kuma hotunan fasfo guda huɗu. Ana yin gwajin ido kuma an ba da bayanin rufewa ga mutum.<ref name="CHA">{{Cite web |title=DVLA Info - Converting A Foreign Driver Licence In Ghana |url=http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324120047/http://www.ghanacartrader.com/dvla-ghana-centre/68-requirements-and-procedures-for-vehicle-lay-offs-in-ghana |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=www.ghanacartrader.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4usr3n640egojoemnliodennb2yo84l Treaty of Fez 0 178976 966532 2026-10-11T17:06:04Z Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman 21300 Sabuwar mukala 966532 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Treaty of Fez== Yarjejeniyar Fes (Larabci: معاهدة فاس, Faransanci: Traité de Fès)—wacce a hukumance ake kira Yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin Faransa da Maroko a ranar 30 ga Maris 1912, domin tsara tsarin mulkin kare hakkin Faransa (protectorate) a Daular Sharifian—yarjejeniya ce da Sultan Abd al-Hafid na Maroko ya sanya wa hannu a karkashin matsin lamba, tare da jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa Eugène Regnault, a ranar 30 ga Maris 1912. Yarjejeniyar ta kafa tsarin mulkin kare hakkin Faransa a Maroko, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka fitar da Sanarwar Hadin Gwiwa ta Faransa da Maroko a ranar 2 ga Maris 1956. Yarjejeniyar ta bai wa Faransa damar mamaye wasu sassan kasar bisa hujjar kare Sarki (Sultan) daga 'yan adawar cikin gida, tare da rike hakikanin ikon tafiyar da mulki yayin da ake ci gaba da nuna alamar tsarin mulki ta hanyar wakilai, wato ta hannun Sarki da gwamnatin Sharif. Bisa sharuddan yarjejeniyar, Babban Wakilin Faransa (Resident-General) ne ke da cikakken iko kan harkokin waje da na cikin gida, kuma shi kadai ne ke da ikon wakiltar kasar Morocco a kasashen waje. Sai dai, Sarki ya ci gaba da rike ikon sanya hannu kan dokoki ko umarni na musamman (wadanda ake kira *dahirs*) wadanda Babban Wakilin Faransa ke gabatarwa.<ref> Ikeda, Ryo (2015). The Imperialism of French Decolonisaton: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-137-36895-9. OCLC 914166414. </ref>Lokacin da labarin yarjejeniyar ya kai ga kunnen al'ummar Morocco, hakan ya haifar da martani mai tsanani da tashin hankali nan take, wanda aka fi sani da tawayen birnin Fes (Intifada of Fes).<ref> Kenbib, Mohammed (2014). "Fez Riots (1912)". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730. ISSN 1878-9781. Retrieved 2021-10-28. </ref> ==Manazarta== m1bsdoonjq08je10wl6qlkopnq22uyd Evarcha manzo 0 178977 966535 2026-10-11T17:06:47Z Mahmud maby 33237 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292412422|Evarcha aposto]]" 966535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Flickr - Lukjonis - Jumping spider - Evarcha arcuata (Set of pictures) (2).jpg|image_caption=The related ''[[Evarcha arcuata]]''|genus=Evarcha|species=aposto|authority=[[Wanda Wesołowska|Wesołowska]] & Tomasiewicz, 2008}} '''Clare Ezeakacha''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1985) [[Ɗan wasa|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Najeriya, furodusa, darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma mai ba da shawara ga yara da aka sani da fina-fakkawarta ''Arima'' da Gone Grey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’ |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos |url=https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=diamondcelebrities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=nollywoodgists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=ARIMA |url=https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181017/https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=worldfilmfair.com}}</ref> == Tarihin lissafi == Evarcha aposto wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Beata Tomasiewicz suka fara bayyanawa a cikin shekara ta 2008. <ref name="wsc">{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2017 |title=''Evarcha aposto'' Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29343/Evarcha_aposto |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'in 500 da Masanin ilimin arachnologist na Poland Wesołowska ya gano a lokacin aikinta, yana mai da ita daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi yawa a fagen.{{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}}Kodayake sun lura cewa wasu siffofi na iya nuna cewa gizo-gizo memba ne na ''Pellenes'', sun ba da shi ga jinsin ''Evarcha'' bisa ga tsarin pedipalps.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}}Eugène Simon ne ya fara kewaye da ''Evarcha'' a cikin 1902. {{Sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011}}Wannan nau'in yana daya daga cikin mafi girma, tare da mambobi da aka samu a nahiyoyi huɗu.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2018}} A shekara ta 1976, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya jinsin a cikin subfamily Pelleninae, tare da jinsin ''Bianor'' da ''Pellenes'' . {{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}}A cikin binciken Wayne Maddison na 2015 game da rarrabawar gizo-gizo, an tura jinsin ''Evarcha'' zuwa ƙabilar Plexippina.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}}Wannan memba ne na kabilar Plexippini, a cikin subclade Simonida, wanda kansa yake cikin clade Saltafresia.{{Sfn|Maddison|2015}}Yana da alaƙa da jinsunan ''Hyllus'' da ''Plexippus''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008}}Binciken kwayoyin halitta na furotin ya nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da ''Telamonia''.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}}A cikin shekara mai zuwa, Prószyński ya kara jinsin zuwa wani rukuni na jinsuna mai suna Evarchines, mai suna bayan jinsin, tare da ''Hasarinella'' da ''Nigorella'' bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin gabobin haɗin gizo-gizo.{{Sfn|Prószyński|2017}}An sanya sunan jinsin ne saboda wurin da aka fara samu.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} == Bayyanawa == Evarcha aposto karamin gizo-gizo ne. Jikin gizo-gizo ya kasu kashi biyu: cephalothorax da ciki. Maza yana da cephalothorax wanda ke tsakanin 1.9 da 2.2 in) tsawo da 1.4 da 1.6 in) fadi. Abun gizo-gizo yana tsakanin 1.8 da 1.9 in) tsawo da 1.2 da 1.4 in) fadi. Kwayar, ɓangaren sama mai wuya na cephalothorax, yana da matsakaici zuwa sama, tare da gangara mai laushi a baya. Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin gizo-gizo da ke zaune a Habasha da Najeriya. gizo-gizo na Habasha suna da launin ruwan kasa a tsakiyar filin ido baƙar fata.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Edwards|2012}}Hakanan idanu suna kewaye da sikelin rawaya kuma, a wasu lokuta, launin ruwan kasa. gizo-gizo suna da kwayar orange tare da band mai duhu a tsakiya da kuma layin baƙar fata a gefen baya. Ƙasa, ko sternum, orange ne. Fuskokin gizo-gizo, ko Clypeus, an yi musu ado da fararen gashi. Bakinsu suna da launin ruwan kasa, ban da Chelicerae, wanda ke da bakinsu mai launin rawaya tare da gefuna masu launin fari.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Edwards|2012}}Abdomens na gizo-gizo ne mai tsawo.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Edwards|2012}}A saman kowane ciki ne haske rawaya tare da alamu kunshi biyu launin toka a tsakiya da kuma wani babban launin ruwan kasa-gris a baya. An rufe bangarorin da fararen gashi kuma ƙasa tana da rawaya tare da alamar launin toka. kafafu gaba baƙar fata ne tare da ƙananan rawaya. Sauran kafafu baƙar fata ne a saman rabi kuma rawaya ne a kasa rabi. Pedipalps yawanci rawaya ne tare da baƙar fata cymbium da tibia.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Edwards|2012}} gizo-gizo da aka samu a Najeriya gabaɗaya sun fi girma. Suna da kwayar kwalliya tare da layin duhu a tsakiya. Wasu daga cikin idanu suna kewaye da zoben baki da kuma bristles, kuma filin ido gabaɗaya ya fi gashi. Clypeus yayi kama da haka, kamar yadda chelicerae da sauran bakuna. Abun ciki ya sake zama rawaya amma ya bambanta da tsarinsa, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan launin ruwan kasa-gris. Kodayake akwai gashi a bangarorin kamar yadda yake a cikin gizo-gizo da aka samu a Habasha, sun fi tsayi kuma saman yana rufe da gajeren gashi mai launin ruwan kasa. Ƙashin ciki yana da haske tare da alamar launin toka a bangarorin. Ƙafafun gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne tare da taɓawa na rawaya. Sauran suna da rawaya tare da takalma kamar misalai na Habasha amma launin ruwan kasa maimakon baki. Pedipalps kuma suna da rawaya, amma, kamar yadda kafafu suke, yankunan da baƙar fata a cikin gizo-gizo na Habasha suna da launin ruwan kasa a cikin misalan Najeriya.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}} Kwayoyin jima'i sun bambanta kuma sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin duk misalai da aka bayyana. Kwayar kwalliya tana da babban lobe zuwa kasa. Akwai wani ɗan gajeren ƙugiya mai laushi wanda ke fitowa daga saman kwararan fitila wanda ke da ɗan gajeren abin da ke rufe shi. Gajeren embolus ya bambanta da nau'in. Tibiyar palpal tana da ɗan gajeren spike, ko tibial apophysis. Dukkanin tibia da cymbium suna da gashi, gashi a kan tibia yana da tsawo sosai.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Edwards|2012}}Ba a bayyana mace ba.<ref name="wsc" /> == Rarraba da mazaunin == gizo-gizo na ''Evarcha'' suna rayuwa a duk faɗin duniya, kodayake waɗanda aka samo a Arewacin Amurka na iya zama baƙi na haɗari.{{Sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003}}Kodayake ana samun jinsin a duk faɗin Afirka, Evarcha aposto yana zaune a Habasha da Najeriya.<ref name="wsc" /> An samo holotype a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi na Aposto kusa da Hawassa a Yankin Sidama na Habasha a shekarar 1982. An kuma sami wasu misalai a cikin gida. gizo-gizo na farko na jinsin da za a gano a Najeriya an tattara shi a [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] a shekarar 1984. An samo misalai na farko a cikin gajerun ciyawa a cikin gandun daji. Daga baya, an kuma gano gizo-gizo yana zaune a cikin gonakin shinkafa.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Tomasiewicz|2008}}{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Edwards|2012}} == manazarta == f5d8ip8fp63bh1eqbdufn3a9o6dtcjn Karl Neufeld 0 178978 966538 2026-10-11T17:08:00Z BnHamid 12586 Sabon shafi: Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa:... 966538 wikitext text/x-wiki Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman). A farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma wakilin sirri na Jamus. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa Larabawa su nuna adawa ga Daular Birtaniya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} if7dkadtdq63q07oputzj6lliyzdbeh 966541 966538 2026-10-11T17:09:11Z BnHamid 12586 966541 wikitext text/x-wiki Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman). A farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma wakilin sirri na Jamus. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa Larabawa su nuna adawa ga Daular Birtaniya. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Neufeld a yankin West Prussia na kasar Jamus. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai mallakar filaye kuma likita. Neufeld ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Leipzig amma ya bar karatun ba tare da ya samu digiri ba. Tun daga kimanin shekarar 1880, ya zauna tare da yin aiki a birnin Alkahira, wanda a lokacin yake cikin wata jiha mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hada magunguna (pharmacist), daga baya kuma ya zama dan kasuwa. Ya auri Emma Netherton, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar kasar Birtaniya, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} sex0cfnqjhi76myrn2lbuqrkx5dkzsu 966545 966541 2026-10-11T17:09:59Z BnHamid 12586 966545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Charles_Neufeld,_The_Prisoner_of_Omdurman_(cropped).png|thumb|Charles Neufeld, the 'Prisoner of Omdurman' after his release in 1899]] Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman). A farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma wakilin sirri na Jamus. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa Larabawa su nuna adawa ga Daular Birtaniya. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Neufeld a yankin West Prussia na kasar Jamus. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai mallakar filaye kuma likita. Neufeld ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Leipzig amma ya bar karatun ba tare da ya samu digiri ba. Tun daga kimanin shekarar 1880, ya zauna tare da yin aiki a birnin Alkahira, wanda a lokacin yake cikin wata jiha mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hada magunguna (pharmacist), daga baya kuma ya zama dan kasuwa. Ya auri Emma Netherton, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar kasar Birtaniya, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ld9864ul5o7bt8ynoskpvlj10fjwfog 966548 966545 2026-10-11T17:11:25Z BnHamid 12586 Ingantawa 966548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Charles_Neufeld,_The_Prisoner_of_Omdurman_(cropped).png|thumb|Charles Neufeld, the 'Prisoner of Omdurman' after his release in 1899]] Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman). A farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma wakilin sirri na Jamus. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa Larabawa su nuna adawa ga Daular Birtaniya. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Neufeld a yankin West Prussia na kasar Jamus. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai mallakar filaye kuma likita. Neufeld ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Leipzig amma ya bar karatun ba tare da ya samu digiri ba. Tun daga kimanin shekarar 1880, ya zauna tare da yin aiki a birnin Alkahira, wanda a lokacin yake cikin wata jiha mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hada magunguna (pharmacist), daga baya kuma ya zama dan kasuwa. Ya auri Emma Netherton, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar kasar Birtaniya, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace. Kasancewar ya iya harsunan Ingilishi da Larabci, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara yayin gudanar da rundunar ceto ta Gordon (Gordon Relief Expedition). Daga baya, ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwancinsa a birnin Aswan, dake kudancin kasar Masar. A shekarar 1887, Neufeld ya yi tafiya tare da tawagar 'yan kasuwa zuwa yankin Kordofan dake yammacin Sudan. Sojojin Mahdi suka kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru 12 a gidan yari a Omdurman, inda sau da yawa ake daure shi da sarƙoƙi. A can, ya haɗu da Rudolf Slatin, tsohon gwamnan yankin Darfur, da kuma Josef Ohrwalder, wani mishaneri na Katolika; su ma dukansu fursunoni ne. Yayin da yake gidan yari, Neufeld ya musulunta sannan ya auri wata mata 'yar kasar Habasha mai suna Umm Shul. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Sojojin hadin gwiwar Birtaniya da Masar ne suka 'yantar da shi bayan yakin Omdurman a shekarar 1898. Daga baya, ya koma kasar Jamus. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} kfchm7rp6gmv0ebgbfl4iglbc4ldutw 966549 966548 2026-10-11T17:12:11Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 966549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Charles_Neufeld,_The_Prisoner_of_Omdurman_(cropped).png|thumb|Charles Neufeld, the 'Prisoner of Omdurman' after his release in 1899]] Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman). A farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma wakilin sirri na Jamus. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa Larabawa su nuna adawa ga Daular Birtaniya. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Neufeld a yankin West Prussia na kasar Jamus. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai mallakar filaye kuma likita. Neufeld ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Leipzig amma ya bar karatun ba tare da ya samu digiri ba. Tun daga kimanin shekarar 1880, ya zauna tare da yin aiki a birnin Alkahira, wanda a lokacin yake cikin wata jiha mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hada magunguna (pharmacist), daga baya kuma ya zama dan kasuwa. Ya auri Emma Netherton, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar kasar Birtaniya, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace. Kasancewar ya iya harsunan Ingilishi da Larabci, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara yayin gudanar da rundunar ceto ta Gordon (Gordon Relief Expedition). Daga baya, ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwancinsa a birnin Aswan, dake kudancin kasar Masar. A shekarar 1887, Neufeld ya yi tafiya tare da tawagar 'yan kasuwa zuwa yankin Kordofan dake yammacin Sudan. Sojojin Mahdi suka kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru 12 a gidan yari a Omdurman, inda sau da yawa ake daure shi da sarƙoƙi. A can, ya haɗu da Rudolf Slatin, tsohon gwamnan yankin Darfur, da kuma Josef Ohrwalder, wani mishaneri na Katolika; su ma dukansu fursunoni ne. Yayin da yake gidan yari, Neufeld ya musulunta sannan ya auri wata mata 'yar kasar Habasha mai suna Umm Shul. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Sojojin hadin gwiwar Birtaniya da Masar ne suka 'yantar da shi bayan yakin Omdurman a shekarar 1898. Daga baya, ya koma kasar Jamus.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prisoners of the Mahdi, by Byron Farwell - History in Review|url=http://www.historyinreview.org/bf_mahdi.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.historyinreview.org|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203331/http://www.historyinreview.org/bf_mahdi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 3axu28mzer4qrsz81mnr4jj1k2w64dc 966553 966549 2026-10-11T17:13:05Z BnHamid 12586 /* Tarihin Rayuwa */ 966553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Charles_Neufeld,_The_Prisoner_of_Omdurman_(cropped).png|thumb|Charles Neufeld, the 'Prisoner of Omdurman' after his release in 1899]] Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman). A farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma wakilin sirri na Jamus. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa Larabawa su nuna adawa ga Daular Birtaniya. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Neufeld a yankin West Prussia na kasar Jamus. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai mallakar filaye kuma likita. Neufeld ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Leipzig amma ya bar karatun ba tare da ya samu digiri ba. Tun daga kimanin shekarar 1880, ya zauna tare da yin aiki a birnin Alkahira, wanda a lokacin yake cikin wata jiha mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hada magunguna (pharmacist), daga baya kuma ya zama dan kasuwa. Ya auri Emma Netherton, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar kasar Birtaniya, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace. Kasancewar ya iya harsunan Ingilishi da Larabci, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara yayin gudanar da rundunar ceto ta Gordon (Gordon Relief Expedition). Daga baya, ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwancinsa a birnin Aswan, dake kudancin kasar Masar. A shekarar 1887, Neufeld ya yi tafiya tare da tawagar 'yan kasuwa zuwa yankin Kordofan dake yammacin Sudan. Sojojin Mahdi suka kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru 12 a gidan yari a Omdurman, inda sau da yawa ake daure shi da sarƙoƙi. A can, ya haɗu da Rudolf Slatin, tsohon gwamnan yankin Darfur, da kuma Josef Ohrwalder, wani mishaneri na Katolika; su ma dukansu fursunoni ne. Yayin da yake gidan yari, Neufeld ya musulunta sannan ya auri wata mata 'yar kasar Habasha mai suna Umm Shul. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Sojojin hadin gwiwar Birtaniya da Masar ne suka 'yantar da shi bayan yakin Omdurman a shekarar 1898. Daga baya, ya koma kasar Jamus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Strohmeier|first=Martin|date=2016-08-05|title=The "very real bogey". The Stotzingen-Neufeld Mission to the Hijāz (1916)|journal=Arabian Humanities|volume=6 |language=en|issue=6|doi=10.4000/cy.3098|issn=1248-0568|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prisoners of the Mahdi, by Byron Farwell - History in Review|url=http://www.historyinreview.org/bf_mahdi.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.historyinreview.org|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203331/http://www.historyinreview.org/bf_mahdi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 6z1vzskudwov4ugitzve0i4xriwf8en 966559 966553 2026-10-11T17:14:53Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 966559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Charles_Neufeld,_The_Prisoner_of_Omdurman_(cropped).png|thumb|Charles Neufeld, the 'Prisoner of Omdurman' after his release in 1899]] Karl Neufeld, (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1856 - 2 ga watan Yuli, 1918). Wanda aka fi sani da Charles Neufeld, ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ya yi aiki a ƙasar Sudan a ƙarni na 19. Gwamnatin Mahdiyya ta tsare Neufeld a matsayin fursuna na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An sake shi bayan da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi nasara a kan rundunar Mahdiyya. A shekarar 1899, ya wallafa wani littafi game da lokacin da ya yi a kurkuku, mai suna (A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman). A farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma wakilin sirri na Jamus. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa Larabawa su nuna adawa ga Daular Birtaniya. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Neufeld a yankin West Prussia na kasar Jamus. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai mallakar filaye kuma likita. Neufeld ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Leipzig amma ya bar karatun ba tare da ya samu digiri ba. Tun daga kimanin shekarar 1880, ya zauna tare da yin aiki a birnin Alkahira, wanda a lokacin yake cikin wata jiha mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hada magunguna (pharmacist), daga baya kuma ya zama dan kasuwa. Ya auri Emma Netherton, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar kasar Birtaniya, kuma sun haifi 'ya mace. Kasancewar ya iya harsunan Ingilishi da Larabci, Neufeld ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara yayin gudanar da rundunar ceto ta Gordon (Gordon Relief Expedition). Daga baya, ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwancinsa a birnin Aswan, dake kudancin kasar Masar. A shekarar 1887, Neufeld ya yi tafiya tare da tawagar 'yan kasuwa zuwa yankin Kordofan dake yammacin Sudan. Sojojin Mahdi suka kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru 12 a gidan yari a Omdurman, inda sau da yawa ake daure shi da sarƙoƙi. A can, ya haɗu da Rudolf Slatin, tsohon gwamnan yankin Darfur, da kuma Josef Ohrwalder, wani mishaneri na Katolika; su ma dukansu fursunoni ne. Yayin da yake gidan yari, Neufeld ya musulunta sannan ya auri wata mata 'yar kasar Habasha mai suna Umm Shul. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Sojojin hadin gwiwar Birtaniya da Masar ne suka 'yantar da shi bayan yakin Omdurman a shekarar 1898. Daga baya, ya koma kasar Jamus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Strohmeier|first=Martin|date=2016-08-05|title=The "very real bogey". The Stotzingen-Neufeld Mission to the Hijāz (1916)|journal=Arabian Humanities|volume=6 |language=en|issue=6|doi=10.4000/cy.3098|issn=1248-0568|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prisoners of the Mahdi, by Byron Farwell - History in Review|url=http://www.historyinreview.org/bf_mahdi.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.historyinreview.org|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203331/http://www.historyinreview.org/bf_mahdi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} === Bibliography=== * Neufeld, Karl (1899) ''In Ketten des Kalifen. Zwölf Jahre Gefangenschaft in Omdurman''. Berlin: Verlag W. Spemann. (German original version) * Neufeld, Charles (1899). ''A Prisoner of the Khaleefa. Twelve Years Captivity at Omdurman''. ''With numerous Portraits and Plans.'' London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 1899 (full text in Wikisource as below) *Neufeld, Charles (1900) ''[https://archive.org/details/rebelsreign00neufrich?ref=ol&view=theater Under the Rebel's Reign. A Story of Egyptian Revolt.]'' London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., {{OCLC|36749791}} *Lawrence, T. E. (first ed. 1926). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CFJGiLqdCpkC&pg=PA16 Seven Pillars of Wisdom] London: Random House {{ISBN|978-0-09-951178-6}} *[[iarchive:prisonersofmahdi00farw/page/n403/mode/2up|Byron Farwell: ''Prisoners of the Mahdi''.]] New York: Harper & Row, 1967. Reprint: New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989, pp.&nbsp;240–284 {{ISBN|0-393-30579-1}} == Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== {{Commons category|Karl Neufeld}} {{wikisource|works=or|Karl Otto Neufeld|Karl Neufeld}} * [https://archive.org/details/prisonerofkhalee00neufrich A prisoner of the khaleefa; twelve years' captivity at Omdurman] (1899) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neufeld, Karl}} 1szeaz3okxsls6nrm64rtgaz00n6a68 Dokar 'yan kasa ta Equatoguinean 0 178979 966543 2026-10-11T17:09:43Z Almustapha bk 49060 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335125451|Equatoguinean nationality law]]" 966543 wikitext text/x-wiki Dokar 'yan kasa ta Equatoguinean ta tsara ta Kundin [[Constitution of Equatorial Guinea|Tsarin Mulki na Equatorial Guinea]], kamar yadda aka yi gyare-gyare; Dokar' yan kasa ta Equadoguinean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasa na Equatorial Guinea.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Hanyar shari'a don samun [[Nationality|kasa]], zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da [[Citizenship|zama ɗan ƙasa]]. {{Sfn|Fransman|2011}}Ana samun 'yancin Equatoguinean a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Equatorial Guinea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa iyaye da ke da' yancin Equat Guinea.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Samun 'yan kasa == Za'a iya samun kasa a Equatorial Guinea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan kasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} === Ta hanyar haihuwa === Wadanda suka sami 'yan kasa a lokacin haihuwa sun hada da: * Yaran da aka haifa a ko'ina waɗanda suke da aƙalla iyaye ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance ɗan ƙasar Equatoguinean ta hanyar haihuwa. ko {{Sfn|Manby|2016}}{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} === Ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa === Za'a iya ba da izini ga mutanen da suka zauna a yankin na isasshen lokaci don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci Mutanen Espanya ko wani harshe da aka yi amfani da shi a kasar, da al'adu da al'adun al'umma.{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}}Gabaɗaya tanadi shine cewa masu neman suna da hali mai kyau da halayyar; ba su da hukunci na laifi a ciki ko a waje da ƙasar; ba su na cututtukan da ke yaduwa; sun biya haraji da gudummawar tsaro; kuma sun ci gaba da zama a ƙasar har tsawon shekaru arba'in.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}}Baya ga baƙi da suka cika ka'idojin, wasu mutanen da za a iya zama 'yan ƙasa sun haɗa da:{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Matar doka ta ɗan ƙasar Equatoguinean bayan shekaru goma na zama da zama tare a yankin; {{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Mutanen da aka haifa a Equatorial Guinea waɗanda ke zaune a Equatoriel Guinea a lokacin mafi rinjaye za su iya zama 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar sanarwar, idan sun ci gaba da zama a yankin na tsawon shekaru goma; {{Sfn|Manby|2016}}{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Yaran da aka karɓa suna samun 'yancin Equatoguinean bayan kammala tallafin doka; {{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Mutanen da aka haifi mahaifinsu ko mahaifiyarsu a Equatorial Guinea na iya samun 'yan kasa bayan shekara guda na zama; ko {{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Mutanen da kakanninsu aka haifa a Equatorial Guinea waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon iyaye na Equatoguinean na iya samun ƙasa bayan zama na shekaru biyu yayin da suke ƙarami, ko a cikin shekara guda bayan samun rinjaye.{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} == Rashin 'yan kasa == 'Yan ƙasa na Equatoguinean na iya yin watsi da' yan ƙasa har sai da jihar ta amince da su. Ƙasar da aka yi watsi da ita za a iya sake dawowa ta hanyar yin kira ga Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Harkokin Addini da Cibiyoyin Kurkuku. Ana iya lalata 'yan ƙasa a Equatorial Guinea saboda samun' yan ƙasa biyu ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba ko don zamba, rashin wakilci, ko ɓoyewa a cikin takardar neman zama' yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} == Kasuwanci biyu == An ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu a Equatorial Guinea tun shekara ta 2011.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}Tun daga shekara ta 1990, an haramta wa shugaban kasa ya rike kasashe da yawa ko kuma ya zama ɗan Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin Portuguese (1472-1778) === Neman gano hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indiya]], mai binciken [[Daular Portuguese|Portuguese]] Fernão do Pó, ya ga tsibirin [[Bioko]] a cikin 1472.{{Sfn|Blake|2016}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Ya ba da sunan tsibirin ''Formosa'' ("Kyakkyawan"), amma ana kiransa "Fernando Po".{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}A cikin shekaru biyu, tsibirin [[Annobón]], Príncipe, da [[Sao Tomé|São Tomé]] suma sun tsara su ta Portuguese.{{Sfn|Blake|2016}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Dangane da binciken da yi, a shekara ta 1480 Portugal ta yi ikirarin bakin tekun Afirka tsakanin Argin, a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] ta yanzu, da {{Interlanguage link|Pointe Sainte-Catherine|ceb|Pointe Sainte-Catherine (punta sa Gabon)}} [ceb], a Gabon ta yanzu, kazalika da tsibirin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] da Gulf of Guinea.{{Sfn|Blake|2016}}A cikin 1521, Dokokin Manuel I (Portuguese: Ordenações Manuelinas), sun tabbatar da cewa batutuwa sune waɗanda aka haifa a yankin Portuguese kuma waɗanda suka bar yankin ba tare da izinin mai mulki ba shine dalilin da ya sa aka lalata su.{{Sfn|Coates|2001}}{{Sfn|Passinhas|2019}}A cikin 1603, Dokokin Philip I [pt] (Portuguese: Ordenações Filipinas) sun tabbatar da cewa talakawan Portuguese yara ne da aka haifa a Yankin Iberian ko tsibirai da ke kusa, Brazil, ko kuma ga wani jami'in da ke aiki da kambi a cikin mallakar Portuguese na Afirka ko Asiya, wanda mahaifinsa ɗan asalin Portugal ne, ko kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Portugal ce kuma ta auri baƙo wanda ya kafa gida a Portugal na akalla shekaru goma. Wadanda ba su yi hidima ga kambin a cikin mulkin mallaka (sai dai Brazil) ba a dauke su Portuguese ba.{{Sfn|Jerónimo|2017}}Yaro ba zai iya samun 'yan ƙasa kai tsaye daga mahaifiyarsa ba sai dai idan Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.{{Sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020}} === Lokacin Mutanen Espanya (1778-1968) === Da yake so ya sake kafa iyakar mulkin mallaka na Brazil wanda aka saita a 46th meridian yamma ta hanyar jerin bijimai na papal, Sarauniya Maria I ta Portugal ta tattauna da Sarki Charles III na Spain don fadada yankinsu don hada da ayyukan Portuguese a cikin kwandon Amazon da kudancin Brazil. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1777, kambuna biyu sun amince da sharuddan Yarjejeniyar San Ildefonso, wanda ya ba da yankunan Mutanen Espanya na Kudancin Amurka ga Portugal da yankunan bakin teku na Yammacin Afirka na Portugal, gami da Annobón da Fernando Po, ga Spain. A shekara mai zuwa, Maria da Charles sun sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar El Pardo (1778)|Yarjejeniyar El Pardo]] da ke sake tabbatar da ikon mallakar Spain a kan tsibirai biyu da [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Biafra]] tsakanin bakin Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]] da Ogoue.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}An tura Felipe José de los Santos Toro y Freyre, Count of Argelejos, a cikin 1778 daga [[Montevideo]] don mallaka da gudanar da sabon yankin Mutanen Espanya, amma ya mutu a cikin 'yan kwanaki bayan isowarsa.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Rashin lafiya da rikice-rikice tare da Portuguese a [[Sao Tomé|São Tomé]] sun rage rukunin mulkin mallaka na farko na mutane 150 zuwa 26, waɗanda suka koma Montevideo a shekara ta 1783. Rashin nasarar yunkurin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da ƙarancin sha'awa daga Spain ga mallakarta ta Yammacin Afirka na shekaru hamsin.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}An sanya su a cikin gwamnatin Viceroyalty na Río de la Plata, wanda ke zaune a [[Buenos Aires]], har zuwa 1810 sannan kuma an ba da hayar yankin a 1817.{{Sfn|Moya|2021}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}} Tsarin mulki na farko na Spain, Tsarin Mulki na Cadiz, wanda aka kafa a 1812, musamman an san shi a matsayin 'yan ƙasa kawai "mutane masu 'yanci, waɗanda aka haifa kuma suka girma a cikin mulkin Mutanen Espanya, da' ya'yansu maza".{{Sfn|Hernández Pina|2013}}{{Sfn|Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|2016}}An ba da izinin 'Yanci daga Afirka da baƙi da ke zaune a cikin yankin Mutanen Espanya su zama 'yanci a matsayin Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Peña|2002}}An zartar da dokar a lokacin (1808-1814) lokacin da aka tsare Ferdinand VII na Spain a Faransa kuma an shirya ƙungiyoyin Mutanen Espanya don yin mulki a lokacin da ba ya nan. Komawar Ferdinand zuwa mulki da kuma shelar sake kafa Cikakken mulkin mallaka ya haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai na Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Kinsbruner|2000}}A cikin 1814 bayan ya dawo Spain daga bauta a Faransa, Ferdinand VII ya soke kundin tsarin mulki kuma ya sake dawo da cikakken mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai a duk faɗin Mutanen Espanya Amurka.{{Sfn|Peña|2002}}{{Sfn|Carano|Sanchez|1980}}Juyin Juya Halin a cikin 1820 ya sake dawo da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cádiz, amma dawowar Ferdinand zuwa mulki a cikin 1823, ya sake dakatar da shi.{{Sfn|Chusid|2012}}Rashin kwanciyar hankali a daular Mutanen Espanya ya ci gaba har zuwa 1874 tare da lokutan rikici da kwanciyar hankali kawai don sake fashewa cikin tashin hankali.{{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}}An sake dawo da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cádiz a cikin 1836 kuma an soke shi shekara guda bayan haka.{{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}} A cikin 1839, Birtaniya sun yi ƙoƙari su sayi Annobón da Fernando Po, amma ba za a iya amincewa da farashi ba. Lokacin da Isabella II ta hau gadon sarauta a 1843, ta aika da kwamiti don sake kafa gwamnatin Spain a yankin. A karkashin jagorancin Juan José Lerena da Barry, sun ba da umarnin korar masu wa'azi na Baptist, sunayen wurare da za a sake suna a cikin Mutanen Espanya, kuma sun ba da izini ga [[John Beecroft]], gwamnan Burtaniya, ya kasance a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Guinea ta Mutanen Espanya. A cikin ƙasa, Lerena ta tattauna yarjejeniyoyi tare da shugabannin Ndowe na gida, ta ba su 'yancin Mutanen Espanya, kafin ta sake tabbatar da ikon mallakar Mutanen Espanya a kan Annobón kuma ta koma Spain.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Bayan rasuwar Beecroft a shekara ta 1854, mataimakinsa [[James W. B. Lynslager]], wanda shi ma na Burtaniya ne, kambin Mutanen Espanya ya nada shi a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Guinea ta Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Ya yi aiki har zuwa 1858, lokacin da wani Mutanen Espanya, {{Interlanguage link|Carlos de Chacón y Michelena|es|Carlos de Chacón y Michelena}} [es], ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya kafa manufofin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya wajen gudanar da yankin.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Daga 1858 har zuwa 1904, gwamnatocin Faransa da Spain sun yi ikirarin Río Muni, yankin da Portugal ta ba da shi ga Spain.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}Kodayake Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1900 ta kafa iyakoki ga yankunan Faransa da Mutanen Espanya, rikice-rikice ya kasance har sai Vatican ta warware batun a madadin Spain kuma ta nada bishop don yin hidima daga [[Malabo|Santa Isabel]].{{Sfn|Campos Serrano|2000}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}} Yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na Carlist da Juyin Juya Halin Mutanen Espanya na 1868 ya biyo baya, ya haifar da gwajin dimokuradiyya da kuma tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1869. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi kira ga manyan sauye-sauye na mulkin mallaka, amma kafin a iya yin su a kan Yaƙin Carlist na Uku da kuma Maido da mulkin mallaka ya kawo karshen ikonsa.{{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}}An karɓi sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1876, kuma a cikin 1889 an karɓi Dokar Jama'a ta Mutanen Espanya ta farko. {{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}}{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}An mika Dokar zuwa [[Puerto Rico]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], Philippines da [[Guam]], suna kafa cewa an sami 'yan ƙasa ko dai daga haihuwa a yankin Mutanen Espanya ko ta hanyar zuriya daga ɗan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Oehser|1943}}{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Yara na halal na iya samun 'yan ƙasa daga uba, amma kawai' ya'yan banza na iya samun' yan ƙasar Spain daga uwa, kamar yadda ake buƙatar mace mai aure ta ɗauki' yancin mijinta.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi tanadi ga baƙi su zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}A cikin 1904, masu gudanarwa na Mutanen Espanya sun fara rarraba mazauna asali a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar, ma'ana' yan Afirka da ba su da cikakkun hakkoki, kuma ba su da 'yanci, suna nufin [[Mutanen Fernandino|Fernandinos]], gauraye-race, masu kiraye-kiraye. Wadannan ka'idoji ba a tsara su a hukumance ba har tsawon shekaru ashirin.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}} Dokar Sarauta ta 17 ga Yulin 1928 ta kafa ka'idoji ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Guinea ta Spain, ta rarraba su a matsayin batutuwa ba na ƙasa ba (Spanish: súbditos no nacionales) na Spain.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Ya raba batutuwa zuwa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dokar Mutanen Espanya da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin doka ta al'ada da dokoki na musamman da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta zartar a madadin su.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}A ranar 29 ga Satumba 1938 Dokar Kula da 'yan asalin ƙasar (Spanish: Estatuto del Patronato de Indígenas) ta haifar da alaƙar kulawa tsakanin' yan asalin ƙasar da jihar, inda mazauna ƙasar suka gaza bisa doka.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Janar Ordinance na 1938 (Spanish: Ordenanza General de los Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea) ya bayyana mulkin mallaka a matsayin kamfani na kasuwanci kuma ya bayyana cewa ba a dauki yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙasarsu Mutanen Espanya ba, maimakon wani ɓangare na daularta.{{Sfn|Campos Serrano|2000}}{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}[Notes 1] A karkashin ka'idojin da aka zartar a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1944, Babban Darakta na Maroko na iya ba da cikakken ko iyakantaccen 'yanci bisa ga takardar shaidar ƙwararru ko ilimi. Mazauna da suka sami 'yanci sun kasance ƙarƙashin Dokar Jama'a da Kasuwanci ta Mutanen Espanya, da Dokar Laifi.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Mata da 'ya'yan asalin da suka sami cikakken' yanci sun sami damar samun cikakken' yancin kuma daga 1949, tare da wucewar Dokar 21, sun sami takardar shaidar matsayinsu.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Wadanda ke da iyakantaccen 'yanci suna da iyakancewar damar samun kariya ta dokokin Spain kuma waɗanda ba a 'yanci ba suna ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka da al'adun kabilanci.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}} Wani yunkuri na adawa da mulkin mallaka ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1950, kuma a cikin 1959 an canza matsayin Fernando Po da Río Muni daga mulkin mallaka zuwa lardin.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}Tsarin shari'a wanda ya ba da matsayi daban-daban ga 'yan Afirka da ba a daidaita su ba kuma an ba Fernandinos cikakken' yan ƙasa a shekara ta 1959.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}Canjin ya haifar da ci gaban gwagwarmayar siyasa, wanda ya haifar da Spain ta ba da ikon cin gashin kanta ga Equatorial Guinea a shekarar 1962.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}{{Sfn|Campos|2003}}Dokar 191, (Spanish: Ley de bases del Regimen Autónomo de Guinea Ecuatorial) ta wuce a 1963, ta kafa tushen sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai kuma ta tsara cewa 'yan asalin Fernando Po da Río Muni suna da hakkoki da wajibai iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka tabbatar wa' yan ƙasar Spain a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki. {{Sfn|Campos|2003}}{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Masanin shari'a na Mutanen Espanya kuma farfesa, [[Manuel Peña y Bernaldo de Quirós|Manuel Peña da Bernaldo de Quirós]], ya bayyana cewa dokar ba ta ba Equatoguineans 'yan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya ba; sun kasance batutuwan Mutanen Espanya amma tare da haƙƙoƙi na asali.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}{{Sfn|Pau|2018}}An gudanar da raba gardama wanda ya amince da shirin a matsayin mataki na farko a cikin tsarin samun 'yancin kai.{{Sfn|Campos|2003}}Dokar 1885, da aka bayar a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1964, ta soke dokar 1959, kuma ta bayar a Babi na II, Mataki na II, cewa 'yan asalin Equatorial Guinea suna da hakkoki iri ɗaya da mazaunan Spain.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}A shekara ta 1966, a gayyatar Spain tawagar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ziyarci Equatorial Guinea. Yawancin mazauna da suka bayyana a gaban kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun goyi bayan 'yancin kai.{{Sfn|Campos|2003}}A kan wannan dalili, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bukaci Spain da ta kafa kwanan wata, ba daga watan Yulin 1968 ba don canja wurin iko ga mutanen Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Campos|2003}} === Bayan samun 'yancin kai (1968-yanzu) === Equatorial Guinea ta sami 'yancin kanta a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1968.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1968 a lokacin samun 'yancin Equatorial Guinea musamman ya ba da izini ga 'yan Afirka da aka haifa a yankin don samun' yancin Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}Sauran wadanda suka cancanci zama 'yan kasa sune wadanda aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Jama'a ta Mutanen Espanya, wanda a lokacin samun' yancin kai an sake sabunta shi a shekarar 1954.{{Sfn|US State Department|2017}}{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}A karkashin ka'idojin dokar, mace mai aure na iya riƙe 'yancinta idan ƙasar mijinta ba ta ba ta' yan ƙasa ta atomatik ba.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Yara sun sami 'yan ƙasa daga mahaifinsu, sai dai idan mahaifin ba shi da ƙasa, a wannan yanayin za su iya samun' yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Idan an haifi yaro a ko'ina ga akalla iyaye daya da aka haifa a yankin, ko kuma a cikin yankin ga baƙi waɗanda ba su da kariya ta diflomasiyya, sun sami 'yancin Equatoguinean ta atomatik.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}{{Sfn|USOPM|2001}}Dokar Sarauta ta 2987 da aka bayar a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1977, ta amince da cewa wasu Equatoguineans suna da 'yancin Spain kafin samun' yancin kai kuma sun kafa tsari don dawo da matsayin Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Saboda ci gaba da rikice-rikice game da batun ƙasa, dokar Mutanen Espanya ta ba da cewa Equatoguineans da ke zaune a Spain a lokacin da aka gabatar da dokar suna da shekara guda, ko shekara guda daga ranar da suka kai mafi rinjaye, don bayyana cewa suna so su zama 'yan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}} Dokar farko ta kasar game da kasa, ban da tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki an zartar da ita a cikin 1990.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}A karkashin ka'idojin Kasa na 1990, mata ba su iya sauƙaƙe zama 'yan ƙasa na matarsu ta waje ba kuma ta atomatik sun sami' yan ƙasa na mijinta bayan aure.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Mazaunin don samun 'yan ƙasa ya kasance shekaru goma ga yawancin masu neman zama' yan ƙasa, amma akwai banbanci. Ga mutanen da suka saka hannun jari ko suka ba da misali ga al'ummar kawai ana buƙatar zama na shekaru biyar kuma ga mutanen da aka haifa a Equatorial Guinea ko kuma 'yan Equatoguineans suka karɓa, lokacin ya kasance shekaru biyu.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Wani bita na Dokar Kasa a cikin 2011 ya ba da damar ma'aurata su sami daidaito na ƙasa, sun ba da izinin zama biyu, da kuma sauƙaƙe dokoki don samun ƙasa a lokacin haihuwa, amma sun tsawaita buƙatun zama don zama ɗan ƙasa zuwa shekaru arba'in.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}} A cikin 2020, wani shari'a (Repertorio Oficial de Jurisprudencia: STS 2668/2020) da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli ta Spain ta yarda cewa a cikin shari'ar Mutanen Espanya, mazaunan tsoffin mazauna Equatorial Guinea, Ifni da Yammacin Sahara ba su da 'yancin Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Rashin lambar ƙasa ta Mutanen Espanya, Dokar Jama'a ta 1889, kamar yadda aka gyara, ta ƙayyade ƙasar Mutanen Espanya kuma ta bayyana mutane a matsayin Mutanen Espanya kamar waɗanda suka fito daga Mutanen Espanya ko waɗanda ba su da ƙasa ko waɗanda ba a san su ba waɗanda aka haifa a Spain.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Saboda Equatorial Guinea ta ba da 'yancin zama daga' yancin kai, Spain ta ba da' yancin zama ga waɗanda ke zaune a Spain a cikin 1977 a ƙarƙashin iyakantaccen yanayi, kuma dokar Mutanen Espanya ta ba da damar' yan Equatoguineans su zama ɗan gajeren zama don zama' yan ƙasa a matsayin Mutanen Espanya, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa asalin Mutanen Espanya ba ya shafi 'yan Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] opbg0h4gbm7tlsm6ak8rpwql1l66kcl 966551 966543 2026-10-11T17:12:27Z Almustapha bk 49060 966551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dokar 'yan kasa ta Equatoguinean ta tsara ta Kundin [[Constitution of Equatorial Guinea|Tsarin Mulki na Equatorial Guinea]], kamar yadda aka yi gyare-gyare; Dokar' yan kasa ta Equadoguinean, da sake dubawa; da kuma yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta sanya hannu.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Wadannan dokoki sun ƙayyade wanda ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasa na Equatorial Guinea.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Hanyar shari'a don samun [[Nationality|kasa]], zama memba na doka a cikin ƙasa, ya bambanta da dangantakar cikin gida na haƙƙoƙi da wajibai tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka sani da [[Citizenship|zama ɗan ƙasa]]. {{Sfn|Fransman|2011}}Ana samun 'yancin Equatoguinean a ƙarƙashin ka'idar jus soli, watau ta hanyar haihuwa a Equatorial Guinea, ko jus sanguinis, wanda aka haifa wa iyaye da ke da' yancin Equat Guinea.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Ana iya ba da shi ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar, ko kuma ga mazaunin dindindin wanda ya zauna a ƙasar na wani lokaci ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Samun 'yan kasa == Za'a iya samun kasa a Equatorial Guinea a lokacin haihuwa ko daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar zama 'yan kasa.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} === Ta hanyar haihuwa === Wadanda suka sami 'yan kasa a lokacin haihuwa sun hada da: * Yaran da aka haifa a ko'ina waɗanda suke da aƙalla iyaye ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance ɗan ƙasar Equatoguinean ta hanyar haihuwa. ko {{Sfn|Manby|2016}}{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} === Ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa === Za'a iya ba da izini ga mutanen da suka zauna a yankin na isasshen lokaci don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci Mutanen Espanya ko wani harshe da aka yi amfani da shi a kasar, da al'adu da al'adun al'umma.{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}}Gabaɗaya tanadi shine cewa masu neman suna da hali mai kyau da halayyar; ba su da hukunci na laifi a ciki ko a waje da ƙasar; ba su na cututtukan da ke yaduwa; sun biya haraji da gudummawar tsaro; kuma sun ci gaba da zama a ƙasar har tsawon shekaru arba'in.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}}Baya ga baƙi da suka cika ka'idojin, wasu mutanen da za a iya zama 'yan ƙasa sun haɗa da:{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Matar doka ta ɗan ƙasar Equatoguinean bayan shekaru goma na zama da zama tare a yankin; {{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Mutanen da aka haifa a Equatorial Guinea waɗanda ke zaune a Equatoriel Guinea a lokacin mafi rinjaye za su iya zama 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar sanarwar, idan sun ci gaba da zama a yankin na tsawon shekaru goma; {{Sfn|Manby|2016}}{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Yaran da aka karɓa suna samun 'yancin Equatoguinean bayan kammala tallafin doka; {{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Mutanen da aka haifi mahaifinsu ko mahaifiyarsu a Equatorial Guinea na iya samun 'yan kasa bayan shekara guda na zama; ko {{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} * Mutanen da kakanninsu aka haifa a Equatorial Guinea waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon iyaye na Equatoguinean na iya samun ƙasa bayan zama na shekaru biyu yayin da suke ƙarami, ko a cikin shekara guda bayan samun rinjaye.{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} == Rashin 'yan kasa == 'Yan ƙasa na Equatoguinean na iya yin watsi da' yan ƙasa har sai da jihar ta amince da su. Ƙasar da aka yi watsi da ita za a iya sake dawowa ta hanyar yin kira ga Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Harkokin Addini da Cibiyoyin Kurkuku. Ana iya lalata 'yan ƙasa a Equatorial Guinea saboda samun' yan ƙasa biyu ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba ko don zamba, rashin wakilci, ko ɓoyewa a cikin takardar neman zama' yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2017}} == Kasuwanci biyu == An ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu a Equatorial Guinea tun shekara ta 2011.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}Tun daga shekara ta 1990, an haramta wa shugaban kasa ya rike kasashe da yawa ko kuma ya zama ɗan Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin Portuguese (1472-1778) === Neman gano hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indiya]], mai binciken [[Daular Portuguese|Portuguese]] Fernão do Pó, ya ga tsibirin [[Bioko]] a cikin 1472.{{Sfn|Blake|2016}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Ya ba da sunan tsibirin ''Formosa'' ("Kyakkyawan"), amma ana kiransa "Fernando Po".{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}A cikin shekaru biyu, tsibirin [[Annobón]], Príncipe, da [[Sao Tomé|São Tomé]] suma sun tsara su ta Portuguese.{{Sfn|Blake|2016}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Dangane da binciken da yi, a shekara ta 1480 Portugal ta yi ikirarin bakin tekun Afirka tsakanin Argin, a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] ta yanzu, da {{Interlanguage link|Pointe Sainte-Catherine|ceb|Pointe Sainte-Catherine (punta sa Gabon)}} [ceb], a Gabon ta yanzu, kazalika da tsibirin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] da Gulf of Guinea.{{Sfn|Blake|2016}}A cikin 1521, Dokokin Manuel I (Portuguese: Ordenações Manuelinas), sun tabbatar da cewa batutuwa sune waɗanda aka haifa a yankin Portuguese kuma waɗanda suka bar yankin ba tare da izinin mai mulki ba shine dalilin da ya sa aka lalata su.{{Sfn|Coates|2001}}{{Sfn|Passinhas|2019}}A cikin 1603, Dokokin Philip I [pt] (Portuguese: Ordenações Filipinas) sun tabbatar da cewa talakawan Portuguese yara ne da aka haifa a Yankin Iberian ko tsibirai da ke kusa, Brazil, ko kuma ga wani jami'in da ke aiki da kambi a cikin mallakar Portuguese na Afirka ko Asiya, wanda mahaifinsa ɗan asalin Portugal ne, ko kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Portugal ce kuma ta auri baƙo wanda ya kafa gida a Portugal na akalla shekaru goma. Wadanda ba su yi hidima ga kambin a cikin mulkin mallaka (sai dai Brazil) ba a dauke su Portuguese ba.{{Sfn|Jerónimo|2017}}Yaro ba zai iya samun 'yan ƙasa kai tsaye daga mahaifiyarsa ba sai dai idan Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.{{Sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020}} === Lokacin Mutanen Espanya (1778-1968) === Da yake so ya sake kafa iyakar mulkin mallaka na Brazil wanda aka saita a 46th meridian yamma ta hanyar jerin bijimai na papal, Sarauniya Maria I ta Portugal ta tattauna da Sarki Charles III na Spain don fadada yankinsu don hada da ayyukan Portuguese a cikin kwandon Amazon da kudancin Brazil. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1777, kambuna biyu sun amince da sharuddan Yarjejeniyar San Ildefonso, wanda ya ba da yankunan Mutanen Espanya na Kudancin Amurka ga Portugal da yankunan bakin teku na Yammacin Afirka na Portugal, gami da Annobón da Fernando Po, ga Spain. A shekara mai zuwa, Maria da Charles sun sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar El Pardo (1778)|Yarjejeniyar El Pardo]] da ke sake tabbatar da ikon mallakar Spain a kan tsibirai biyu da [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Biafra]] tsakanin bakin Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]] da Ogoue.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}An tura Felipe José de los Santos Toro y Freyre, Count of Argelejos, a cikin 1778 daga [[Montevideo]] don mallaka da gudanar da sabon yankin Mutanen Espanya, amma ya mutu a cikin 'yan kwanaki bayan isowarsa.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Rashin lafiya da rikice-rikice tare da Portuguese a [[Sao Tomé|São Tomé]] sun rage rukunin mulkin mallaka na farko na mutane 150 zuwa 26, waɗanda suka koma Montevideo a shekara ta 1783. Rashin nasarar yunkurin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da ƙarancin sha'awa daga Spain ga mallakarta ta Yammacin Afirka na shekaru hamsin.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}An sanya su a cikin gwamnatin Viceroyalty na Río de la Plata, wanda ke zaune a [[Buenos Aires]], har zuwa 1810 sannan kuma an ba da hayar yankin a 1817.{{Sfn|Moya|2021}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}} Tsarin mulki na farko na Spain, Tsarin Mulki na Cadiz, wanda aka kafa a 1812, musamman an san shi a matsayin 'yan ƙasa kawai "mutane masu 'yanci, waɗanda aka haifa kuma suka girma a cikin mulkin Mutanen Espanya, da' ya'yansu maza".{{Sfn|Hernández Pina|2013}}{{Sfn|Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|2016}}An ba da izinin 'Yanci daga Afirka da baƙi da ke zaune a cikin yankin Mutanen Espanya su zama 'yanci a matsayin Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Peña|2002}}An zartar da dokar a lokacin (1808-1814) lokacin da aka tsare Ferdinand VII na Spain a Faransa kuma an shirya ƙungiyoyin Mutanen Espanya don yin mulki a lokacin da ba ya nan. Komawar Ferdinand zuwa mulki da kuma shelar sake kafa Cikakken mulkin mallaka ya haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai na Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Kinsbruner|2000}}A cikin 1814 bayan ya dawo Spain daga bauta a Faransa, Ferdinand VII ya soke kundin tsarin mulki kuma ya sake dawo da cikakken mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai a duk faɗin Mutanen Espanya Amurka.{{Sfn|Peña|2002}}{{Sfn|Carano|Sanchez|1980}}Juyin Juya Halin a cikin 1820 ya sake dawo da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cádiz, amma dawowar Ferdinand zuwa mulki a cikin 1823, ya sake dakatar da shi.{{Sfn|Chusid|2012}}Rashin kwanciyar hankali a daular Mutanen Espanya ya ci gaba har zuwa 1874 tare da lokutan rikici da kwanciyar hankali kawai don sake fashewa cikin tashin hankali.{{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}}An sake dawo da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cádiz a cikin 1836 kuma an soke shi shekara guda bayan haka.{{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}} A cikin 1839, Birtaniya sun yi ƙoƙari su sayi Annobón da Fernando Po, amma ba za a iya amincewa da farashi ba. Lokacin da Isabella II ta hau gadon sarauta a 1843, ta aika da kwamiti don sake kafa gwamnatin Spain a yankin. A karkashin jagorancin Juan José Lerena da Barry, sun ba da umarnin korar masu wa'azi na Baptist, sunayen wurare da za a sake suna a cikin Mutanen Espanya, kuma sun ba da izini ga [[John Beecroft]], gwamnan Burtaniya, ya kasance a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Guinea ta Mutanen Espanya. A cikin ƙasa, Lerena ta tattauna yarjejeniyoyi tare da shugabannin Ndowe na gida, ta ba su 'yancin Mutanen Espanya, kafin ta sake tabbatar da ikon mallakar Mutanen Espanya a kan Annobón kuma ta koma Spain.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Bayan rasuwar Beecroft a shekara ta 1854, mataimakinsa [[James W. B. Lynslager]], wanda shi ma na Burtaniya ne, kambin Mutanen Espanya ya nada shi a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Guinea ta Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Ya yi aiki har zuwa 1858, lokacin da wani Mutanen Espanya, {{Interlanguage link|Carlos de Chacón y Michelena|es|Carlos de Chacón y Michelena}} [es], ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya kafa manufofin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya wajen gudanar da yankin.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}Daga 1858 har zuwa 1904, gwamnatocin Faransa da Spain sun yi ikirarin Río Muni, yankin da Portugal ta ba da shi ga Spain.{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}}{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}Kodayake Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1900 ta kafa iyakoki ga yankunan Faransa da Mutanen Espanya, rikice-rikice ya kasance har sai Vatican ta warware batun a madadin Spain kuma ta nada bishop don yin hidima daga [[Malabo|Santa Isabel]].{{Sfn|Campos Serrano|2000}}{{Sfn|Fegley|1989}} Yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na Carlist da Juyin Juya Halin Mutanen Espanya na 1868 ya biyo baya, ya haifar da gwajin dimokuradiyya da kuma tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1869. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi kira ga manyan sauye-sauye na mulkin mallaka, amma kafin a iya yin su a kan Yaƙin Carlist na Uku da kuma Maido da mulkin mallaka ya kawo karshen ikonsa.{{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}}An karɓi sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1876, kuma a cikin 1889 an karɓi Dokar Jama'a ta Mutanen Espanya ta farko. {{Sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020}}{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}An mika Dokar zuwa [[Puerto Rico]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], Philippines da [[Guam]], suna kafa cewa an sami 'yan ƙasa ko dai daga haihuwa a yankin Mutanen Espanya ko ta hanyar zuriya daga ɗan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Oehser|1943}}{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Yara na halal na iya samun 'yan ƙasa daga uba, amma kawai' ya'yan banza na iya samun' yan ƙasar Spain daga uwa, kamar yadda ake buƙatar mace mai aure ta ɗauki' yancin mijinta.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi tanadi ga baƙi su zama 'yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}A cikin 1904, masu gudanarwa na Mutanen Espanya sun fara rarraba mazauna asali a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar, ma'ana' yan Afirka da ba su da cikakkun hakkoki, kuma ba su da 'yanci, suna nufin [[Mutanen Fernandino|Fernandinos]], gauraye-race, masu kiraye-kiraye. Wadannan ka'idoji ba a tsara su a hukumance ba har tsawon shekaru ashirin.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}} Dokar Sarauta ta 17 ga Yulin 1928 ta kafa ka'idoji ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Guinea ta Spain, ta rarraba su a matsayin batutuwa ba na ƙasa ba (Spanish: súbditos no nacionales) na Spain.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Ya raba batutuwa zuwa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dokar Mutanen Espanya da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin doka ta al'ada da dokoki na musamman da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta zartar a madadin su.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}A ranar 29 ga Satumba 1938 Dokar Kula da 'yan asalin ƙasar (Spanish: Estatuto del Patronato de Indígenas) ta haifar da alaƙar kulawa tsakanin' yan asalin ƙasar da jihar, inda mazauna ƙasar suka gaza bisa doka.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Janar Ordinance na 1938 (Spanish: Ordenanza General de los Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea) ya bayyana mulkin mallaka a matsayin kamfani na kasuwanci kuma ya bayyana cewa ba a dauki yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙasarsu Mutanen Espanya ba, maimakon wani ɓangare na daularta.{{Sfn|Campos Serrano|2000}}{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}[Notes 1] A karkashin ka'idojin da aka zartar a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1944, Babban Darakta na Maroko na iya ba da cikakken ko iyakantaccen 'yanci bisa ga takardar shaidar ƙwararru ko ilimi. Mazauna da suka sami 'yanci sun kasance ƙarƙashin Dokar Jama'a da Kasuwanci ta Mutanen Espanya, da Dokar Laifi.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Mata da 'ya'yan asalin da suka sami cikakken' yanci sun sami damar samun cikakken' yancin kuma daga 1949, tare da wucewar Dokar 21, sun sami takardar shaidar matsayinsu.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Wadanda ke da iyakantaccen 'yanci suna da iyakancewar damar samun kariya ta dokokin Spain kuma waɗanda ba a 'yanci ba suna ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka da al'adun kabilanci.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}} Wani yunkuri na adawa da mulkin mallaka ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1950, kuma a cikin 1959 an canza matsayin Fernando Po da Río Muni daga mulkin mallaka zuwa lardin.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}Tsarin shari'a wanda ya ba da matsayi daban-daban ga 'yan Afirka da ba a daidaita su ba kuma an ba Fernandinos cikakken' yan ƙasa a shekara ta 1959.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}Canjin ya haifar da ci gaban gwagwarmayar siyasa, wanda ya haifar da Spain ta ba da ikon cin gashin kanta ga Equatorial Guinea a shekarar 1962.{{Sfn|Okenve Martínez|2016}}{{Sfn|Campos|2003}}Dokar 191, (Spanish: Ley de bases del Regimen Autónomo de Guinea Ecuatorial) ta wuce a 1963, ta kafa tushen sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai kuma ta tsara cewa 'yan asalin Fernando Po da Río Muni suna da hakkoki da wajibai iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka tabbatar wa' yan ƙasar Spain a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki. {{Sfn|Campos|2003}}{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}Masanin shari'a na Mutanen Espanya kuma farfesa, [[Manuel Peña y Bernaldo de Quirós|Manuel Peña da Bernaldo de Quirós]], ya bayyana cewa dokar ba ta ba Equatoguineans 'yan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya ba; sun kasance batutuwan Mutanen Espanya amma tare da haƙƙoƙi na asali.{{Sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991}}{{Sfn|Pau|2018}}An gudanar da raba gardama wanda ya amince da shirin a matsayin mataki na farko a cikin tsarin samun 'yancin kai.{{Sfn|Campos|2003}}Dokar 1885, da aka bayar a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1964, ta soke dokar 1959, kuma ta bayar a Babi na II, Mataki na II, cewa 'yan asalin Equatorial Guinea suna da hakkoki iri ɗaya da mazaunan Spain.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}A shekara ta 1966, a gayyatar Spain tawagar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ziyarci Equatorial Guinea. Yawancin mazauna da suka bayyana a gaban kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun goyi bayan 'yancin kai.{{Sfn|Campos|2003}}A kan wannan dalili, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bukaci Spain da ta kafa kwanan wata, ba daga watan Yulin 1968 ba don canja wurin iko ga mutanen Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Campos|2003}} === Bayan samun 'yancin kai (1968-yanzu) === Equatorial Guinea ta sami 'yancin kanta a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1968.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1968 a lokacin samun 'yancin Equatorial Guinea musamman ya ba da izini ga 'yan Afirka da aka haifa a yankin don samun' yancin Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}Sauran wadanda suka cancanci zama 'yan kasa sune wadanda aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Jama'a ta Mutanen Espanya, wanda a lokacin samun' yancin kai an sake sabunta shi a shekarar 1954.{{Sfn|US State Department|2017}}{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}A karkashin ka'idojin dokar, mace mai aure na iya riƙe 'yancinta idan ƙasar mijinta ba ta ba ta' yan ƙasa ta atomatik ba.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Yara sun sami 'yan ƙasa daga mahaifinsu, sai dai idan mahaifin ba shi da ƙasa, a wannan yanayin za su iya samun' yan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}Idan an haifi yaro a ko'ina ga akalla iyaye daya da aka haifa a yankin, ko kuma a cikin yankin ga baƙi waɗanda ba su da kariya ta diflomasiyya, sun sami 'yancin Equatoguinean ta atomatik.{{Sfn|Viñas Farré|2009}}{{Sfn|USOPM|2001}}Dokar Sarauta ta 2987 da aka bayar a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1977, ta amince da cewa wasu Equatoguineans suna da 'yancin Spain kafin samun' yancin kai kuma sun kafa tsari don dawo da matsayin Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Saboda ci gaba da rikice-rikice game da batun ƙasa, dokar Mutanen Espanya ta ba da cewa Equatoguineans da ke zaune a Spain a lokacin da aka gabatar da dokar suna da shekara guda, ko shekara guda daga ranar da suka kai mafi rinjaye, don bayyana cewa suna so su zama 'yan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}} Dokar farko ta kasar game da kasa, ban da tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki an zartar da ita a cikin 1990.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}}A karkashin ka'idojin Kasa na 1990, mata ba su iya sauƙaƙe zama 'yan ƙasa na matarsu ta waje ba kuma ta atomatik sun sami' yan ƙasa na mijinta bayan aure.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Mazaunin don samun 'yan ƙasa ya kasance shekaru goma ga yawancin masu neman zama' yan ƙasa, amma akwai banbanci. Ga mutanen da suka saka hannun jari ko suka ba da misali ga al'ummar kawai ana buƙatar zama na shekaru biyar kuma ga mutanen da aka haifa a Equatorial Guinea ko kuma 'yan Equatoguineans suka karɓa, lokacin ya kasance shekaru biyu.{{Sfn|Manby|2016}}Wani bita na Dokar Kasa a cikin 2011 ya ba da damar ma'aurata su sami daidaito na ƙasa, sun ba da izinin zama biyu, da kuma sauƙaƙe dokoki don samun ƙasa a lokacin haihuwa, amma sun tsawaita buƙatun zama don zama ɗan ƙasa zuwa shekaru arba'in.{{Sfn|Manby|2018}} A cikin 2020, wani shari'a (Repertorio Oficial de Jurisprudencia: STS 2668/2020) da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli ta Spain ta yarda cewa a cikin shari'ar Mutanen Espanya, mazaunan tsoffin mazauna Equatorial Guinea, Ifni da Yammacin Sahara ba su da 'yancin Mutanen Espanya.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Rashin lambar ƙasa ta Mutanen Espanya, Dokar Jama'a ta 1889, kamar yadda aka gyara, ta ƙayyade ƙasar Mutanen Espanya kuma ta bayyana mutane a matsayin Mutanen Espanya kamar waɗanda suka fito daga Mutanen Espanya ko waɗanda ba su da ƙasa ko waɗanda ba a san su ba waɗanda aka haifa a Spain.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}}Saboda Equatorial Guinea ta ba da 'yancin zama daga' yancin kai, Spain ta ba da' yancin zama ga waɗanda ke zaune a Spain a cikin 1977 a ƙarƙashin iyakantaccen yanayi, kuma dokar Mutanen Espanya ta ba da damar' yan Equatoguineans su zama ɗan gajeren zama don zama' yan ƙasa a matsayin Mutanen Espanya, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa asalin Mutanen Espanya ba ya shafi 'yan Equatoguinean.{{Sfn|Castelucci Paoloni|2021}} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i1t0owvhe2mtnb306t76m10r6n4vsi9 Duiker 0 178980 966550 2026-10-11T17:12:24Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378833190|Duiker]]" 966550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}}<templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />{{cladogram|align=left|title=|caption=Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with ''[[Tragelaphus]]'', based on Johnston ''et al.'' 2012|cladogram={{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade|label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cape bushbuck|Bushbuck]] |2=[[Sitatunga]] }} |2={{clade |1= [[Royal antelope]] |2={{clade|label1= |1=[[Klipspringer]] |2={{clade |1=[[Kirk's dik-dik]] |2={{clade |2={{clade |1= [[Blue duiker]] |2= [[Maxwell's duiker]]}} |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Common duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Abbott's duiker]] |2=[[Yellow-backed duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Jentink's duiker]] |2=[[Bay duiker]] }} }} }} |2=[[Zebra duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Aders's duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Red-flanked duiker]] |2=[[Black-fronted duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Harvey's duiker]] |2=[[Red forest duiker]] }} }} |2=[[White-bellied duiker]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Black duiker]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Ogilby's duiker]] |2=[[Peters' duiker]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}}}{{Automatic taxobox}}<templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />{{cladogram|align=left|title=|caption=Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with ''[[Tragelaphus]]'', based on Johnston ''et al.'' 2012|cladogram={{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade|label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cape bushbuck|Bushbuck]] |2=[[Sitatunga]] }} |2={{clade |1= [[Royal antelope]] |2={{clade|label1= |1=[[Klipspringer]] |2={{clade |1=[[Kirk's dik-dik]] |2={{clade |2={{clade |1= [[Blue duiker]] |2= [[Maxwell's duiker]]}} |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Common duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Abbott's duiker]] |2=[[Yellow-backed duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Jentink's duiker]] |2=[[Bay duiker]] }} }} }} |2=[[Zebra duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Aders's duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Red-flanked duiker]] |2=[[Black-fronted duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Harvey's duiker]] |2=[[Red forest duiker]] }} }} |2=[[White-bellied duiker]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Black duiker]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Ogilby's duiker]] |2=[[Peters' duiker]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}}}duiker (IPA: /ˈdaɪkər/) ƙaramin dabba ne mai matsakaici wanda ke da asalin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. Yawancin jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, yayin da Duiker na yau da kullun shine kawai duiker na daji kuma yana zaune a cikin savannah. Dabbobi 22 da suka wanzu, ciki har da uku waɗanda wasu lokuta ake bi da su a matsayin ƙananan, sun samar da kabilar Cephalophini (wanda aka rarraba a matsayin iyalin Cephalolophina Duikers suna jin kunya, yawanci dabbobi masu zaman kansu da suka saba da motsawa ta hanyar murfin da aka rufe. Kodayake da farko masu bincike, suna kuma cin 'ya'yan itace kuma a wasu lokuta dabbobi. Suna aiki a matsayin masu watsa iri, kuma yawancin jinsuna suna fuskantar barazanar asarar mazaunin da kuma yawan farauta don [[Naman daji|nama na daji]]. Sunan gama gari "duik" ya fito ne daga kalmar Afrikaans duik, ko Dutch duiken - dukansu suna nufin "tsuntsu", [1] wanda ke nufin aikin dabbobi su nutse cikin ciyayi akai-akai don rufewa. [2] == Bayyanawa == [[File:Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg|thumb|Blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola) '' kwarangwal a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Osteology]] Duikers suna da jin kunya sosai, halittu masu rikitarwa tare da sha'awar murfin da ya fi yawa; waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da suka fi budewa, alal misali, suna da sauri su ɓace cikin daji don kariya; saboda ƙarancin su da yawan jama'a, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da duikers ba. Don haka, ƙarin ƙididdigar sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka fi nazarin su: jan gandun daji, shuɗi, mai launin rawaya, da kuma launin toka na yau da kullun ana lura da su. Duikers sun kasance daga + 1⁄2 ) blue duiker zuwa {{Convert|70|kg|lb}} kg (150 yellow-backed duiker. {{Convert|3|kg|lb}}Girman jiki ya yi daidai da adadin abinci da girman abinci. Abubuwan da ke tattare da jikin mutum kamar siffar kai da wuyansa suma suna iyakance adadin da girman abincin da ake ci. "Bambance-bambance na anatomical... suna sanya ƙarin ƙuntatawa akan cin abinci" wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen hanyoyin abinci tsakanin nau'ikan duiker daban-daban.<ref name="Newing" /> Tare da jikinsu ƙasa kuma tare da gajerun ƙahoni, ana gina duikers na gandun daji don kewayawa yadda ya kamata ta cikin gandun daji masu yawa kuma da sauri su nutse cikin daji lokacin da aka yi barazana. Tun da yake duiker mai launin toka na yau da kullun yana zaune a wuraren da suka fi budewa, kamar savannah, yana da kafafu masu tsawo da ƙahoni masu tsaye, wanda ke ba shi damar gudu da sauri da kuma nesa mai tsawo; maza ne kawai, waɗanda suka fi rikici da yanki, suna nuna ƙahoni. Duikers kuma suna da glandun preorbital masu tasowa, waɗanda suke kama da raguwa a ƙarƙashin idanunsu, ko kuma a cikin yanayin duikers masu launin shudi, glandun pedal a kan ƙafafun.<ref name="Jarman" /> Maza suna amfani da ɓoye daga waɗannan ƙwayoyin don nuna yankunansu. == Tarihi da ilimin lissafi == Duikers sun kasu kashi biyu bisa ga mazauninsu - gandun daji da daji duikers. Dukkanin nau'ikan gandun daji suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, yayin da kawai sanannun daji duiker, [[Gada|launin toka na yau da kullun]] (na jinsin ''Sylvicapra'') ya mamaye savannah. kabilar Cephalophini (tsohon subfamily Cephalolophinae) ta ƙunshi nau'o'i uku da nau'o-nau'i 22, uku dangi cikinsu wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'o" na sauran nau'oʼin. Wadannan nau'o'in guda uku sun hada da ''Cephalophus'' (nau'i 15 da nau'o-nau'i uku), ''Philantomba'' (nau'o'i uku) da ''[[Gada|Sylvicapra]]'' (nau'in daya). Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Burtaniya John Edward Gray ne ya fara bayyana iyalin a cikin 1871 a cikin Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] "''cephal''" mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga haɗuwa da sabon kalmar Latin cephal, ma'ana kai, da kalmar Helenanci ''lophos'', ma'anar ƙwanƙwasawa. Dabbobi uku da ake jayayya da su a cikin ''Cephalophus'' sune Duiker na Brooke (''C. brookei''), Ruwenzori duiker (''C. rubidis''), da kuma Duiker mai fararen kafafu (''C. crusalbum''). An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'in Ogilby's duiker (''C. nigrifrons''), masanin ilimin muhalli na Burtaniya Peter Grubb ya ɗaukaka duiker na Brooke zuwa matsayin jinsin a shekarar 1998. Matsayinta a matsayin jinsin ya kara da shi a cikin littafin 2002 da Grubb da abokin aiki Colin Groves suka wallafa. Koyaya, masu ilimin dabbobi kamar Jonathan Kingdon suna ci gaba da bi da shi a matsayin nau'in jinsin. Ruwenzori duiker gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in Duiker mai baƙar fata (''C. nigrifrons''). Koyaya, manyan bambance-bambance daga wani tseren iri ɗaya, ''C. n. kivuensis'', wanda yake da tausayi a kan tsaunukan Ruwenzori, ya jagoranci Kingdon ya ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama nau'in daban-daban gaba ɗaya. Grubb ya bi da duiker mai fararen kafafu a matsayin nau'in duiker na Ogilby a cikin 1978, amma shi da Groves sun dauke shi a matsayin nau" mai zaman kansa bayan sake duiker a cikin 2011. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grubb |first=P. |date=1978 |title=A new antelope from Gabon |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=373–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01048.x}}</ref> Wannan ya goyi bayan binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2003. Wani binciken phylogenetic na 2001 ya raba ''Cephalophus'' zuwa nau'o'i uku daban-daban - manyan duikers, gabashin Afirka ja duikers da yammacin Afirka ja duakers. Abbott's duiker (''C. spadix''), [[Bay duiker]] (''C. dorsalis''), Jentink's duoker (''C. jentinki'') da yellow-backed duiker (c. silvicultor) an rarraba su a matsayin giant duikers. Red duikers na gabashin Afirka sun haɗa da duiker mai baƙar fata (''C. nigrifrons''), Duiker na Harvey (''C. harveyi''), duiker mai ja (''C. rufilatus''), duiker ja (C,''C. natalensis''), Ruwenzori duiker, da duiker fararen ciki (''C. leucogaster''). Ƙungiya ta uku, ja duikers na yammacin Afirka, sun haɗa da baƙar fata (''C. niger''), duiker na Ogilby, Duiker na Peters (''C. callipygus''), da Duiker na Weyns (''C. Weinsi''). Koyaya, matsayin nau'o'i biyu, Duiker na Aders da duiker na zebra, sun kasance masu shakka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=B.J. |last2=Robinson |first2=T.J. |year=2001 |title=Retrieval of four adaptive lineages in duiker antelope: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences and fluorescence in situ hybridization |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=409–25 |bibcode=2001MolPE..20..409V |doi=10.1006/mpev.2001.0962 |pmid=11527467}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Anne R. Johnston (na Jami'ar Orleans) da abokan aiki sun gina cladogram na subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker) bisa ga nazarin mitochondrial.<ref name="johnston">{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=A.R |last2=Anthony |first2=N.M |year=2012 |title=A multi-locus species phylogeny of African forest duikers in the subfamily ''Cephalophinae'': evidence for a recent radiation in the Pleistocene |journal=[[BMC Evol. Biol.]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=120 |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..120J |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-120 |pmc=3523051 |pmid=22823504 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="johnston2">{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=A.R. |last2=Morikawa |first2=M. K. |last3=Ntie |first3=S. |last4=Anthony |first4=N. M. |date=2011 |title=Evaluating DNA barcoding criteria using African duiker antelope (''Cephalophinae'') as a test case |journal=[[Conservation Genetics]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1173–82 |bibcode=2011ConG...12.1173J |doi=10.1007/s10592-011-0220-2 |issn=1572-9737 |s2cid=22520513}}</ref> === Nau'o'in === * '''Ƙabilar Cephalophini''' :* Halitta ''Cephalophus'' ::* Abbott duiker, ''C. spadix'' ::* Duiker na Aders, ''C. adersi'' ::* [[Bay duiker]], ''C. dorsalis'' ::* Black duiker, ''C. niger'' ::* Duiker mai baƙar fata, ''C. nigrifrons'' ::* Brooke's duiker, ''C. brookei'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na Ogilby's duoker) ::* Duiker na Harvey, ''C. harveyi''[[File:Cephalophus_sylvicultor_sylvicultor2.jpg|right|thumb|Duiker mai launin rawaya]] ::* Jentink duiker, ''C. jentinki'' ::* Duiker na Ogilby, ''C. ogilbyi'' ::* Mai ba da labari na Peters, ''C. callipygus'' ::* Red-flanked duiker, ''C. rufilatus'' ::* Red Forest duiker, ''C. natalensis'' ::* Ruwenzori duiker, ''C. rubidus'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na duiker mai baƙar fata ko duiker mai ja) ::* Duiker na Weyns, ''C. Weinsi'' ::* White-bellied duiker, ''C. leucogaster'' ::* White-legged duiker ''C. crusalbum'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na Ogilby's duiker) ::* Duiker mai launin rawaya, C. silvicultor''C. mai kula da gandun daji'' ::* Zebra duiker, ''C. zebra'' :* Halitta ''Philantomba'' ::* Blue duiker, ''P. Monticola'' ::* Mawakin Maxwell, ''P. maxwellii'' ::* Duiker na Walter, ''P. walteri'' :* Halitta ''Sylvicapra'' ::* [[Gada|Duiker na yau da kullun]], ''S. grimmia'' == Halin da ake ciki == A waje da haifuwa, duikers suna kadaici, suna nuna kansu sosai kuma sun fi son yin aiki kadai. Wannan na iya bayyana, a wani bangare, iyakantaccen girman jima'i wanda yawancin nau'in duiker suka nuna, ban da duiker na yau da kullun, wanda mata suka fi maza girma. === Ma'amala === A shekara ta 2001, binciken Helen Newing a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] game da hulɗar duikers ya gano cewa girman jiki, fifiko na mazauni, da kuma tsarin aiki sune manyan abubuwan da suka bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan duikers guda bakwai. Wadannan bambance-bambance na musamman ga kowane nau'in duiker suna ba su damar kasancewa tare ta hanyar iyakance haɗuwa. Koyaya, kodayake har yanzu ba a yi la'akari da wasu nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari ba, saboda sake lalacewa da raguwar mazauninsu ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam, irin wannan ƙwarewar niches suna raguwa a hankali kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yawan jama'a. Saboda girman danginsu da yanayin da aka tanada, tsarin karewa na farko na duikers shine ɓoyewa daga masu cin nama. Duikers an san su da matsanancin jin kunya, suna daskarewa a ƙaramin alamar barazana kuma suna nutsewa cikin daji mafi kusa. Halin zamantakewar Duikers ya haɗa da kiyaye isasshen nesa tsakanin mutane.<ref name="Jarman" /> Koyaya, ya bambanta da yanayin da aka kiyaye, duikers sun fi tsananin fushi yayin da suke hulɗa da yankuna; suna nuna yankinsu da matansu da ɓoyewa daga ƙwayoyin su na preorbital kuma suna yaƙi da sauran duikers waɗanda ke kalubalantar ikonsu. Maza masu duikers na yau da kullun, musamman matasa maza, suna nuna yankunansu ta hanyar yin fitsari. Ga waɗancan duikers waɗanda ke tafiya su kaɗai, suna zaɓar yin hulɗa tare da wasu duikers sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a shekara, kawai don manufar jima'i.[1] Kodayake duikers a wasu lokuta suna kafa ƙungiyoyi na wucin gadi don tattara 'ya'yan itace da suka fadi, saboda ba a san komai game da yadda suke hulɗa da kuma shafar juna ba, ƙayyade waɗanne dalilai ne da suka fi taimakawa ga haɗarin su yana da wahala.[2] Duikers sun fi son zama su kaɗai ko a matsayin nau'i-nau'i don kauce wa gasa da ke fitowa daga zama a cikin babban rukuni. Sun kuma samo asali don zama masu cin abinci masu yawa, suna cin abinci ne kawai a kan takamaiman sassa na shuke-shuke. A zahiri, a cikin bincikensa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin girman rukuni da salon ciyarwa, P.J. Jarman ya gano cewa mafi yawan abincin kwayoyin halitta, mafi yawan abincinsa zai kasance, kuma saboda haka, mafi ƙanƙanta ƙungiyar ta zama. === Abinci === [[File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Cephalophus_harveyi.png|thumb|Masu bincike da makiyaya; Philip Sclater, 1894]] Duikers da farko masu bincike ne maimakon makiyaya, suna cin ganyayyaki, tsiro, tsaba, [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]], buds, da bark, kuma sau da yawa suna bin garken [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] ko dakarun [[Biri|birai]] don amfani da 'ya'ya itacen da suka sauke. Suna ƙara abincin su da nama: duikers na iya cinye kwari da gawa har ma da gudanar da kama doki ko kananan tsuntsaye daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Tunda abinci shine abin da ke yanke shawara, wurare daban-daban na tushen abinci galibi suna nuna rarraba duikers. Yayinda suke cin abinci a kan tsire-tsire masu yawa, suna zaɓar cin takamaiman sassan tsire-shire waɗanda suka fi gina jiki. Saboda haka, don ciyar da su yadda ya kamata, dole ne su saba da yankinsu kuma su saba da yanayin ƙasa da rarraba takamaiman tsire-tsire. Saboda irin waɗannan dalilai, duikers sake daidaitawa da sababbin mahalli da mazaunan mutane da kuma sare daji ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba.[tone] Ƙananan nau'o'in, alal misali blue duiker, yawanci suna cin tsaba daban-daban, yayin da manya ke cin abinci a kan manyan 'ya'yan itace. Tun da yake blue duikers suna da ƙananan gaske, sun fi dacewa wajen narke ƙananan [[Ingancin Abinci|Abubuwa masu inganci]]. Karɓar mafi yawan ruwan su daga abincin da suke ci, duikers ba sa dogara da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wuraren da ba su da ruwa. === Ayyuka === Duikers na iya zama na rana, na dare, ko duka biyun. Tun da yawancin tushen abinci yana samuwa a rana, duiker evolution ya fassara mafi yawan duikers a matsayin na rana. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin girman jiki da [[Bacci|Tsarin bacci]] a cikin duikers; yayin da karami zuwa matsakaici duikers suna nuna karuwar aiki da cin abinci a lokacin rana, manyan duikers sun fi aiki da dare. Wani banda ga wannan shine duiker mai launin rawaya, mafi girman jinsin, wanda ke aiki a rana da dare.<ref name="Newing" /> === Rarraba da yawa === Ana samun Duikers da tausayi a yankuna daban-daban. Yawancin jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiya]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], suna haifar da yankuna masu haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan duikers na gandun daji. Kodayake "girman jiki shine babban abin da ke tattare da bayyana mahimman ma'auni na kowane nau'in", sau da yawa yana nuna rarraba da yalwar duikers a cikin wani wurin zama da aka ba shi, rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikan duikers da yawa wanda ya dogara da rarraba da yawa sau da yawa. Misali, blue duiker da red forest duiker suna zaune tare a cikin wani karamin yanki na Mossapoula ([[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]). Duk da yake ana ganin duikers masu launin shudi akai-akai fiye da duikers na gandun daji a yankin da ake farauta da yawa na Mossapoula, ana lura da duikors na gandun dajin ja a yankunan da ba a yi amfani da su ba kamar yammacin Dja Reserve na [[Kamaru]]. == Muhalli == Tsaro na duikers yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mahimmanci tare da muhalli. Rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin yana haifar da gasa da ba a taɓa gani ba, duka na musamman da na intraspecific. Kafin shiga tsakani, tsarin albarkatun musamman wanda manyan duikers ke amfani da wani nau'in abinci da ƙananan duikers a kan wani, yana aiki kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin yanayin rana da na dare na duikers; wannan yana ba da damar wasu su raba niche ba tare da gasa ta musamman ba. Hakazalika, suna rage gasa ta intraspecific ta hanyar kasancewa kadai, masu zaman kansu, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen halaye na cin abinci. A sakamakon haka, rushewar ma'auni na gasa a cikin wani mazaunin sau da yawa yana haifar da tasirinsa ga ma'aunin gasa a wani mazaunin.<ref name="Newing" /> Hakazalika, [[Bay duiker|Bay]] da duikers na Peters na iya zama tare saboda tsarin barcin su daban-daban. Wannan yana bawa duikers na Peters damar cin 'ya'yan itace da rana, kuma bay duikers su ci abin da ya rage da dare. Sakamakon irin wannan tsarin rayuwa, tsarin narkewar bay duiker ya samo asali ne don cinye sauran abinci marasa inganci. Another critical influence that duikers have on the environment is acting as "[[Watsewar iri|seed dispersers]] for some plants". They maintain a mutualistic relationship with certain plants; the plants serve as a nutritious and abundant food source for the duikers, and simultaneously benefit from the extensive dispersal of their seeds by the duikers.  == Karewa == [[File:Duiker_at_San_Antonio,_TX_Zoo,_2014_DSCN0701.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Red-flanked duiker a San Antonio Zoo a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]]]] Duikers suna zaune a cikin wani yanayi inda ko da canji mai zurfi a cikin tsarin rayuwarsu na iya tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye. Biyu daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar duiker kai tsaye sune asarar mazaunin da wuce gona da iri. Ci gaba da birane da kuma tsarin "canjin aikin gona" a hankali yana karɓar yawancin wuraren zama na duikers; a lokaci guda, yawan amfani da shi yana ba da izinin wuce gona da iri na wasu nau'o'in da ke hulɗa, wanda ke haifar da rushewar rayuwa tare. A cikin yankunan gandun daji na Afirka, mutane ba zaɓaɓɓu ba ne suna farautar duikers don fatarsu, nama, da ƙaho a ƙimar da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Halin yawan jama'a ga dukkan nau'ikan duikers, ban da duiker na yau da kullun da mafi ƙanƙanta blue duiker, suna raguwa sosai; Aders' kuma musamman manyan nau'ikan Duiker kamar Jentink's da Abbott's duikers، yanzu ana ɗaukar su cikin haɗari ta IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Yawan amfani da duikers yana shafar yawan jama'arsu da kwayoyin da suka dogara da su don rayuwa. Misali, tsire-tsire da suka dogara da duikers don watsa iri na iya rasa hanyar haifuwa ta farko, da sauran kwayoyin da suka dogara ga waɗannan tsire-shuke kamar yadda albarkatun su za su sami babban tushen abinci. Sau da yawa ana kama Duikers don [[Naman daji|nama na daji]]. A zahiri, duikers suna ɗaya daga cikin dabbobin da aka fi farauta dangane da adadi da biomass a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Misali, a yankunan da ke kusa da gandun daji na Afirka, saboda mutane ba sa kiwon [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]], mutane da yawa na kowane aji sun dogara da nama a matsayin tushen furotin su Ga waɗannan mutane, idan yanayin yawanci ya ci gaba da irin wannan babban, tasirin raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin duikers zai zama mai tsanani ga waɗannan kwayoyin su zama tushen abinci mai aminci. Baya ga babban buƙata na nama na daji, dokar farauta da ba a tilasta ba barazana ce ga nau'o'i da yawa, gami da duiker. Yawancin mafarauta sun yi imanin cewa raguwar yawan dabbobi ya faru ne saboda yawan cinyewa. Sakamakon kai tsaye na farauta sun haɗa da yawan amfani da nau'in da aka yi niyya da kuma farauta ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba ko nau'in jinsuna masu ban mamaki (saboda farauta ba ta da mahimmanci). Don kauce wa wannan sakamakon, hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su na kiyaye duikers sune ƙuntataccen damar da kiwo. Ƙuntataccen damar ya haɗa da sanya ƙuntatawa na lokaci ko na sarari akan duikers na farauta. Ƙuntatawa na lokaci sun haɗa da rufe wasu lokutan, kamar babban lokacin haihuwa, don farauta; Ƙuntatawa ta sarari sun haɗa da ƙuntata wasu yankuna inda ake samun duikers masu haɗari.<ref name="Newing" /> An yi amfani da kiwo na kamawa kuma galibi ana kallon shi azaman mafita don tabbatar da rayuwar yawan duiker; duk da haka, saboda ƙananan yawan haifuwa na duikers, koda tare da kariya da masu kiyayewa suka bayar, kiwo na bauta ba zai kara yawan yawan yawan jama'a ba.<ref name="Newing" /> Babban ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar kiyaye duikers shine rashin isasshen ilimi game da waɗannan kwayoyin, haɗe da Yawan jama'a su na musamman. Bukatar ba wai kawai a fahimci yawan jama'ar su sosai ba, har ma da kafa hanyoyin da za a rarrabe tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban. === Masana'antar nama === Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gano sayar da nama na duiker kamar yadda yake ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar Filoviruses kamar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]], inda Georges et al., 1999. WHO ta lura cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cuta galibi yana fitowa ne daga yanka da shirya nama, kuma cin nama da aka dafa da kyau ba ya haifar da haɗari. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1l3cr2m5wrb7c3jdlgaqiormecspbrf 966554 966550 2026-10-11T17:13:07Z Khaleel767 49732 966554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}}{{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />{{cladogram|align=left|title=|caption=Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with ''[[Tragelaphus]]'', based on Johnston ''et al.'' 2012|cladogram={{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade|label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cape bushbuck|Bushbuck]] |2=[[Sitatunga]] }} |2={{clade |1= [[Royal antelope]] |2={{clade|label1= |1=[[Klipspringer]] |2={{clade |1=[[Kirk's dik-dik]] |2={{clade |2={{clade |1= [[Blue duiker]] |2= [[Maxwell's duiker]]}} |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Common duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Abbott's duiker]] |2=[[Yellow-backed duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Jentink's duiker]] |2=[[Bay duiker]] }} }} }} |2=[[Zebra duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Aders's duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Red-flanked duiker]] |2=[[Black-fronted duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Harvey's duiker]] |2=[[Red forest duiker]] }} }} |2=[[White-bellied duiker]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Black duiker]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Ogilby's duiker]] |2=[[Peters' duiker]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}}}{{Automatic taxobox}}<templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />{{cladogram|align=left|title=|caption=Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with ''[[Tragelaphus]]'', based on Johnston ''et al.'' 2012|cladogram={{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade|label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cape bushbuck|Bushbuck]] |2=[[Sitatunga]] }} |2={{clade |1= [[Royal antelope]] |2={{clade|label1= |1=[[Klipspringer]] |2={{clade |1=[[Kirk's dik-dik]] |2={{clade |2={{clade |1= [[Blue duiker]] |2= [[Maxwell's duiker]]}} |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Common duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Abbott's duiker]] |2=[[Yellow-backed duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Jentink's duiker]] |2=[[Bay duiker]] }} }} }} |2=[[Zebra duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Aders's duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Red-flanked duiker]] |2=[[Black-fronted duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Harvey's duiker]] |2=[[Red forest duiker]] }} }} |2=[[White-bellied duiker]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Black duiker]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Ogilby's duiker]] |2=[[Peters' duiker]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}}}duiker (IPA: /ˈdaɪkər/) ƙaramin dabba ne mai matsakaici wanda ke da asalin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. Yawancin jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, yayin da Duiker na yau da kullun shine kawai duiker na daji kuma yana zaune a cikin savannah. Dabbobi 22 da suka wanzu, ciki har da uku waɗanda wasu lokuta ake bi da su a matsayin ƙananan, sun samar da kabilar Cephalophini (wanda aka rarraba a matsayin iyalin Cephalolophina Duikers suna jin kunya, yawanci dabbobi masu zaman kansu da suka saba da motsawa ta hanyar murfin da aka rufe. Kodayake da farko masu bincike, suna kuma cin 'ya'yan itace kuma a wasu lokuta dabbobi. Suna aiki a matsayin masu watsa iri, kuma yawancin jinsuna suna fuskantar barazanar asarar mazaunin da kuma yawan farauta don [[Naman daji|nama na daji]]. Sunan gama gari "duik" ya fito ne daga kalmar Afrikaans duik, ko Dutch duiken - dukansu suna nufin "tsuntsu", [1] wanda ke nufin aikin dabbobi su nutse cikin ciyayi akai-akai don rufewa. [2] == Bayyanawa == [[File:Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg|thumb|Blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola) '' kwarangwal a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Osteology]] Duikers suna da jin kunya sosai, halittu masu rikitarwa tare da sha'awar murfin da ya fi yawa; waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da suka fi budewa, alal misali, suna da sauri su ɓace cikin daji don kariya; saboda ƙarancin su da yawan jama'a, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da duikers ba. Don haka, ƙarin ƙididdigar sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka fi nazarin su: jan gandun daji, shuɗi, mai launin rawaya, da kuma launin toka na yau da kullun ana lura da su. Duikers sun kasance daga + 1⁄2 ) blue duiker zuwa {{Convert|70|kg|lb}} kg (150 yellow-backed duiker. {{Convert|3|kg|lb}}Girman jiki ya yi daidai da adadin abinci da girman abinci. Abubuwan da ke tattare da jikin mutum kamar siffar kai da wuyansa suma suna iyakance adadin da girman abincin da ake ci. "Bambance-bambance na anatomical... suna sanya ƙarin ƙuntatawa akan cin abinci" wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen hanyoyin abinci tsakanin nau'ikan duiker daban-daban.<ref name="Newing" /> Tare da jikinsu ƙasa kuma tare da gajerun ƙahoni, ana gina duikers na gandun daji don kewayawa yadda ya kamata ta cikin gandun daji masu yawa kuma da sauri su nutse cikin daji lokacin da aka yi barazana. Tun da yake duiker mai launin toka na yau da kullun yana zaune a wuraren da suka fi budewa, kamar savannah, yana da kafafu masu tsawo da ƙahoni masu tsaye, wanda ke ba shi damar gudu da sauri da kuma nesa mai tsawo; maza ne kawai, waɗanda suka fi rikici da yanki, suna nuna ƙahoni. Duikers kuma suna da glandun preorbital masu tasowa, waɗanda suke kama da raguwa a ƙarƙashin idanunsu, ko kuma a cikin yanayin duikers masu launin shudi, glandun pedal a kan ƙafafun.<ref name="Jarman" /> Maza suna amfani da ɓoye daga waɗannan ƙwayoyin don nuna yankunansu. == Tarihi da ilimin lissafi == Duikers sun kasu kashi biyu bisa ga mazauninsu - gandun daji da daji duikers. Dukkanin nau'ikan gandun daji suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, yayin da kawai sanannun daji duiker, [[Gada|launin toka na yau da kullun]] (na jinsin ''Sylvicapra'') ya mamaye savannah. kabilar Cephalophini (tsohon subfamily Cephalolophinae) ta ƙunshi nau'o'i uku da nau'o-nau'i 22, uku dangi cikinsu wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'o" na sauran nau'oʼin. Wadannan nau'o'in guda uku sun hada da ''Cephalophus'' (nau'i 15 da nau'o-nau'i uku), ''Philantomba'' (nau'o'i uku) da ''[[Gada|Sylvicapra]]'' (nau'in daya). Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Burtaniya John Edward Gray ne ya fara bayyana iyalin a cikin 1871 a cikin Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] "''cephal''" mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga haɗuwa da sabon kalmar Latin cephal, ma'ana kai, da kalmar Helenanci ''lophos'', ma'anar ƙwanƙwasawa. Dabbobi uku da ake jayayya da su a cikin ''Cephalophus'' sune Duiker na Brooke (''C. brookei''), Ruwenzori duiker (''C. rubidis''), da kuma Duiker mai fararen kafafu (''C. crusalbum''). An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'in Ogilby's duiker (''C. nigrifrons''), masanin ilimin muhalli na Burtaniya Peter Grubb ya ɗaukaka duiker na Brooke zuwa matsayin jinsin a shekarar 1998. Matsayinta a matsayin jinsin ya kara da shi a cikin littafin 2002 da Grubb da abokin aiki Colin Groves suka wallafa. Koyaya, masu ilimin dabbobi kamar Jonathan Kingdon suna ci gaba da bi da shi a matsayin nau'in jinsin. Ruwenzori duiker gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in Duiker mai baƙar fata (''C. nigrifrons''). Koyaya, manyan bambance-bambance daga wani tseren iri ɗaya, ''C. n. kivuensis'', wanda yake da tausayi a kan tsaunukan Ruwenzori, ya jagoranci Kingdon ya ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama nau'in daban-daban gaba ɗaya. Grubb ya bi da duiker mai fararen kafafu a matsayin nau'in duiker na Ogilby a cikin 1978, amma shi da Groves sun dauke shi a matsayin nau" mai zaman kansa bayan sake duiker a cikin 2011. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grubb |first=P. |date=1978 |title=A new antelope from Gabon |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=373–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01048.x}}</ref> Wannan ya goyi bayan binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2003. Wani binciken phylogenetic na 2001 ya raba ''Cephalophus'' zuwa nau'o'i uku daban-daban - manyan duikers, gabashin Afirka ja duikers da yammacin Afirka ja duakers. Abbott's duiker (''C. spadix''), [[Bay duiker]] (''C. dorsalis''), Jentink's duoker (''C. jentinki'') da yellow-backed duiker (c. silvicultor) an rarraba su a matsayin giant duikers. Red duikers na gabashin Afirka sun haɗa da duiker mai baƙar fata (''C. nigrifrons''), Duiker na Harvey (''C. harveyi''), duiker mai ja (''C. rufilatus''), duiker ja (C,''C. natalensis''), Ruwenzori duiker, da duiker fararen ciki (''C. leucogaster''). Ƙungiya ta uku, ja duikers na yammacin Afirka, sun haɗa da baƙar fata (''C. niger''), duiker na Ogilby, Duiker na Peters (''C. callipygus''), da Duiker na Weyns (''C. Weinsi''). Koyaya, matsayin nau'o'i biyu, Duiker na Aders da duiker na zebra, sun kasance masu shakka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=B.J. |last2=Robinson |first2=T.J. |year=2001 |title=Retrieval of four adaptive lineages in duiker antelope: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences and fluorescence in situ hybridization |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=409–25 |bibcode=2001MolPE..20..409V |doi=10.1006/mpev.2001.0962 |pmid=11527467}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Anne R. Johnston (na Jami'ar Orleans) da abokan aiki sun gina cladogram na subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker) bisa ga nazarin mitochondrial.<ref name="johnston">{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=A.R |last2=Anthony |first2=N.M |year=2012 |title=A multi-locus species phylogeny of African forest duikers in the subfamily ''Cephalophinae'': evidence for a recent radiation in the Pleistocene |journal=[[BMC Evol. Biol.]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=120 |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..120J |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-120 |pmc=3523051 |pmid=22823504 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="johnston2">{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=A.R. |last2=Morikawa |first2=M. K. |last3=Ntie |first3=S. |last4=Anthony |first4=N. M. |date=2011 |title=Evaluating DNA barcoding criteria using African duiker antelope (''Cephalophinae'') as a test case |journal=[[Conservation Genetics]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1173–82 |bibcode=2011ConG...12.1173J |doi=10.1007/s10592-011-0220-2 |issn=1572-9737 |s2cid=22520513}}</ref> === Nau'o'in === * '''Ƙabilar Cephalophini''' :* Halitta ''Cephalophus'' ::* Abbott duiker, ''C. spadix'' ::* Duiker na Aders, ''C. adersi'' ::* [[Bay duiker]], ''C. dorsalis'' ::* Black duiker, ''C. niger'' ::* Duiker mai baƙar fata, ''C. nigrifrons'' ::* Brooke's duiker, ''C. brookei'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na Ogilby's duoker) ::* Duiker na Harvey, ''C. harveyi''[[File:Cephalophus_sylvicultor_sylvicultor2.jpg|right|thumb|Duiker mai launin rawaya]] ::* Jentink duiker, ''C. jentinki'' ::* Duiker na Ogilby, ''C. ogilbyi'' ::* Mai ba da labari na Peters, ''C. callipygus'' ::* Red-flanked duiker, ''C. rufilatus'' ::* Red Forest duiker, ''C. natalensis'' ::* Ruwenzori duiker, ''C. rubidus'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na duiker mai baƙar fata ko duiker mai ja) ::* Duiker na Weyns, ''C. Weinsi'' ::* White-bellied duiker, ''C. leucogaster'' ::* White-legged duiker ''C. crusalbum'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na Ogilby's duiker) ::* Duiker mai launin rawaya, C. silvicultor''C. mai kula da gandun daji'' ::* Zebra duiker, ''C. zebra'' :* Halitta ''Philantomba'' ::* Blue duiker, ''P. Monticola'' ::* Mawakin Maxwell, ''P. maxwellii'' ::* Duiker na Walter, ''P. walteri'' :* Halitta ''Sylvicapra'' ::* [[Gada|Duiker na yau da kullun]], ''S. grimmia'' == Halin da ake ciki == A waje da haifuwa, duikers suna kadaici, suna nuna kansu sosai kuma sun fi son yin aiki kadai. Wannan na iya bayyana, a wani bangare, iyakantaccen girman jima'i wanda yawancin nau'in duiker suka nuna, ban da duiker na yau da kullun, wanda mata suka fi maza girma. === Ma'amala === A shekara ta 2001, binciken Helen Newing a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] game da hulɗar duikers ya gano cewa girman jiki, fifiko na mazauni, da kuma tsarin aiki sune manyan abubuwan da suka bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan duikers guda bakwai. Wadannan bambance-bambance na musamman ga kowane nau'in duiker suna ba su damar kasancewa tare ta hanyar iyakance haɗuwa. Koyaya, kodayake har yanzu ba a yi la'akari da wasu nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari ba, saboda sake lalacewa da raguwar mazauninsu ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam, irin wannan ƙwarewar niches suna raguwa a hankali kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yawan jama'a. Saboda girman danginsu da yanayin da aka tanada, tsarin karewa na farko na duikers shine ɓoyewa daga masu cin nama. Duikers an san su da matsanancin jin kunya, suna daskarewa a ƙaramin alamar barazana kuma suna nutsewa cikin daji mafi kusa. Halin zamantakewar Duikers ya haɗa da kiyaye isasshen nesa tsakanin mutane.<ref name="Jarman" /> Koyaya, ya bambanta da yanayin da aka kiyaye, duikers sun fi tsananin fushi yayin da suke hulɗa da yankuna; suna nuna yankinsu da matansu da ɓoyewa daga ƙwayoyin su na preorbital kuma suna yaƙi da sauran duikers waɗanda ke kalubalantar ikonsu. Maza masu duikers na yau da kullun, musamman matasa maza, suna nuna yankunansu ta hanyar yin fitsari. Ga waɗancan duikers waɗanda ke tafiya su kaɗai, suna zaɓar yin hulɗa tare da wasu duikers sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a shekara, kawai don manufar jima'i.[1] Kodayake duikers a wasu lokuta suna kafa ƙungiyoyi na wucin gadi don tattara 'ya'yan itace da suka fadi, saboda ba a san komai game da yadda suke hulɗa da kuma shafar juna ba, ƙayyade waɗanne dalilai ne da suka fi taimakawa ga haɗarin su yana da wahala.[2] Duikers sun fi son zama su kaɗai ko a matsayin nau'i-nau'i don kauce wa gasa da ke fitowa daga zama a cikin babban rukuni. Sun kuma samo asali don zama masu cin abinci masu yawa, suna cin abinci ne kawai a kan takamaiman sassa na shuke-shuke. A zahiri, a cikin bincikensa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin girman rukuni da salon ciyarwa, P.J. Jarman ya gano cewa mafi yawan abincin kwayoyin halitta, mafi yawan abincinsa zai kasance, kuma saboda haka, mafi ƙanƙanta ƙungiyar ta zama. === Abinci === [[File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Cephalophus_harveyi.png|thumb|Masu bincike da makiyaya; Philip Sclater, 1894]] Duikers da farko masu bincike ne maimakon makiyaya, suna cin ganyayyaki, tsiro, tsaba, [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]], buds, da bark, kuma sau da yawa suna bin garken [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] ko dakarun [[Biri|birai]] don amfani da 'ya'ya itacen da suka sauke. Suna ƙara abincin su da nama: duikers na iya cinye kwari da gawa har ma da gudanar da kama doki ko kananan tsuntsaye daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Tunda abinci shine abin da ke yanke shawara, wurare daban-daban na tushen abinci galibi suna nuna rarraba duikers. Yayinda suke cin abinci a kan tsire-tsire masu yawa, suna zaɓar cin takamaiman sassan tsire-shire waɗanda suka fi gina jiki. Saboda haka, don ciyar da su yadda ya kamata, dole ne su saba da yankinsu kuma su saba da yanayin ƙasa da rarraba takamaiman tsire-tsire. Saboda irin waɗannan dalilai, duikers sake daidaitawa da sababbin mahalli da mazaunan mutane da kuma sare daji ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba.[tone] Ƙananan nau'o'in, alal misali blue duiker, yawanci suna cin tsaba daban-daban, yayin da manya ke cin abinci a kan manyan 'ya'yan itace. Tun da yake blue duikers suna da ƙananan gaske, sun fi dacewa wajen narke ƙananan [[Ingancin Abinci|Abubuwa masu inganci]]. Karɓar mafi yawan ruwan su daga abincin da suke ci, duikers ba sa dogara da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wuraren da ba su da ruwa. === Ayyuka === Duikers na iya zama na rana, na dare, ko duka biyun. Tun da yawancin tushen abinci yana samuwa a rana, duiker evolution ya fassara mafi yawan duikers a matsayin na rana. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin girman jiki da [[Bacci|Tsarin bacci]] a cikin duikers; yayin da karami zuwa matsakaici duikers suna nuna karuwar aiki da cin abinci a lokacin rana, manyan duikers sun fi aiki da dare. Wani banda ga wannan shine duiker mai launin rawaya, mafi girman jinsin, wanda ke aiki a rana da dare.<ref name="Newing" /> === Rarraba da yawa === Ana samun Duikers da tausayi a yankuna daban-daban. Yawancin jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiya]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], suna haifar da yankuna masu haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan duikers na gandun daji. Kodayake "girman jiki shine babban abin da ke tattare da bayyana mahimman ma'auni na kowane nau'in", sau da yawa yana nuna rarraba da yalwar duikers a cikin wani wurin zama da aka ba shi, rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikan duikers da yawa wanda ya dogara da rarraba da yawa sau da yawa. Misali, blue duiker da red forest duiker suna zaune tare a cikin wani karamin yanki na Mossapoula ([[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]). Duk da yake ana ganin duikers masu launin shudi akai-akai fiye da duikers na gandun daji a yankin da ake farauta da yawa na Mossapoula, ana lura da duikors na gandun dajin ja a yankunan da ba a yi amfani da su ba kamar yammacin Dja Reserve na [[Kamaru]]. == Muhalli == Tsaro na duikers yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mahimmanci tare da muhalli. Rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin yana haifar da gasa da ba a taɓa gani ba, duka na musamman da na intraspecific. Kafin shiga tsakani, tsarin albarkatun musamman wanda manyan duikers ke amfani da wani nau'in abinci da ƙananan duikers a kan wani, yana aiki kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin yanayin rana da na dare na duikers; wannan yana ba da damar wasu su raba niche ba tare da gasa ta musamman ba. Hakazalika, suna rage gasa ta intraspecific ta hanyar kasancewa kadai, masu zaman kansu, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen halaye na cin abinci. A sakamakon haka, rushewar ma'auni na gasa a cikin wani mazaunin sau da yawa yana haifar da tasirinsa ga ma'aunin gasa a wani mazaunin.<ref name="Newing" /> Hakazalika, [[Bay duiker|Bay]] da duikers na Peters na iya zama tare saboda tsarin barcin su daban-daban. Wannan yana bawa duikers na Peters damar cin 'ya'yan itace da rana, kuma bay duikers su ci abin da ya rage da dare. Sakamakon irin wannan tsarin rayuwa, tsarin narkewar bay duiker ya samo asali ne don cinye sauran abinci marasa inganci. Another critical influence that duikers have on the environment is acting as "[[Watsewar iri|seed dispersers]] for some plants". They maintain a mutualistic relationship with certain plants; the plants serve as a nutritious and abundant food source for the duikers, and simultaneously benefit from the extensive dispersal of their seeds by the duikers.  == Karewa == [[File:Duiker_at_San_Antonio,_TX_Zoo,_2014_DSCN0701.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Red-flanked duiker a San Antonio Zoo a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]]]] Duikers suna zaune a cikin wani yanayi inda ko da canji mai zurfi a cikin tsarin rayuwarsu na iya tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye. Biyu daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar duiker kai tsaye sune asarar mazaunin da wuce gona da iri. Ci gaba da birane da kuma tsarin "canjin aikin gona" a hankali yana karɓar yawancin wuraren zama na duikers; a lokaci guda, yawan amfani da shi yana ba da izinin wuce gona da iri na wasu nau'o'in da ke hulɗa, wanda ke haifar da rushewar rayuwa tare. A cikin yankunan gandun daji na Afirka, mutane ba zaɓaɓɓu ba ne suna farautar duikers don fatarsu, nama, da ƙaho a ƙimar da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Halin yawan jama'a ga dukkan nau'ikan duikers, ban da duiker na yau da kullun da mafi ƙanƙanta blue duiker, suna raguwa sosai; Aders' kuma musamman manyan nau'ikan Duiker kamar Jentink's da Abbott's duikers، yanzu ana ɗaukar su cikin haɗari ta IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Yawan amfani da duikers yana shafar yawan jama'arsu da kwayoyin da suka dogara da su don rayuwa. Misali, tsire-tsire da suka dogara da duikers don watsa iri na iya rasa hanyar haifuwa ta farko, da sauran kwayoyin da suka dogara ga waɗannan tsire-shuke kamar yadda albarkatun su za su sami babban tushen abinci. Sau da yawa ana kama Duikers don [[Naman daji|nama na daji]]. A zahiri, duikers suna ɗaya daga cikin dabbobin da aka fi farauta dangane da adadi da biomass a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Misali, a yankunan da ke kusa da gandun daji na Afirka, saboda mutane ba sa kiwon [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]], mutane da yawa na kowane aji sun dogara da nama a matsayin tushen furotin su Ga waɗannan mutane, idan yanayin yawanci ya ci gaba da irin wannan babban, tasirin raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin duikers zai zama mai tsanani ga waɗannan kwayoyin su zama tushen abinci mai aminci. Baya ga babban buƙata na nama na daji, dokar farauta da ba a tilasta ba barazana ce ga nau'o'i da yawa, gami da duiker. Yawancin mafarauta sun yi imanin cewa raguwar yawan dabbobi ya faru ne saboda yawan cinyewa. Sakamakon kai tsaye na farauta sun haɗa da yawan amfani da nau'in da aka yi niyya da kuma farauta ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba ko nau'in jinsuna masu ban mamaki (saboda farauta ba ta da mahimmanci). Don kauce wa wannan sakamakon, hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su na kiyaye duikers sune ƙuntataccen damar da kiwo. Ƙuntataccen damar ya haɗa da sanya ƙuntatawa na lokaci ko na sarari akan duikers na farauta. Ƙuntatawa na lokaci sun haɗa da rufe wasu lokutan, kamar babban lokacin haihuwa, don farauta; Ƙuntatawa ta sarari sun haɗa da ƙuntata wasu yankuna inda ake samun duikers masu haɗari.<ref name="Newing" /> An yi amfani da kiwo na kamawa kuma galibi ana kallon shi azaman mafita don tabbatar da rayuwar yawan duiker; duk da haka, saboda ƙananan yawan haifuwa na duikers, koda tare da kariya da masu kiyayewa suka bayar, kiwo na bauta ba zai kara yawan yawan yawan jama'a ba.<ref name="Newing" /> Babban ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar kiyaye duikers shine rashin isasshen ilimi game da waɗannan kwayoyin, haɗe da Yawan jama'a su na musamman. Bukatar ba wai kawai a fahimci yawan jama'ar su sosai ba, har ma da kafa hanyoyin da za a rarrabe tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban. === Masana'antar nama === Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gano sayar da nama na duiker kamar yadda yake ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar Filoviruses kamar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]], inda Georges et al., 1999. WHO ta lura cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cuta galibi yana fitowa ne daga yanka da shirya nama, kuma cin nama da aka dafa da kyau ba ya haifar da haɗari. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tradj4m79lppwiwfa0d73ftvj5lw7x3 Taqali 0 178981 966561 2026-10-11T17:15:31Z Bappa.almu 49849 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334723450|Taqali]]" 966561 wikitext text/x-wiki    Taqali (wanda kuma ake rubutawa Teqali). Wata masarauta ce ta mutanen Nuba da ta kasance a yankin tsaunukan Nuba, a tsakiyar kasar Sudan ta zamani .[1][2] 55tz7mgrvfb8vgdnqedzzioygkles6f Thomas Eric Duncan 0 178982 966563 2026-10-11T17:16:31Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355158358|Thomas Eric Duncan]]" 966563 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Thomas Eric Duncan''' (30 ga Disamba, 1972 - 8 ga Oktoba, 2014) ɗan ƙasar Liberia ne wanda ya zama mai haƙuri na farko na Ebola da aka gano a Amurka a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2014. Duncan, wanda ke ziyartar dangi a Dallas, an kula da shi a asibitin Texas Health Presbyterian na Dallas . Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya guda biyu sun kamu da Kwayar cutar Ebola, ma'aikaciyar jinya mai shekaru 26 Nina Pham da ma'aikacin jinya mai shekara 29 Amber Vinson, dukansu biyu sun kula da shi a asibitin Texas Health Presbyterian (THPH). Daga bisani dangin sun yi barazanar kai karar asibitin bisa ga da'awar cewa Duncan bai sami kulawa mai kyau ba. Ta haka ne iyalin suka sami damar karɓar diyya daga THPH. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014, dangin Duncan sun kai ga "ƙuduri" tare da THPH wanda ya haɗa da asibitin da ke rufe kuɗin da suka shafi maganin Duncan mai tsanani da mai wahala, da kuma biyan kuɗi ga iyalin.[1] == Tarihi == Duncan ya fito ne daga , har zuwa yau kasar da cutar Ebola ta fi shafa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin direba na kansa ga janar manajan Safeway Cargo, dan kwangila na a Laberiya. == Kamuwa da cutar Ebola == === Tsarin lokaci na raguwa da alamun farko ===  {{#section:Ebola virus outbreak in the United States|duncan7}} === Abubuwan da suka danganci === A daren 10 ga Oktoba, Nina Pham, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya mai shekaru 26 wacce ta kula da Duncan a asibitin Texas Health Presbyterian, ta ba da rahoton zazzabi mai ƙarancin gaske kuma an ware ta. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, ta gwada tabbatacciyar cutar Ebola, ta zama mutum na farko da ya kamu da kwayar cutar a Amurka. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, CDC ta tabbatar da sakamakon gwajin tabbatacciyar. <section end="duncan4" />Jami'an asibiti sun ce Pham ya sa kayan kariya da aka ba da shawarar yayin da yake kula da Duncan a ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa asibiti kuma yana da "saduwa mai yawa" tare da shi a "sau da yawa". Pham ta yi iƙirarin cewa "ta yi shakkar ko za ta iya sake zama ma'aikaciyar jinya mai kula da kulawa - a wani bangare saboda damuwa da damuwa game da raunin da ta fuskanta kuma a wani bangaren saboda tsoro da kunya da ke biye da ita". Ta kai karar asibitin kuma ta sulhunta da kudi da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Nurse who got Ebola settles hospital lawsuit |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/24/health/nina-pham-ebola-hospital-lawsuit-settled/index.html |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ta biyu a wannan asibitin, wacce aka gano a matsayin Amber Joy Vinson mai shekaru 29, ta ba da rahoton [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]]. Vinson yana daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda suka ba da magani ga Duncan. An ware Vinson a cikin minti 90 bayan ya ba da rahoton zazzabin. Kashegari, Vinson ya gwada tabbatacce ga kwayar cutar Ebola. <section end="duncan4" />A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, Vinson ya tashi jirgin saman Frontier Airlines Flight 1143 daga Cleveland zuwa Dallas, bayan ya kwashe karshen mako a Tallmadge da Akron, Ohio. == Halin da aka yi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] bon2ga0l74fy6zrgzfu1kudq65fyylw 966567 966563 2026-10-11T17:17:36Z Khaleel767 49732 966567 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Thomas Eric Duncan''' (30 ga Disamba, 1972 - 8 ga Oktoba, 2014) ɗan ƙasar Liberia ne wanda ya zama mai haƙuri na farko na Ebola da aka gano a Amurka a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2014. Duncan, wanda ke ziyartar dangi a Dallas, an kula da shi a asibitin Texas Health Presbyterian na Dallas . Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya guda biyu sun kamu da Kwayar cutar Ebola, ma'aikaciyar jinya mai shekaru 26 Nina Pham da ma'aikacin jinya mai shekara 29 Amber Vinson, dukansu biyu sun kula da shi a asibitin Texas Health Presbyterian (THPH). Daga bisani dangin sun yi barazanar kai karar asibitin bisa ga da'awar cewa Duncan bai sami kulawa mai kyau ba. Ta haka ne iyalin suka sami damar karɓar diyya daga THPH. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014, dangin Duncan sun kai ga "ƙuduri" tare da THPH wanda ya haɗa da asibitin da ke rufe kuɗin da suka shafi maganin Duncan mai tsanani da mai wahala, da kuma biyan kuɗi ga iyalin.[1] == Tarihi == Duncan ya fito ne daga , har zuwa yau kasar da cutar Ebola ta fi shafa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin direba na kansa ga janar manajan Safeway Cargo, dan kwangila na a Laberiya. == Kamuwa da cutar Ebola == === Tsarin lokaci na raguwa da alamun farko ===  {{#section:Ebola virus outbreak in the United States|duncan7}} === Abubuwan da suka danganci === A daren 10 ga Oktoba, Nina Pham, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya mai shekaru 26 wacce ta kula da Duncan a asibitin Texas Health Presbyterian, ta ba da rahoton zazzabi mai ƙarancin gaske kuma an ware ta. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, ta gwada tabbatacciyar cutar Ebola, ta zama mutum na farko da ya kamu da kwayar cutar a Amurka. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, CDC ta tabbatar da sakamakon gwajin tabbatacciyar. <section end="duncan4" />Jami'an asibiti sun ce Pham ya sa kayan kariya da aka ba da shawarar yayin da yake kula da Duncan a ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa asibiti kuma yana da "saduwa mai yawa" tare da shi a "sau da yawa". Pham ta yi iƙirarin cewa "ta yi shakkar ko za ta iya sake zama ma'aikaciyar jinya mai kula da kulawa - a wani bangare saboda damuwa da damuwa game da raunin da ta fuskanta kuma a wani bangaren saboda tsoro da kunya da ke biye da ita". Ta kai karar asibitin kuma ta sulhunta da kudi da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Nurse who got Ebola settles hospital lawsuit |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/24/health/nina-pham-ebola-hospital-lawsuit-settled/index.html |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ta biyu a wannan asibitin, wacce aka gano a matsayin Amber Joy Vinson mai shekaru 29, ta ba da rahoton [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]]. Vinson yana daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda suka ba da magani ga Duncan. An ware Vinson a cikin minti 90 bayan ya ba da rahoton zazzabin. Kashegari, Vinson ya gwada tabbatacce ga kwayar cutar Ebola. <section end="duncan4" />A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, Vinson ya tashi jirgin saman Frontier Airlines Flight 1143 daga Cleveland zuwa Dallas, bayan ya kwashe karshen mako a Tallmadge da Akron, Ohio. == Halin da aka yi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] cdcfl3lngvm12q2t6e9bcnyx0aos6zj Regina Hesse 0 178983 966565 2026-10-11T17:16:35Z Zarah A Zamsarf 19232 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352416562|Regina Hesse]]" 966565 wikitext text/x-wiki    Regina Hesse (1832–1898), wacce kuma Rottmann ce, malamar makaranta ce ta Afirka ta Yamma a Ghana da ta yi mulkin mallaka. [1] A matsayinta na mai ilimi, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zama abin koyi a Gold Coast da ta zama shugabar makaranta . [1] An horar da Hesse ta hanyar wata malamar majagaba 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamaica 'yar Moravia, Catherine Mulgrave, wacce ta kafa makarantun kwana na musamman na 'yan mata uku a Osu, Abokobi da Odumase kuma tana da himma a hidimar mata ta Kirista a Christiansborg, Accra . [1] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Regina Hesse was born in Christiansborg, Accra in 1832 to a [[Gold Coast Euro-Africans|Euro-African]] merchant, Herman Hesse and a Ga woman, Charlotte Lamiorkai, who hailed from a trading family at [[Shai Hills]]. The Hesse family was an influential Euro-African trading family from Osu Amantra with German-Danish ancestry and active in coastal commerce.<ref name=":24" /> Hesse's paternal grandfather, Dr. Lebrecht Wilhelm Hesse, was an eighteenth century German-Danish physician.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":41" /> Her sister, Pauline Hesse (1831–1909), was a trader whose husband, Alexander Worthy Clerk, a Jamaican Moravian missionary-educationalist co-founded the [[Makarantar Salem, Osu|Salem School, Osu]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Osu Salem |url=http://osusalem.org/pages/aboutus.php?parentpage=aboutus&page=history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141604/http://osusalem.org/pages/aboutus.php?parentpage=aboutus&page=history |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=osusalem.org}}</ref> Clerk had arrived on the Gold Coast in 1843 with a group of 24 West Indian mission recruits under the sponsorship of the Basel Mission and leadership of the Danish minister, Andreas Riis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=NUPS-G KNUST>>PCG>>History |url=http://www.nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207131702/http://nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |archive-date=7 February 2005 |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=www.nupsgknust.itgo.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Dawes |first=Mark |year=2003 |title=A Ghanaian church built by Jamaicans. |url=http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20031007/mind/mind1.html |url-status=live |journal=Jamaican Gleaner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121144858/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20031007/mind/mind1.html |archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth: PCG History |url=http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121124/http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-25 |website=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Anfinsen |first=Eirik |title=Bischoff.no – Bischoff.no is the personal blog of Eirik Anfinsen – co-founder of Cymra, anthropologist, and general tech-enthusiast. |url=http://www.bischoff.no/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083336/http://www.bischoff.no/ |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=Bischoff.no |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="ghanaculture1"> Anquandah, James (2006). ''Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association''. National Commission on Culture, Ghana:{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730230651/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2016 |access-date=2017-04-03}} </ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Seth |first=Quartey |date=January 2005 |title=Andreas Riis: a lifetime of colonial drama |url=https://www.academia.edu/793330 |url-status=live |journal=Research Review of the Institute of African Studies |language=en |volume=21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417152116/http://www.academia.edu/793330/Andreas_Riis_a_lifetime_of_colonial_drama |archive-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> Regina Hesse also had other sisters, Mary (Mrs. Richter) and Wilhelmina, who later became Mrs. Briandt. Her brother, William Hesse (1834–1920) was a minister of the Basel Mission. Regina Hesse also had a brother, John Hesse who was a trader. In 1854, after the British authorities bombarded Osu using the naval vessel, ''“HMS Scourge”'', over the refusal of indigenes to pay the poll tax, another brother John Hesse, fled inland to Akropong and engaged in petty trading, together with other Ga-Dangme trader–refugees who had also been displaced by the conflict.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" /> Regina Hesse was educated at the Basel Mission School at the [[Sansanin Osu|Christiansborg Castle]] in 1847 when Catherine Mulgrave was appointed the director of the institution after the society took over the operations of the school.<ref name=":24" /> Earlier, one of her schoolmates was the Gold Coast Basel Mission pastor and historian, Carl Christian Reindorf (1834–1934), whose seminal book, ''The History of the Gold Coast and Asante'', was published in 1895.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="Obstinate" Pastor and Pioneer Historian: The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf |url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2009-02/2009-02-065-hauser-renner.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512050236/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2009-02/2009-02-065-hauser-renner.html |archive-date=12 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-12 |website=www.internationalbulletin.org}}</ref> The castle school, originally opened in 1722 and owned by the Danes, was handed over to the Basel Mission after the Danish colonial administration sold its assets on the Gold Coast to British authorities in 1850.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":4" /> Danish was the original medium of instruction at the Christiansborg School before a switch to the [[Turanci|English language]] after the Basel Mission took over the operations of the school.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":4" /> A similar school existed at the [[Sansanin Cape Coast|Cape Coast Castle]] that primarily served mulatto children of Euro-African families on the coast. Regina Hesse was a polyglot - fluent in the [[Harshen Ga|Ga]], [[Turanci|English]], Danish, [[Jamusanci|German]] and [[Yaren Akuapem|Twi]].<ref name=":24" /> A shekara ta 1850, lokacin da Regina Hesse take da shekaru goma sha takwas, an tabbatar da ita a Cocin Basel Mission, Christiansborg kuma an ƙara mata matsayi daga mai kula da makaranta zuwa malami. A shekara mai zuwa a shekarar 1851, ta koma gidan 'ya'yanta, Catherine Mulgrave da mijinta, Johannes Zimmermann . <ref name=":24" /> Daga baya ta zama shugabar makarantar 'yan mata ta Catherine Mulgrave da ke Osu . <ref name=":24" /> Bugu da ƙari, Hesse tana da kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki da magajin Mulgrave, Rosina Stanger. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka, Regina Hesse ta yi tasiri wajen tsara tsarin shirin ilimin 'yan mata ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin gudanarwa da gudanar da makarantar. <ref name=":24" /> Bayan aurenta a shekarar 1857, ta zama matar mishan ta cikakken lokaci. <ref name=":24" /> Ta kuma kasance mai himma a hidimar mata ta Kirista da kuma zumunci, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar masu ibada sosai, ciki har da danginta na nesa, a cocin gidanta, Cocin Basel Mission, Christiansborg, wanda yanzu aka sani da Cocin Ebenezer Presbyterian, Osu . <ref name=":24" /> A ƙarƙashin kulawarta a shekarun 1880, mata da yawa sun shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da tarurrukan addu'a. <ref name=":24" /> In 1857, Regina Hesse married German native, Hermann Ludwig Rottmann, the first Basel missionary-trader in Christiansborg and the founder of the ''Basel Mission Trading Company,'' first entered in the Commercial Register of Basel in 1859, under its German name, ''"Missions-Handlungs-Gesellschaft Basel"''.<ref name=":40">{{Cite journal |last=Kwakye |first=Abraham Nana Opare |date=2018 |title=Returning African Christians in Mission to the Gold Coast |journal=Studies in World Christianity |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=25–45 |doi=10.3366/swc.2018.0203}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Rottmann's father was a German tobacco manufacturer. H. L. Rottmann had earlier completed his education in commerce in [[Hamburg]], Germany's ''"Gate to the Seven Seas."''<ref name=":5" /> After arriving on the Gold Coast in 1854, he opened a hardware shop in Christiansborg, selling goods and building materials for the local burgeoning construction industry: ropes, wires, hammers, saws, nails, bolts, hinges and door handles.<ref name=":5" /> This shop evolved into the Basel Mission Trading Company.<ref name=":5" /> The trading company was originally financed by Basel patricians, industrialists and politicians such as Daniel Burckhardt, Karl Sarasin and Christoph Median-Burckhardt.<ref name=":5" /> Like Johannes Zimmermann, Rottmann saw [[Afirka|Africa]] as his home, a view he communicated to his supervisors on the Gold Coast and to the Home Committee in Basel.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimmermann, Johannes – Life and work – Johannes-Rebmann-Stiftung |url=http://www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de/cms/en/missionaries/zimmermann-johannes/zimmermann-johannes-life-and-work/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124022932/http://www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de/cms/en/missionaries/zimmermann-johannes/zimmermann-johannes-life-and-work/ |archive-date=24 November 2017 |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de |language=en-GB}}</ref> In approving his marriage to Regina Hesse, the committee saw the Hesse family's local mercantile connections as beneficial to Basel Mission trading activities.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":7" /> The couple had eight children but three died at an early age.<ref name=":24" /> All surviving children worked with the Basel Mission in one capacity or the other.<ref name=":24" /> The oldest son became an employee of the Basel Mission Trading Company while her two younger sons went to the Basel Mission Seminary in [[Switzerland]] and were consecrated as Pietist priests. They both married German women and lived in Württemberg, Germany for the rest of their lives.<ref name=":24" /> Regina Hesse's two daughters, Bertha and Theodora both married German missionary-traders and were widowed shortly after their marriages.<ref name=":24" /> Bertha Rottmann's second marriage ended in divorce while her sister, Theodora was widowed again in 1895 after her second husband, Hermann Lieb passed away.<ref name=":24" /> Theodora Rottmann eventually relocated to Korntal, Germany.<ref name=":24" /> Thus, only Regina Hesse's eldest son lived on the Gold Coast for his entire professional career.<ref name=":24" /> Regina Hesse often went to Europe with her husband, Hermann Rottmann on his yearly furloughs.<ref name=":24" /> In 1897, the Hesse-Rottmann couple travelled to Basel to seek medical treatment for illness.<ref name=":24" /> == Mutuwa da gado == Regina Hesse ta mutu a shekarar 1898 a Basel, Switzerland . A matsayinta na mai ilimi, ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara ta ruhaniya ga tsarar matasan mata ' [[Gold Coast Euro-Africans|yan Afirka ta Yamma]] da Ga-Dangme na Christiansborg kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙara yawan karatu da rubutu ga mata a garin. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":40" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} 51iihzg876qortez8l5kaq3aqb9ualc 966568 966565 2026-10-11T17:17:54Z Zarah A Zamsarf 19232 966568 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Regina Hesse (1832–1898), wacce kuma Rottmann ce, malamar makaranta ce ta Afirka ta Yamma a Ghana da ta yi mulkin mallaka. [1] A matsayinta na mai ilimi, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zama abin koyi a Gold Coast da ta zama shugabar makaranta . [1] An horar da Hesse ta hanyar wata malamar majagaba 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamaica 'yar Moravia, Catherine Mulgrave, wacce ta kafa makarantun kwana na musamman na 'yan mata uku a Osu, Abokobi da Odumase kuma tana da himma a hidimar mata ta Kirista a Christiansborg, Accra . [1] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Regina Hesse was born in Christiansborg, Accra in 1832 to a [[Gold Coast Euro-Africans|Euro-African]] merchant, Herman Hesse and a Ga woman, Charlotte Lamiorkai, who hailed from a trading family at [[Shai Hills]]. The Hesse family was an influential Euro-African trading family from Osu Amantra with German-Danish ancestry and active in coastal commerce.<ref name=":24" /> Hesse's paternal grandfather, Dr. Lebrecht Wilhelm Hesse, was an eighteenth century German-Danish physician.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":41" /> Her sister, Pauline Hesse (1831–1909), was a trader whose husband, Alexander Worthy Clerk, a Jamaican Moravian missionary-educationalist co-founded the [[Makarantar Salem, Osu|Salem School, Osu]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Osu Salem |url=http://osusalem.org/pages/aboutus.php?parentpage=aboutus&page=history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141604/http://osusalem.org/pages/aboutus.php?parentpage=aboutus&page=history |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=osusalem.org}}</ref> Clerk had arrived on the Gold Coast in 1843 with a group of 24 West Indian mission recruits under the sponsorship of the Basel Mission and leadership of the Danish minister, Andreas Riis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=NUPS-G KNUST>>PCG>>History |url=http://www.nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207131702/http://nupsgknust.itgo.com/pages/pcg.htm |archive-date=7 February 2005 |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=www.nupsgknust.itgo.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Dawes |first=Mark |year=2003 |title=A Ghanaian church built by Jamaicans. |url=http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20031007/mind/mind1.html |url-status=live |journal=Jamaican Gleaner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121144858/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20031007/mind/mind1.html |archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth: PCG History |url=http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121124/http://abuakwayouth.blogspot.com/p/2015-action-plan_79.html |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-25 |website=Akyem Abuakwa Presbytery Youth}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Anfinsen |first=Eirik |title=Bischoff.no – Bischoff.no is the personal blog of Eirik Anfinsen – co-founder of Cymra, anthropologist, and general tech-enthusiast. |url=http://www.bischoff.no/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083336/http://www.bischoff.no/ |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=Bischoff.no |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="ghanaculture1"> Anquandah, James (2006). ''Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association''. National Commission on Culture, Ghana:{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730230651/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2016 |access-date=2017-04-03}} </ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Seth |first=Quartey |date=January 2005 |title=Andreas Riis: a lifetime of colonial drama |url=https://www.academia.edu/793330 |url-status=live |journal=Research Review of the Institute of African Studies |language=en |volume=21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417152116/http://www.academia.edu/793330/Andreas_Riis_a_lifetime_of_colonial_drama |archive-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> Regina Hesse also had other sisters, Mary (Mrs. Richter) and Wilhelmina, who later became Mrs. Briandt. Her brother, William Hesse (1834–1920) was a minister of the Basel Mission. Regina Hesse also had a brother, John Hesse who was a trader. In 1854, after the British authorities bombarded Osu using the naval vessel, ''“HMS Scourge”'', over the refusal of indigenes to pay the poll tax, another brother John Hesse, fled inland to Akropong and engaged in petty trading, together with other Ga-Dangme trader–refugees who had also been displaced by the conflict.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" /> Regina Hesse was educated at the Basel Mission School at the [[Sansanin Osu|Christiansborg Castle]] in 1847 when Catherine Mulgrave was appointed the director of the institution after the society took over the operations of the school.<ref name=":24" /> Earlier, one of her schoolmates was the Gold Coast Basel Mission pastor and historian, Carl Christian Reindorf (1834–1934), whose seminal book, ''The History of the Gold Coast and Asante'', was published in 1895.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="Obstinate" Pastor and Pioneer Historian: The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf |url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2009-02/2009-02-065-hauser-renner.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512050236/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2009-02/2009-02-065-hauser-renner.html |archive-date=12 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-12 |website=www.internationalbulletin.org}}</ref> The castle school, originally opened in 1722 and owned by the Danes, was handed over to the Basel Mission after the Danish colonial administration sold its assets on the Gold Coast to British authorities in 1850.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":4" /> Danish was the original medium of instruction at the Christiansborg School before a switch to the [[Turanci|English language]] after the Basel Mission took over the operations of the school.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":4" /> A similar school existed at the [[Sansanin Cape Coast|Cape Coast Castle]] that primarily served mulatto children of Euro-African families on the coast. Regina Hesse was a polyglot - fluent in the [[Harshen Ga|Ga]], [[Turanci|English]], Danish, [[Jamusanci|German]] and [[Yaren Akuapem|Twi]].<ref name=":24" /> A shekara ta 1850, lokacin da Regina Hesse take da shekaru goma sha takwas, an tabbatar da ita a Cocin Basel Mission, Christiansborg kuma an ƙara mata matsayi daga mai kula da makaranta zuwa malami. A shekara mai zuwa a shekarar 1851, ta koma gidan 'ya'yanta, Catherine Mulgrave da mijinta, Johannes Zimmermann . <ref name=":24" /> Daga baya ta zama shugabar makarantar 'yan mata ta Catherine Mulgrave da ke Osu . <ref name=":24" /> Bugu da ƙari, Hesse tana da kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki da magajin Mulgrave, Rosina Stanger. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka, Regina Hesse ta yi tasiri wajen tsara tsarin shirin ilimin 'yan mata ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin gudanarwa da gudanar da makarantar. <ref name=":24" /> Bayan aurenta a shekarar 1857, ta zama matar mishan ta cikakken lokaci. <ref name=":24" /> Ta kuma kasance mai himma a hidimar mata ta Kirista da kuma zumunci, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar masu ibada sosai, ciki har da danginta na nesa, a cocin gidanta, Cocin Basel Mission, Christiansborg, wanda yanzu aka sani da Cocin Ebenezer Presbyterian, Osu . <ref name=":24" /> A ƙarƙashin kulawarta a shekarun 1880, mata da yawa sun shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da tarurrukan addu'a. <ref name=":24" /> In 1857, Regina Hesse married German native, Hermann Ludwig Rottmann, the first Basel missionary-trader in Christiansborg and the founder of the ''Basel Mission Trading Company,'' first entered in the Commercial Register of Basel in 1859, under its German name, ''"Missions-Handlungs-Gesellschaft Basel"''.<ref name=":40">{{Cite journal |last=Kwakye |first=Abraham Nana Opare |date=2018 |title=Returning African Christians in Mission to the Gold Coast |journal=Studies in World Christianity |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=25–45 |doi=10.3366/swc.2018.0203}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Rottmann's father was a German tobacco manufacturer. H. L. Rottmann had earlier completed his education in commerce in [[Hamburg]], Germany's ''"Gate to the Seven Seas."''<ref name=":5" /> After arriving on the Gold Coast in 1854, he opened a hardware shop in Christiansborg, selling goods and building materials for the local burgeoning construction industry: ropes, wires, hammers, saws, nails, bolts, hinges and door handles.<ref name=":5" /> This shop evolved into the Basel Mission Trading Company.<ref name=":5" /> The trading company was originally financed by Basel patricians, industrialists and politicians such as Daniel Burckhardt, Karl Sarasin and Christoph Median-Burckhardt.<ref name=":5" /> Like Johannes Zimmermann, Rottmann saw [[Afirka|Africa]] as his home, a view he communicated to his supervisors on the Gold Coast and to the Home Committee in Basel.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimmermann, Johannes – Life and work – Johannes-Rebmann-Stiftung |url=http://www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de/cms/en/missionaries/zimmermann-johannes/zimmermann-johannes-life-and-work/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124022932/http://www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de/cms/en/missionaries/zimmermann-johannes/zimmermann-johannes-life-and-work/ |archive-date=24 November 2017 |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de |language=en-GB}}</ref> In approving his marriage to Regina Hesse, the committee saw the Hesse family's local mercantile connections as beneficial to Basel Mission trading activities.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":7" /> The couple had eight children but three died at an early age.<ref name=":24" /> All surviving children worked with the Basel Mission in one capacity or the other.<ref name=":24" /> The oldest son became an employee of the Basel Mission Trading Company while her two younger sons went to the Basel Mission Seminary in [[Switzerland]] and were consecrated as Pietist priests. They both married German women and lived in Württemberg, Germany for the rest of their lives.<ref name=":24" /> Regina Hesse's two daughters, Bertha and Theodora both married German missionary-traders and were widowed shortly after their marriages.<ref name=":24" /> Bertha Rottmann's second marriage ended in divorce while her sister, Theodora was widowed again in 1895 after her second husband, Hermann Lieb passed away.<ref name=":24" /> Theodora Rottmann eventually relocated to Korntal, Germany.<ref name=":24" /> Thus, only Regina Hesse's eldest son lived on the Gold Coast for his entire professional career.<ref name=":24" /> Regina Hesse often went to Europe with her husband, Hermann Rottmann on his yearly furloughs.<ref name=":24" /> In 1897, the Hesse-Rottmann couple travelled to Basel to seek medical treatment for illness.<ref name=":24" /> == Mutuwa da gado == Regina Hesse ta mutu a shekarar 1898 a Basel, Switzerland . A matsayinta na mai ilimi, ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara ta ruhaniya ga tsarar matasan mata ' [[Gold Coast Euro-Africans|yan Afirka ta Yamma]] da Ga-Dangme na Christiansborg kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙara yawan karatu da rubutu ga mata a garin. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":40" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} 4zp7plqh8gr9ogzixd6t3cqsraqx7f0 Fennec fox 0 178984 966569 2026-10-11T17:19:00Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364286061|Fennec fox]]" 966569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''fennec fox''' ('''''Vulpes zerda''''') ƙaramin fox ne na asalin hamada na [[Arewacin Afirka]], daga Yammacin Sahara da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] zuwa Yankin Sinai . Abubuwan da suka fi bambanta da ita sune manyan kunnuwanta, waɗanda ke aiki don kawar da zafi da sauraron ganima a karkashin kasa. Fennec shine mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in fox. Gashinsa, kunnuwa, da ayyukan koda sun saba da yanayin hamada tare da yanayin zafi mai girma da ruwa kadan. Fennec fox galibi yana cin kwari, kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]. Yana da tsawon rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 14 a cikin bauta kuma kimanin shekaru 10 a cikin daji. Fir'auna gaggafa-gwargwadon suna cinye 'ya'yan; duka manya da' yan jarida na iya zama ganima ga jackals da hyena. Iyalan Fennec suna tono a cikin yashi don zama da kariya, wanda zai iya zama babba kamar {{Cvt|120|sqm}} m2 sq kuma yana kusa da burrows na wasu iyalai. Ba a san ainihin adadin jama'a ba amma an kiyasta su daga yawan abubuwan da aka gani; waɗannan suna nuna cewa a halin yanzu ba a barazanar kare fennec ba. Sanin hulɗar zamantakewa yana iyakance ga bayanan da aka tattara daga dabbobi da aka kama. Ana yawan kama fennec fox don nune-nunen ko siyarwa a Arewacin Afirka, kuma ana ɗaukarsa dabba mai ban sha'awa a wasu sassan duniya. == Tarihi da ilimin lissafi == Eberhardt Zimmermann ya bayyana fennec fox a matsayin ''Canis zerda'' a cikin 1780.<ref name="Larivière-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Larivière |first=Serge |date=2002-12-26 |title=''Vulpes zerda'' |url=https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/doi/10.1644/0.714.1/2600497 |journal=[[Mammalian Species]] |issue=714 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1644/0.714.1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekara ta 1788, Johann Friedrich Gmelin ya ba wa jinsin ma'anar Canis cerdo tare da nau'irin yankin da ke Sahara Desert . Bayan 'yan shekaru, Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer ya sanya sunan ''Viverra aurita'' ga jinsin a cikin shekara ta 1793; irin wannan yankin shine Algeria. Ma'anar da ta biyo baya sun haɗa da ''Fennecus arabicus'' na Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest a cikin 1804; ''Megalotis cerda'' na Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger a cikin 1811 wanda ya dogara da bayanin da Gmelin ya yi a baya, da kuma wani ma'anar da Desmarest (''Fennecus brucei'') a cikin 1820; irin yankin shine Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, da Sudan. A cikin 1827, René Lesson ya ba da nau'in wani nau'i (''Canis fennecus'') wanda aikinsa ya dogara ne akan bayanin kimiyya na nau'in a cikin 1780. A cikin shekarun 1840, jinsin sun sami sunayen iri ɗaya daga Pierre Boitard a cikin 1842 (''Vulpes denhamii'') da John Edward Gray a cikin 1843 (''Vulpes zuarensis''). Irin waɗannan yankuna sun kasance "cikin Afirka" da Masar, bi da bi. A cikin 1978 Gordon Barclay Corbet ya sake ba da sunan jinsin zuwa ''Vulpes zerda'', [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] na yanzu.<ref name="Larivière-2002" /> Da farko an sanya shi ga jinsin ''Canis'', amma bayan nazarin kwayoyin an tura shi zuwa ''Vulpes'' duk da cewa yana da wasu halaye da halaye daban-daban. Dangane da shaidar DNA, dangi mai rai mafi kusa da fennec fox shine Blanford's fox. Su ne biyu daga cikin nau'ikan "tsuntsaye na hamada" guda takwas, wanda shine rukuni na Vulpes waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin muhalli, sauran su ne corsac fox, pale fox, kit fox, Tibetan fox, Rüppell's fox da Cape fox. Dukkanin nau'o'in takwas sun samo asali ne don tsira a cikin yanayin hamada, suna haɓaka halaye da yawa kamar riguna masu launin yashi, manyan kunnuwa, idanu masu launi, da koda na musamman.[1] Kalmar fennec ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci fanak wanda mai yiwuwa yana da asalin Farisa.[2] Fennec fox yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'in ''Vulpes'' 13 da ke akwai kuma memba ne na dangin Canidae . == Bayyanawa == [[File:Fennecus_zerda_05_MWNH_1387.JPG|left|thumb|Gashin kai na kyarkeci]] Fennec fox yana da gashi mai launin yashi wanda ke nuna hasken rana a rana kuma yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye shi da dumi da dare. Hanci baƙar fata ne kuma wutsiyarsa mai ƙanƙanta tana da baƙar fata. Tsawon kunnuwansa suna da launin ja mai tsayi a baya kuma suna da gashi sosai a ciki cewa ba a iya ganin maɓallin ji na waje ba. Yankunan kunnuwa suna da fari, amma sun fi duhu a baya. Rarrabawar kunne zuwa jiki shine mafi girma a cikin dangin canid kuma mai yiwuwa yana taimakawa wajen kawar da zafi da gano ganima. Yana da manyan koda masu yawa tare da ɗan ƙaramin ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke taimakawa adana ruwa a lokutan ƙaranci. Yana da duhu mai duhu wanda ke gudana daga idon ciki zuwa kowane bangare na ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa. Babban idanunsa suna da duhu. Tsarin hakora shine 3.1.4.23.1.4.3 × 2 = 42 tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin. An rufe ƙafafunta da gashi mai yawa, wanda ke sauƙaƙa tafiya a kan ƙasa mai zafi, mai yashi.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004">{{Cite book|last1=amp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=L. Rocha |first=Joana |last2=Silva |first2=Pedro |last3=Santos |first3=Nuno |last4=Nakamura |first4=Mónia |last5=Afonso |first5=Sandra |last6=Qninba |first6=Abdeljebbar |last7=Boratynski |first7=Zbyszek |last8=Sudmant |first8=Peter H. |last9=Brito |first9=José C. |last10=Nielsen |first10=Rasmus |last11=Godinho |first11=Raquel |date=2023-06-12 |title=North African fox genomes show signatures of repeated introgression and adaptation to life in deserts |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1267–1286 |bibcode=2023NatEE...7.1267L |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02094-w |issn=2397-334X |pmc=10527534 |pmid=37308700}}</ref> Fennec fox shine mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in canid. Mata suna cikin girman kai-zuwa-jiki daga 34.5 zuwa 39.5 in) tare da wutsiya mai tsawo 23-25 in) da 9-9.5 in) kunnuwa masu tsawo, kuma suna da nauyin 1-1.9 . Maza suna da ɗan girma, suna da girman kai zuwa jiki daga 39 zuwa 39.5 cm (15.4 zuwa 15.6 in) tare da wutsiya mai tsawo 23-25 in) da kunnuwa masu tsawo {{Cvt|10|cm}} in), suna da nauyin akalla {{Cvt|1.3|kg}} . <ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> == Rarraba da mazaunin == Ana rarraba fennec fox a ko'ina cikin Sahara, daga [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] zuwa arewacin [[Sudan]], ta hanyar [[Misra|Misira]] da Yankin Sinai. Yana zaune a cikin ƙananan yashi da manyan wuraren yashi marasa itatuwa tare da tsire-tsire masu yawa kamar ciyawa, sedges da ƙananan shrubs.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karssene, Y. |last2=Chammem, M. |last3=Li, F. |last4=Eddine, A. |last5=Hermann, A. |last6=Nouira, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Spatial and temporal variability in the distribution, daily activity and diet of fennec fox (''Vulpes zerda''), red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') and African golden wolf (''Canis anthus'') in southern Tunisia |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |bibcode=2019MamBi..95...41K |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2019.02.001 |s2cid=91615641}}</ref> A arewacin ɓangaren kewayonsa an rubuta ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a <100 mm idan aka kwatanta da 300 mm a kudancinsa. &nbsp;&nbsp;Yankin fennec fox mai yiwuwa ya haɗu da na sauran karnuka kamar golden jackal da Rüppell's fox. Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan canids, fennec fox yana da alama yana zaune a yankunan da ke da matsanancin yanayi kuma an san shi da gina burrows a cikin wuraren hatsi; wannan daidaitawa yana ba shi gefen masu fafatawa.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> == Halin da muhalli == === Halin da ake ciki ===   [[File:Desert_fennec_._Sahara_fox_in_Morocco.jpg|thumb|Fennec fox a cikin Sahara na Maroko]] Mutanen da aka kama suna zaune a cikin ƙungiyoyin iyali. Fennec foxes suna nuna halayyar wasa, musamman tsakanin matasa.<ref name="Dempsey-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Dempsey |first=J. L. |last2=Hanna |first2=S. J. |last3=Asa |first3=C. S. |last4=Bauman |first4=K. L. |date=2009 |title=Nutrition and behavior of Fennec Foxes (''Vulpes zerda'') |journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice |series=Nutrition and Behavior of Uncommon Species |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=299–312 |doi=10.1016/j.cvex.2009.01.004 |pmid=19341956}}</ref> === Yin farauta da abinci === Fennec fox yana cin komai, yana cin kananan dabbobi, [[Kadangare|lizards]] ([[Tsaka|geckos]] da skinks), kananan tsuntsaye da qwai, kwari, 'ya'yan itace, ganye, [[Tushen]] da kuma wasu tubers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vulpes zerda (Fennec) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vulpes_zerda/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref> Ya dogara da abin da ke cikin danshi na ganima, amma yana shan ruwa idan akwai.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> Yana farauta shi kaɗai kuma yana tonowa a cikin yashi don ƙananan dabbobi da kwari. An lura da wasu mutane suna binne ganima don amfani da su daga baya da neman abinci a kusa da mazaunan mutane.<ref name="Cuzin, F.A.-2013">{{Cite book|last1=amp|edition=D.|url-access=Butynski|oclc=Happold}}</ref> A cikin Sahara na Algeria, an tattara samfurori 114 waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da kwari 400, raguwar shuke-shuke da 'ya'yan itacen dabino (''Phoenix dactylifera''), ragowar tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, squamata da kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brahmi |first=K. |last2=Khechekhouche |first2=E.A. |last3=Mostefaoui |first3=O. |last4=Doumandji |first4=S. |last5=Baziz |first5=B. |last6=Aulagnier |first6=S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=First quantitative data on the diet of the fennec fox, ''Vulpes zerda'' (Canidae, Carnivora), in Algeria |journal=Folia Zoologica |volume=61 |pages=61–70 |doi=10.25225/fozo.v61.i1.a10.2012 |s2cid=86211731 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwa === [[File:Fenecs_(crop).jpg|thumb|Maza fennec fox yana hawa mace]] Fennec foxes suna yin jima'i har abada.<ref name="Siciliano-Martina-2023" /> Dabbobi da aka kama sun kai ga balaga na jima'i a kusan watanni tara kuma suna yin jima'i tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu.<ref name="Gauthier-Pilters-1967">{{Cite journal |last=Gauthier-Pilters |first=H. |year=1967 |title=The Fennec |journal=African Wildlife |volume=21 |pages=117–125}}</ref><ref name="Saint Girons-1962">{{Cite journal |last=Saint Girons |first=M. C. |year=1962 |title=Notes sur les dates de reproduction en captivite du fennec, ''Fennecus zerda'' (Zimmerman, 1780) |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Zeitschrift-Saeugetierkunde_27_0181-0184.pdf |journal=Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=181–184}}</ref> Maza fennec foxes suna cikin Estrus na matsakaicin awanni 24 kuma yawanci suna haifuwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara; ɗaurin jima'i yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu da minti 45.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valdespino |first=C. |last2=Asa |first2=C. S. |last3=Bauman |first3=J. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=Estrous cycles, copulation and pregnancy in the fennec fox (''Vulpes zerda'') |url=https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-pdf/83/1/99/7022997/83-1-99.pdf |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=99–109 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0099:ECCAPI>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=51812228}}</ref> Yin ciki yawanci yana tsakanin kwanaki 50 zuwa 52, kodayake wani lokacin har zuwa kwanaki 63. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petter |first=F. |year=1957 |title=La reproduction du fennec |journal=Mammalia |volume=21 |pages=307–309}}</ref><ref name="Gangloff-1972">{{Cite journal |last=Gangloff |first=L. |year=1972 |title=Breeding fennec foxes ''Fennecus zerda'' at Strasbourg Zoo |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=115–116 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1972.tb02289.x}}</ref> Bayan yin jima'i, namiji ya zama mai tsananin fushi kuma ya kare mace, kuma ya ba ta abinci a lokacin daukar ciki da [[Yin shayarwa|shayarwa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sowards |first=R. K. |year=1981 |title=Observation on breeding and rearing the fennec fox (''Fennecus zerda'') in captivity |journal=Animal Keepers' Forum |volume=8 |pages=175–177}}</ref> Mata suna haihuwa tsakanin Maris da Yuni ga jariri ɗaya zuwa huɗu waɗanda ke buɗe idanunsu bayan kwanaki 8 zuwa 11. <ref name="Gangloff-1972" /><ref name="Saint Girons-1962" /> Dukansu mata da maza suna kula da 'ya'yan. Suna sadarwa ta hanyar yin kuka, yin kuka, yayyafa da kuma yin kuka. Kwararrun suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin iyali ko da bayan an haifi sabon jariri.<ref name="Gauthier-Pilters-1967" /> Ana yaye jarirai a lokacin da suke da shekaru 61 zuwa 70.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koenig |first=L. |year=1970 |title=Zur Fortpflanzung und Jungendentwicklung des Wüstenfuchses (''Fennecus zerda'' Zimm. 1780) |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |language=de |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=205–246 |bibcode=1970Ethol..27..205K |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1970.tb01873.x |s2cid=84068292}}</ref> Manya suna kula da jarirai har sai sun kai kimanin makonni 16 zuwa 17.<ref name="Siciliano-Martina-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Siciliano-Martina |first=L. |last2=Martina |first2=J. P. |last3=Dohnalik |first3=E. |last4=Vielleux |first4=G. |date=2023 |title=Factors influencing the timing and frequency of litters in captive fennec foxes (''Vulpes zerda'') |journal=Animal Reproduction Science |volume=248 |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107182 |pmid=36529013}}</ref> Matsakaicin rayuwar a cikin daji shine shekaru 10. Tsohon namiji mai suna fennec fox yana da shekaru 14, kuma mafi tsufa mace tana da shekaru 13.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> === Masu cin nama, kwayar cuta da cututtuka === Nau'in kwayar Afirka irin su Fir'auna gaggafa-kwayar da ke cinyewa a kan 'ya'yan kare. Akwai rahotanni game da jackals da striped hyenas da ke cinyewa a kan fennec fox. Amma a cewar makiyaya, fennec fox yana da sauri kuma yana canza hanyoyi sosai har ma da Salukis ɗin su ba su iya kama shi ba.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> Kwararrun fennec foxes suna iya kamuwa da [[Diminin karnuka|kwayar cutar canine distemper]], suna nuna zazzabi, fitar da ido, [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], tsananin lalacewa, fashewa, ataxia mai yawa, matsanancin [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|rashin ruwa]], ƙuntatawa na kwakwalwa, cututtukan ciki da mutuwa. Damuwa saboda kamawa da jigilar nesa ana zaton su ne abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woo |first=G.-H. |last2=Jho |first2=Y.-S. |last3=Bak |first3=E.-J. |date=2010 |title=Canine distemper virus infection in Fennec Fox (''Vulpes zerda'') |journal=Journal of Veterinary Medical Science |volume=72 |issue=8 |pages=1075–1079 |doi=10.1292/jvms.09-0510 |pmid=20299771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, wani binciken ya ba da rahoton wani lamari na ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', nau'in fungus, a cikin namiji mai shekaru 2. Ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya kamu da kwayar cutar daga anorexia da [[Shawara|icterus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pressanti |first=Charline |last2=Delverdier |first2=Maxence |last3=Iriart |first3=Xavier |last4=Morcel |first4=Frédérique |last5=Cadiergues |first5=Marie-Christine |date=2012 |title=A case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in a fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01077.x |journal=Veterinary Dermatology |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=456–e87 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01077.x |issn=1365-3164 |pmid=22822716}}</ref> Binciken 2019 na mutuwar fennec foxes saboda yanayin kiwon lafiya ko pathogens a Bronx da Prospect Park Zoos tun daga 1980 ya gano cewa yawancin irin waɗannan mutuwar an danganta su da neoplasia da [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]]. Yawancin foxes sun kamu da cututtuka ko yanayin kiwon lafiya daga cututtukan cututtukani da sauran cututtukansun cututtukana, da kuma rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Figueroa |first=Rachael |last2=Oliveira |first2=Ryan D. |last3=Sykes |first3=John M. |date=July 2023 |title=A 40-year (1980–2019) Retrospective review of morbidity and mortality of fennec foxes (Vulpes Zerda) at the Bronx and Prospect Park Zoos |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-54/issue-2/2022-0167/A-40-YEAR-19802019-RETROSPECTIVE-REVIEW-OF-MORBIDITY-AND-MORTALITY/10.1638/2022-0167.short |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=252–261 |doi=10.1638/2022-0167 |issn=1042-7260 |pmid=37428687 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211204959/https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-54/issue-2/2022-0167/A-40-YEAR-19802019-RETROSPECTIVE-REVIEW-OF-MORBIDITY-AND-MORTALITY/10.1638/2022-0167.short |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref> Kwayoyin da aka sani suna kamuwa da cutar fennec fox sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Capillaria da ''Angiostrongylus vasorum'', da kuma alveolate ''Toxoplasma gondii''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taki |first=Yahya |last2=Bourquia |first2=Maria |date=2024-04-30 |title=Gastrointestinal and respiratory parasites in captive mammals at Rabat zoo, with the first record of Capillaria spp. in the Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) |url=https://veterinariaitaliana.izs.it/index.php/VetIt/article/view/2856 |journal=Veterinaria Italiana |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |doi=10.12834/VetIt.2856.19877.2 |issn=1828-1427 |pmid=38686838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galietta |first=Valentina |last2=Eleni |first2=Claudia |last3=Raso |first3=Caterina |last4=Cocumelli |first4=Cristiano |last5=Friedrich |first5=Klaus G. |last6=Di Cerbo |first6=Pilar |last7=Iurescia |first7=Manuela |last8=Diaconu |first8=Elena L. |last9=Alba |first9=Patricia |last10=De Liberato |first10=Claudio |date=September 2022 |title=Systemic Infection by Angiostrongylus vasorum in a Fennec (Vulpes zerda) in an Italian Zoological Garden |journal=Pathogens |language=en |volume=11 |issue=9 |page=965 |doi=10.3390/pathogens11090965 |issn=2076-0817 |pmc=9505467 |pmid=36145397 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kottwitz |first=Jack J. |last2=Preziosi |first2=Diane E. |last3=Miller |first3=Margaret A. |last4=Ramos-Vara |first4=Jose A. |last5=Maggs |first5=David J. |last6=Bonagura |first6=John D. |date=2004-11-01 |title=Heart Failure Caused by Toxoplasmosis in a Fennec Fox (Fennecus zerda) |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/jaaha/article-abstract/40/6/501/176124/Heart-Failure-Caused-by-Toxoplasmosis-in-a-Fennec |journal=Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=501–507 |doi=10.5326/0400501 |issn=0587-2871 |pmid=15533972 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Barazanar == A Arewacin Afirka, ana yawan kama fennec fox don nune-nunen ko siyarwa ga masu yawon bude ido. Yaduwar mazaunan mutane na dindindin a kudancin Maroko ya haifar da bacewarsa a cikin waɗannan yankuna kuma ya ƙuntata shi ga yankuna masu iyaka. Sauran dalilai kamar Aikin hanya, Binciken girgizar ƙasa, [[hakar ma'adinai]], filayen mai, fadada kasuwanci da karuwar yawan al'ummomin ɗan adam a cikin kewayon su an ambaci su a matsayin barazanar da za a iya samu. === Karewa === Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, an rarraba fennec fox a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa a kan IUCN Red List . An jera shi a cikin CITES Appendix II kuma an kare shi a Maroko da Yammacin Sahara, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Masar, inda aka rubuta shi a yankuna masu kariya da yawa. Wani mataki da aka dauka don kiyaye jinsin shine sanya mutane a cikin mahalli kamar zoos. Ana kuma inganta shirye-shiryen ilimi don ci gaba da wannan shirin.[1] == Ma'amala da mutane == === A cikin al'adu === [[File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1875)_b_033.jpg|alt="A greyscale sketch of a group of long eared foxes on a rocky outcrop in a desert. There is a crumbling brick building to the left and two of the foxes are on lookout."|thumb|Hoton da Gustav Mützel ya zana, 1876]] Fennec fox dabba ce ta ƙasar [[Aljeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodges |first=K. |year=2012 |title=National Animals of African Countries |url=http://african.howzit.msn.com/national-animals-of-african-countries?page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225172955/http://african.howzit.msn.com/national-animals-of-african-countries?page=10 |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana aiki ne a matsayin laƙabi ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Algeria "Les Fennecs".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fifa |date=2009 |title=Paris salutes Les Fennecs |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid%3D1137333/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601025618/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid%3D1137333/index.html |archive-date=2010-06-01 |publisher=Fifa}}</ref> An nuna nau'in a cikin The Little Prince, wani labari na 1943 na Antoine de Saint-Exupéry wanda ya biyo bayan labarin matukin jirgi wanda aka tilasta masa ya sauka jirgin sama na gaggawa a cikin hamadar Sahara mai nisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-01 |title=The Amazigh Adventures of Le Petit Prince |url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/articles/2017/the-amazigh-adventures-of-le-petit-prince |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.aramcoworld.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, an nuna fennec fox a bangon Mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAdw">Ranger Rick</i></nowiki> . A cikin Fasahar Romawa da wallafe-wallafen, akwai karancin hotuna na nau'in fox gabaɗaya. Koyaya, bisa ga Martial's Epigrams, wanda ya bayyana "dutse mai tsawo" a matsayin sanannen dabba, mai yiwuwa ne cewa an kiyaye fennec fox a matsayin dabba mai ban sha'awa a Daular Romawa. Bugu da ƙari, jinsin ya bayyana a matsayin ''Fenneko'' a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Aggretsuko.'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanaway |first=Tom |date=2018-05-19 |title=Sanrio characters in 'Aggretsuko' reflect the realities of life at work — rage included |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/05/19/national/media-national/sanrio-characters-reflect-realities-life-work-rage-included/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> === A cikin bauta === An haifi fennec fox a matsayin dabba mai ban sha'awa.<ref name="Cuzin, F.A.-2013" /> Masu kiwon kasuwanci suna cire 'ya'yan daga mahaifiyarsu don kiwon su da hannu, saboda kyarketai sun fi mahimmanci. An kafa rajistar masu kiwo a Amurka don kauce wa duk wata matsala da ke da alaƙa da haifuwa. Ya zuwa 2020, jihohin Amurka 15 sun ba da izinin mallakar kyarketai ba tare da buƙatar takarda ba, kodayake an kuma ba da izini ga ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Misfeldt |first=Abigail |date=2020-01-01 |title=To what extent has the relationship between humans and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) evolved throughout history? |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses/283/#:~:text=Red%20foxes%20are%20one%20of,or%20simply%20a%20neutral%20one. |journal=Department of Environmental Studies: Undergraduate Student Theses}}</ref> Saboda rashin abinci da bai dace ba, an san karnuka da aka kama da girma zuwa girma mai girma.<ref name="Dempsey-2009" /> Sau da yawa ana yin rikodin kyarketai da ke nuna halayen da aka saba da su; wannan na iya faruwa ne saboda rashin isasshen yanayin da aka sanya su. Lokacin da ake samar da hayaniya daga masu kula da namun daji da baƙi, kyarketai galibi suna amsawa ta hanyar tafiya akai-akai. Hakazalika, a cikin wani lamari, maza biyu a cikin National Zoological Park suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokutan su suna tafiya a kusa da wuraren da suke kewaye. Mafi girma, kewaye na waje na iya taimakawa rage halayen da aka tsara, yayin da suke samar da ƙarin sarari ga kyarketai su tsere daga haɗarin da aka gani kuma su ɓoye a cikin wuri mai aminci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlstead |first=Kathy |date=1991 |title=Husbandry of the Fennec fox: Fennecus zerda: environmental conditions influencing stereotypic behaviour |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1991.tb03487.x |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=202–207 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1991.tb03487.x |issn=1748-1090 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n8j1jvcxehds6f2bsl1wos70aleeyls 966570 966569 2026-10-11T17:20:00Z Khaleel767 49732 966570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''fennec fox''' ('''''Vulpes zerda''''') ƙaramin fox ne na asalin hamada na [[Arewacin Afirka]], daga Yammacin Sahara da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] zuwa Yankin Sinai . Abubuwan da suka fi bambanta da ita sune manyan kunnuwanta, waɗanda ke aiki don kawar da zafi da sauraron ganima a karkashin kasa. Fennec shine mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in fox. Gashinsa, kunnuwa, da ayyukan koda sun saba da yanayin hamada tare da yanayin zafi mai girma da ruwa kadan. Fennec fox galibi yana cin kwari, kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]. Yana da tsawon rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 14 a cikin bauta kuma kimanin shekaru 10 a cikin daji. Fir'auna gaggafa-gwargwadon suna cinye 'ya'yan; duka manya da' yan jarida na iya zama ganima ga jackals da hyena. Iyalan Fennec suna tono a cikin yashi don zama da kariya, wanda zai iya zama babba kamar {{Cvt|120|sqm}} m2 sq kuma yana kusa da burrows na wasu iyalai. Ba a san ainihin adadin jama'a ba amma an kiyasta su daga yawan abubuwan da aka gani; waɗannan suna nuna cewa a halin yanzu ba a barazanar kare fennec ba. Sanin hulɗar zamantakewa yana iyakance ga bayanan da aka tattara daga dabbobi da aka kama. Ana yawan kama fennec fox don nune-nunen ko siyarwa a Arewacin Afirka, kuma ana ɗaukarsa dabba mai ban sha'awa a wasu sassan duniya. == Tarihi da ilimin lissafi == Eberhardt Zimmermann ya bayyana fennec fox a matsayin ''Canis zerda'' a cikin 1780.<ref name="Larivière-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Larivière |first=Serge |date=2002-12-26 |title=''Vulpes zerda'' |url=https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/doi/10.1644/0.714.1/2600497 |journal=[[Mammalian Species]] |issue=714 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1644/0.714.1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekara ta 1788, Johann Friedrich Gmelin ya ba wa jinsin ma'anar Canis cerdo tare da nau'irin yankin da ke Sahara Desert . Bayan 'yan shekaru, Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer ya sanya sunan ''Viverra aurita'' ga jinsin a cikin shekara ta 1793; irin wannan yankin shine Algeria. Ma'anar da ta biyo baya sun haɗa da ''Fennecus arabicus'' na Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest a cikin 1804; ''Megalotis cerda'' na Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger a cikin 1811 wanda ya dogara da bayanin da Gmelin ya yi a baya, da kuma wani ma'anar da Desmarest (''Fennecus brucei'') a cikin 1820; irin yankin shine Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, da Sudan. A cikin 1827, René Lesson ya ba da nau'in wani nau'i (''Canis fennecus'') wanda aikinsa ya dogara ne akan bayanin kimiyya na nau'in a cikin 1780. A cikin shekarun 1840, jinsin sun sami sunayen iri ɗaya daga Pierre Boitard a cikin 1842 (''Vulpes denhamii'') da John Edward Gray a cikin 1843 (''Vulpes zuarensis''). Irin waɗannan yankuna sun kasance "cikin Afirka" da Masar, bi da bi. A cikin 1978 Gordon Barclay Corbet ya sake ba da sunan jinsin zuwa ''Vulpes zerda'', [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] na yanzu.<ref name="Larivière-2002" /> Da farko an sanya shi ga jinsin ''Canis'', amma bayan nazarin kwayoyin an tura shi zuwa ''Vulpes'' duk da cewa yana da wasu halaye da halaye daban-daban. Dangane da shaidar DNA, dangi mai rai mafi kusa da fennec fox shine Blanford's fox. Su ne biyu daga cikin nau'ikan "tsuntsaye na hamada" guda takwas, wanda shine rukuni na Vulpes waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin muhalli, sauran su ne corsac fox, pale fox, kit fox, Tibetan fox, Rüppell's fox da Cape fox. Dukkanin nau'o'in takwas sun samo asali ne don tsira a cikin yanayin hamada, suna haɓaka halaye da yawa kamar riguna masu launin yashi, manyan kunnuwa, idanu masu launi, da koda na musamman.[1] Kalmar fennec ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci fanak wanda mai yiwuwa yana da asalin Farisa.[2] Fennec fox yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'in ''Vulpes'' 13 da ke akwai kuma memba ne na dangin Canidae . == Bayyanawa == [[File:Fennecus_zerda_05_MWNH_1387.JPG|left|thumb|Gashin kai na kyarkeci]] Fennec fox yana da gashi mai launin yashi wanda ke nuna hasken rana a rana kuma yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye shi da dumi da dare. Hanci baƙar fata ne kuma wutsiyarsa mai ƙanƙanta tana da baƙar fata. Tsawon kunnuwansa suna da launin ja mai tsayi a baya kuma suna da gashi sosai a ciki cewa ba a iya ganin maɓallin ji na waje ba. Yankunan kunnuwa suna da fari, amma sun fi duhu a baya. Rarrabawar kunne zuwa jiki shine mafi girma a cikin dangin canid kuma mai yiwuwa yana taimakawa wajen kawar da zafi da gano ganima. Yana da manyan koda masu yawa tare da ɗan ƙaramin ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke taimakawa adana ruwa a lokutan ƙaranci. Yana da duhu mai duhu wanda ke gudana daga idon ciki zuwa kowane bangare na ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa. Babban idanunsa suna da duhu. Tsarin hakora shine 3.1.4.23.1.4.3 × 2 = 42 tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin. An rufe ƙafafunta da gashi mai yawa, wanda ke sauƙaƙa tafiya a kan ƙasa mai zafi, mai yashi.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004">{{Cite book|last1=amp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=L. Rocha |first=Joana |last2=Silva |first2=Pedro |last3=Santos |first3=Nuno |last4=Nakamura |first4=Mónia |last5=Afonso |first5=Sandra |last6=Qninba |first6=Abdeljebbar |last7=Boratynski |first7=Zbyszek |last8=Sudmant |first8=Peter H. |last9=Brito |first9=José C. |last10=Nielsen |first10=Rasmus |last11=Godinho |first11=Raquel |date=2023-06-12 |title=North African fox genomes show signatures of repeated introgression and adaptation to life in deserts |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1267–1286 |bibcode=2023NatEE...7.1267L |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02094-w |issn=2397-334X |pmc=10527534 |pmid=37308700}}</ref> Fennec fox shine mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in canid. Mata suna cikin girman kai-zuwa-jiki daga 34.5 zuwa 39.5 in) tare da wutsiya mai tsawo 23-25 in) da 9-9.5 in) kunnuwa masu tsawo, kuma suna da nauyin 1-1.9 . Maza suna da ɗan girma, suna da girman kai zuwa jiki daga 39 zuwa 39.5 cm (15.4 zuwa 15.6 in) tare da wutsiya mai tsawo 23-25 in) da kunnuwa masu tsawo {{Cvt|10|cm}} in), suna da nauyin akalla {{Cvt|1.3|kg}} . <ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> == Rarraba da mazaunin == Ana rarraba fennec fox a ko'ina cikin Sahara, daga [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] zuwa arewacin [[Sudan]], ta hanyar [[Misra|Misira]] da Yankin Sinai. Yana zaune a cikin ƙananan yashi da manyan wuraren yashi marasa itatuwa tare da tsire-tsire masu yawa kamar ciyawa, sedges da ƙananan shrubs.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karssene, Y. |last2=Chammem, M. |last3=Li, F. |last4=Eddine, A. |last5=Hermann, A. |last6=Nouira, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Spatial and temporal variability in the distribution, daily activity and diet of fennec fox (''Vulpes zerda''), red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') and African golden wolf (''Canis anthus'') in southern Tunisia |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |bibcode=2019MamBi..95...41K |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2019.02.001 |s2cid=91615641}}</ref> A arewacin ɓangaren kewayonsa an rubuta ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a <100 mm idan aka kwatanta da 300 mm a kudancinsa. &nbsp;&nbsp;Yankin fennec fox mai yiwuwa ya haɗu da na sauran karnuka kamar golden jackal da Rüppell's fox. Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan canids, fennec fox yana da alama yana zaune a yankunan da ke da matsanancin yanayi kuma an san shi da gina burrows a cikin wuraren hatsi; wannan daidaitawa yana ba shi gefen masu fafatawa.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> == Halin da muhalli == === Halin da ake ciki ===   [[File:Desert_fennec_._Sahara_fox_in_Morocco.jpg|thumb|Fennec fox a cikin Sahara na Maroko]] Mutanen da aka kama suna zaune a cikin ƙungiyoyin iyali. Fennec foxes suna nuna halayyar wasa, musamman tsakanin matasa.<ref name="Dempsey-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Dempsey |first=J. L. |last2=Hanna |first2=S. J. |last3=Asa |first3=C. S. |last4=Bauman |first4=K. L. |date=2009 |title=Nutrition and behavior of Fennec Foxes (''Vulpes zerda'') |journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice |series=Nutrition and Behavior of Uncommon Species |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=299–312 |doi=10.1016/j.cvex.2009.01.004 |pmid=19341956}}</ref> === Yin farauta da abinci === Fennec fox yana cin komai, yana cin kananan dabbobi, [[Kadangare|lizards]] ([[Tsaka|geckos]] da skinks), kananan tsuntsaye da qwai, kwari, 'ya'yan itace, ganye, [[Tushen]] da kuma wasu tubers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vulpes zerda (Fennec) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vulpes_zerda/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref> Ya dogara da abin da ke cikin danshi na ganima, amma yana shan ruwa idan akwai.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> Yana farauta shi kaɗai kuma yana tonowa a cikin yashi don ƙananan dabbobi da kwari. An lura da wasu mutane suna binne ganima don amfani da su daga baya da neman abinci a kusa da mazaunan mutane.<ref name="Cuzin, F.A.-2013">{{Cite book|last1=amp|edition=D.|url-access=Butynski|oclc=Happold}}</ref> A cikin Sahara na Algeria, an tattara samfurori 114 waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da kwari 400, raguwar shuke-shuke da 'ya'yan itacen dabino (''Phoenix dactylifera''), ragowar tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, squamata da kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brahmi |first=K. |last2=Khechekhouche |first2=E.A. |last3=Mostefaoui |first3=O. |last4=Doumandji |first4=S. |last5=Baziz |first5=B. |last6=Aulagnier |first6=S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=First quantitative data on the diet of the fennec fox, ''Vulpes zerda'' (Canidae, Carnivora), in Algeria |journal=Folia Zoologica |volume=61 |pages=61–70 |doi=10.25225/fozo.v61.i1.a10.2012 |s2cid=86211731 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwa === [[File:Fenecs_(crop).jpg|thumb|Maza fennec fox yana hawa mace]] Fennec foxes suna yin jima'i har abada.<ref name="Siciliano-Martina-2023" /> Dabbobi da aka kama sun kai ga balaga na jima'i a kusan watanni tara kuma suna yin jima'i tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu.<ref name="Gauthier-Pilters-1967">{{Cite journal |last=Gauthier-Pilters |first=H. |year=1967 |title=The Fennec |journal=African Wildlife |volume=21 |pages=117–125}}</ref><ref name="Saint Girons-1962">{{Cite journal |last=Saint Girons |first=M. C. |year=1962 |title=Notes sur les dates de reproduction en captivite du fennec, ''Fennecus zerda'' (Zimmerman, 1780) |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Zeitschrift-Saeugetierkunde_27_0181-0184.pdf |journal=Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=181–184}}</ref> Maza fennec foxes suna cikin Estrus na matsakaicin awanni 24 kuma yawanci suna haifuwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara; ɗaurin jima'i yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu da minti 45.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valdespino |first=C. |last2=Asa |first2=C. S. |last3=Bauman |first3=J. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=Estrous cycles, copulation and pregnancy in the fennec fox (''Vulpes zerda'') |url=https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-pdf/83/1/99/7022997/83-1-99.pdf |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=99–109 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0099:ECCAPI>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=51812228}}</ref> Yin ciki yawanci yana tsakanin kwanaki 50 zuwa 52, kodayake wani lokacin har zuwa kwanaki 63. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petter |first=F. |year=1957 |title=La reproduction du fennec |journal=Mammalia |volume=21 |pages=307–309}}</ref><ref name="Gangloff-1972">{{Cite journal |last=Gangloff |first=L. |year=1972 |title=Breeding fennec foxes ''Fennecus zerda'' at Strasbourg Zoo |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=115–116 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1972.tb02289.x}}</ref> Bayan yin jima'i, namiji ya zama mai tsananin fushi kuma ya kare mace, kuma ya ba ta abinci a lokacin daukar ciki da [[Yin shayarwa|shayarwa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sowards |first=R. K. |year=1981 |title=Observation on breeding and rearing the fennec fox (''Fennecus zerda'') in captivity |journal=Animal Keepers' Forum |volume=8 |pages=175–177}}</ref> Mata suna haihuwa tsakanin Maris da Yuni ga jariri ɗaya zuwa huɗu waɗanda ke buɗe idanunsu bayan kwanaki 8 zuwa 11. <ref name="Gangloff-1972" /><ref name="Saint Girons-1962" /> Dukansu mata da maza suna kula da 'ya'yan. Suna sadarwa ta hanyar yin kuka, yin kuka, yayyafa da kuma yin kuka. Kwararrun suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin iyali ko da bayan an haifi sabon jariri.<ref name="Gauthier-Pilters-1967" /> Ana yaye jarirai a lokacin da suke da shekaru 61 zuwa 70.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koenig |first=L. |year=1970 |title=Zur Fortpflanzung und Jungendentwicklung des Wüstenfuchses (''Fennecus zerda'' Zimm. 1780) |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |language=de |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=205–246 |bibcode=1970Ethol..27..205K |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1970.tb01873.x |s2cid=84068292}}</ref> Manya suna kula da jarirai har sai sun kai kimanin makonni 16 zuwa 17.<ref name="Siciliano-Martina-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Siciliano-Martina |first=L. |last2=Martina |first2=J. P. |last3=Dohnalik |first3=E. |last4=Vielleux |first4=G. |date=2023 |title=Factors influencing the timing and frequency of litters in captive fennec foxes (''Vulpes zerda'') |journal=Animal Reproduction Science |volume=248 |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107182 |pmid=36529013}}</ref> Matsakaicin rayuwar a cikin daji shine shekaru 10. Tsohon namiji mai suna fennec fox yana da shekaru 14, kuma mafi tsufa mace tana da shekaru 13.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> === Masu cin nama, kwayar cuta da cututtuka === Nau'in kwayar Afirka irin su Fir'auna gaggafa-kwayar da ke cinyewa a kan 'ya'yan kare. Akwai rahotanni game da jackals da striped hyenas da ke cinyewa a kan fennec fox. Amma a cewar makiyaya, fennec fox yana da sauri kuma yana canza hanyoyi sosai har ma da Salukis ɗin su ba su iya kama shi ba.<ref name="Cuzin, F.-2004" /> Kwararrun fennec foxes suna iya kamuwa da [[Diminin karnuka|kwayar cutar canine distemper]], suna nuna zazzabi, fitar da ido, [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], tsananin lalacewa, fashewa, ataxia mai yawa, matsanancin [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|rashin ruwa]], ƙuntatawa na kwakwalwa, cututtukan ciki da mutuwa. Damuwa saboda kamawa da jigilar nesa ana zaton su ne abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woo |first=G.-H. |last2=Jho |first2=Y.-S. |last3=Bak |first3=E.-J. |date=2010 |title=Canine distemper virus infection in Fennec Fox (''Vulpes zerda'') |journal=Journal of Veterinary Medical Science |volume=72 |issue=8 |pages=1075–1079 |doi=10.1292/jvms.09-0510 |pmid=20299771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, wani binciken ya ba da rahoton wani lamari na ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', nau'in fungus, a cikin namiji mai shekaru 2. Ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya kamu da kwayar cutar daga anorexia da [[Shawara|icterus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pressanti |first=Charline |last2=Delverdier |first2=Maxence |last3=Iriart |first3=Xavier |last4=Morcel |first4=Frédérique |last5=Cadiergues |first5=Marie-Christine |date=2012 |title=A case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in a fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01077.x |journal=Veterinary Dermatology |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=456–e87 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01077.x |issn=1365-3164 |pmid=22822716}}</ref> Binciken 2019 na mutuwar fennec foxes saboda yanayin kiwon lafiya ko pathogens a Bronx da Prospect Park Zoos tun daga 1980 ya gano cewa yawancin irin waɗannan mutuwar an danganta su da neoplasia da [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]]. Yawancin foxes sun kamu da cututtuka ko yanayin kiwon lafiya daga cututtukan cututtukani da sauran cututtukansun cututtukana, da kuma rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Figueroa |first=Rachael |last2=Oliveira |first2=Ryan D. |last3=Sykes |first3=John M. |date=July 2023 |title=A 40-year (1980–2019) Retrospective review of morbidity and mortality of fennec foxes (Vulpes Zerda) at the Bronx and Prospect Park Zoos |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-54/issue-2/2022-0167/A-40-YEAR-19802019-RETROSPECTIVE-REVIEW-OF-MORBIDITY-AND-MORTALITY/10.1638/2022-0167.short |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=252–261 |doi=10.1638/2022-0167 |issn=1042-7260 |pmid=37428687 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211204959/https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-54/issue-2/2022-0167/A-40-YEAR-19802019-RETROSPECTIVE-REVIEW-OF-MORBIDITY-AND-MORTALITY/10.1638/2022-0167.short |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref> Kwayoyin da aka sani suna kamuwa da cutar fennec fox sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Capillaria da ''Angiostrongylus vasorum'', da kuma alveolate ''Toxoplasma gondii''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taki |first=Yahya |last2=Bourquia |first2=Maria |date=2024-04-30 |title=Gastrointestinal and respiratory parasites in captive mammals at Rabat zoo, with the first record of Capillaria spp. in the Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) |url=https://veterinariaitaliana.izs.it/index.php/VetIt/article/view/2856 |journal=Veterinaria Italiana |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |doi=10.12834/VetIt.2856.19877.2 |issn=1828-1427 |pmid=38686838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galietta |first=Valentina |last2=Eleni |first2=Claudia |last3=Raso |first3=Caterina |last4=Cocumelli |first4=Cristiano |last5=Friedrich |first5=Klaus G. |last6=Di Cerbo |first6=Pilar |last7=Iurescia |first7=Manuela |last8=Diaconu |first8=Elena L. |last9=Alba |first9=Patricia |last10=De Liberato |first10=Claudio |date=September 2022 |title=Systemic Infection by Angiostrongylus vasorum in a Fennec (Vulpes zerda) in an Italian Zoological Garden |journal=Pathogens |language=en |volume=11 |issue=9 |page=965 |doi=10.3390/pathogens11090965 |issn=2076-0817 |pmc=9505467 |pmid=36145397 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kottwitz |first=Jack J. |last2=Preziosi |first2=Diane E. |last3=Miller |first3=Margaret A. |last4=Ramos-Vara |first4=Jose A. |last5=Maggs |first5=David J. |last6=Bonagura |first6=John D. |date=2004-11-01 |title=Heart Failure Caused by Toxoplasmosis in a Fennec Fox (Fennecus zerda) |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/jaaha/article-abstract/40/6/501/176124/Heart-Failure-Caused-by-Toxoplasmosis-in-a-Fennec |journal=Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=501–507 |doi=10.5326/0400501 |issn=0587-2871 |pmid=15533972 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Barazanar == A Arewacin Afirka, ana yawan kama fennec fox don nune-nunen ko siyarwa ga masu yawon bude ido. Yaduwar mazaunan mutane na dindindin a kudancin Maroko ya haifar da bacewarsa a cikin waɗannan yankuna kuma ya ƙuntata shi ga yankuna masu iyaka. Sauran dalilai kamar Aikin hanya, Binciken girgizar ƙasa, [[hakar ma'adinai]], filayen mai, fadada kasuwanci da karuwar yawan al'ummomin ɗan adam a cikin kewayon su an ambaci su a matsayin barazanar da za a iya samu. === Karewa === Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, an rarraba fennec fox a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa a kan IUCN Red List . An jera shi a cikin CITES Appendix II kuma an kare shi a Maroko da Yammacin Sahara, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Masar, inda aka rubuta shi a yankuna masu kariya da yawa. Wani mataki da aka dauka don kiyaye jinsin shine sanya mutane a cikin mahalli kamar zoos. Ana kuma inganta shirye-shiryen ilimi don ci gaba da wannan shirin.[1] == Ma'amala da mutane == === A cikin al'adu === [[File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1875)_b_033.jpg|alt="A greyscale sketch of a group of long eared foxes on a rocky outcrop in a desert. There is a crumbling brick building to the left and two of the foxes are on lookout."|thumb|Hoton da Gustav Mützel ya zana, 1876]] Fennec fox dabba ce ta ƙasar [[Aljeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodges |first=K. |year=2012 |title=National Animals of African Countries |url=http://african.howzit.msn.com/national-animals-of-african-countries?page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225172955/http://african.howzit.msn.com/national-animals-of-african-countries?page=10 |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana aiki ne a matsayin laƙabi ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Algeria "Les Fennecs".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fifa |date=2009 |title=Paris salutes Les Fennecs |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid%3D1137333/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601025618/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid%3D1137333/index.html |archive-date=2010-06-01 |publisher=Fifa}}</ref> An nuna nau'in a cikin The Little Prince, wani labari na 1943 na Antoine de Saint-Exupéry wanda ya biyo bayan labarin matukin jirgi wanda aka tilasta masa ya sauka jirgin sama na gaggawa a cikin hamadar Sahara mai nisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-01 |title=The Amazigh Adventures of Le Petit Prince |url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/articles/2017/the-amazigh-adventures-of-le-petit-prince |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.aramcoworld.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, an nuna fennec fox a bangon Mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAdw">Ranger Rick</i></nowiki> . A cikin Fasahar Romawa da wallafe-wallafen, akwai karancin hotuna na nau'in fox gabaɗaya. Koyaya, bisa ga Martial's Epigrams, wanda ya bayyana "dutse mai tsawo" a matsayin sanannen dabba, mai yiwuwa ne cewa an kiyaye fennec fox a matsayin dabba mai ban sha'awa a Daular Romawa. Bugu da ƙari, jinsin ya bayyana a matsayin ''Fenneko'' a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Aggretsuko.'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanaway |first=Tom |date=2018-05-19 |title=Sanrio characters in 'Aggretsuko' reflect the realities of life at work — rage included |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/05/19/national/media-national/sanrio-characters-reflect-realities-life-work-rage-included/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> === A cikin bauta === An haifi fennec fox a matsayin dabba mai ban sha'awa.<ref name="Cuzin, F.A.-2013" /> Masu kiwon kasuwanci suna cire 'ya'yan daga mahaifiyarsu don kiwon su da hannu, saboda kyarketai sun fi mahimmanci. An kafa rajistar masu kiwo a Amurka don kauce wa duk wata matsala da ke da alaƙa da haifuwa. Ya zuwa 2020, jihohin Amurka 15 sun ba da izinin mallakar kyarketai ba tare da buƙatar takarda ba, kodayake an kuma ba da izini ga ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Misfeldt |first=Abigail |date=2020-01-01 |title=To what extent has the relationship between humans and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) evolved throughout history? |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses/283/#:~:text=Red%20foxes%20are%20one%20of,or%20simply%20a%20neutral%20one. |journal=Department of Environmental Studies: Undergraduate Student Theses}}</ref> Saboda rashin abinci da bai dace ba, an san karnuka da aka kama da girma zuwa girma mai girma.<ref name="Dempsey-2009" /> Sau da yawa ana yin rikodin kyarketai da ke nuna halayen da aka saba da su; wannan na iya faruwa ne saboda rashin isasshen yanayin da aka sanya su. Lokacin da ake samar da hayaniya daga masu kula da namun daji da baƙi, kyarketai galibi suna amsawa ta hanyar tafiya akai-akai. Hakazalika, a cikin wani lamari, maza biyu a cikin National Zoological Park suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokutan su suna tafiya a kusa da wuraren da suke kewaye. Mafi girma, kewaye na waje na iya taimakawa rage halayen da aka tsara, yayin da suke samar da ƙarin sarari ga kyarketai su tsere daga haɗarin da aka gani kuma su ɓoye a cikin wuri mai aminci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlstead |first=Kathy |date=1991 |title=Husbandry of the Fennec fox: Fennecus zerda: environmental conditions influencing stereotypic behaviour |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1991.tb03487.x |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=202–207 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1991.tb03487.x |issn=1748-1090 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] an1fqj8q9ojc9tigbocljcd3ik242c9 Mateus Fernandes (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) 0 178985 966572 2026-10-11T17:23:17Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377844145|Mateus Fernandes (footballer)]]" 966572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 19 September 2026}}{{Notelist}}{{Updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=33506 |title=Mateus Fernandes, international football player |website=eu-football.info |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref>Mateus Gonçalo Espanha Fernandes (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Premier League Tottenham Hotspur da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Portugal . Fernandes ta kammala karatu a tsarin matasa na Sporting CP. Ya buga wasanni 10 na farko a Sporting, kuma yana da aro a Estoril, kafin ya koma Southampton a watan Agustan 2024. [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] ta sanya hannu a kansa a watan Agustan 2025, don kudin canja wurin sama da fam miliyan 40. A watan Yulin 2026, Fernandes ya shiga Tottenham Hotspur . Fernandes ya buga wasanni sama da 40 ga Portugal a matakin matasa na duniya. Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2026. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta CP === Fernandes samfurin matasa ne na kulob dinsa na Olhanense, kuma ya koma makarantar matasa ta Sporting CP a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sousa |first=Jorge Faria |date=22 July 2022 |title=Mateus Fernandes, mais um jovem talento da formação |url=https://bolanarede.pt/nacional/sporting/mateusfernandes-mais-um-jovem-talento-da-formacao/}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa Kungiyar B-da suka yi a kakar 2021-22. A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2022, Fernandes ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru tare da kulob din da ke ɗaure shi har zuwa 2027 tare da sakin sakin Yuro miliyan 60.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mateus Fernandes: a duração do novo contrato e a cláusula de rescisão (Sporting) |url=https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-14/sporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao/https%3a%2f%2fwww.abola.pt%2fnnh%2f2022-10-14%2fsporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao%2f960577 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026212145/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-14/sporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-14/sporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao/960577 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=A Bola}}</ref> &nbsp;Ya fara aikinsa na farko tare da Sporting a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi a nasarar 3-1 na Premier League a kan Casa Pia a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatawu desce aos B e Mateus Fernandes espreita oportunidade com Casa Pia (Sporting) |url=https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-21/sporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia/https%3a%2f%2fwww.abola.pt%2fnnh%2f2022-10-21%2fsporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia%2f961531 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026212143/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-21/sporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-21/sporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia/961531 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=A Bola}}</ref> ==== Rance ga Estoril ==== On 29 August 2023, Primeira Liga club Estoril announced the signing of Fernandes on a season-long loan from Sporting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Mateus Fernandes chega por empréstimo |trans-title=Mateus Fernandes arrives on loan |url=https://estorilpraia.pt/2023/08/29/mateus-fernandes-chega-por-emprestimo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829200146/https://estorilpraia.pt/2023/08/29/mateus-fernandes-chega-por-emprestimo/ |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=GD Estoril Praia |language=pt-PT}}</ref> === Southampton === A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 2024, Fernandes ya koma Southampton kan kwangilar shekaru biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Saints swoop for Fernandes |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/saints-swoop-for-fernandes |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Southampton FC}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 a wasan da aka yi da Nottingham Forest 1-0 a gida bayan ya maye gurbin Taylor Harwood-Bellis a minti na 76.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Charlotte |date=24 August 2024 |title=Southampton 0–1 Nottingham Forest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cpdljx1vw2jt#Report |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2024, Fernandes ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a nasarar da ya samu 5-3 a kan Cardiff City a gasar cin Kofin EFL.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchelmore |first=Ian |date=28 August 2024 |title=Cardiff City 3–5 Southampton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cje2kz303k0t#Report |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === West Ham United === A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2025, Fernandes ya koma kungiyar Premier League ta [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a kwangilar shekaru biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=Fernandes completes West Ham move |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/fernandes-completes-west-ham-move |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Southampton FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=West Ham United sign Mateus Fernandes |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/west-ham-united-sign-mateus-fernandes |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=West Ham United FC}}</ref> don kuɗin canja wurin da aka ruwaito ya zama "fiye da £ 40m". <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=West Ham sign Southampton midfielder Fernandes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cg50j6p9pq2o |access-date=29 August 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zama na uku mafi girma a kulob din, bayan fam miliyan 45 da aka biya [[Sébastien Haller|Sebastien Haller]] da fam miliyan 51 da aka biya Lucas Paquetá.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynne |first=Ffion |date=29 August 2025 |title=West Ham sign midfielders Mateus Fernandes from Southampton in £40m-plus deal and Soungoutou Magassa from Monaco |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cg50j6p9pq2o |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, Fernandes ya zira kwallaye a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] bayan 29 seconds, wanda ya sa ya zama burin Premier League mafi sauri na kakar. Wasan ya ƙare 3-2 ga Villa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, an zabi Fernandes don kyautar Young Player of the Season ta Premier League . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Fernandes ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa na Portugal a matakin kasa da shekara 21, ƙasa da shekara 19, kasa da shekaru 20 da ƙasa da shekara 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mateus Fernandes |url=https://www.fpf.pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/923642 |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=fpf.pt}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, Fernandes ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar Portugal wasa, inda ya maye gurbin [[Bruno Fernandes]] a wasan sada zumunci a [[Atlanta]] da Amurka, wanda ya ƙare 2-0 ga Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internationals: Wan-Bissaka and DR Congo earn World Cup place, Fernandes makes Portugal debut |url=https://www.whufc.com/en/news/internationals-or-wan-bissaka-and-dr-congo-earn-world-cup-place-fernandes |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=West Ham United FC |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Fernandes dan wasan [[Mai buga tsakiya|tsakiya]] ne mai amfani da yawa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayi mai zurfi da [[Mai buga tsakiya|ci gaba]], amma ya dace da rawar da ta fi zurfi. Kodayake da farko an yi amfani da shi a matsayin lamba 10 a Southampton, yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin lamba 8, yayin da West Ham United ta tura shi galibi a cikin rawar da ke tsakanin lamba 6 da lamba 8. <ref name="SquawkaStyle">{{Cite web |last=Holden |first=Connor |title=Mateus Fernandes analysis: Why West Ham's midfield maestro could keep them up |url=https://www.squawka.com/en/features/mateus-fernandes-analysis-west-ham-saviour/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=Squawka}}</ref> A cikin mallaka, Fernandes yana jin daɗin karɓar kwallon a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba kuma yana iya ci gaba da wasa ta hanyar wucewa da ɗaukar kwallon. Daga wurare masu zurfi, zai iya sauka tsakanin masu karewa na tsakiya don yada mallaka, jawo abokan adawar cikin matsawa sannan ya karya layin tsaro ko canza wasa tare da wucewa mai tsawo.<ref name="SquawkaStyle" /> Ba tare da kwallon ba, an san shi da tsalle-tsalle, juriya da tsalle mai ƙarfi. Motsawa da karatun haɗari ya ba shi damar rufe ƙasa, ya yi gwagwarmaya da ƙwallo kuma ya taimaka wajen kare kansa daga sauye-sauye, yayin da yake matsawa abokan adawar a ƙoƙarin tilasta juyawa. <ref name="SquawkaStyle" /> Har ila yau, yana iya yin tseren marigayi a cikin yankin kisa, kodayake an gano zira kwallaye a matsayin yankin da zai iya ingantawa.<ref name="SkyStyle" /> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Wasanni CP B |2021–22<ref name="sportingbstats">{{Cite web |title=Performance Mateus Fernandes's matches |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/matches/mateus-goncalo-922433 |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=besoccer.com}}</ref> |Ƙungiyar 3 |18 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |2022–23<ref name="sportingbstats" /> |Ƙungiyar 3 |18 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !36 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !36 !2 |- | rowspan="4" |Wasanni CP |2022–23<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|mateus-goncalo-espanha-fernandes/783156}}</ref> |Gasar Farko |3 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2{{Efn|One appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]], one appearance in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |7 |1 |- |2023–24<ref name="soccerway" /> |Gasar Farko |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2024–25<ref name="soccerway" /> |Gasar Farko |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]}} |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !5 !0 !0 !0 !2 !1 !2 !0 !1 !0 !10 !1 |- |Estoril (rashin bashi) |2023–24<ref name="soccerway" /> |Gasar Farko |28 |1 |3 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Southampton |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |36 |2 |2 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |42 |3 |- |2025–26 |Gasar cin kofin |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !39 !2 !2 !0 !5 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !46 !4 |- |[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Gasar Firimiya |36 |3 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |4 |- |[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |2026–27 |Gasar Firimiya |5 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !149 !8 !7 !1 !13 !3 !2 !0 !1 !0 !172 !12 |} === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Portugal |2026 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !1 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan Southampton na kakar: 2024-25 * [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United Hammer na Shekara]] wanda ya zo na biyu: 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2026 |title=Dinos Mavropanos is your 2025/26 Hammer of the Year! |url=https://www.whufc.com/en/news/dinos-mavropanos-is-your-2025-26-hammer-of-the-year |access-date=13 June 2026 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> * [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] Goal na kakar: 2025-26 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rk9hmgvbscgtqra3i5bj38w19y4y2g7 966573 966572 2026-10-11T17:24:17Z Khaleel767 49732 966573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 19 September 2026}}{{Notelist}}{{Updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=33506 |title=Mateus Fernandes, international football player |website=eu-football.info |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref>Mateus Gonçalo Espanha Fernandes (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Premier League Tottenham Hotspur da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Portugal .{{Databox}} Fernandes ta kammala karatu a tsarin matasa na Sporting CP. Ya buga wasanni 10 na farko a Sporting, kuma yana da aro a Estoril, kafin ya koma Southampton a watan Agustan 2024. [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] ta sanya hannu a kansa a watan Agustan 2025, don kudin canja wurin sama da fam miliyan 40. A watan Yulin 2026, Fernandes ya shiga Tottenham Hotspur . Fernandes ya buga wasanni sama da 40 ga Portugal a matakin matasa na duniya. Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2026. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta CP === Fernandes samfurin matasa ne na kulob dinsa na Olhanense, kuma ya koma makarantar matasa ta Sporting CP a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sousa |first=Jorge Faria |date=22 July 2022 |title=Mateus Fernandes, mais um jovem talento da formação |url=https://bolanarede.pt/nacional/sporting/mateusfernandes-mais-um-jovem-talento-da-formacao/}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa Kungiyar B-da suka yi a kakar 2021-22. A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2022, Fernandes ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru tare da kulob din da ke ɗaure shi har zuwa 2027 tare da sakin sakin Yuro miliyan 60.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mateus Fernandes: a duração do novo contrato e a cláusula de rescisão (Sporting) |url=https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-14/sporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao/https%3a%2f%2fwww.abola.pt%2fnnh%2f2022-10-14%2fsporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao%2f960577 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026212145/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-14/sporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-14/sporting-mateus-fernandes-a-duracao-do-novo-contrato-e-a-clausula-de-rescisao/960577 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=A Bola}}</ref> &nbsp;Ya fara aikinsa na farko tare da Sporting a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi a nasarar 3-1 na Premier League a kan Casa Pia a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatawu desce aos B e Mateus Fernandes espreita oportunidade com Casa Pia (Sporting) |url=https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-21/sporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia/https%3a%2f%2fwww.abola.pt%2fnnh%2f2022-10-21%2fsporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia%2f961531 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026212143/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-21/sporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2022-10-21/sporting-fatawu-desce-aos-b-e-mateus-fernandes-espreita-oportunidade-com-casa-pia/961531 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=A Bola}}</ref> ==== Rance ga Estoril ==== On 29 August 2023, Primeira Liga club Estoril announced the signing of Fernandes on a season-long loan from Sporting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Mateus Fernandes chega por empréstimo |trans-title=Mateus Fernandes arrives on loan |url=https://estorilpraia.pt/2023/08/29/mateus-fernandes-chega-por-emprestimo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829200146/https://estorilpraia.pt/2023/08/29/mateus-fernandes-chega-por-emprestimo/ |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=GD Estoril Praia |language=pt-PT}}</ref> === Southampton === A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 2024, Fernandes ya koma Southampton kan kwangilar shekaru biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Saints swoop for Fernandes |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/saints-swoop-for-fernandes |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Southampton FC}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 a wasan da aka yi da Nottingham Forest 1-0 a gida bayan ya maye gurbin Taylor Harwood-Bellis a minti na 76.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Charlotte |date=24 August 2024 |title=Southampton 0–1 Nottingham Forest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cpdljx1vw2jt#Report |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2024, Fernandes ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a nasarar da ya samu 5-3 a kan Cardiff City a gasar cin Kofin EFL.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchelmore |first=Ian |date=28 August 2024 |title=Cardiff City 3–5 Southampton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cje2kz303k0t#Report |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === West Ham United === A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2025, Fernandes ya koma kungiyar Premier League ta [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a kwangilar shekaru biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=Fernandes completes West Ham move |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/fernandes-completes-west-ham-move |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Southampton FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=West Ham United sign Mateus Fernandes |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/west-ham-united-sign-mateus-fernandes |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=West Ham United FC}}</ref> don kuɗin canja wurin da aka ruwaito ya zama "fiye da £ 40m". <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=West Ham sign Southampton midfielder Fernandes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cg50j6p9pq2o |access-date=29 August 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zama na uku mafi girma a kulob din, bayan fam miliyan 45 da aka biya [[Sébastien Haller|Sebastien Haller]] da fam miliyan 51 da aka biya Lucas Paquetá.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynne |first=Ffion |date=29 August 2025 |title=West Ham sign midfielders Mateus Fernandes from Southampton in £40m-plus deal and Soungoutou Magassa from Monaco |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cg50j6p9pq2o |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, Fernandes ya zira kwallaye a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] bayan 29 seconds, wanda ya sa ya zama burin Premier League mafi sauri na kakar. Wasan ya ƙare 3-2 ga Villa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, an zabi Fernandes don kyautar Young Player of the Season ta Premier League . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Fernandes ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa na Portugal a matakin kasa da shekara 21, ƙasa da shekara 19, kasa da shekaru 20 da ƙasa da shekara 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mateus Fernandes |url=https://www.fpf.pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/923642 |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=fpf.pt}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, Fernandes ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar Portugal wasa, inda ya maye gurbin [[Bruno Fernandes]] a wasan sada zumunci a [[Atlanta]] da Amurka, wanda ya ƙare 2-0 ga Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internationals: Wan-Bissaka and DR Congo earn World Cup place, Fernandes makes Portugal debut |url=https://www.whufc.com/en/news/internationals-or-wan-bissaka-and-dr-congo-earn-world-cup-place-fernandes |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=West Ham United FC |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Fernandes dan wasan [[Mai buga tsakiya|tsakiya]] ne mai amfani da yawa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayi mai zurfi da [[Mai buga tsakiya|ci gaba]], amma ya dace da rawar da ta fi zurfi. Kodayake da farko an yi amfani da shi a matsayin lamba 10 a Southampton, yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin lamba 8, yayin da West Ham United ta tura shi galibi a cikin rawar da ke tsakanin lamba 6 da lamba 8. <ref name="SquawkaStyle">{{Cite web |last=Holden |first=Connor |title=Mateus Fernandes analysis: Why West Ham's midfield maestro could keep them up |url=https://www.squawka.com/en/features/mateus-fernandes-analysis-west-ham-saviour/ |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=Squawka}}</ref> A cikin mallaka, Fernandes yana jin daɗin karɓar kwallon a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba kuma yana iya ci gaba da wasa ta hanyar wucewa da ɗaukar kwallon. Daga wurare masu zurfi, zai iya sauka tsakanin masu karewa na tsakiya don yada mallaka, jawo abokan adawar cikin matsawa sannan ya karya layin tsaro ko canza wasa tare da wucewa mai tsawo.<ref name="SquawkaStyle" /> Ba tare da kwallon ba, an san shi da tsalle-tsalle, juriya da tsalle mai ƙarfi. Motsawa da karatun haɗari ya ba shi damar rufe ƙasa, ya yi gwagwarmaya da ƙwallo kuma ya taimaka wajen kare kansa daga sauye-sauye, yayin da yake matsawa abokan adawar a ƙoƙarin tilasta juyawa. <ref name="SquawkaStyle" /> Har ila yau, yana iya yin tseren marigayi a cikin yankin kisa, kodayake an gano zira kwallaye a matsayin yankin da zai iya ingantawa.<ref name="SkyStyle" /> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Wasanni CP B |2021–22<ref name="sportingbstats">{{Cite web |title=Performance Mateus Fernandes's matches |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/matches/mateus-goncalo-922433 |access-date=13 June 2026 |website=besoccer.com}}</ref> |Ƙungiyar 3 |18 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |2022–23<ref name="sportingbstats" /> |Ƙungiyar 3 |18 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !36 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !36 !2 |- | rowspan="4" |Wasanni CP |2022–23<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|mateus-goncalo-espanha-fernandes/783156}}</ref> |Gasar Farko |3 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2{{Efn|One appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]], one appearance in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |7 |1 |- |2023–24<ref name="soccerway" /> |Gasar Farko |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2024–25<ref name="soccerway" /> |Gasar Farko |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]}} |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !5 !0 !0 !0 !2 !1 !2 !0 !1 !0 !10 !1 |- |Estoril (rashin bashi) |2023–24<ref name="soccerway" /> |Gasar Farko |28 |1 |3 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Southampton |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |36 |2 |2 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |42 |3 |- |2025–26 |Gasar cin kofin |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !39 !2 !2 !0 !5 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !46 !4 |- |[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Gasar Firimiya |36 |3 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |4 |- |[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |2026–27 |Gasar Firimiya |5 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !149 !8 !7 !1 !13 !3 !2 !0 !1 !0 !172 !12 |} === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Portugal |2026 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !1 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan Southampton na kakar: 2024-25 * [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United Hammer na Shekara]] wanda ya zo na biyu: 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2026 |title=Dinos Mavropanos is your 2025/26 Hammer of the Year! |url=https://www.whufc.com/en/news/dinos-mavropanos-is-your-2025-26-hammer-of-the-year |access-date=13 June 2026 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> * [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] Goal na kakar: 2025-26 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> qf1dza3tpgoutpjmxny1me75xv66g0y Bruno Mars 0 178986 966574 2026-10-11T17:25:52Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379220692|Bruno Mars]]" 966574 wikitext text/x-wiki   Na kasance mai aikin waka a Hawal kuma ban taba samun masala da biyan Kudin haya ba.Kawai se ya zama,"yanzu ina Los Angeles kuma wayata na mutuwa".Haka zahiri yake.Na fara aikin DJ.Na fada ma mutumin zan iya aikin DJ saboda sunce zasu iya biyan dala 75 akan tebur.Ban san yadda ake DJ baNa rasa aikin da sauri Peter Gene Hernandez (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1985), wanda aka fi sani da Bruno Mars, mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙoƙi na Amurka, mai shirya rikodin kuma mai rawa. An dauke shi a matsayin gunkin pop, an san shi da muryar murya ta uku, wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa, nunawa na baya, da kuma yawan kiɗa. Yana tare da ƙungiyarsa, Hooligans . An haife shi a Honolulu, Mars ya sami karbuwa a Hawaii tun yana yaro saboda ya zama Elvis Presley, kafin ya koma Los Angeles a 2003 don neman aikin kiɗa. Mars ya kafa sunansa a masana'antar kiɗa a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar samar da Smeezingtons . Ya zama sananne a matsayin mai yin rikodi bayan ya nuna a kan lambar Amurka "Nothin' on You" (2009) ta B.o.B. Mars ta farko uku studio albums - ''Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans'' (2010), Unorthodox Jukebox (2012), da ''24K Magic'' (2016) - ya sami gagarumin nasara da kasuwanci, tare da na ƙarshe ya lashe Grammy Award for Album of the Year. A cikin shekarun 2010, Mars ta sami ci gaba da samun nasara tare da waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa: "Just the Way You Are", "Grenade", "Locked Out of Heaven", "Lokacin da Na kasance Mutuminku", da kuma "Wannan shine Abin da nake so". Haɗin gwiwarsa na 2014 tare da Mark Ronson, "Uptown Funk", ya zama Waƙar da ta fi dacewa da <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> a cikin shekarun 2010. A cikin 2021, Mars ta fitar da An Evening with Silk Sonic tare da Anderson. .Paak, a matsayin mai kiɗa mai suna Silk Sonic . Kundin ya ƙunshi lambar Amurka "Leave the Door Open". A cikin 2024, ya fitar da duets guda biyu masu rikodin-ɗaya, "Ka mutu tare da Murmushi" (tare da [[Lady Gaga]]) da "APT". (tare da Rosé). Mars kuma ya fitar da kundi na farko a cikin shekaru goma, The Romantic (2026), wanda ya jagoranci ta goma ta Amurka, "I Just Might". Mars ya sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 150 a duk duniya, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin Masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun lokaci. &nbsp;Yana da goma na lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 kuma mafi yawan makonni a saman <nowiki><i id="mwSQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Global 200. Mars ita ce kawai mai zane da ta wuce [[Spotify]]" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of most-streamed artists on Spotify">Masu sauraro miliyan 150 a kowane wata a kan Spotify kuma ta farko da ta zira kwallaye shida na lu'u-lu'u a Amurka. Yawon shakatawa na duniya na 24K (2017-2018) yana cikin manyan yawon shakatawa a tarihi. Kyautar Mars ta haɗa da 16 Grammy Awards, 17 American Music Awards, 9 Billboard Music Awards, 5 Brit Awards, 7 MTV Video Music Awards da 14 Soul Train Awards. ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'' ya sanya shi cikin [[Time 100|Mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya]] a shekarar 2011. === 1985-2003: Rayuwa ta farko da farkon kiɗa === An haifi Peter Gene Hernandez a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1985, a Honolulu, Hawaii, ga Peter Hernandez da Bernadette San Pedro Bayot . Ya girma ne a unguwar Waikīkī ta Honolulu . <ref name="Latina">{{Cite web |last=Alarcon |first=Jesus Trivino |date=February 1, 2017 |title=Mr. Everything |url=http://www.latina.com/featured/magazine/2017/bruno-mars/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130174719/http://www.latina.com/featured/magazine/2017/bruno-mars/ |archive-date=January 30, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, asalinsa daga Brooklyn, New York, ya fito ne daga Puerto Rican da Ashkenazi Yahudawa, tare da asalin kakanninmu a Hungary da Ukraine. Mahaifiyarsa ya yi hijira daga Philippines zuwa Hawaii kuma ta kasance daga asalin Filipino.<ref name="midweek">{{Cite web |last=Moniz |first=Melissa |date=April 14, 2010 |title=Starring Bruno Mars |url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Bruno_Mars_Nothin_On_You/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110140650/http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Bruno_Mars_Nothin_On_You/ |archive-date=January 10, 2015 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |website=[[MidWeek]]}}</ref> Iyayen Hernandez sun hadu yayin da suke yin wasan kwaikwayo - mahaifiyarsa a matsayin mai rawa na hula kuma mahaifinsa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyu, mahaifinsa ya ba shi lakabi "Bruno", wanda ya yi tunanin ya yi kama da ƙwararren mai kokawa Bruno Sammartino.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Paul |date=September 13, 2010 |title=New band of the day: Bruno Mars (No 865) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/13/new-band-bruno-mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921211949/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/13/new-band-bruno-mars |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mars na ɗaya daga cikin yara shida kuma ya fito ne daga dangin kiɗa waɗanda suka fallasa shi ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, gami da rock da roll, reggae, hip-hop, da rhythm da blues.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars and Phillip Lawrence |url=http://www.ascap.com/playback/2010/03/ACTION/Mars_Lawrence.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007090455/http://www.ascap.com/playback/2010/03/ACTION/Mars_Lawrence.aspx |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa mawaƙiya ce kuma mai rawa kuma mahaifinsa ya yi waƙar Little Richard, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2017 |title=Em miúdo, Bruno Mars já tinha a escola toda |url=https://blitz.pt/videos/2017-04-01-Em-miudo-Bruno-Mars-ja-tinha-a-escola-toda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215142023/https://blitz.pt/videos/2017-04-01-Em-miudo-Bruno-Mars-ja-tinha-a-escola-toda |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2020 |website=[[Blitz (Portuguese magazine)|Blitz]] |language=pt}}</ref> Kakansa, Mai kwaikwayon Elvis, ya ƙarfafa Mars mai shekaru uku ya yi waƙoƙin Presley da [[Michael Jackson]].<ref name="midweek" /> Mars ya fara yin kwanaki biyar a mako tare da ƙungiyar iyalinsa (Love Notes) yana da shekaru huɗu, gami da Sheraton Waikiki, kuma ya zama sananne a Hawaii saboda ya zama [[Elvis Presley]] a kan mataki. <ref name="Singing as a Tot">{{Cite web |last=Hope |first=Clover |date=October 4, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars on Songwriting, Singing as a Tot, Working with Ne-Yo |url=http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-songwriting-singing-tot-working-neyo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717195644/http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-songwriting-singing-tot-working-neyo |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |website=Vibe}}</ref><ref name="LATMK">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=February 25, 2022 |title=How Silk Sonic is bringing a 'set list of doom' to joyous life in Las Vegas |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-02-25/silk-sonic-bruno-mars-anderson-paak-las-vegas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814221032/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-02-25/silk-sonic-bruno-mars-anderson-paak-las-vegas |archive-date=August 14, 2025 |access-date=September 8, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci, ya yi fitsari a kansa yayin wasan kwaikwayon Presley na "Can't Help Falling in Love" lokacin da yake dan shekara biyar; iyayensa sun yi tunanin cewa suna iya yin kuskure, amma bai taɓa yin motsi ba.<ref name="RSBH" /> Mars ya bayyana a cikin mai sayen tabloid na Hawaiian MidWeek a matsayin "Little Elvis" a cikin 1990, kuma ya yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rabin lokaci na 1990 Aloha Bowl. <ref name="midweek" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Now |first=Hawaii News |date=January 30, 2014 |title=Little 'Bruno' rocked the Aloha Bowl in 1990 |url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/24596277/little-bruno-rocked-the-aloha-bowl-in-1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229102139/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/24596277/little-bruno-rocked-the-aloha-bowl-in-1990 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Hawaii News Now]]}}</ref> Ya taka rawar gani a fim din 1992 ''Honeymoon a Vegas'', kuma Pauly Shore ya yi masa tambayoyi a MTV. Lokacin da Mars ke da shekaru shida, ya bayyana a cikin Arsenio Hall Show . Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo biyu a dare a duk makarantar sakandare tare da ƙungiyar iyalinsa, yana rufe waƙoƙin Frankie Lymon da Little Anthony. Matashin Mars yana da ƙaramin drum, guitar, piano da kayan kida, kuma ya koyi kunna su. Iyayensa sun sake aure lokacin da yake dan shekara 12 (ya ƙare Love Notes), kuma kasuwancin mahaifinsa daban-daban sun gaza. Mars, ɗan'uwansa da mahaifinsa sun zauna a cikin "ƙananan hukumomi na Hawaii" a cikin mota, a kan rufin, da kuma a cikin gidan zoo na tsuntsaye (Paradise Park) inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=The park Bruno Mars used to call home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bruno-mars-used-to-call-home-60-minutes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014436/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bruno-mars-used-to-call-home-60-minutes/ |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Mars ta canza makarantu kuma an zalunta ta, amma daga baya ta zama sananne.<ref name="RSBH" /> Ayyukansa na Elvis sun yi babban tasiri a kan juyin halitta na kiɗa da kuma fasahar yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Meetsbruno">{{Cite web |last=Gentry |first=Colin |date=September 22, 2010 |title=4Music.com meets Bruno Mars |url=http://www.4music.com/news/interviews/4Music.com-meets-Bruno-Mars |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122122/http://www.4music.com/news/interviews/4Music.com-meets-Bruno-Mars |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=February 4, 2011 |website=[[4Music]]}}</ref> Mars ya fara wasa da guitar, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar dan wasan rock na Amurka [[Jimi Hendrix]] . <ref name="UTAO">{{Cite web |last=Oldenburg |first=Ann |date=March 13, 2012 |title=Bruno Mars poses on the cover of 'Playboy' |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/03/bruno-mars-poses-on-the-cover-of-playboy-/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215142023/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/03/bruno-mars-poses-on-the-cover-of-playboy-/1 |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2017 |website=USA Today}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya amince da asalinsa na Hawaii da danginsa na kiɗa a matsayin tasiri: "Girga a Hawaii ya sanya ni mutumin da nake. Na kasance ina yin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a Hawaii tare da ƙungiyar mahaifina. Kowane mutum a cikin iyalina yana raira waƙa, kowa yana wasa da kayan kida ... kawai an kewaye ni da shi. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Greetings From Bruno Mars (YouTube video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yWMJyNSIpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/6yWMJyNSIpM |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |publisher=[[Elektra Records]]}}</ref><ref name="Latina" />&nbsp;A Makarantar Sakandare ta Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt da ke Honolulu, Mars ta raira waƙa a cikin rukuni (The School Boys) wanda ya buɗe wa sabuwar ƙungiyar mahaifinsa tare da waƙoƙin Isley Brothers da Temptations.<ref name="midweek" /> Ya zama sananne sosai a cikin nishaɗin Hawaii a makarantar sakandare, yana buɗewa don babban wasan kwaikwayo na sihiri kuma yana nuna Michael Jackson don $ 75 a kowane wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="RSBH" /> === 2004-2008: Farkon aiki === Mars ya ce game da ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles don neman aikin kiɗa: Mars ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da [[Motown]] Records a shekara ta 2004, amma yarjejeniyar "ba ta tafi ko'ina ba" kuma yana da tattaunawa mara amfani tare da gudanarwar will.i.am.<ref name="Orbit">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Steve |date=January 25, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars' musical orbit seems inescapable |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2011-01-25-brunomars25_ST_N.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201064858/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2011-01-25-brunomars25_ST_N.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2011 |access-date=February 3, 2011 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="GQ interview">{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Christ |date=March 19, 2013 |title=The Mars Expedition |url=https://www.gq.com/style/wear-it-now/201304/bruno-mars-interview-gq-april-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416215205/http://www.gq.com/story/bruno-mars-interview-gq-april-2013 |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |access-date=March 14, 2015 |website=[[GQ]] |pages=2–3}}</ref> Koyaya, kwarewar mawaƙin tare da Motown ya kasance mai fa'ida.<ref name="Orbit" /> Bayan da lakabin ya bar Mars, kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, ya kasance a Los Angeles kuma ya sauka da yarjejeniyar buga kiɗa ta 2005 tare da masu samar da rikodin Steve Lindsey da Cameron Strang a Westside Independent.<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!">{{Cite web |last=Greenburg |first=Zack O'Malley |date=May 18, 2011 |title=Mars Attacks! |url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/celebrity-100-11-bruno-mars-travie-mccoy-janick-mars-attack.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928131954/http://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/celebrity-100-11-bruno-mars-travie-mccoy-janick-mars-attack.html |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |access-date=July 18, 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="ASCAP Expo: My Take: Steve Lindsey">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Heather |date=April 24, 2013 |title=ASCAP Expo: My Take |url=http://heatherhill.ca/ascap-expo-my-take/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001043222/http://heatherhill.ca/ascap-expo-my-take/ |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=July 18, 2013 |website=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP]]}}</ref> A cewar Strang, "Bruno ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa hanya mafi kyau don ci gaba da aikinsa ita ce rubuce-rubuce da samar da waƙoƙin da aka buga".<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /> Lindsey ya nuna Mars da 'yan uwansa Brody Brown da Jeff Bhasker (wanda Mars ya sadu da shi ta hanyar Mike Lynn) a cikin rubuce-rubucen kiɗa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara, yana taimaka musu inganta sana'ar su.<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /><ref name="MCDK">{{Cite web |last=Kimpel |first=Dan |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Songwriter Profile: Body Brown (Bruno Mars, Adele, Mark Ronson) |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173522/https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/ |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=[[Music Connection]]}}</ref><ref name="ASRBJB">{{Cite web |last=LeDonne |first=Rob |date=July 10, 2013 |title=Jeff Bhasker: Music's Go-To Guy |url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213357/http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/ |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |access-date=November 17, 2013}}</ref> Bhasker ya bayyana cewa Lindsey zai "yi wahayi zuwa gare mu, kuma ya ba mu laccoci game da abin da waƙar da aka buga, saboda kuna iya samun baiwa da ikon kiɗa, amma fahimtar abin da ke sa waƙar da ta buga wani horo ne. "A cewar Lindsey, ya "tsare Mars na tsawon shekaru biyar yayin da suka koyi kundin kiɗa mai yawa". <ref name="ASCAP Expo: My Take: Steve Lindsey" /><ref name="ASRBJB" />Brown ya yarda a wata hira.<ref name="MCDK" /> Mars ta buga waƙoƙin murfin a kusa da Los Angeles a cikin Sex Panther, ƙungiyar tare da Bhasker da Eric Hernandez (ɗan'uwan Mars, wanda ya zama mai bugawa na Hooligans). <ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fekadu |first=Mesfin |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Producer Behind Fun. Takes Center Stage at Grammys |url=https://news.yahoo.com/producer-behind-fun-takes-center-stage-grammys-154614875.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231714/http://news.yahoo.com/producer-behind-fun-takes-center-stage-grammys-154614875.html |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |access-date=May 4, 2014 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Lokacin da aka gaya wa Philip Lawrence ya kamata ya sadu da Mars, ya yi jinkirin yin hakan tunda ba shi da kudi don farashi na bas. Keith Harris, mai bugawa na Black Eyed Peas, ya gaya wa Lawrence: "Duk abin da yake kashe maka don fita nan, zan biya ku".Lawrence ya amsa, "Kawai ka mayar mini da dala biyar don bas din".<ref name="Bruno Mars' Right Hand Man">{{Cite web |last=LeDonne |first=Rob |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Philip Lawrence: Bruno Mars' Right Hand Man Goes Solo |url=http://americansongwriter.com/2013/09/songwriter-u-philip-lawrence-bruno-mars-right-hand-man-goes-solo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223092130/http://americansongwriter.com/2013/09/songwriter-u-philip-lawrence-bruno-mars-right-hand-man-goes-solo/ |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref>Ma'aurata sun fara hada kai a kan waƙoƙi don Mars, amma sun sami ƙin yarda da yawa daga lakabin rikodin. Lawrence ya gabatar da Mars ga Aaron Bay-Schuck, manajan A&R na gaba a Atlantic Records, a cikin shekara ta 2006.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2010 |title=Interview with Aaron Bay-Schuck |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AaronBaySchuck_int.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521053612/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AaronBaySchuck_int.html |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2010 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> Bayan ya ji ya buga waƙoƙi biyu a kan guitar, Bay-Schuck ya so ya sanya hannu a kansa nan da nan. Ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru uku ga Atlantic Records don sanya hannu kan Mars, duk da haka, saboda lakabin ya ji ya yi wuri kuma yana buƙatar bunkasa a matsayin mai zane.<ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Mars ta kasance mai samar da kiɗa kafin ta zama mai zane-zane mai cin nasara, tana rubuta waƙoƙi ga Alexandra Burke, [[Adam Levine]], Brandy, Sean Kingston, da K'naan . <ref name="guardian" /> Ya ce "babban bugawa" na farko da shi da Lawrence suka rubuta shi ne na 2009, "Right Round", na Flo Rida: "Wannan shine ɗanɗano na farko na abin da zai iya faruwa da gaske tare da bugawa da muka yi kashi ɗari".<ref name="whois" /> Mars ta rubuta "Get Sexy" na Sugababes (2009) kuma ta ba da goyon baya a cikin kundin su, Sweet 7 (2010). Ya raira waƙa a kan waƙar "3D" a kan kundi na biyu na Far East Movement, Animal (2009). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal by Far East Movement FM |url=https://itunes.apple.com/album/animal/id303539971 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110205536/https://itunes.apple.com/album/animal/id303539971 |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> Mars ya bayyana a kan fastocin Amurka kuma mai zane-zane na hip hop Jaeson Ma na farko, "Love", da kuma rapper na Amurka Travie McCoy na "One at a Time" (wani sadaka don tushen MTV ta Staying Alive) a wannan shekarar. An san shi a matsayin mai zane-zane bayan ya bayyana a kan rapper na Amurka B.o.B's "Nothin' on You" (2009) da McCoy's "Billionaire" (2010); duka waƙoƙin sun kai saman goma na labaran kiɗa da yawa, tare da tsohon ya hau kan Amurka <nowiki><i id="mwAaE">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart.<ref name="UKcharts">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars Official Chart History |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6419/bruno-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313175650/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6419/BRUNO-MARS/ |archive-date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=September 22, 2012 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref><ref name="Intcharts">{{Cite web |title=Discography Bruno Mars |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201235128/http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars |archive-date=December 1, 2015 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> Mars ya ce game da waƙoƙin, "Ina tsammanin waɗannan waƙoƙun ba a nufin su zama waƙoƙi masu cike da waƙa ba. Idan na raira duk 'Nothin' a kan Kai', zai iya zama kamar wasu <nowiki>''</nowiki>90s R&B & B' [1]Ya fitar da wasan sa na farko (EP), Yana da kyau Idan Ba ku fahimta ba, a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2010. [2] Ya kai lamba 99 a kan US Billboard 200, kuma an saki bidiyon kiɗa don "The Other Side" tare da mawaƙa CeeLo Green da B.o.B.[3][4] Mars da Smeezingtons sun hada da nasarar Green ta 2010 guda, "Fuck You".[5] [[File:Bruno_Mars_keyboard.jpg|alt=A smiling Mars onstage, seated at a keyboard|thumb|Mars a wani kide-kide na 2010 a [[Houston]], Texas]] Mars released "Just the Way You Are" on July 20, 2010, as the lead single of his debut studio album, ''Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans'', produced primarily by the Smeezingtons. It topped the charts of several countries, including Australia, Canada and the U.S.<ref name="Intcharts" /> The album, released on October 5, 2010, debuted at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200 and topped the charts in the UK,<ref name="UKcharts" /> the Netherlands and Canada.<ref name="Intcharts" /> ''Doo-Wops & Hooligans'' has sold 15.5&nbsp;million copies worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción Entretenimiento |date=October 5, 2020 |title=Bruno Mars celebra diez años de "Doo-Wops & Hooligans" |url=https://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/musica/bruno-mars-celebra-diez-anos-de-doo-wops-hooligans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006024253/https://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/musica/bruno-mars-celebra-diez-anos-de-doo-wops-hooligans/ |archive-date=October 6, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |website=[[El Espectador]] |language=es}}</ref> It spawned two other singles: "Grenade" (which topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, New Zealand, UK, and other charts) and "The Lazy Song", which topped the UK and Danish charts.<ref name="UKcharts" /><ref name="Intcharts" /> Sauran waƙoƙi sun haɗa da "Talking to the Moon", wanda aka saki a Brazil kuma ya hau kan <nowiki><i id="mwAhU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Brazil's Hot Pop Songs da Hot 100 Airplay charts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars estána trilha de "Insensato Coração" |url=http://www.warnermusic.com.br/portal/newswindow.aspx?317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930060029/http://www.warnermusic.com.br/portal/newswindow.aspx?317 |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=June 12, 2014 |website=Warner Music Brasil |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2011 |title=Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay |journal=[[Billboard Brasil]] <!--|issn=977-217605400-2 --> |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 2011 – January 2012 |title=Billboard Brasil Hot Pop & Popular |journal=[[Billboard Brasil]] |publisher=BPP |issue=26<!--|issn=977-217605400-2--> |pages=144–145}}</ref> An saki "Marry You" a duniya kuma "Count On Me" ita ce ta karshe a Australia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=August 1, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars: 'Marry You' |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a332198/bruno-mars-marry-you.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703200408/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a332198/bruno-mars-marry-you.html |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |website=Digital Spy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars – Count On Me |url=http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-releases/singles/2011/11/07/issue--861/bruno-mars---count-on-me/ |journal=[[The Music Network]] |location=Australia |issue=861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403114737/http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-releases/singles/2011/11/07/issue--861/bruno-mars---count-on-me/ |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2012}}</ref> Mars ta fitar da "It Will Rain" a kan ''The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Sashe na 1'' na fim din (2011). Ɗaya ya kai lamba ta uku a Amurka da lamba ta biyu a New Zealand.<ref name="Intcharts" /> Ya bayyana a kan "[[Lil Wayne]] song)">Mirror" tare da rapper Lil Wayne, "Lighters" tare da duo na hip-hop Bad Meets Evil da "Young, Wild & Free" tare da masu rapper [[Wiz Khalifa]] da [[Snoop Dogg]]. Waƙoƙin biyu na ƙarshe sun kai saman goma a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.<ref name="Hot100History" /><ref name="Intcharts" /> Mars ya fara inganta kundi na farko a matsayin aikin buɗewa na Maroon 5 da OneRepublic a kan ɓangaren faduwar tsohon Palm Trees & Power Lines Tour. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2010, ya fara rangadin kide-kide na Turai tare da McCoy wanda ya kasance har zuwa farkon Nuwamba. Yawon shakatawa na Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans, wanda Mars ta jagoranci, ya gudana daga Nuwamba 2010 zuwa Janairu 2012 . A wannan lokacin, Hooligans masu haɗin gwiwa a cikin Wondaland Tour tare da Mars da Janelle Monáe sun buga kwanakin Arewacin Amurka a watan Mayu da Yuni 2011. Mars ya ƙi tayin buɗewa don yawon shakatawa na fagen wasa, ya zaɓi maimakon yin wasa a ƙananan wurare kamar su gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da ɗakunan rawa; wannan ba shi da riba, amma ya faɗaɗa tushen magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Malley Greenburg |first=Zack |date=January 6, 2014 |title=From Cereal To Super Bowl: The Evolution of Bruno Mars |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/01/06/from-cereal-to-super-bowl-the-evolution-of-bruno-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209080747/http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/01/06/from-cereal-to-super-bowl-the-evolution-of-bruno-mars/ |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |access-date=March 1, 2014 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 2011, Mars ya lashe kyautar Grammy ta farko don Mafi kyawun Maza Pop Vocal Performance don "Just the Way You Are" kuma ya sami wasu gabatarwa shida: Mafi Kyawun Rap Song, Mafi Kyawun Haɗin gwiwar Rap / Song na Shekara don "Nothin' on You"; rukuni na ƙarshe da Song of the Year don "Fuck You" na CLo Green, da kuma Mai ga Shekara, Non-Classical (a matsayin Smeezingtons).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Final Nominations List: 53rd Grammy Awards |url=http://www.grammy.com/files/53rdpresslist113010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214033514/http://www.grammy.com/files/53rdpresslist113010.pdf |archive-date=December 14, 2010 |access-date=December 2, 2010 |website=[[Naras]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref> A 2012 Grammy Awards, an zabi Mars don Album of the Year da Best Pop Vocal Album don ''Doo-Wops & Hooligans'', da Best Pop Solo Performance, Record da Song of the Year don "Grenade"; Mai gabatarwa na Shekara, Ba na gargajiya ba (a matsayin Smeezingtons). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Winners and nominees list |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-env-grammy-awards-2012-winners-nominees-list,0,3097814.htmlstory#axzz2pGZLEG00 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216211500/http://www.latimes.com/la-env-grammy-awards-2012-winners-nominees-list,0,3097814.htmlstory#axzz2pGZLEG00 |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |access-date=June 30, 2013 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Mars ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka don Mawallafin Pop / Rock Male Artist, Mawallafin Solo na Duniya a Brit Awards, da kuma Echo Award for Best International Male . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Mars ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar wallafe-wallafen duniya tare da BMG Chrysalis US . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Paul |date=March 22, 2012 |title=BMG Chrysalis captures Bruno Mars |url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1048916&c=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081957/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/bmg-chrysalis-captures-bruno-mars/048407 |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2012 |website=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Satumbar 2012 don mujallar ''Billboard'', ya tabbatar da cewa kundi na gaba zai kasance ya bambanta da kiɗa: "Ina so in sami 'yanci da alatu don shiga cikin ɗakin karatu kuma in ce, 'Yau ina so in yi rikodin hip-hop, R&B, rai ko dutse'". An saki Unorthodox Jukebox a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2012, a Amurka. Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200 kafin ya hau kan ginshiƙi. Har ila yau, ya hau kan sigogi a Ostiraliya, Kanada da Burtaniya.<ref name="Intcharts" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allcock |first=Sam |date=December 17, 2012 |title=Official Albums Chart Analysis: Mars at No.1 with 136k first week sales |url=https://news168.co.uk/news/official-albums-chart-analysis-mars-at-no1-with-136k-first-week-sales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302224948/https://news168.co.uk/official-albums-chart-analysis-mars-at-no1-with-136k-first-week-sales/ |archive-date=March 2, 2026 |access-date=December 17, 2012 |website=Music Week}}</ref> Ya sayar da fiye da miliyan shida a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Joanne |date=March 8, 2016 |title=Bruno Mars to release third studio album later this year |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/bruno-mars-3-1206168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050124/http://www.nme.com/news/music/bruno-mars-3-1206168 |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> A 2014 Grammy Awards, Mars ta sami kyautar Best Pop Vocal Album don Unorthodox Jukebox . An zabi "Locked Out of Heaven" don Record da Song of the Year, kuma "Lokacin da Na kasance Mutuminku" an zabi shi don Mafi kyawun Pop Solo Performance . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 26, 2015 |title=Grammys 2014: The complete list of nominees and winners |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammy-nominations-winners-list-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304121852/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammy-nominations-winners-list-story.html |archive-date=March 4, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, kundin ya sami lambar yabo ta Juno don Album na Duniya na Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2014 |title=2014 Juno Gala Dinner & Awards Winners |url=http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-JUNO-List-GALA.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201952/http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-JUNO-List-GALA.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2014 |access-date=March 30, 2014 |website=Juno}}</ref> An jefa Mars a matsayin Roberto a cikin fim din Rio 2 (2014), kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sauti tare da waƙar "Barka da dawowa". <ref name="Rio 2">{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2013 |title='Rio 2': Bruno Mars chante 'Welcome Back' pour la bande originale du film |url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Bruno-Mars/news-91223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041011/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Bruno-Mars/news-91223.html |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |access-date=March 29, 2013 |publisher=[[Pure Charts]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Mark Ronson ya fitar da "Uptown Funk" tare da Mars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogerson |first=Ben |date=2024-11-08 |title="To be honest, when Bruno first sent me the demo I thought it was kind of cheesy. But he just knew, and he said - in the nicest possible way - 'It's this way or the highway', and he was completely right": Mark Ronson on the making of Uptown Funk |url=https://www.musicradar.com/artists/singers-songwriters/to-be-honest-when-bruno-first-sent-me-the-demo-i-thought-it-was-kind-of-cheesy-but-he-just-knew-and-he-said-in-the-nicest-possible-way-its-this-way-or-the-highway-and-he-was-completely-right-mark-ronson-on-the-making-of-uptown-funk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012232717/https://www.musicradar.com/artists/singers-songwriters/to-be-honest-when-bruno-first-sent-me-the-demo-i-thought-it-was-kind-of-cheesy-but-he-just-knew-and-he-said-in-the-nicest-possible-way-its-this-way-or-the-highway-and-he-was-completely-right-mark-ronson-on-the-making-of-uptown-funk |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=March 2, 2026 |website=MusicRadar}}</ref> Waƙar ta hau kan sigogi a kasashe da yawa, gami da Ostiraliya, Kanada da New Zealand.<ref name="Intcharts" /> "Uptown Funk" ya kwashe makonni goma sha huɗu a saman ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da makonni bakwai a saman UK Singles Chart, yana tasiri ga [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]].<ref name="UKcharts" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibsone |first=Harriet |date=December 9, 2014 |title=The Uptown Funk phenomenon: Cara, Cowell and the components of its success |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/dec/09/uptown-funk-phenomenon-cara-cowell-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406022549/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/dec/09/uptown-funk-phenomenon-cara-cowell-success |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8z1m2qdn9sf0xlmbslgjbnet8keygb7 966575 966574 2026-10-11T17:27:56Z Khaleel767 49732 966575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Peter Gene Hernandez (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1985), wanda aka fi sani da Bruno Mars, mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙoƙi na Amurka, mai shirya rikodin kuma mai rawa. An dauke shi a matsayin gunkin pop, an san shi da muryar murya ta uku, wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa, nunawa na baya, da kuma yawan kiɗa. Yana tare da ƙungiyarsa, Hooligans . An haife shi a Honolulu, Mars ya sami karbuwa a Hawaii tun yana yaro saboda ya zama Elvis Presley, kafin ya koma Los Angeles a 2003 don neman aikin kiɗa. Mars ya kafa sunansa a masana'antar kiɗa a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar samar da Smeezingtons . Ya zama sananne a matsayin mai yin rikodi bayan ya nuna a kan lambar Amurka "Nothin' on You" (2009) ta B.o.B. Mars ta farko uku studio albums - ''Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans'' (2010), Unorthodox Jukebox (2012), da ''24K Magic'' (2016) - ya sami gagarumin nasara da kasuwanci, tare da na ƙarshe ya lashe Grammy Award for Album of the Year. A cikin shekarun 2010, Mars ta sami ci gaba da samun nasara tare da waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa: "Just the Way You Are", "Grenade", "Locked Out of Heaven", "Lokacin da Na kasance Mutuminku", da kuma "Wannan shine Abin da nake so". Haɗin gwiwarsa na 2014 tare da Mark Ronson, "Uptown Funk", ya zama Waƙar da ta fi dacewa da <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> a cikin shekarun 2010. A cikin 2021, Mars ta fitar da An Evening with Silk Sonic tare da Anderson. .Paak, a matsayin mai kiɗa mai suna Silk Sonic . Kundin ya ƙunshi lambar Amurka "Leave the Door Open". A cikin 2024, ya fitar da duets guda biyu masu rikodin-ɗaya, "Ka mutu tare da Murmushi" (tare da [[Lady Gaga]]) da "APT". (tare da Rosé). Mars kuma ya fitar da kundi na farko a cikin shekaru goma, The Romantic (2026), wanda ya jagoranci ta goma ta Amurka, "I Just Might". Mars ya sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 150 a duk duniya, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin Masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun lokaci. &nbsp;Yana da goma na lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 kuma mafi yawan makonni a saman <nowiki><i id="mwSQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Global 200. Mars ita ce kawai mai zane da ta wuce [[Spotify]]" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of most-streamed artists on Spotify">Masu sauraro miliyan 150 a kowane wata a kan Spotify kuma ta farko da ta zira kwallaye shida na lu'u-lu'u a Amurka. Yawon shakatawa na duniya na 24K (2017-2018) yana cikin manyan yawon shakatawa a tarihi. Kyautar Mars ta haɗa da 16 Grammy Awards, 17 American Music Awards, 9 Billboard Music Awards, 5 Brit Awards, 7 MTV Video Music Awards da 14 Soul Train Awards. ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'' ya sanya shi cikin [[Time 100|Mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya]] a shekarar 2011. === 1985-2003: Rayuwa ta farko da farkon kiɗa === An haifi Peter Gene Hernandez a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1985, a Honolulu, Hawaii, ga Peter Hernandez da Bernadette San Pedro Bayot . Ya girma ne a unguwar Waikīkī ta Honolulu . <ref name="Latina">{{Cite web |last=Alarcon |first=Jesus Trivino |date=February 1, 2017 |title=Mr. Everything |url=http://www.latina.com/featured/magazine/2017/bruno-mars/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130174719/http://www.latina.com/featured/magazine/2017/bruno-mars/ |archive-date=January 30, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, asalinsa daga Brooklyn, New York, ya fito ne daga Puerto Rican da Ashkenazi Yahudawa, tare da asalin kakanninmu a Hungary da Ukraine. Mahaifiyarsa ya yi hijira daga Philippines zuwa Hawaii kuma ta kasance daga asalin Filipino.<ref name="midweek">{{Cite web |last=Moniz |first=Melissa |date=April 14, 2010 |title=Starring Bruno Mars |url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Bruno_Mars_Nothin_On_You/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110140650/http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Bruno_Mars_Nothin_On_You/ |archive-date=January 10, 2015 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |website=[[MidWeek]]}}</ref> Iyayen Hernandez sun hadu yayin da suke yin wasan kwaikwayo - mahaifiyarsa a matsayin mai rawa na hula kuma mahaifinsa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyu, mahaifinsa ya ba shi lakabi "Bruno", wanda ya yi tunanin ya yi kama da ƙwararren mai kokawa Bruno Sammartino.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Paul |date=September 13, 2010 |title=New band of the day: Bruno Mars (No 865) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/13/new-band-bruno-mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921211949/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/13/new-band-bruno-mars |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mars na ɗaya daga cikin yara shida kuma ya fito ne daga dangin kiɗa waɗanda suka fallasa shi ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, gami da rock da roll, reggae, hip-hop, da rhythm da blues.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars and Phillip Lawrence |url=http://www.ascap.com/playback/2010/03/ACTION/Mars_Lawrence.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007090455/http://www.ascap.com/playback/2010/03/ACTION/Mars_Lawrence.aspx |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa mawaƙiya ce kuma mai rawa kuma mahaifinsa ya yi waƙar Little Richard, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2017 |title=Em miúdo, Bruno Mars já tinha a escola toda |url=https://blitz.pt/videos/2017-04-01-Em-miudo-Bruno-Mars-ja-tinha-a-escola-toda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215142023/https://blitz.pt/videos/2017-04-01-Em-miudo-Bruno-Mars-ja-tinha-a-escola-toda |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2020 |website=[[Blitz (Portuguese magazine)|Blitz]] |language=pt}}</ref> Kakansa, Mai kwaikwayon Elvis, ya ƙarfafa Mars mai shekaru uku ya yi waƙoƙin Presley da [[Michael Jackson]].<ref name="midweek" /> Mars ya fara yin kwanaki biyar a mako tare da ƙungiyar iyalinsa (Love Notes) yana da shekaru huɗu, gami da Sheraton Waikiki, kuma ya zama sananne a Hawaii saboda ya zama [[Elvis Presley]] a kan mataki. <ref name="Singing as a Tot">{{Cite web |last=Hope |first=Clover |date=October 4, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars on Songwriting, Singing as a Tot, Working with Ne-Yo |url=http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-songwriting-singing-tot-working-neyo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717195644/http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-songwriting-singing-tot-working-neyo |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |website=Vibe}}</ref><ref name="LATMK">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=February 25, 2022 |title=How Silk Sonic is bringing a 'set list of doom' to joyous life in Las Vegas |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-02-25/silk-sonic-bruno-mars-anderson-paak-las-vegas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814221032/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-02-25/silk-sonic-bruno-mars-anderson-paak-las-vegas |archive-date=August 14, 2025 |access-date=September 8, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci, ya yi fitsari a kansa yayin wasan kwaikwayon Presley na "Can't Help Falling in Love" lokacin da yake dan shekara biyar; iyayensa sun yi tunanin cewa suna iya yin kuskure, amma bai taɓa yin motsi ba.<ref name="RSBH" /> Mars ya bayyana a cikin mai sayen tabloid na Hawaiian MidWeek a matsayin "Little Elvis" a cikin 1990, kuma ya yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rabin lokaci na 1990 Aloha Bowl. <ref name="midweek" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Now |first=Hawaii News |date=January 30, 2014 |title=Little 'Bruno' rocked the Aloha Bowl in 1990 |url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/24596277/little-bruno-rocked-the-aloha-bowl-in-1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229102139/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/24596277/little-bruno-rocked-the-aloha-bowl-in-1990 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Hawaii News Now]]}}</ref> Ya taka rawar gani a fim din 1992 ''Honeymoon a Vegas'', kuma Pauly Shore ya yi masa tambayoyi a MTV. Lokacin da Mars ke da shekaru shida, ya bayyana a cikin Arsenio Hall Show . Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo biyu a dare a duk makarantar sakandare tare da ƙungiyar iyalinsa, yana rufe waƙoƙin Frankie Lymon da Little Anthony. Matashin Mars yana da ƙaramin drum, guitar, piano da kayan kida, kuma ya koyi kunna su. Iyayensa sun sake aure lokacin da yake dan shekara 12 (ya ƙare Love Notes), kuma kasuwancin mahaifinsa daban-daban sun gaza. Mars, ɗan'uwansa da mahaifinsa sun zauna a cikin "ƙananan hukumomi na Hawaii" a cikin mota, a kan rufin, da kuma a cikin gidan zoo na tsuntsaye (Paradise Park) inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=The park Bruno Mars used to call home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bruno-mars-used-to-call-home-60-minutes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014436/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bruno-mars-used-to-call-home-60-minutes/ |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Mars ta canza makarantu kuma an zalunta ta, amma daga baya ta zama sananne.<ref name="RSBH" /> Ayyukansa na Elvis sun yi babban tasiri a kan juyin halitta na kiɗa da kuma fasahar yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Meetsbruno">{{Cite web |last=Gentry |first=Colin |date=September 22, 2010 |title=4Music.com meets Bruno Mars |url=http://www.4music.com/news/interviews/4Music.com-meets-Bruno-Mars |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122122/http://www.4music.com/news/interviews/4Music.com-meets-Bruno-Mars |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=February 4, 2011 |website=[[4Music]]}}</ref> Mars ya fara wasa da guitar, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar dan wasan rock na Amurka [[Jimi Hendrix]] . <ref name="UTAO">{{Cite web |last=Oldenburg |first=Ann |date=March 13, 2012 |title=Bruno Mars poses on the cover of 'Playboy' |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/03/bruno-mars-poses-on-the-cover-of-playboy-/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215142023/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/03/bruno-mars-poses-on-the-cover-of-playboy-/1 |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2017 |website=USA Today}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya amince da asalinsa na Hawaii da danginsa na kiɗa a matsayin tasiri: "Girga a Hawaii ya sanya ni mutumin da nake. Na kasance ina yin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a Hawaii tare da ƙungiyar mahaifina. Kowane mutum a cikin iyalina yana raira waƙa, kowa yana wasa da kayan kida ... kawai an kewaye ni da shi. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Greetings From Bruno Mars (YouTube video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yWMJyNSIpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/6yWMJyNSIpM |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |publisher=[[Elektra Records]]}}</ref><ref name="Latina" />&nbsp;A Makarantar Sakandare ta Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt da ke Honolulu, Mars ta raira waƙa a cikin rukuni (The School Boys) wanda ya buɗe wa sabuwar ƙungiyar mahaifinsa tare da waƙoƙin Isley Brothers da Temptations.<ref name="midweek" /> Ya zama sananne sosai a cikin nishaɗin Hawaii a makarantar sakandare, yana buɗewa don babban wasan kwaikwayo na sihiri kuma yana nuna Michael Jackson don $ 75 a kowane wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="RSBH" /> === 2004-2008: Farkon aiki === Mars ya ce game da ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles don neman aikin kiɗa: Mars ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da [[Motown]] Records a shekara ta 2004, amma yarjejeniyar "ba ta tafi ko'ina ba" kuma yana da tattaunawa mara amfani tare da gudanarwar will.i.am.<ref name="Orbit">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Steve |date=January 25, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars' musical orbit seems inescapable |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2011-01-25-brunomars25_ST_N.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201064858/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2011-01-25-brunomars25_ST_N.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2011 |access-date=February 3, 2011 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="GQ interview">{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Christ |date=March 19, 2013 |title=The Mars Expedition |url=https://www.gq.com/style/wear-it-now/201304/bruno-mars-interview-gq-april-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416215205/http://www.gq.com/story/bruno-mars-interview-gq-april-2013 |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |access-date=March 14, 2015 |website=[[GQ]] |pages=2–3}}</ref> Koyaya, kwarewar mawaƙin tare da Motown ya kasance mai fa'ida.<ref name="Orbit" /> Bayan da lakabin ya bar Mars, kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, ya kasance a Los Angeles kuma ya sauka da yarjejeniyar buga kiɗa ta 2005 tare da masu samar da rikodin Steve Lindsey da Cameron Strang a Westside Independent.<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!">{{Cite web |last=Greenburg |first=Zack O'Malley |date=May 18, 2011 |title=Mars Attacks! |url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/celebrity-100-11-bruno-mars-travie-mccoy-janick-mars-attack.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928131954/http://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/celebrity-100-11-bruno-mars-travie-mccoy-janick-mars-attack.html |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |access-date=July 18, 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="ASCAP Expo: My Take: Steve Lindsey">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Heather |date=April 24, 2013 |title=ASCAP Expo: My Take |url=http://heatherhill.ca/ascap-expo-my-take/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001043222/http://heatherhill.ca/ascap-expo-my-take/ |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=July 18, 2013 |website=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP]]}}</ref> A cewar Strang, "Bruno ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa hanya mafi kyau don ci gaba da aikinsa ita ce rubuce-rubuce da samar da waƙoƙin da aka buga".<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /> Lindsey ya nuna Mars da 'yan uwansa Brody Brown da Jeff Bhasker (wanda Mars ya sadu da shi ta hanyar Mike Lynn) a cikin rubuce-rubucen kiɗa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara, yana taimaka musu inganta sana'ar su.<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /><ref name="MCDK">{{Cite web |last=Kimpel |first=Dan |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Songwriter Profile: Body Brown (Bruno Mars, Adele, Mark Ronson) |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173522/https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/ |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=[[Music Connection]]}}</ref><ref name="ASRBJB">{{Cite web |last=LeDonne |first=Rob |date=July 10, 2013 |title=Jeff Bhasker: Music's Go-To Guy |url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213357/http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/ |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |access-date=November 17, 2013}}</ref> Bhasker ya bayyana cewa Lindsey zai "yi wahayi zuwa gare mu, kuma ya ba mu laccoci game da abin da waƙar da aka buga, saboda kuna iya samun baiwa da ikon kiɗa, amma fahimtar abin da ke sa waƙar da ta buga wani horo ne. "A cewar Lindsey, ya "tsare Mars na tsawon shekaru biyar yayin da suka koyi kundin kiɗa mai yawa". <ref name="ASCAP Expo: My Take: Steve Lindsey" /><ref name="ASRBJB" />Brown ya yarda a wata hira.<ref name="MCDK" /> Mars ta buga waƙoƙin murfin a kusa da Los Angeles a cikin Sex Panther, ƙungiyar tare da Bhasker da Eric Hernandez (ɗan'uwan Mars, wanda ya zama mai bugawa na Hooligans). <ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fekadu |first=Mesfin |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Producer Behind Fun. Takes Center Stage at Grammys |url=https://news.yahoo.com/producer-behind-fun-takes-center-stage-grammys-154614875.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231714/http://news.yahoo.com/producer-behind-fun-takes-center-stage-grammys-154614875.html |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |access-date=May 4, 2014 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Lokacin da aka gaya wa Philip Lawrence ya kamata ya sadu da Mars, ya yi jinkirin yin hakan tunda ba shi da kudi don farashi na bas. Keith Harris, mai bugawa na Black Eyed Peas, ya gaya wa Lawrence: "Duk abin da yake kashe maka don fita nan, zan biya ku".Lawrence ya amsa, "Kawai ka mayar mini da dala biyar don bas din".<ref name="Bruno Mars' Right Hand Man">{{Cite web |last=LeDonne |first=Rob |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Philip Lawrence: Bruno Mars' Right Hand Man Goes Solo |url=http://americansongwriter.com/2013/09/songwriter-u-philip-lawrence-bruno-mars-right-hand-man-goes-solo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223092130/http://americansongwriter.com/2013/09/songwriter-u-philip-lawrence-bruno-mars-right-hand-man-goes-solo/ |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref>Ma'aurata sun fara hada kai a kan waƙoƙi don Mars, amma sun sami ƙin yarda da yawa daga lakabin rikodin. Lawrence ya gabatar da Mars ga Aaron Bay-Schuck, manajan A&R na gaba a Atlantic Records, a cikin shekara ta 2006.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2010 |title=Interview with Aaron Bay-Schuck |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AaronBaySchuck_int.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521053612/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AaronBaySchuck_int.html |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2010 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> Bayan ya ji ya buga waƙoƙi biyu a kan guitar, Bay-Schuck ya so ya sanya hannu a kansa nan da nan. Ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru uku ga Atlantic Records don sanya hannu kan Mars, duk da haka, saboda lakabin ya ji ya yi wuri kuma yana buƙatar bunkasa a matsayin mai zane.<ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Mars ta kasance mai samar da kiɗa kafin ta zama mai zane-zane mai cin nasara, tana rubuta waƙoƙi ga Alexandra Burke, [[Adam Levine]], Brandy, Sean Kingston, da K'naan . <ref name="guardian" /> Ya ce "babban bugawa" na farko da shi da Lawrence suka rubuta shi ne na 2009, "Right Round", na Flo Rida: "Wannan shine ɗanɗano na farko na abin da zai iya faruwa da gaske tare da bugawa da muka yi kashi ɗari".<ref name="whois" /> Mars ta rubuta "Get Sexy" na Sugababes (2009) kuma ta ba da goyon baya a cikin kundin su, Sweet 7 (2010). Ya raira waƙa a kan waƙar "3D" a kan kundi na biyu na Far East Movement, Animal (2009). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal by Far East Movement FM |url=https://itunes.apple.com/album/animal/id303539971 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110205536/https://itunes.apple.com/album/animal/id303539971 |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> Mars ya bayyana a kan fastocin Amurka kuma mai zane-zane na hip hop Jaeson Ma na farko, "Love", da kuma rapper na Amurka Travie McCoy na "One at a Time" (wani sadaka don tushen MTV ta Staying Alive) a wannan shekarar. An san shi a matsayin mai zane-zane bayan ya bayyana a kan rapper na Amurka B.o.B's "Nothin' on You" (2009) da McCoy's "Billionaire" (2010); duka waƙoƙin sun kai saman goma na labaran kiɗa da yawa, tare da tsohon ya hau kan Amurka <nowiki><i id="mwAaE">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart.<ref name="UKcharts">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars Official Chart History |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6419/bruno-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313175650/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6419/BRUNO-MARS/ |archive-date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=September 22, 2012 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref><ref name="Intcharts">{{Cite web |title=Discography Bruno Mars |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201235128/http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars |archive-date=December 1, 2015 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> Mars ya ce game da waƙoƙin, "Ina tsammanin waɗannan waƙoƙun ba a nufin su zama waƙoƙi masu cike da waƙa ba. Idan na raira duk 'Nothin' a kan Kai', zai iya zama kamar wasu <nowiki>''</nowiki>90s R&B & B' [1]Ya fitar da wasan sa na farko (EP), Yana da kyau Idan Ba ku fahimta ba, a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2010. [2] Ya kai lamba 99 a kan US Billboard 200, kuma an saki bidiyon kiɗa don "The Other Side" tare da mawaƙa CeeLo Green da B.o.B.[3][4] Mars da Smeezingtons sun hada da nasarar Green ta 2010 guda, "Fuck You".[5] [[File:Bruno_Mars_keyboard.jpg|alt=A smiling Mars onstage, seated at a keyboard|thumb|Mars a wani kide-kide na 2010 a [[Houston]], Texas]] Mars released "Just the Way You Are" on July 20, 2010, as the lead single of his debut studio album, ''Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans'', produced primarily by the Smeezingtons. It topped the charts of several countries, including Australia, Canada and the U.S.<ref name="Intcharts" /> The album, released on October 5, 2010, debuted at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200 and topped the charts in the UK,<ref name="UKcharts" /> the Netherlands and Canada.<ref name="Intcharts" /> ''Doo-Wops & Hooligans'' has sold 15.5&nbsp;million copies worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción Entretenimiento |date=October 5, 2020 |title=Bruno Mars celebra diez años de "Doo-Wops & Hooligans" |url=https://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/musica/bruno-mars-celebra-diez-anos-de-doo-wops-hooligans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006024253/https://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/musica/bruno-mars-celebra-diez-anos-de-doo-wops-hooligans/ |archive-date=October 6, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |website=[[El Espectador]] |language=es}}</ref> It spawned two other singles: "Grenade" (which topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, New Zealand, UK, and other charts) and "The Lazy Song", which topped the UK and Danish charts.<ref name="UKcharts" /><ref name="Intcharts" /> Sauran waƙoƙi sun haɗa da "Talking to the Moon", wanda aka saki a Brazil kuma ya hau kan <nowiki><i id="mwAhU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Brazil's Hot Pop Songs da Hot 100 Airplay charts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars estána trilha de "Insensato Coração" |url=http://www.warnermusic.com.br/portal/newswindow.aspx?317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930060029/http://www.warnermusic.com.br/portal/newswindow.aspx?317 |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=June 12, 2014 |website=Warner Music Brasil |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2011 |title=Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay |journal=[[Billboard Brasil]] <!--|issn=977-217605400-2 --> |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 2011 – January 2012 |title=Billboard Brasil Hot Pop & Popular |journal=[[Billboard Brasil]] |publisher=BPP |issue=26<!--|issn=977-217605400-2--> |pages=144–145}}</ref> An saki "Marry You" a duniya kuma "Count On Me" ita ce ta karshe a Australia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=August 1, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars: 'Marry You' |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a332198/bruno-mars-marry-you.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703200408/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a332198/bruno-mars-marry-you.html |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |website=Digital Spy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars – Count On Me |url=http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-releases/singles/2011/11/07/issue--861/bruno-mars---count-on-me/ |journal=[[The Music Network]] |location=Australia |issue=861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403114737/http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-releases/singles/2011/11/07/issue--861/bruno-mars---count-on-me/ |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2012}}</ref> Mars ta fitar da "It Will Rain" a kan ''The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Sashe na 1'' na fim din (2011). Ɗaya ya kai lamba ta uku a Amurka da lamba ta biyu a New Zealand.<ref name="Intcharts" /> Ya bayyana a kan "[[Lil Wayne]] song)">Mirror" tare da rapper Lil Wayne, "Lighters" tare da duo na hip-hop Bad Meets Evil da "Young, Wild & Free" tare da masu rapper [[Wiz Khalifa]] da [[Snoop Dogg]]. Waƙoƙin biyu na ƙarshe sun kai saman goma a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.<ref name="Hot100History" /><ref name="Intcharts" /> Mars ya fara inganta kundi na farko a matsayin aikin buɗewa na Maroon 5 da OneRepublic a kan ɓangaren faduwar tsohon Palm Trees & Power Lines Tour. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2010, ya fara rangadin kide-kide na Turai tare da McCoy wanda ya kasance har zuwa farkon Nuwamba. Yawon shakatawa na Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans, wanda Mars ta jagoranci, ya gudana daga Nuwamba 2010 zuwa Janairu 2012 . A wannan lokacin, Hooligans masu haɗin gwiwa a cikin Wondaland Tour tare da Mars da Janelle Monáe sun buga kwanakin Arewacin Amurka a watan Mayu da Yuni 2011. Mars ya ƙi tayin buɗewa don yawon shakatawa na fagen wasa, ya zaɓi maimakon yin wasa a ƙananan wurare kamar su gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da ɗakunan rawa; wannan ba shi da riba, amma ya faɗaɗa tushen magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Malley Greenburg |first=Zack |date=January 6, 2014 |title=From Cereal To Super Bowl: The Evolution of Bruno Mars |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/01/06/from-cereal-to-super-bowl-the-evolution-of-bruno-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209080747/http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/01/06/from-cereal-to-super-bowl-the-evolution-of-bruno-mars/ |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |access-date=March 1, 2014 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 2011, Mars ya lashe kyautar Grammy ta farko don Mafi kyawun Maza Pop Vocal Performance don "Just the Way You Are" kuma ya sami wasu gabatarwa shida: Mafi Kyawun Rap Song, Mafi Kyawun Haɗin gwiwar Rap / Song na Shekara don "Nothin' on You"; rukuni na ƙarshe da Song of the Year don "Fuck You" na CLo Green, da kuma Mai ga Shekara, Non-Classical (a matsayin Smeezingtons).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Final Nominations List: 53rd Grammy Awards |url=http://www.grammy.com/files/53rdpresslist113010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214033514/http://www.grammy.com/files/53rdpresslist113010.pdf |archive-date=December 14, 2010 |access-date=December 2, 2010 |website=[[Naras]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref> A 2012 Grammy Awards, an zabi Mars don Album of the Year da Best Pop Vocal Album don ''Doo-Wops & Hooligans'', da Best Pop Solo Performance, Record da Song of the Year don "Grenade"; Mai gabatarwa na Shekara, Ba na gargajiya ba (a matsayin Smeezingtons). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Winners and nominees list |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-env-grammy-awards-2012-winners-nominees-list,0,3097814.htmlstory#axzz2pGZLEG00 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216211500/http://www.latimes.com/la-env-grammy-awards-2012-winners-nominees-list,0,3097814.htmlstory#axzz2pGZLEG00 |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |access-date=June 30, 2013 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Mars ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka don Mawallafin Pop / Rock Male Artist, Mawallafin Solo na Duniya a Brit Awards, da kuma Echo Award for Best International Male . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Mars ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar wallafe-wallafen duniya tare da BMG Chrysalis US . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Paul |date=March 22, 2012 |title=BMG Chrysalis captures Bruno Mars |url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1048916&c=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081957/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/bmg-chrysalis-captures-bruno-mars/048407 |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2012 |website=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Satumbar 2012 don mujallar ''Billboard'', ya tabbatar da cewa kundi na gaba zai kasance ya bambanta da kiɗa: "Ina so in sami 'yanci da alatu don shiga cikin ɗakin karatu kuma in ce, 'Yau ina so in yi rikodin hip-hop, R&B, rai ko dutse'". An saki Unorthodox Jukebox a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2012, a Amurka. Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200 kafin ya hau kan ginshiƙi. Har ila yau, ya hau kan sigogi a Ostiraliya, Kanada da Burtaniya.<ref name="Intcharts" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allcock |first=Sam |date=December 17, 2012 |title=Official Albums Chart Analysis: Mars at No.1 with 136k first week sales |url=https://news168.co.uk/news/official-albums-chart-analysis-mars-at-no1-with-136k-first-week-sales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302224948/https://news168.co.uk/official-albums-chart-analysis-mars-at-no1-with-136k-first-week-sales/ |archive-date=March 2, 2026 |access-date=December 17, 2012 |website=Music Week}}</ref> Ya sayar da fiye da miliyan shida a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Joanne |date=March 8, 2016 |title=Bruno Mars to release third studio album later this year |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/bruno-mars-3-1206168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050124/http://www.nme.com/news/music/bruno-mars-3-1206168 |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> A 2014 Grammy Awards, Mars ta sami kyautar Best Pop Vocal Album don Unorthodox Jukebox . An zabi "Locked Out of Heaven" don Record da Song of the Year, kuma "Lokacin da Na kasance Mutuminku" an zabi shi don Mafi kyawun Pop Solo Performance . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 26, 2015 |title=Grammys 2014: The complete list of nominees and winners |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammy-nominations-winners-list-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304121852/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammy-nominations-winners-list-story.html |archive-date=March 4, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, kundin ya sami lambar yabo ta Juno don Album na Duniya na Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2014 |title=2014 Juno Gala Dinner & Awards Winners |url=http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-JUNO-List-GALA.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201952/http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-JUNO-List-GALA.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2014 |access-date=March 30, 2014 |website=Juno}}</ref> An jefa Mars a matsayin Roberto a cikin fim din Rio 2 (2014), kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sauti tare da waƙar "Barka da dawowa". <ref name="Rio 2">{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2013 |title='Rio 2': Bruno Mars chante 'Welcome Back' pour la bande originale du film |url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Bruno-Mars/news-91223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041011/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Bruno-Mars/news-91223.html |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |access-date=March 29, 2013 |publisher=[[Pure Charts]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Mark Ronson ya fitar da "Uptown Funk" tare da Mars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogerson |first=Ben |date=2024-11-08 |title="To be honest, when Bruno first sent me the demo I thought it was kind of cheesy. But he just knew, and he said - in the nicest possible way - 'It's this way or the highway', and he was completely right": Mark Ronson on the making of Uptown Funk |url=https://www.musicradar.com/artists/singers-songwriters/to-be-honest-when-bruno-first-sent-me-the-demo-i-thought-it-was-kind-of-cheesy-but-he-just-knew-and-he-said-in-the-nicest-possible-way-its-this-way-or-the-highway-and-he-was-completely-right-mark-ronson-on-the-making-of-uptown-funk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012232717/https://www.musicradar.com/artists/singers-songwriters/to-be-honest-when-bruno-first-sent-me-the-demo-i-thought-it-was-kind-of-cheesy-but-he-just-knew-and-he-said-in-the-nicest-possible-way-its-this-way-or-the-highway-and-he-was-completely-right-mark-ronson-on-the-making-of-uptown-funk |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=March 2, 2026 |website=MusicRadar}}</ref> Waƙar ta hau kan sigogi a kasashe da yawa, gami da Ostiraliya, Kanada da New Zealand.<ref name="Intcharts" /> "Uptown Funk" ya kwashe makonni goma sha huɗu a saman ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da makonni bakwai a saman UK Singles Chart, yana tasiri ga [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]].<ref name="UKcharts" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibsone |first=Harriet |date=December 9, 2014 |title=The Uptown Funk phenomenon: Cara, Cowell and the components of its success |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/dec/09/uptown-funk-phenomenon-cara-cowell-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406022549/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/dec/09/uptown-funk-phenomenon-cara-cowell-success |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fzkwlpvj1274axscs403r4uftz62laz 966792 966575 2026-10-12T11:01:56Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Gene Hernandez''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1985), wanda aka fi sani da '''Bruno Mars''', mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙoƙi dan [[Amurka]], mai shirya rikodin kuma mai rawa. An dauke shi a matsayin babban jigo a pop, an san shi da muryar murya ta uku, wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa, salo na zamanin baya, da kuma yawan kiɗa. Yana tare da ƙungiyarsa, Hooligans . An haife shi a [[Honolulu]], Mars ya sami karbuwa a Hawaii tun yana yaro saboda ya zama Elvis Presley, kafin ya koma Los Angeles a 2003 don neman aikin kiɗa. Mars ya kafa sunansa a masana'antar kiɗa a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar samarwa ta Smeezingtons. Ya zama sananne a matsayin mai yin rikodi bayan ya nuna a kan lambar Amurka "Nothin' on You" (2009) ta B.o.B. Mars ta farko uku studio albums - ''Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans'' (2010), Unorthodox Jukebox (2012), da ''24K Magic'' (2016) - ya sami gagarumin nasara da kasuwanci, tare da na ƙarshe ya lashe Grammy Award for Album of the Year. A cikin shekarun 2010, Mars ta sami ci gaba da samun nasara tare da waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa: "Just the Way You Are", "Grenade", "Locked Out of Heaven", "Lokacin da Na kasance Mutuminku", da kuma "Wannan shine Abin da nake so". Haɗin gwiwarsa na 2014 tare da Mark Ronson, "Uptown Funk", ya zama Waƙar da ta fi dacewa da <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> a cikin shekarun 2010. A cikin 2021, Mars ta fitar da An Evening with Silk Sonic tare da Anderson. .Paak, a matsayin mai kiɗa mai suna Silk Sonic . Kundin ya ƙunshi lambar Amurka "Leave the Door Open". A cikin 2024, ya fitar da duets guda biyu masu rikodin-ɗaya, "Ka mutu tare da Murmushi" (tare da [[Lady Gaga]]) da "APT". (tare da Rosé). Mars kuma ya fitar da kundi na farko a cikin shekaru goma, The Romantic (2026), wanda ya jagoranci ta goma ta Amurka, "I Just Might". Mars ya sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 150 a duk duniya, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin Masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun lokaci. &nbsp;Yana da goma na lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 kuma mafi yawan makonni a saman <nowiki><i id="mwSQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Global 200. Mars ita ce kawai mai zane da ta wuce [[Spotify]]" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of most-streamed artists on Spotify">Masu sauraro miliyan 150 a kowane wata a kan Spotify kuma ta farko da ta zira kwallaye shida na lu'u-lu'u a Amurka. Yawon shakatawa na duniya na 24K (2017-2018) yana cikin manyan yawon shakatawa a tarihi. Kyautar Mars ta haɗa da 16 Grammy Awards, 17 American Music Awards, 9 Billboard Music Awards, 5 Brit Awards, 7 MTV Video Music Awards da 14 Soul Train Awards. ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'' ya sanya shi cikin [[Time 100|Mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya]] a shekarar 2011. === 1985-2003: Rayuwa ta farko da farkon kiɗa === An haifi Peter Gene Hernandez a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1985, a Honolulu, Hawaii, ga Peter Hernandez da Bernadette San Pedro Bayot . Ya girma ne a unguwar Waikīkī ta Honolulu . <ref name="Latina">{{Cite web |last=Alarcon |first=Jesus Trivino |date=February 1, 2017 |title=Mr. Everything |url=http://www.latina.com/featured/magazine/2017/bruno-mars/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130174719/http://www.latina.com/featured/magazine/2017/bruno-mars/ |archive-date=January 30, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, asalinsa daga Brooklyn, New York, ya fito ne daga Puerto Rican da Ashkenazi Yahudawa, tare da asalin kakanninmu a Hungary da Ukraine. Mahaifiyarsa ya yi hijira daga Philippines zuwa Hawaii kuma ta kasance daga asalin Filipino.<ref name="midweek">{{Cite web |last=Moniz |first=Melissa |date=April 14, 2010 |title=Starring Bruno Mars |url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Bruno_Mars_Nothin_On_You/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110140650/http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Bruno_Mars_Nothin_On_You/ |archive-date=January 10, 2015 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |website=[[MidWeek]]}}</ref> Iyayen Hernandez sun hadu yayin da suke yin wasan kwaikwayo - mahaifiyarsa a matsayin mai rawa na hula kuma mahaifinsa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyu, mahaifinsa ya ba shi lakabi "Bruno", wanda ya yi tunanin ya yi kama da ƙwararren mai kokawa Bruno Sammartino.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Paul |date=September 13, 2010 |title=New band of the day: Bruno Mars (No 865) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/13/new-band-bruno-mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921211949/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/13/new-band-bruno-mars |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mars na ɗaya daga cikin yara shida kuma ya fito ne daga dangin kiɗa waɗanda suka fallasa shi ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, gami da rock da roll, reggae, hip-hop, da rhythm da blues.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars and Phillip Lawrence |url=http://www.ascap.com/playback/2010/03/ACTION/Mars_Lawrence.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007090455/http://www.ascap.com/playback/2010/03/ACTION/Mars_Lawrence.aspx |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa mawaƙiya ce kuma mai rawa kuma mahaifinsa ya yi waƙar Little Richard, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2017 |title=Em miúdo, Bruno Mars já tinha a escola toda |url=https://blitz.pt/videos/2017-04-01-Em-miudo-Bruno-Mars-ja-tinha-a-escola-toda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215142023/https://blitz.pt/videos/2017-04-01-Em-miudo-Bruno-Mars-ja-tinha-a-escola-toda |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2020 |website=[[Blitz (Portuguese magazine)|Blitz]] |language=pt}}</ref> Kakansa, Mai kwaikwayon Elvis, ya ƙarfafa Mars mai shekaru uku ya yi waƙoƙin Presley da [[Michael Jackson]].<ref name="midweek" /> Mars ya fara yin kwanaki biyar a mako tare da ƙungiyar iyalinsa (Love Notes) yana da shekaru huɗu, gami da Sheraton Waikiki, kuma ya zama sananne a Hawaii saboda ya zama [[Elvis Presley]] a kan mataki. <ref name="Singing as a Tot">{{Cite web |last=Hope |first=Clover |date=October 4, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars on Songwriting, Singing as a Tot, Working with Ne-Yo |url=http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-songwriting-singing-tot-working-neyo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717195644/http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-songwriting-singing-tot-working-neyo |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |website=Vibe}}</ref><ref name="LATMK">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=February 25, 2022 |title=How Silk Sonic is bringing a 'set list of doom' to joyous life in Las Vegas |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-02-25/silk-sonic-bruno-mars-anderson-paak-las-vegas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814221032/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-02-25/silk-sonic-bruno-mars-anderson-paak-las-vegas |archive-date=August 14, 2025 |access-date=September 8, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci, ya yi fitsari a kansa yayin wasan kwaikwayon Presley na "Can't Help Falling in Love" lokacin da yake dan shekara biyar; iyayensa sun yi tunanin cewa suna iya yin kuskure, amma bai taɓa yin motsi ba.<ref name="RSBH" /> Mars ya bayyana a cikin mai sayen tabloid na Hawaiian MidWeek a matsayin "Little Elvis" a cikin 1990, kuma ya yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rabin lokaci na 1990 Aloha Bowl. <ref name="midweek" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Now |first=Hawaii News |date=January 30, 2014 |title=Little 'Bruno' rocked the Aloha Bowl in 1990 |url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/24596277/little-bruno-rocked-the-aloha-bowl-in-1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229102139/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/24596277/little-bruno-rocked-the-aloha-bowl-in-1990 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Hawaii News Now]]}}</ref> Ya taka rawar gani a fim din 1992 ''Honeymoon a Vegas'', kuma Pauly Shore ya yi masa tambayoyi a MTV. Lokacin da Mars ke da shekaru shida, ya bayyana a cikin Arsenio Hall Show . Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo biyu a dare a duk makarantar sakandare tare da ƙungiyar iyalinsa, yana rufe waƙoƙin Frankie Lymon da Little Anthony. Matashin Mars yana da ƙaramin drum, guitar, piano da kayan kida, kuma ya koyi kunna su. Iyayensa sun sake aure lokacin da yake dan shekara 12 (ya ƙare Love Notes), kuma kasuwancin mahaifinsa daban-daban sun gaza. Mars, ɗan'uwansa da mahaifinsa sun zauna a cikin "ƙananan hukumomi na Hawaii" a cikin mota, a kan rufin, da kuma a cikin gidan zoo na tsuntsaye (Paradise Park) inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=The park Bruno Mars used to call home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bruno-mars-used-to-call-home-60-minutes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014436/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bruno-mars-used-to-call-home-60-minutes/ |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Mars ta canza makarantu kuma an zalunta ta, amma daga baya ta zama sananne.<ref name="RSBH" /> Ayyukansa na Elvis sun yi babban tasiri a kan juyin halitta na kiɗa da kuma fasahar yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Meetsbruno">{{Cite web |last=Gentry |first=Colin |date=September 22, 2010 |title=4Music.com meets Bruno Mars |url=http://www.4music.com/news/interviews/4Music.com-meets-Bruno-Mars |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122122/http://www.4music.com/news/interviews/4Music.com-meets-Bruno-Mars |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=February 4, 2011 |website=[[4Music]]}}</ref> Mars ya fara wasa da guitar, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar dan wasan rock na Amurka [[Jimi Hendrix]] . <ref name="UTAO">{{Cite web |last=Oldenburg |first=Ann |date=March 13, 2012 |title=Bruno Mars poses on the cover of 'Playboy' |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/03/bruno-mars-poses-on-the-cover-of-playboy-/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215142023/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/03/bruno-mars-poses-on-the-cover-of-playboy-/1 |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2017 |website=USA Today}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya amince da asalinsa na Hawaii da danginsa na kiɗa a matsayin tasiri: "Girga a Hawaii ya sanya ni mutumin da nake. Na kasance ina yin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a Hawaii tare da ƙungiyar mahaifina. Kowane mutum a cikin iyalina yana raira waƙa, kowa yana wasa da kayan kida ... kawai an kewaye ni da shi. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Greetings From Bruno Mars (YouTube video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yWMJyNSIpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/6yWMJyNSIpM |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |publisher=[[Elektra Records]]}}</ref><ref name="Latina" />&nbsp;A Makarantar Sakandare ta Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt da ke Honolulu, Mars ta raira waƙa a cikin rukuni (The School Boys) wanda ya buɗe wa sabuwar ƙungiyar mahaifinsa tare da waƙoƙin Isley Brothers da Temptations.<ref name="midweek" /> Ya zama sananne sosai a cikin nishaɗin Hawaii a makarantar sakandare, yana buɗewa don babban wasan kwaikwayo na sihiri kuma yana nuna Michael Jackson don $ 75 a kowane wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="RSBH" /> === 2004-2008: Farkon aiki === Mars ya ce game da ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles don neman aikin kiɗa: Mars ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da [[Motown]] Records a shekara ta 2004, amma yarjejeniyar "ba ta tafi ko'ina ba" kuma yana da tattaunawa mara amfani tare da gudanarwar will.i.am.<ref name="Orbit">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Steve |date=January 25, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars' musical orbit seems inescapable |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2011-01-25-brunomars25_ST_N.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201064858/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2011-01-25-brunomars25_ST_N.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2011 |access-date=February 3, 2011 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="GQ interview">{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Christ |date=March 19, 2013 |title=The Mars Expedition |url=https://www.gq.com/style/wear-it-now/201304/bruno-mars-interview-gq-april-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416215205/http://www.gq.com/story/bruno-mars-interview-gq-april-2013 |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |access-date=March 14, 2015 |website=[[GQ]] |pages=2–3}}</ref> Koyaya, kwarewar mawaƙin tare da Motown ya kasance mai fa'ida.<ref name="Orbit" /> Bayan da lakabin ya bar Mars, kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, ya kasance a Los Angeles kuma ya sauka da yarjejeniyar buga kiɗa ta 2005 tare da masu samar da rikodin Steve Lindsey da Cameron Strang a Westside Independent.<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!">{{Cite web |last=Greenburg |first=Zack O'Malley |date=May 18, 2011 |title=Mars Attacks! |url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/celebrity-100-11-bruno-mars-travie-mccoy-janick-mars-attack.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928131954/http://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/celebrity-100-11-bruno-mars-travie-mccoy-janick-mars-attack.html |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |access-date=July 18, 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="ASCAP Expo: My Take: Steve Lindsey">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Heather |date=April 24, 2013 |title=ASCAP Expo: My Take |url=http://heatherhill.ca/ascap-expo-my-take/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001043222/http://heatherhill.ca/ascap-expo-my-take/ |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=July 18, 2013 |website=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP]]}}</ref> A cewar Strang, "Bruno ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa hanya mafi kyau don ci gaba da aikinsa ita ce rubuce-rubuce da samar da waƙoƙin da aka buga".<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /> Lindsey ya nuna Mars da 'yan uwansa Brody Brown da Jeff Bhasker (wanda Mars ya sadu da shi ta hanyar Mike Lynn) a cikin rubuce-rubucen kiɗa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara, yana taimaka musu inganta sana'ar su.<ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /><ref name="MCDK">{{Cite web |last=Kimpel |first=Dan |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Songwriter Profile: Body Brown (Bruno Mars, Adele, Mark Ronson) |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173522/https://www.musicconnection.com/songwriter-profile-brody-brown-bruno-mars-adele-mark-ronson/ |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=[[Music Connection]]}}</ref><ref name="ASRBJB">{{Cite web |last=LeDonne |first=Rob |date=July 10, 2013 |title=Jeff Bhasker: Music's Go-To Guy |url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213357/http://www.americansongwriter.com/2013/07/songwriter-u-jeff-bhasker-musics-go-to-guy/ |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |access-date=November 17, 2013}}</ref> Bhasker ya bayyana cewa Lindsey zai "yi wahayi zuwa gare mu, kuma ya ba mu laccoci game da abin da waƙar da aka buga, saboda kuna iya samun baiwa da ikon kiɗa, amma fahimtar abin da ke sa waƙar da ta buga wani horo ne. "A cewar Lindsey, ya "tsare Mars na tsawon shekaru biyar yayin da suka koyi kundin kiɗa mai yawa". <ref name="ASCAP Expo: My Take: Steve Lindsey" /><ref name="ASRBJB" />Brown ya yarda a wata hira.<ref name="MCDK" /> Mars ta buga waƙoƙin murfin a kusa da Los Angeles a cikin Sex Panther, ƙungiyar tare da Bhasker da Eric Hernandez (ɗan'uwan Mars, wanda ya zama mai bugawa na Hooligans). <ref name="Forbes: Mars Attacks!" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fekadu |first=Mesfin |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Producer Behind Fun. Takes Center Stage at Grammys |url=https://news.yahoo.com/producer-behind-fun-takes-center-stage-grammys-154614875.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231714/http://news.yahoo.com/producer-behind-fun-takes-center-stage-grammys-154614875.html |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |access-date=May 4, 2014 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Lokacin da aka gaya wa Philip Lawrence ya kamata ya sadu da Mars, ya yi jinkirin yin hakan tunda ba shi da kudi don farashi na bas. Keith Harris, mai bugawa na Black Eyed Peas, ya gaya wa Lawrence: "Duk abin da yake kashe maka don fita nan, zan biya ku".Lawrence ya amsa, "Kawai ka mayar mini da dala biyar don bas din".<ref name="Bruno Mars' Right Hand Man">{{Cite web |last=LeDonne |first=Rob |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Philip Lawrence: Bruno Mars' Right Hand Man Goes Solo |url=http://americansongwriter.com/2013/09/songwriter-u-philip-lawrence-bruno-mars-right-hand-man-goes-solo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223092130/http://americansongwriter.com/2013/09/songwriter-u-philip-lawrence-bruno-mars-right-hand-man-goes-solo/ |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref>Ma'aurata sun fara hada kai a kan waƙoƙi don Mars, amma sun sami ƙin yarda da yawa daga lakabin rikodin. Lawrence ya gabatar da Mars ga Aaron Bay-Schuck, manajan A&R na gaba a Atlantic Records, a cikin shekara ta 2006.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2010 |title=Interview with Aaron Bay-Schuck |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AaronBaySchuck_int.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521053612/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AaronBaySchuck_int.html |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2010 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> Bayan ya ji ya buga waƙoƙi biyu a kan guitar, Bay-Schuck ya so ya sanya hannu a kansa nan da nan. Ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru uku ga Atlantic Records don sanya hannu kan Mars, duk da haka, saboda lakabin ya ji ya yi wuri kuma yana buƙatar bunkasa a matsayin mai zane.<ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Mars ta kasance mai samar da kiɗa kafin ta zama mai zane-zane mai cin nasara, tana rubuta waƙoƙi ga Alexandra Burke, [[Adam Levine]], Brandy, Sean Kingston, da K'naan . <ref name="guardian" /> Ya ce "babban bugawa" na farko da shi da Lawrence suka rubuta shi ne na 2009, "Right Round", na Flo Rida: "Wannan shine ɗanɗano na farko na abin da zai iya faruwa da gaske tare da bugawa da muka yi kashi ɗari".<ref name="whois" /> Mars ta rubuta "Get Sexy" na Sugababes (2009) kuma ta ba da goyon baya a cikin kundin su, Sweet 7 (2010). Ya raira waƙa a kan waƙar "3D" a kan kundi na biyu na Far East Movement, Animal (2009). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal by Far East Movement FM |url=https://itunes.apple.com/album/animal/id303539971 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110205536/https://itunes.apple.com/album/animal/id303539971 |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2010 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> Mars ya bayyana a kan fastocin Amurka kuma mai zane-zane na hip hop Jaeson Ma na farko, "Love", da kuma rapper na Amurka Travie McCoy na "One at a Time" (wani sadaka don tushen MTV ta Staying Alive) a wannan shekarar. An san shi a matsayin mai zane-zane bayan ya bayyana a kan rapper na Amurka B.o.B's "Nothin' on You" (2009) da McCoy's "Billionaire" (2010); duka waƙoƙin sun kai saman goma na labaran kiɗa da yawa, tare da tsohon ya hau kan Amurka <nowiki><i id="mwAaE">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart.<ref name="UKcharts">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2010 |title=Bruno Mars Official Chart History |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6419/bruno-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313175650/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6419/BRUNO-MARS/ |archive-date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=September 22, 2012 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref><ref name="Intcharts">{{Cite web |title=Discography Bruno Mars |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201235128/http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars |archive-date=December 1, 2015 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> Mars ya ce game da waƙoƙin, "Ina tsammanin waɗannan waƙoƙun ba a nufin su zama waƙoƙi masu cike da waƙa ba. Idan na raira duk 'Nothin' a kan Kai', zai iya zama kamar wasu <nowiki>''</nowiki>90s R&B & B' [1]Ya fitar da wasan sa na farko (EP), Yana da kyau Idan Ba ku fahimta ba, a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2010. [2] Ya kai lamba 99 a kan US Billboard 200, kuma an saki bidiyon kiɗa don "The Other Side" tare da mawaƙa CeeLo Green da B.o.B.[3][4] Mars da Smeezingtons sun hada da nasarar Green ta 2010 guda, "Fuck You".[5] [[File:Bruno_Mars_keyboard.jpg|alt=A smiling Mars onstage, seated at a keyboard|thumb|Mars a wani kide-kide na 2010 a [[Houston]], Texas]] Mars released "Just the Way You Are" on July 20, 2010, as the lead single of his debut studio album, ''Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans'', produced primarily by the Smeezingtons. It topped the charts of several countries, including Australia, Canada and the U.S.<ref name="Intcharts" /> The album, released on October 5, 2010, debuted at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200 and topped the charts in the UK,<ref name="UKcharts" /> the Netherlands and Canada.<ref name="Intcharts" /> ''Doo-Wops & Hooligans'' has sold 15.5&nbsp;million copies worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción Entretenimiento |date=October 5, 2020 |title=Bruno Mars celebra diez años de "Doo-Wops & Hooligans" |url=https://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/musica/bruno-mars-celebra-diez-anos-de-doo-wops-hooligans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006024253/https://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/musica/bruno-mars-celebra-diez-anos-de-doo-wops-hooligans/ |archive-date=October 6, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |website=[[El Espectador]] |language=es}}</ref> It spawned two other singles: "Grenade" (which topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, New Zealand, UK, and other charts) and "The Lazy Song", which topped the UK and Danish charts.<ref name="UKcharts" /><ref name="Intcharts" /> Sauran waƙoƙi sun haɗa da "Talking to the Moon", wanda aka saki a Brazil kuma ya hau kan <nowiki><i id="mwAhU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Brazil's Hot Pop Songs da Hot 100 Airplay charts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars estána trilha de "Insensato Coração" |url=http://www.warnermusic.com.br/portal/newswindow.aspx?317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930060029/http://www.warnermusic.com.br/portal/newswindow.aspx?317 |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=June 12, 2014 |website=Warner Music Brasil |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2011 |title=Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay |journal=[[Billboard Brasil]] <!--|issn=977-217605400-2 --> |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 2011 – January 2012 |title=Billboard Brasil Hot Pop & Popular |journal=[[Billboard Brasil]] |publisher=BPP |issue=26<!--|issn=977-217605400-2--> |pages=144–145}}</ref> An saki "Marry You" a duniya kuma "Count On Me" ita ce ta karshe a Australia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=August 1, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars: 'Marry You' |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a332198/bruno-mars-marry-you.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703200408/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a332198/bruno-mars-marry-you.html |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |website=Digital Spy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Bruno Mars – Count On Me |url=http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-releases/singles/2011/11/07/issue--861/bruno-mars---count-on-me/ |journal=[[The Music Network]] |location=Australia |issue=861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403114737/http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-releases/singles/2011/11/07/issue--861/bruno-mars---count-on-me/ |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2012}}</ref> Mars ta fitar da "It Will Rain" a kan ''The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Sashe na 1'' na fim din (2011). Ɗaya ya kai lamba ta uku a Amurka da lamba ta biyu a New Zealand.<ref name="Intcharts" /> Ya bayyana a kan "[[Lil Wayne]] song)">Mirror" tare da rapper Lil Wayne, "Lighters" tare da duo na hip-hop Bad Meets Evil da "Young, Wild & Free" tare da masu rapper [[Wiz Khalifa]] da [[Snoop Dogg]]. Waƙoƙin biyu na ƙarshe sun kai saman goma a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.<ref name="Hot100History" /><ref name="Intcharts" /> Mars ya fara inganta kundi na farko a matsayin aikin buɗewa na Maroon 5 da OneRepublic a kan ɓangaren faduwar tsohon Palm Trees & Power Lines Tour. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2010, ya fara rangadin kide-kide na Turai tare da McCoy wanda ya kasance har zuwa farkon Nuwamba. Yawon shakatawa na Doo-Wops &amp;amp; Hooligans, wanda Mars ta jagoranci, ya gudana daga Nuwamba 2010 zuwa Janairu 2012 . A wannan lokacin, Hooligans masu haɗin gwiwa a cikin Wondaland Tour tare da Mars da Janelle Monáe sun buga kwanakin Arewacin Amurka a watan Mayu da Yuni 2011. Mars ya ƙi tayin buɗewa don yawon shakatawa na fagen wasa, ya zaɓi maimakon yin wasa a ƙananan wurare kamar su gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da ɗakunan rawa; wannan ba shi da riba, amma ya faɗaɗa tushen magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Malley Greenburg |first=Zack |date=January 6, 2014 |title=From Cereal To Super Bowl: The Evolution of Bruno Mars |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/01/06/from-cereal-to-super-bowl-the-evolution-of-bruno-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209080747/http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/01/06/from-cereal-to-super-bowl-the-evolution-of-bruno-mars/ |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |access-date=March 1, 2014 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 2011, Mars ya lashe kyautar Grammy ta farko don Mafi kyawun Maza Pop Vocal Performance don "Just the Way You Are" kuma ya sami wasu gabatarwa shida: Mafi Kyawun Rap Song, Mafi Kyawun Haɗin gwiwar Rap / Song na Shekara don "Nothin' on You"; rukuni na ƙarshe da Song of the Year don "Fuck You" na CLo Green, da kuma Mai ga Shekara, Non-Classical (a matsayin Smeezingtons).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Final Nominations List: 53rd Grammy Awards |url=http://www.grammy.com/files/53rdpresslist113010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214033514/http://www.grammy.com/files/53rdpresslist113010.pdf |archive-date=December 14, 2010 |access-date=December 2, 2010 |website=[[Naras]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref> A 2012 Grammy Awards, an zabi Mars don Album of the Year da Best Pop Vocal Album don ''Doo-Wops & Hooligans'', da Best Pop Solo Performance, Record da Song of the Year don "Grenade"; Mai gabatarwa na Shekara, Ba na gargajiya ba (a matsayin Smeezingtons). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Winners and nominees list |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-env-grammy-awards-2012-winners-nominees-list,0,3097814.htmlstory#axzz2pGZLEG00 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216211500/http://www.latimes.com/la-env-grammy-awards-2012-winners-nominees-list,0,3097814.htmlstory#axzz2pGZLEG00 |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |access-date=June 30, 2013 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Mars ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka don Mawallafin Pop / Rock Male Artist, Mawallafin Solo na Duniya a Brit Awards, da kuma Echo Award for Best International Male . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Mars ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar wallafe-wallafen duniya tare da BMG Chrysalis US . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Paul |date=March 22, 2012 |title=BMG Chrysalis captures Bruno Mars |url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1048916&c=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081957/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/bmg-chrysalis-captures-bruno-mars/048407 |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2012 |website=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Satumbar 2012 don mujallar ''Billboard'', ya tabbatar da cewa kundi na gaba zai kasance ya bambanta da kiɗa: "Ina so in sami 'yanci da alatu don shiga cikin ɗakin karatu kuma in ce, 'Yau ina so in yi rikodin hip-hop, R&B, rai ko dutse'". An saki Unorthodox Jukebox a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2012, a Amurka. Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200 kafin ya hau kan ginshiƙi. Har ila yau, ya hau kan sigogi a Ostiraliya, Kanada da Burtaniya.<ref name="Intcharts" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allcock |first=Sam |date=December 17, 2012 |title=Official Albums Chart Analysis: Mars at No.1 with 136k first week sales |url=https://news168.co.uk/news/official-albums-chart-analysis-mars-at-no1-with-136k-first-week-sales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302224948/https://news168.co.uk/official-albums-chart-analysis-mars-at-no1-with-136k-first-week-sales/ |archive-date=March 2, 2026 |access-date=December 17, 2012 |website=Music Week}}</ref> Ya sayar da fiye da miliyan shida a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Joanne |date=March 8, 2016 |title=Bruno Mars to release third studio album later this year |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/bruno-mars-3-1206168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050124/http://www.nme.com/news/music/bruno-mars-3-1206168 |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> A 2014 Grammy Awards, Mars ta sami kyautar Best Pop Vocal Album don Unorthodox Jukebox . An zabi "Locked Out of Heaven" don Record da Song of the Year, kuma "Lokacin da Na kasance Mutuminku" an zabi shi don Mafi kyawun Pop Solo Performance . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 26, 2015 |title=Grammys 2014: The complete list of nominees and winners |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammy-nominations-winners-list-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304121852/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammy-nominations-winners-list-story.html |archive-date=March 4, 2015 |access-date=December 7, 2015 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, kundin ya sami lambar yabo ta Juno don Album na Duniya na Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2014 |title=2014 Juno Gala Dinner & Awards Winners |url=http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-JUNO-List-GALA.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201952/http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-JUNO-List-GALA.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2014 |access-date=March 30, 2014 |website=Juno}}</ref> An jefa Mars a matsayin Roberto a cikin fim din Rio 2 (2014), kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sauti tare da waƙar "Barka da dawowa". <ref name="Rio 2">{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2013 |title='Rio 2': Bruno Mars chante 'Welcome Back' pour la bande originale du film |url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Bruno-Mars/news-91223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041011/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Bruno-Mars/news-91223.html |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |access-date=March 29, 2013 |publisher=[[Pure Charts]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Mark Ronson ya fitar da "Uptown Funk" tare da Mars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogerson |first=Ben |date=2024-11-08 |title="To be honest, when Bruno first sent me the demo I thought it was kind of cheesy. But he just knew, and he said - in the nicest possible way - 'It's this way or the highway', and he was completely right": Mark Ronson on the making of Uptown Funk |url=https://www.musicradar.com/artists/singers-songwriters/to-be-honest-when-bruno-first-sent-me-the-demo-i-thought-it-was-kind-of-cheesy-but-he-just-knew-and-he-said-in-the-nicest-possible-way-its-this-way-or-the-highway-and-he-was-completely-right-mark-ronson-on-the-making-of-uptown-funk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012232717/https://www.musicradar.com/artists/singers-songwriters/to-be-honest-when-bruno-first-sent-me-the-demo-i-thought-it-was-kind-of-cheesy-but-he-just-knew-and-he-said-in-the-nicest-possible-way-its-this-way-or-the-highway-and-he-was-completely-right-mark-ronson-on-the-making-of-uptown-funk |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=March 2, 2026 |website=MusicRadar}}</ref> Waƙar ta hau kan sigogi a kasashe da yawa, gami da Ostiraliya, Kanada da New Zealand.<ref name="Intcharts" /> "Uptown Funk" ya kwashe makonni goma sha huɗu a saman ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da makonni bakwai a saman UK Singles Chart, yana tasiri ga [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]].<ref name="UKcharts" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibsone |first=Harriet |date=December 9, 2014 |title=The Uptown Funk phenomenon: Cara, Cowell and the components of its success |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/dec/09/uptown-funk-phenomenon-cara-cowell-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406022549/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/dec/09/uptown-funk-phenomenon-cara-cowell-success |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a2uib7nwfvfjuq7w38glhl1woq9imgd Joan Martínez (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, 2007) 0 178987 966577 2026-10-11T17:31:13Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373828907|Joan Martínez (footballer, born 2007)]]" 966577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 30 March 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|joan-martinez-lozano/934249}}</ref>'''Joan Martínez Lozano''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Real Madrid Castilla . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a shekara ta 2007 a Alginet, Valencian Community, Spain. Ya dauki [[Sergio Ramos]] na kasa da kasa a Spain a matsayin gunkinsa na kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, el 'Cubarsí' de la cantera del Real Madrid |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/joan-martinez-cubarsi-cantera-real-20240516003211-nt.html |publisher=relevo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Levante ta Spain. Bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga ta Spain. Martínez ya fara bugawa babbar kungiya a lokacin yawon shakatawa a Amurka a wasan sada zumunci da [[AC Milan]] a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinosa |first=Xavi |date=2 August 2024 |title=El Madrid se ilusiona con el 'nuevo Ramos': "Es increíble..." |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/real-madrid/madrid-ilusiona-nuevo-ramos-increible-106400422 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2024, ya sami rauni a daya daga cikin gwiwoyinsa yayin horo tare da tawagar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=9 August 2024 |title=¡Joan Martínez se rompe el cruzado! |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2024/08/09/66b655d9e2704e45048b45b2.html |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]}}</ref><ref name="md" /> An yi masa tiyata a watan Satumbar 2024.<ref name="md">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, operado con éxito |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-madrid/20240903/1002309365/joan-martinez-operado-exito.html |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]]}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan ya warke daga rauni, an inganta shi zuwa Ƙungiyar da aka tanada a gaban kakar 2025-26. Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Spain. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kare Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da shekaru 17 ta Spain. [1] == Hanyar wasa == Yafi aiki a matsayin mai karewa. An san shi da iyawarsa ta sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Joan Martínez se cuela en el casting de centrales del Real Madrid (con Jesús Vallejo mosqueado) |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2024-07-30/joan-martinez-real-madrid-jesus-vallejo-central_3933203/ |publisher=elconfidencial.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yana da babban ɗan'uwa. Shi ɗan mahaifin likitan jiki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Un 'Ramos' en la guarida de Arbeloa |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2023/10/10/65241d96268e3e26448b458b.html |publisher=marca.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar ta Uku |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !1 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mpn4tu8qy96l165gpblarm5qqz9gnau 966578 966577 2026-10-11T17:31:57Z Khaleel767 49732 966578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 30 March 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|joan-martinez-lozano/934249}}</ref>'''Joan Martínez Lozano''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Real Madrid Castilla . {{Databox}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a shekara ta 2007 a Alginet, Valencian Community, Spain. Ya dauki [[Sergio Ramos]] na kasa da kasa a Spain a matsayin gunkinsa na kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, el 'Cubarsí' de la cantera del Real Madrid |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/joan-martinez-cubarsi-cantera-real-20240516003211-nt.html |publisher=relevo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Levante ta Spain. Bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga ta Spain. Martínez ya fara bugawa babbar kungiya a lokacin yawon shakatawa a Amurka a wasan sada zumunci da [[AC Milan]] a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinosa |first=Xavi |date=2 August 2024 |title=El Madrid se ilusiona con el 'nuevo Ramos': "Es increíble..." |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/real-madrid/madrid-ilusiona-nuevo-ramos-increible-106400422 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2024, ya sami rauni a daya daga cikin gwiwoyinsa yayin horo tare da tawagar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=9 August 2024 |title=¡Joan Martínez se rompe el cruzado! |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2024/08/09/66b655d9e2704e45048b45b2.html |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]}}</ref><ref name="md" /> An yi masa tiyata a watan Satumbar 2024.<ref name="md">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, operado con éxito |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-madrid/20240903/1002309365/joan-martinez-operado-exito.html |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]]}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan ya warke daga rauni, an inganta shi zuwa Ƙungiyar da aka tanada a gaban kakar 2025-26. Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Spain. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kare Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da shekaru 17 ta Spain. [1] == Hanyar wasa == Yafi aiki a matsayin mai karewa. An san shi da iyawarsa ta sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Joan Martínez se cuela en el casting de centrales del Real Madrid (con Jesús Vallejo mosqueado) |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2024-07-30/joan-martinez-real-madrid-jesus-vallejo-central_3933203/ |publisher=elconfidencial.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yana da babban ɗan'uwa. Shi ɗan mahaifin likitan jiki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Un 'Ramos' en la guarida de Arbeloa |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2023/10/10/65241d96268e3e26448b458b.html |publisher=marca.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar ta Uku |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !1 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m44r3m3mocr5qm7m0xh38ulaiwk9qy6 966787 966578 2026-10-12T10:58:08Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Joan Martínez (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 2007)]] to [[Joan Martínez (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, 2007)]]: title too long 966578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 30 March 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|joan-martinez-lozano/934249}}</ref>'''Joan Martínez Lozano''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Real Madrid Castilla . {{Databox}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a shekara ta 2007 a Alginet, Valencian Community, Spain. Ya dauki [[Sergio Ramos]] na kasa da kasa a Spain a matsayin gunkinsa na kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, el 'Cubarsí' de la cantera del Real Madrid |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/joan-martinez-cubarsi-cantera-real-20240516003211-nt.html |publisher=relevo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Levante ta Spain. Bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga ta Spain. Martínez ya fara bugawa babbar kungiya a lokacin yawon shakatawa a Amurka a wasan sada zumunci da [[AC Milan]] a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinosa |first=Xavi |date=2 August 2024 |title=El Madrid se ilusiona con el 'nuevo Ramos': "Es increíble..." |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/real-madrid/madrid-ilusiona-nuevo-ramos-increible-106400422 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2024, ya sami rauni a daya daga cikin gwiwoyinsa yayin horo tare da tawagar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=9 August 2024 |title=¡Joan Martínez se rompe el cruzado! |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2024/08/09/66b655d9e2704e45048b45b2.html |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]}}</ref><ref name="md" /> An yi masa tiyata a watan Satumbar 2024.<ref name="md">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, operado con éxito |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-madrid/20240903/1002309365/joan-martinez-operado-exito.html |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]]}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan ya warke daga rauni, an inganta shi zuwa Ƙungiyar da aka tanada a gaban kakar 2025-26. Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Spain. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kare Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da shekaru 17 ta Spain. [1] == Hanyar wasa == Yafi aiki a matsayin mai karewa. An san shi da iyawarsa ta sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Joan Martínez se cuela en el casting de centrales del Real Madrid (con Jesús Vallejo mosqueado) |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2024-07-30/joan-martinez-real-madrid-jesus-vallejo-central_3933203/ |publisher=elconfidencial.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yana da babban ɗan'uwa. Shi ɗan mahaifin likitan jiki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Un 'Ramos' en la guarida de Arbeloa |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2023/10/10/65241d96268e3e26448b458b.html |publisher=marca.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar ta Uku |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !1 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m44r3m3mocr5qm7m0xh38ulaiwk9qy6 966789 966787 2026-10-12T10:58:45Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 30 March 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|joan-martinez-lozano/934249}}</ref> '''Joan Martínez Lozano''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Real Madrid Castilla. {{Databox}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a shekara ta 2007 a Alginet, Valencian Community, Spain. Ya dauki [[Sergio Ramos]] na kasa da kasa a Spain a matsayin gunkinsa na kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, el 'Cubarsí' de la cantera del Real Madrid |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/joan-martinez-cubarsi-cantera-real-20240516003211-nt.html |publisher=relevo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Levante ta Spain. Bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga ta Spain. Martínez ya fara bugawa babbar kungiya a lokacin yawon shakatawa a Amurka a wasan sada zumunci da [[AC Milan]] a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinosa |first=Xavi |date=2 August 2024 |title=El Madrid se ilusiona con el 'nuevo Ramos': "Es increíble..." |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/real-madrid/madrid-ilusiona-nuevo-ramos-increible-106400422 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2024, ya sami rauni a daya daga cikin gwiwoyinsa yayin horo tare da tawagar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=9 August 2024 |title=¡Joan Martínez se rompe el cruzado! |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2024/08/09/66b655d9e2704e45048b45b2.html |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]}}</ref><ref name="md" /> An yi masa tiyata a watan Satumbar 2024.<ref name="md">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, operado con éxito |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-madrid/20240903/1002309365/joan-martinez-operado-exito.html |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]]}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan ya warke daga rauni, an inganta shi zuwa Ƙungiyar da aka tanada a gaban kakar 2025-26. Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Spain. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kare Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da shekaru 17 ta Spain. [1] == Hanyar wasa == Yafi aiki a matsayin mai karewa. An san shi da iyawarsa ta sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Joan Martínez se cuela en el casting de centrales del Real Madrid (con Jesús Vallejo mosqueado) |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2024-07-30/joan-martinez-real-madrid-jesus-vallejo-central_3933203/ |publisher=elconfidencial.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yana da babban ɗan'uwa. Shi ɗan mahaifin likitan jiki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Un 'Ramos' en la guarida de Arbeloa |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2023/10/10/65241d96268e3e26448b458b.html |publisher=marca.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar ta Uku |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !1 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3mqmzf8r9ayugcdj44nxavysqmqr3zn 966790 966789 2026-10-12T10:59:07Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 30 March 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|joan-martinez-lozano/934249}}</ref> '''Joan Martínez Lozano''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Spain]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Real Madrid Castilla. {{Databox}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a shekara ta 2007 a Alginet, Valencian Community, Spain. Ya dauki [[Sergio Ramos]] na kasa da kasa a Spain a matsayin gunkinsa na kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, el 'Cubarsí' de la cantera del Real Madrid |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/joan-martinez-cubarsi-cantera-real-20240516003211-nt.html |publisher=relevo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Levante ta Spain. Bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga ta Spain. Martínez ya fara bugawa babbar kungiya a lokacin yawon shakatawa a Amurka a wasan sada zumunci da [[AC Milan]] a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinosa |first=Xavi |date=2 August 2024 |title=El Madrid se ilusiona con el 'nuevo Ramos': "Es increíble..." |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/real-madrid/madrid-ilusiona-nuevo-ramos-increible-106400422 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2024, ya sami rauni a daya daga cikin gwiwoyinsa yayin horo tare da tawagar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=9 August 2024 |title=¡Joan Martínez se rompe el cruzado! |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2024/08/09/66b655d9e2704e45048b45b2.html |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]}}</ref><ref name="md" /> An yi masa tiyata a watan Satumbar 2024.<ref name="md">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Joan Martínez, operado con éxito |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-madrid/20240903/1002309365/joan-martinez-operado-exito.html |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]]}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan ya warke daga rauni, an inganta shi zuwa Ƙungiyar da aka tanada a gaban kakar 2025-26. Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Spain. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kare Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da shekaru 17 ta Spain. [1] == Hanyar wasa == Yafi aiki a matsayin mai karewa. An san shi da iyawarsa ta sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Joan Martínez se cuela en el casting de centrales del Real Madrid (con Jesús Vallejo mosqueado) |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2024-07-30/joan-martinez-real-madrid-jesus-vallejo-central_3933203/ |publisher=elconfidencial.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yana da babban ɗan'uwa. Shi ɗan mahaifin likitan jiki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Un 'Ramos' en la guarida de Arbeloa |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2023/10/10/65241d96268e3e26448b458b.html |publisher=marca.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar ta Uku |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !1 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] otadhlawnucxo2lu4wevlkaab8twh2r Víctor Valdepeñas 0 178988 966579 2026-10-11T17:32:46Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376465107|Víctor Valdepeñas]]" 966579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 20 September 2026}}{{Notelist}}'''Víctor "Valde" Valdepeñas Talavera''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ko hagu na kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Fiorentina . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Valdepeñas a [[Madrid]], ga mahaifin Asturian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title="Ojo con Víctor Valdepeñas", el aviso que circula en el Real Madrid en otra situación que tiene en guardia a Ancelotti |trans-title="Watch out for Víctor Valdepeñas," the warning circulating at Real Madrid in another situation that has Ancelotti on guard |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/victor-valdepenas-aviso-circula-real-20250314195853-nt.html |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Relevo]] |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, Valdepeñas ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AD Villa Rosa . A shekara ta 2016, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Rayo Vallecano]] . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga. Daga baya, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Leganés. A lokacin rani na 2022, ya koma makarantar matasa ta La Liga ta Real Madrid kuma an inganta shi zuwa Kungiyar C ta kulob din a 2024 kafin a kara shi zuwa Ƙungiyar ajiya su a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Valde sopla las velas en La Fábrica: “Serás de los mejores ‘treses’ de Europa” |trans-title=Valde blows out the candles at La Fábrica: “You will be one of the best ‘treses’ in Europe” |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/valde-sopla-las-velas-en-la-fabrica-seras-de-los-mejores-treses-de-europa-n/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Valdepeñas ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] wasa a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025 a nasarar da ya samu a gasar da Alavés. Ya fara a wasan kuma ya buga minti 78.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Valdepeñas debuta con el Real Madrid en partido oficial: "Voy a enmarcar esta camiseta para verla todos los días" |trans-title=Valdepeñas makes his debut with Real Madrid in an official match: "I'm going to frame this shirt so I can see it every day" |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/es-ES/noticias/futbol/cantera-masculina/actualidad/valdepenas-debuta-con-el-real-madrid-en-partido-oficial-14-12-2025 |publisher=[[Real Madrid C.F.]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2026, Valdepeñas ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Fiorentina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=Valdepenas signs for Fiorentina |url=https://www.acffiorentina.com/en/news/valdepenas-310726 |publisher=ACF Fiorentina}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Valdepeñas yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida kuma yana da ƙafafun hagu. Jaridar Mutanen Espanya Marca ta rubuta a cikin 2025 cewa "yanayin jikinsa ya fito fili...wannan yana ba shi damar zama matsayi na cikakken baya, fuka-fuki...kuma dan wasan tsakiya. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2024–25 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |6 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Real Madrid B |2024–25 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |30 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Premier League Cup (football)|Premier League Cup]]}} |0 |32 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !3 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !46 !3 |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2025–26 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Fiorentina |2026–27 |[[Serie A|Jerin A]] |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !55 !4 !2 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !59 !4 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cz8fcr5ykq0vwuw67a93qb38z8gxi7w 966580 966579 2026-10-11T17:33:28Z Khaleel767 49732 966580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 20 September 2026}}{{Notelist}}{{Databox}} '''Víctor "Valde" Valdepeñas Talavera''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ko hagu na kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Fiorentina . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Valdepeñas a [[Madrid]], ga mahaifin Asturian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title="Ojo con Víctor Valdepeñas", el aviso que circula en el Real Madrid en otra situación que tiene en guardia a Ancelotti |trans-title="Watch out for Víctor Valdepeñas," the warning circulating at Real Madrid in another situation that has Ancelotti on guard |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/victor-valdepenas-aviso-circula-real-20250314195853-nt.html |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Relevo]] |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, Valdepeñas ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AD Villa Rosa . A shekara ta 2016, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Rayo Vallecano]] . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga. Daga baya, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Leganés. A lokacin rani na 2022, ya koma makarantar matasa ta La Liga ta Real Madrid kuma an inganta shi zuwa Kungiyar C ta kulob din a 2024 kafin a kara shi zuwa Ƙungiyar ajiya su a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Valde sopla las velas en La Fábrica: “Serás de los mejores ‘treses’ de Europa” |trans-title=Valde blows out the candles at La Fábrica: “You will be one of the best ‘treses’ in Europe” |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/valde-sopla-las-velas-en-la-fabrica-seras-de-los-mejores-treses-de-europa-n/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Valdepeñas ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] wasa a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025 a nasarar da ya samu a gasar da Alavés. Ya fara a wasan kuma ya buga minti 78.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Valdepeñas debuta con el Real Madrid en partido oficial: "Voy a enmarcar esta camiseta para verla todos los días" |trans-title=Valdepeñas makes his debut with Real Madrid in an official match: "I'm going to frame this shirt so I can see it every day" |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/es-ES/noticias/futbol/cantera-masculina/actualidad/valdepenas-debuta-con-el-real-madrid-en-partido-oficial-14-12-2025 |publisher=[[Real Madrid C.F.]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2026, Valdepeñas ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Fiorentina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=Valdepenas signs for Fiorentina |url=https://www.acffiorentina.com/en/news/valdepenas-310726 |publisher=ACF Fiorentina}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Valdepeñas yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida kuma yana da ƙafafun hagu. Jaridar Mutanen Espanya Marca ta rubuta a cikin 2025 cewa "yanayin jikinsa ya fito fili...wannan yana ba shi damar zama matsayi na cikakken baya, fuka-fuki...kuma dan wasan tsakiya. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2024–25 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |6 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Real Madrid B |2024–25 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |30 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Premier League Cup (football)|Premier League Cup]]}} |0 |32 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !3 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !46 !3 |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2025–26 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Fiorentina |2026–27 |[[Serie A|Jerin A]] |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !55 !4 !2 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !59 !4 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> 394n3huu5j9za34n5elow1l6dny17sb 966779 966580 2026-10-12T10:49:44Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 20 September 2026}}{{Notelist}}{{Databox}} '''Víctor "Valde" Valdepeñas Talavera''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ko hagu na kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] [[Fiorentina]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Valdepeñas a [[Madrid]], ga mahaifin Asturian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title="Ojo con Víctor Valdepeñas", el aviso que circula en el Real Madrid en otra situación que tiene en guardia a Ancelotti |trans-title="Watch out for Víctor Valdepeñas," the warning circulating at Real Madrid in another situation that has Ancelotti on guard |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/victor-valdepenas-aviso-circula-real-20250314195853-nt.html |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Relevo]] |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, Valdepeñas ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AD Villa Rosa . A shekara ta 2016, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Rayo Vallecano]] . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga. Daga baya, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Leganés. A lokacin rani na 2022, ya koma makarantar matasa ta La Liga ta Real Madrid kuma an inganta shi zuwa Kungiyar C ta kulob din a 2024 kafin a kara shi zuwa Ƙungiyar ajiya su a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Valde sopla las velas en La Fábrica: “Serás de los mejores ‘treses’ de Europa” |trans-title=Valde blows out the candles at La Fábrica: “You will be one of the best ‘treses’ in Europe” |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/valde-sopla-las-velas-en-la-fabrica-seras-de-los-mejores-treses-de-europa-n/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Valdepeñas ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] wasa a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025 a nasarar da ya samu a gasar da Alavés. Ya fara a wasan kuma ya buga minti 78.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Valdepeñas debuta con el Real Madrid en partido oficial: "Voy a enmarcar esta camiseta para verla todos los días" |trans-title=Valdepeñas makes his debut with Real Madrid in an official match: "I'm going to frame this shirt so I can see it every day" |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/es-ES/noticias/futbol/cantera-masculina/actualidad/valdepenas-debuta-con-el-real-madrid-en-partido-oficial-14-12-2025 |publisher=[[Real Madrid C.F.]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2026, Valdepeñas ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Fiorentina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=Valdepenas signs for Fiorentina |url=https://www.acffiorentina.com/en/news/valdepenas-310726 |publisher=ACF Fiorentina}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Valdepeñas yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida kuma yana da ƙafafun hagu. Jaridar Mutanen Espanya Marca ta rubuta a cikin 2025 cewa "yanayin jikinsa ya fito fili...wannan yana ba shi damar zama matsayi na cikakken baya, fuka-fuki...kuma dan wasan tsakiya. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2024–25 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |6 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Real Madrid B |2024–25 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |30 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Premier League Cup (football)|Premier League Cup]]}} |0 |32 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !3 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !46 !3 |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2025–26 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Fiorentina |2026–27 |[[Serie A|Jerin A]] |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !55 !4 !2 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !59 !4 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> o2thf7zykqodhlqfc1saxxbsjx66e7v 966786 966779 2026-10-12T10:56:55Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|match played 20 September 2026}}{{Notelist}}{{Databox}} '''Víctor "Valde" Valdepeñas Talavera''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Ispaniya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ko hagu na kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] [[Fiorentina]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Valdepeñas a [[Madrid]], ga mahaifin Asturian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title="Ojo con Víctor Valdepeñas", el aviso que circula en el Real Madrid en otra situación que tiene en guardia a Ancelotti |trans-title="Watch out for Víctor Valdepeñas," the warning circulating at Real Madrid in another situation that has Ancelotti on guard |url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/victor-valdepenas-aviso-circula-real-20250314195853-nt.html |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Relevo]] |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, Valdepeñas ya shiga makarantar matasa ta AD Villa Rosa . A shekara ta 2016, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Rayo Vallecano]] . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta La Liga. Daga baya, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Leganés. A lokacin rani na 2022, ya koma makarantar matasa ta La Liga ta Real Madrid kuma an inganta shi zuwa Kungiyar C ta kulob din a 2024 kafin a kara shi zuwa Ƙungiyar ajiya su a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Valde sopla las velas en La Fábrica: “Serás de los mejores ‘treses’ de Europa” |trans-title=Valde blows out the candles at La Fábrica: “You will be one of the best ‘treses’ in Europe” |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/valde-sopla-las-velas-en-la-fabrica-seras-de-los-mejores-treses-de-europa-n/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Valdepeñas ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] wasa a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025 a nasarar da ya samu a gasar da Alavés. Ya fara a wasan kuma ya buga minti 78.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Valdepeñas debuta con el Real Madrid en partido oficial: "Voy a enmarcar esta camiseta para verla todos los días" |trans-title=Valdepeñas makes his debut with Real Madrid in an official match: "I'm going to frame this shirt so I can see it every day" |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/es-ES/noticias/futbol/cantera-masculina/actualidad/valdepenas-debuta-con-el-real-madrid-en-partido-oficial-14-12-2025 |publisher=[[Real Madrid C.F.]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2026, Valdepeñas ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Fiorentina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=Valdepenas signs for Fiorentina |url=https://www.acffiorentina.com/en/news/valdepenas-310726 |publisher=ACF Fiorentina}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Valdepeñas yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida kuma yana da ƙafafun hagu. Jaridar Mutanen Espanya Marca ta rubuta a cikin 2025 cewa "yanayin jikinsa ya fito fili...wannan yana ba shi damar zama matsayi na cikakken baya, fuka-fuki...kuma dan wasan tsakiya. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2024–25 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |6 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Real Madrid B |2024–25 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |30 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Premier League Cup (football)|Premier League Cup]]}} |0 |32 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !3 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !46 !3 |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2025–26 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Fiorentina |2026–27 |[[Serie A|Jerin A]] |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !55 !4 !2 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !59 !4 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> 0xjoop5sipgdyqtii8gj0hmh7rdw23a Mac Horvath 0 178989 966592 2026-10-11T19:29:50Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367464272|Mac Horvath]]" 966592 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Macauley Cole Horvath''' Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon baseball a ƙungiyar Tampa Bay Rays . == Rayuwa ta farko da makarantar sakandare == An haife shi a Austin, Minnesota, Horvath ya girma a kusa da Rochester. Wani dan wasa mai tsayi sosai a makarantar sakandare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Class of 2020 - Player Profile |url=https://www.perfectgame.org/players/playerprofile.aspx?ID=517087 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=perfecrtgame.org |publisher=Perfect Game}}</ref> Horvath ya buga shekaru uku a makarantar sakandaren Century a garinsu kafin ya koma ya buga babban lokacinsa a makarantar IMG Academy a [[Bradenton, Florida]]. Koyaya, annobar COVID-19 ta yanke babban lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limbeck |first=Guy N. |date=April 23, 2020 |title='He'll play pro ball one day:' Horvath back in Rochester after IMG experience cut short |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/sports/hell-play-pro-ball-one-day-horvath-back-in-rochester-after-img-experience-cut-short |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=postbulletin.com |publisher=Post-Bulletin}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Arewacin Carolina. == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Farko === A lokacinsa na farko a karkashin kocin Tar Heel na shekara ta farko Scott Forbes, Horvath ya bayyana a wasanni 46, ya fara 35.<ref name="UNC">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath - Baseball |url=https://goheels.com/sports/baseball/roster/mac-horvath/24177 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=goheels.com |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Athletics}}</ref> Tare da mai farawa na shekaru da yawa Danny Serretti mai gajeren lokaci na yau da kullun, Horvath ya koma tushe na uku a Chapel Hill. A lokacinsa na farko, Horvath ya buga .227, tare da 5 home runs da 22 RBIs.<ref name="UNC" /><ref name="BBref">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Amateur & College Leagues Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=horvat000mac |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=baseball-reference.com |publisher=Baseball Reference}}</ref> Ya buga kwallon bazara ga Rochester Honkers a garinsu bayan kakar NCAA, kuma ya buga .287 tare da hudu a gida a kan kakar Northwoods League.<ref name="BBref" /> === Ɗaya daga cikin shekara ta biyu === Horvath ya fara dukkan wasanni 63 da ya taka leda a kakar wasa ta biyu, ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Tar Heels ta 2022 zuwa NCAA Super Regionals. A kakar, ya buga .268, tare da kashi .390 a kan tushe da kashi .557 na slugging.<ref name="BBref" /> Har ila yau, lambobin ƙarfinsa sun inganta, yayin da ya buga gidaje 18 kuma ya tuka a cikin RBIs 53. Ya kuma nuna saurinsa, ya sace tushe 19 a cikin kakar 2022.<ref name="UNC" /> Kafin wasan na biyu na Super Regional da Arkansas, Horvath dole ne ya yi tiyata ta gaggawa kuma ya rasa wasan, asarar tafiya 4-3 don kawo karshen kakar Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Robbie |date=June 12, 2022 |title=NCAA baseball: UNC starting 3B Mac Horvath out for Super Regional Game 2 vs. Arkansas due to appendectomy |url=https://247sports.com/Article/NCAA-baseball-UNC-starting-3B-Mac-Horvath-out-for-Super-Regional-Game-2-vs-Arkansas-188667842/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=247Sports.com |publisher=247 Sports}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na lokacin bazara na kwaleji tare da Bourne Braves na Cape Cod Baseball League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#21 Mac Horvath |url=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/player.html?playerid=1557361&seasonid=33239 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |publisher=pointstreak.com}}</ref> Ya cancanci shiga gasar MLB, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba aka mayar da shi North Carolina.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}} === Junior === Har ila yau, dan wasan farko na uku na Tar Heels don fara kakar, Horvath ya nuna kwarewarsa ta hanyar motsawa cikin filin wasa lokacin da abokin wasan Johnny Castagnozzi, wanda shi ma ke taka leda na uku, ya dawo daga rauni. Castagnozzi ya cika wa Horvath a cikin Super Regionals na 2022 da Arkansas lokacin da Horvath ke da [[appendicitis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Michael |date=April 21, 2023 |title=After Abrupt Ending to 2022, Mac Horvath Pacing Diamond Heels in 2023 |url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/after-abrupt-ending-to-2022-mac-horvath-pacing-diamond-heels-in-2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=chapelboro.com |publisher=WCHL}}</ref> Lokacin Horvath na uku a Chapel Hill ya zama mafi kyawunsa, yayin da ya rubuta layin slash na .305/.418/.711 a wasanni 60 da aka buga.<ref name="BBref" /> Kamar abokin aikinsa Vance Honeycutt a kakar da ta gabata, Horvath ya zama memba na kulob din "20-20", ya buga gida 24 a kakar kuma ya sace tushe 25.<ref name="UNC" /> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Baltimore Orioles === Baltimore Orioles ne suka zabi Horvath a zagaye na 2, tare da zabin na 53 na duka, na shirin Major League Baseball na 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2023 |title=2023 Draft: Mac Horvath, 3B |url=https://www.mlb.com/video/2023-draft-mac-horvath-3b |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=MLB.com |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2023, Horvath ya sanya hannu tare da Orioles don yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 1.4 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltimore Orioles Sign 2nd Round Pick Mac Horvath Below Slot Value |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/minors/baltimore-orioles-sign-second-round-pick-north-carolina-outfielder-mac-horvath-below-slot-value |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=si.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya raba kakar wasa ta farko tsakanin Florida Complex League Orioles, Single-A Delmarva Shorebirds, da High-A Aberdeen Ironbirds. Horvath ya koma Aberdeen a 2024, yana wasa a wasanni 71 kuma yana buga .233/.328/.417 tare da gidaje tara, 41 RBI, da kuma 26 da aka sace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rays' Mac Horvath: Sent to Tampa Bay |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/rays-mac-horvath-sent-to-tampa-bay/amp/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> === Rayukan Tampa Bay === A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, an sayar da Horvath, Matthew Etzel, da Jackson Baumeister zuwa Tampa Bay Rays don musayar Zach Eflin da la'akari da tsabar kudi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orioles To Acquire Zach Eflin From Rays |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/07/orioles-to-acquire-zach-eflin-from-rays.html |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] gazobefimzu81qeliw4x9d2ea20xhp0 966593 966592 2026-10-11T19:30:43Z Aluja 30485 966593 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Macauley Cole Horvath''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon baseball a ƙungiyar Tampa Bay Rays . == Rayuwa ta farko da makarantar sakandare == An haife shi a Austin, Minnesota, Horvath ya girma a kusa da Rochester. Wani dan wasa mai tsayi sosai a makarantar sakandare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Class of 2020 - Player Profile |url=https://www.perfectgame.org/players/playerprofile.aspx?ID=517087 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=perfecrtgame.org |publisher=Perfect Game}}</ref> Horvath ya buga shekaru uku a makarantar sakandaren Century a garinsu kafin ya koma ya buga babban lokacinsa a makarantar IMG Academy a [[Bradenton, Florida]]. Koyaya, annobar COVID-19 ta yanke babban lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limbeck |first=Guy N. |date=April 23, 2020 |title='He'll play pro ball one day:' Horvath back in Rochester after IMG experience cut short |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/sports/hell-play-pro-ball-one-day-horvath-back-in-rochester-after-img-experience-cut-short |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=postbulletin.com |publisher=Post-Bulletin}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Arewacin Carolina. == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Farko === A lokacinsa na farko a karkashin kocin Tar Heel na shekara ta farko Scott Forbes, Horvath ya bayyana a wasanni 46, ya fara 35.<ref name="UNC">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath - Baseball |url=https://goheels.com/sports/baseball/roster/mac-horvath/24177 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=goheels.com |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Athletics}}</ref> Tare da mai farawa na shekaru da yawa Danny Serretti mai gajeren lokaci na yau da kullun, Horvath ya koma tushe na uku a Chapel Hill. A lokacinsa na farko, Horvath ya buga .227, tare da 5 home runs da 22 RBIs.<ref name="UNC" /><ref name="BBref">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Amateur & College Leagues Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=horvat000mac |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=baseball-reference.com |publisher=Baseball Reference}}</ref> Ya buga kwallon bazara ga Rochester Honkers a garinsu bayan kakar NCAA, kuma ya buga .287 tare da hudu a gida a kan kakar Northwoods League.<ref name="BBref" /> === Ɗaya daga cikin shekara ta biyu === Horvath ya fara dukkan wasanni 63 da ya taka leda a kakar wasa ta biyu, ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Tar Heels ta 2022 zuwa NCAA Super Regionals. A kakar, ya buga .268, tare da kashi .390 a kan tushe da kashi .557 na slugging.<ref name="BBref" /> Har ila yau, lambobin ƙarfinsa sun inganta, yayin da ya buga gidaje 18 kuma ya tuka a cikin RBIs 53. Ya kuma nuna saurinsa, ya sace tushe 19 a cikin kakar 2022.<ref name="UNC" /> Kafin wasan na biyu na Super Regional da Arkansas, Horvath dole ne ya yi tiyata ta gaggawa kuma ya rasa wasan, asarar tafiya 4-3 don kawo karshen kakar Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Robbie |date=June 12, 2022 |title=NCAA baseball: UNC starting 3B Mac Horvath out for Super Regional Game 2 vs. Arkansas due to appendectomy |url=https://247sports.com/Article/NCAA-baseball-UNC-starting-3B-Mac-Horvath-out-for-Super-Regional-Game-2-vs-Arkansas-188667842/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=247Sports.com |publisher=247 Sports}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na lokacin bazara na kwaleji tare da Bourne Braves na Cape Cod Baseball League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#21 Mac Horvath |url=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/player.html?playerid=1557361&seasonid=33239 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |publisher=pointstreak.com}}</ref> Ya cancanci shiga gasar MLB, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba aka mayar da shi North Carolina.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}} === Junior === Har ila yau, dan wasan farko na uku na Tar Heels don fara kakar, Horvath ya nuna kwarewarsa ta hanyar motsawa cikin filin wasa lokacin da abokin wasan Johnny Castagnozzi, wanda shi ma ke taka leda na uku, ya dawo daga rauni. Castagnozzi ya cika wa Horvath a cikin Super Regionals na 2022 da Arkansas lokacin da Horvath ke da [[appendicitis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Michael |date=April 21, 2023 |title=After Abrupt Ending to 2022, Mac Horvath Pacing Diamond Heels in 2023 |url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/after-abrupt-ending-to-2022-mac-horvath-pacing-diamond-heels-in-2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=chapelboro.com |publisher=WCHL}}</ref> Lokacin Horvath na uku a Chapel Hill ya zama mafi kyawunsa, yayin da ya rubuta layin slash na .305/.418/.711 a wasanni 60 da aka buga.<ref name="BBref" /> Kamar abokin aikinsa Vance Honeycutt a kakar da ta gabata, Horvath ya zama memba na kulob din "20-20", ya buga gida 24 a kakar kuma ya sace tushe 25.<ref name="UNC" /> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Baltimore Orioles === Baltimore Orioles ne suka zabi Horvath a zagaye na 2, tare da zabin na 53 na duka, na shirin Major League Baseball na 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2023 |title=2023 Draft: Mac Horvath, 3B |url=https://www.mlb.com/video/2023-draft-mac-horvath-3b |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=MLB.com |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2023, Horvath ya sanya hannu tare da Orioles don yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 1.4 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltimore Orioles Sign 2nd Round Pick Mac Horvath Below Slot Value |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/minors/baltimore-orioles-sign-second-round-pick-north-carolina-outfielder-mac-horvath-below-slot-value |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=si.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya raba kakar wasa ta farko tsakanin Florida Complex League Orioles, Single-A Delmarva Shorebirds, da High-A Aberdeen Ironbirds. Horvath ya koma Aberdeen a 2024, yana wasa a wasanni 71 kuma yana buga .233/.328/.417 tare da gidaje tara, 41 RBI, da kuma 26 da aka sace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rays' Mac Horvath: Sent to Tampa Bay |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/rays-mac-horvath-sent-to-tampa-bay/amp/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> === Rayukan Tampa Bay === A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, an sayar da Horvath, Matthew Etzel, da Jackson Baumeister zuwa Tampa Bay Rays don musayar Zach Eflin da la'akari da tsabar kudi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orioles To Acquire Zach Eflin From Rays |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/07/orioles-to-acquire-zach-eflin-from-rays.html |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] b52674i04gvb3xywuhih3jxrl926xrt 966594 966593 2026-10-11T19:31:09Z Aluja 30485 966594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Macauley Cole Horvath''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon baseball a ƙungiyar Tampa Bay Rays . == Rayuwa ta farko da makarantar sakandare == An haife shi a Austin, Minnesota, Horvath ya girma a kusa da Rochester. Wani dan wasa mai tsayi sosai a makarantar sakandare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Class of 2020 - Player Profile |url=https://www.perfectgame.org/players/playerprofile.aspx?ID=517087 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=perfecrtgame.org |publisher=Perfect Game}}</ref> Horvath ya buga shekaru uku a makarantar sakandaren Century a garinsu kafin ya koma ya buga babban lokacinsa a makarantar IMG Academy a [[Bradenton, Florida]]. Koyaya, annobar COVID-19 ta yanke babban lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limbeck |first=Guy N. |date=April 23, 2020 |title='He'll play pro ball one day:' Horvath back in Rochester after IMG experience cut short |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/sports/hell-play-pro-ball-one-day-horvath-back-in-rochester-after-img-experience-cut-short |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=postbulletin.com |publisher=Post-Bulletin}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Arewacin Carolina. == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Farko === A lokacinsa na farko a karkashin kocin Tar Heel na shekara ta farko Scott Forbes, Horvath ya bayyana a wasanni 46, ya fara 35.<ref name="UNC">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath - Baseball |url=https://goheels.com/sports/baseball/roster/mac-horvath/24177 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=goheels.com |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Athletics}}</ref> Tare da mai farawa na shekaru da yawa Danny Serretti mai gajeren lokaci na yau da kullun, Horvath ya koma tushe na uku a Chapel Hill. A lokacinsa na farko, Horvath ya buga .227, tare da 5 home runs da 22 RBIs.<ref name="UNC" /><ref name="BBref">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Amateur & College Leagues Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=horvat000mac |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=baseball-reference.com |publisher=Baseball Reference}}</ref> Ya buga kwallon bazara ga Rochester Honkers a garinsu bayan kakar NCAA, kuma ya buga .287 tare da hudu a gida a kan kakar Northwoods League.<ref name="BBref" /> === Ɗaya daga cikin shekara ta biyu === Horvath ya fara dukkan wasanni 63 da ya taka leda a kakar wasa ta biyu, ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Tar Heels ta 2022 zuwa NCAA Super Regionals. A kakar, ya buga .268, tare da kashi .390 a kan tushe da kashi .557 na slugging.<ref name="BBref" /> Har ila yau, lambobin ƙarfinsa sun inganta, yayin da ya buga gidaje 18 kuma ya tuka a cikin RBIs 53. Ya kuma nuna saurinsa, ya sace tushe 19 a cikin kakar 2022.<ref name="UNC" /> Kafin wasan na biyu na Super Regional da Arkansas, Horvath dole ne ya yi tiyata ta gaggawa kuma ya rasa wasan, asarar tafiya 4-3 don kawo karshen kakar Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Robbie |date=June 12, 2022 |title=NCAA baseball: UNC starting 3B Mac Horvath out for Super Regional Game 2 vs. Arkansas due to appendectomy |url=https://247sports.com/Article/NCAA-baseball-UNC-starting-3B-Mac-Horvath-out-for-Super-Regional-Game-2-vs-Arkansas-188667842/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=247Sports.com |publisher=247 Sports}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na lokacin bazara na kwaleji tare da Bourne Braves na Cape Cod Baseball League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#21 Mac Horvath |url=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/player.html?playerid=1557361&seasonid=33239 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |publisher=pointstreak.com}}</ref> Ya cancanci shiga gasar MLB, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba aka mayar da shi North Carolina.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}} === Junior === Har ila yau, dan wasan farko na uku na Tar Heels don fara kakar, Horvath ya nuna kwarewarsa ta hanyar motsawa cikin filin wasa lokacin da abokin wasan Johnny Castagnozzi, wanda shi ma ke taka leda na uku, ya dawo daga rauni. Castagnozzi ya cika wa Horvath a cikin Super Regionals na 2022 da Arkansas lokacin da Horvath ke da [[appendicitis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Michael |date=April 21, 2023 |title=After Abrupt Ending to 2022, Mac Horvath Pacing Diamond Heels in 2023 |url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/after-abrupt-ending-to-2022-mac-horvath-pacing-diamond-heels-in-2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=chapelboro.com |publisher=WCHL}}</ref> Lokacin Horvath na uku a Chapel Hill ya zama mafi kyawunsa, yayin da ya rubuta layin slash na .305/.418/.711 a wasanni 60 da aka buga.<ref name="BBref" /> Kamar abokin aikinsa Vance Honeycutt a kakar da ta gabata, Horvath ya zama memba na kulob din "20-20", ya buga gida 24 a kakar kuma ya sace tushe 25.<ref name="UNC" /> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Baltimore Orioles === Baltimore Orioles ne suka zabi Horvath a zagaye na 2, tare da zabin na 53 na duka, na shirin Major League Baseball na 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2023 |title=2023 Draft: Mac Horvath, 3B |url=https://www.mlb.com/video/2023-draft-mac-horvath-3b |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=MLB.com |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2023, Horvath ya sanya hannu tare da Orioles don yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 1.4 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltimore Orioles Sign 2nd Round Pick Mac Horvath Below Slot Value |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/minors/baltimore-orioles-sign-second-round-pick-north-carolina-outfielder-mac-horvath-below-slot-value |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=si.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya raba kakar wasa ta farko tsakanin Florida Complex League Orioles, Single-A Delmarva Shorebirds, da High-A Aberdeen Ironbirds. Horvath ya koma Aberdeen a 2024, yana wasa a wasanni 71 kuma yana buga .233/.328/.417 tare da gidaje tara, 41 RBI, da kuma 26 da aka sace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rays' Mac Horvath: Sent to Tampa Bay |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/rays-mac-horvath-sent-to-tampa-bay/amp/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> === Rayukan Tampa Bay === A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, an sayar da Horvath, Matthew Etzel, da Jackson Baumeister zuwa Tampa Bay Rays don musayar Zach Eflin da la'akari da tsabar kudi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orioles To Acquire Zach Eflin From Rays |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/07/orioles-to-acquire-zach-eflin-from-rays.html |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 2qfaeg5rg4m8miv8phxlx4uweezugvj 966778 966594 2026-10-12T10:45:25Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Macauley Cole Horvath''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon baseball a ƙungiyar Tampa Bay Rays . == Rayuwa ta farko da makarantar sakandare == An haife shi a Austin, [[Minnesota]], Horvath ya girma a kusa da Rochester. Wani dan wasa mai tsayi sosai a makarantar sakandare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Class of 2020 - Player Profile |url=https://www.perfectgame.org/players/playerprofile.aspx?ID=517087 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=perfecrtgame.org |publisher=Perfect Game}}</ref> Horvath ya buga shekaru uku a makarantar sakandaren Century a garinsu kafin ya koma ya buga babban lokacinsa a makarantar IMG Academy a [[Bradenton, Florida]]. Koyaya, annobar COVID-19 ta yanke babban lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limbeck |first=Guy N. |date=April 23, 2020 |title='He'll play pro ball one day:' Horvath back in Rochester after IMG experience cut short |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/sports/hell-play-pro-ball-one-day-horvath-back-in-rochester-after-img-experience-cut-short |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=postbulletin.com |publisher=Post-Bulletin}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a North Carolina. == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Farko === A lokacinsa na farko a karkashin kocin Tar Heel na shekara ta farko Scott Forbes, Horvath ya bayyana a wasanni 46, ya fara 35.<ref name="UNC">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath - Baseball |url=https://goheels.com/sports/baseball/roster/mac-horvath/24177 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=goheels.com |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Athletics}}</ref> Tare da mai farawa na shekaru da yawa Danny Serretti mai gajeren lokaci na yau da kullun, Horvath ya koma tushe na uku a Chapel Hill. A lokacinsa na farko, Horvath ya buga .227, tare da 5 home runs da 22 RBIs.<ref name="UNC" /><ref name="BBref">{{Cite web |title=Mac Horvath Amateur & College Leagues Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=horvat000mac |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=baseball-reference.com |publisher=Baseball Reference}}</ref> Ya buga kwallon bazara ga Rochester Honkers a garinsu bayan kakar NCAA, kuma ya buga .287 tare da hudu a gida a kan kakar Northwoods League.<ref name="BBref" /> === Ɗaya daga cikin shekara ta biyu === Horvath ya fara dukkan wasanni 63 da ya taka leda a kakar wasa ta biyu, ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Tar Heels ta 2022 zuwa NCAA Super Regionals. A kakar, ya buga .268, tare da kashi .390 a kan tushe da kashi .557 na slugging.<ref name="BBref" /> Har ila yau, lambobin ƙarfinsa sun inganta, yayin da ya buga gidaje 18 kuma ya tuka a cikin RBIs 53. Ya kuma nuna saurinsa, ya sace tushe 19 a cikin kakar 2022.<ref name="UNC" /> Kafin wasan na biyu na Super Regional da Arkansas, Horvath dole ne ya yi tiyata ta gaggawa kuma ya rasa wasan, asarar tafiya 4-3 don kawo karshen kakar Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Robbie |date=June 12, 2022 |title=NCAA baseball: UNC starting 3B Mac Horvath out for Super Regional Game 2 vs. Arkansas due to appendectomy |url=https://247sports.com/Article/NCAA-baseball-UNC-starting-3B-Mac-Horvath-out-for-Super-Regional-Game-2-vs-Arkansas-188667842/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=247Sports.com |publisher=247 Sports}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na lokacin bazara na kwaleji tare da Bourne Braves na Cape Cod Baseball League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#21 Mac Horvath |url=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/player.html?playerid=1557361&seasonid=33239 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |publisher=pointstreak.com}}</ref> Ya cancanci shiga gasar MLB, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba aka mayar da shi North Carolina.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}} === Junior === Har ila yau, dan wasan farko na uku na Tar Heels don fara kakar, Horvath ya nuna kwarewarsa ta hanyar motsawa cikin filin wasa lokacin da abokin wasan Johnny Castagnozzi, wanda shi ma ke taka leda na uku, ya dawo daga rauni. Castagnozzi ya cika wa Horvath a cikin Super Regionals na 2022 da Arkansas lokacin da Horvath ke da [[appendicitis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Michael |date=April 21, 2023 |title=After Abrupt Ending to 2022, Mac Horvath Pacing Diamond Heels in 2023 |url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/after-abrupt-ending-to-2022-mac-horvath-pacing-diamond-heels-in-2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=chapelboro.com |publisher=WCHL}}</ref> Lokacin Horvath na uku a Chapel Hill ya zama mafi kyawunsa, yayin da ya rubuta layin slash na .305/.418/.711 a wasanni 60 da aka buga.<ref name="BBref" /> Kamar abokin aikinsa Vance Honeycutt a kakar da ta gabata, Horvath ya zama memba na kulob din "20-20", ya buga gida 24 a kakar kuma ya sace tushe 25.<ref name="UNC" /> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Baltimore Orioles === Baltimore Orioles ne suka zabi Horvath a zagaye na 2, tare da zabin na 53 na duka, na shirin Major League Baseball na 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2023 |title=2023 Draft: Mac Horvath, 3B |url=https://www.mlb.com/video/2023-draft-mac-horvath-3b |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=MLB.com |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2023, Horvath ya sanya hannu tare da Orioles don yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 1.4 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltimore Orioles Sign 2nd Round Pick Mac Horvath Below Slot Value |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/minors/baltimore-orioles-sign-second-round-pick-north-carolina-outfielder-mac-horvath-below-slot-value |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=si.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya raba kakar wasa ta farko tsakanin Florida Complex League Orioles, Single-A Delmarva Shorebirds, da High-A Aberdeen Ironbirds. Horvath ya koma Aberdeen a 2024, yana wasa a wasanni 71 kuma yana buga .233/.328/.417 tare da gidaje tara, 41 RBI, da kuma 26 da aka sace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rays' Mac Horvath: Sent to Tampa Bay |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/rays-mac-horvath-sent-to-tampa-bay/amp/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> === Rayukan Tampa Bay === A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, an sayar da Horvath, Matthew Etzel, da Jackson Baumeister zuwa Tampa Bay Rays don musayar Zach Eflin da la'akari da tsabar kudi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orioles To Acquire Zach Eflin From Rays |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/07/orioles-to-acquire-zach-eflin-from-rays.html |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] slgbdhck768tkp1tjmyfirbd9nr427w Warren Livingston 0 178990 966596 2026-10-11T19:37:50Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373580974|Warren Livingston]]" 966596 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammadu ya yi masa magana a kan wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Warren Livingston''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1938) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance dan wasan Dallas Cowboys na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Arizona Wildcats . == Rayuwa ta farko == Livingston ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mesa inda ya fara buga [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] kuma ya kasance dan wasa biyu. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar All-state a rabin baya a cikin shekaru 2 da suka gabata. A cikin waƙa, ya kafa rikodin tsalle mai tsawo na makaranta kuma ya kasance zakara na jihar sau 3. Ya karɓi tallafin karatu daga Jami'ar Arizona, inda ya zama mai farawa na shekaru uku. Ya kasance dan wasa ne mai hanyoyi biyu kuma mai tsere mai yawa, wanda a wasanni an yi amfani da shi azaman mai gudu, mai tsere da mai karɓa mai faɗi. A shekara ta 1959, ya sami lambar yabo ta All-Border Conference bayan ya kai matsakaicin yadudduka 6.7 a kowace ɗauka kuma ya jagoranci tawagarsa a cikin gudu tare da yadudduka 380, yayin da abokin aikinsa Walt Mince yana da matsakaicin 6.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTES |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19600922&id=A3wvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a0gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7092,4571619 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> A shekara ta 1960, kodayake ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsaro, ya kafa rikodin makaranta tare da dawowar raga 80 a kan Jami'ar Colorado. Har ila yau, yana da daya daga cikin wasansa mafi kyau a kan tawagar Jami'ar Jihar Arizona guda uku, wanda ke neman lashe Kofin Yankin na biyar a jere. A cikin wasan, ya sami 60 yadudduka touchdown a cikin 35-7 upset.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Jon |date=November 24, 2013 |title=They said it: Ex-Wildcats, Devils discuss Territorial Cup rivalry |url=https://tucson.com/sports/football/college/wildcats/they-said-it-ex-wildcats-devils-discuss-territorial-cup-rivalry/article_57f57465-b770-561c-ade0-76947ddb1d12.html |access-date=August 8, 2026 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> Livingston kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar waƙa da filin, inda ya yi gasa a tsalle mai tsawo, tsalle mai tsayi da tsere. Tsalle mai tsawon ƙafa 24 a shekarar 1960, ya sanya shi dan wasa na uku mafi kyau a tarihin makaranta. Ya yi tsalle mai tsawo 6-1. Ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa yayin da yake karatun [[Injinia.|injiniya]]. A shekara ta 1991, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Wasanni na Jami'ar Arizona . == Ayyukan sana'a == Livingston ya sanya hannu a matsayin wakilin kyauta wanda ba a tsara shi ba daga Dallas Cowboys, bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 1961. An tura shi zuwa cornerback kuma ya zama mai farawa a matsayin rookie, har sai da ya sami mummunan rauni a hannunsa na hagu a kan St. Louis Cardinals kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin masu rauni a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar NFL All-rookie a ƙarshen shekara. A shekara ta 1962, ya rasa mafi yawan wasan da ya gabata tare da wani rauni a wannan hannu, wanda ya iyakance shi ya buga wasanni 3 kawai a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. A shekara ta gaba, an kira shi mai farawa a cikin aminci kyauta, saboda an dauke shi babban mai tsaron filin. A shekara ta 1964, an mayar da shi zuwa kusurwa kuma kodayake an dakatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibbs Cut By Dallas |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19640904&id=JIcyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G-YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5324,5672199 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> daga baya aka sake sanya hannu kuma bai rasa kowane wasa ba, ya raba lokaci (7 farawa) tare da Don Bishop a kusurwa ta dama. Shekaru biyu masu zuwa ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun a kusurwar dama. Livingston ya fuskanci wasa mai wuya na gasar zakarun NFL ta 1966 da Green Bay Packers, inda aka yi niyya a kan manyan wasanni na uku da za su shafi sakamakon karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas Coach Confident Of Cowboys Game |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19671228&id=nRFNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IkgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5623,4591688 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1967, bayan Mike Johnson ya wuce shi a kan jadawalin zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Gridders Feel The Ax |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19670906&id=GUFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VAUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3875,2090546 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1965, Livingston da matarsa, Carol, sune 'yan Afirka na farko da suka sayi dukiya a Tempe, Arizona, wanda a baya aka sani da garin da ya fadi. Bayan kwallon kafa, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Arizona kuma ya yi aiki ga Motorola har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-footballer weathered racial storms in Valley |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/2009/10/16/20091016tr-history1016.html |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> Ɗan'uwansa Andy Livingston ya kasance mai gudu a cikin NFL na Chicago Bears da New Orleans Saints . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2011 |title=Brother duo combined to play 12 seasons in NFL |url=http://azstarnet.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html |access-date=November 18, 2016 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Livingston |url=http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234353/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2016 |publisher=databaseFootball.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.arizonawildcats.com/sports/2013/11/19/209316533.aspx Jami'ar Arizona Athletics Hall of Fame bio] * [https://tucson.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html Arizona Daily Star: Brother duo sun haɗu don buga wasanni 12 a NFL] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] srn1v7bjoyuy61rvtlmcpkua4pvnjjz 966597 966596 2026-10-11T19:38:58Z Aluja 30485 966597 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warren Livingston''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1938) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance dan wasan Dallas Cowboys na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Arizona Wildcats . == Rayuwa ta farko == Livingston ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mesa inda ya fara buga [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] kuma ya kasance dan wasa biyu. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar All-state a rabin baya a cikin shekaru 2 da suka gabata. A cikin waƙa, ya kafa rikodin tsalle mai tsawo na makaranta kuma ya kasance zakara na jihar sau 3. Ya karɓi tallafin karatu daga Jami'ar Arizona, inda ya zama mai farawa na shekaru uku. Ya kasance dan wasa ne mai hanyoyi biyu kuma mai tsere mai yawa, wanda a wasanni an yi amfani da shi azaman mai gudu, mai tsere da mai karɓa mai faɗi. A shekara ta 1959, ya sami lambar yabo ta All-Border Conference bayan ya kai matsakaicin yadudduka 6.7 a kowace ɗauka kuma ya jagoranci tawagarsa a cikin gudu tare da yadudduka 380, yayin da abokin aikinsa Walt Mince yana da matsakaicin 6.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTES |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19600922&id=A3wvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a0gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7092,4571619 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> A shekara ta 1960, kodayake ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsaro, ya kafa rikodin makaranta tare da dawowar raga 80 a kan Jami'ar Colorado. Har ila yau, yana da daya daga cikin wasansa mafi kyau a kan tawagar Jami'ar Jihar Arizona guda uku, wanda ke neman lashe Kofin Yankin na biyar a jere. A cikin wasan, ya sami 60 yadudduka touchdown a cikin 35-7 upset.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Jon |date=November 24, 2013 |title=They said it: Ex-Wildcats, Devils discuss Territorial Cup rivalry |url=https://tucson.com/sports/football/college/wildcats/they-said-it-ex-wildcats-devils-discuss-territorial-cup-rivalry/article_57f57465-b770-561c-ade0-76947ddb1d12.html |access-date=August 8, 2026 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> Livingston kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar waƙa da filin, inda ya yi gasa a tsalle mai tsawo, tsalle mai tsayi da tsere. Tsalle mai tsawon ƙafa 24 a shekarar 1960, ya sanya shi dan wasa na uku mafi kyau a tarihin makaranta. Ya yi tsalle mai tsawo 6-1. Ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa yayin da yake karatun [[Injinia.|injiniya]]. A shekara ta 1991, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Wasanni na Jami'ar Arizona . == Ayyukan sana'a == Livingston ya sanya hannu a matsayin wakilin kyauta wanda ba a tsara shi ba daga Dallas Cowboys, bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 1961. An tura shi zuwa cornerback kuma ya zama mai farawa a matsayin rookie, har sai da ya sami mummunan rauni a hannunsa na hagu a kan St. Louis Cardinals kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin masu rauni a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar NFL All-rookie a ƙarshen shekara. A shekara ta 1962, ya rasa mafi yawan wasan da ya gabata tare da wani rauni a wannan hannu, wanda ya iyakance shi ya buga wasanni 3 kawai a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. A shekara ta gaba, an kira shi mai farawa a cikin aminci kyauta, saboda an dauke shi babban mai tsaron filin. A shekara ta 1964, an mayar da shi zuwa kusurwa kuma kodayake an dakatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibbs Cut By Dallas |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19640904&id=JIcyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G-YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5324,5672199 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> daga baya aka sake sanya hannu kuma bai rasa kowane wasa ba, ya raba lokaci (7 farawa) tare da Don Bishop a kusurwa ta dama. Shekaru biyu masu zuwa ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun a kusurwar dama. Livingston ya fuskanci wasa mai wuya na gasar zakarun NFL ta 1966 da Green Bay Packers, inda aka yi niyya a kan manyan wasanni na uku da za su shafi sakamakon karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas Coach Confident Of Cowboys Game |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19671228&id=nRFNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IkgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5623,4591688 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1967, bayan Mike Johnson ya wuce shi a kan jadawalin zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Gridders Feel The Ax |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19670906&id=GUFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VAUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3875,2090546 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1965, Livingston da matarsa, Carol, sune 'yan Afirka na farko da suka sayi dukiya a Tempe, Arizona, wanda a baya aka sani da garin da ya fadi. Bayan kwallon kafa, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Arizona kuma ya yi aiki ga Motorola har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-footballer weathered racial storms in Valley |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/2009/10/16/20091016tr-history1016.html |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> Ɗan'uwansa Andy Livingston ya kasance mai gudu a cikin NFL na Chicago Bears da New Orleans Saints . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2011 |title=Brother duo combined to play 12 seasons in NFL |url=http://azstarnet.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html |access-date=November 18, 2016 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Livingston |url=http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234353/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2016 |publisher=databaseFootball.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.arizonawildcats.com/sports/2013/11/19/209316533.aspx Jami'ar Arizona Athletics Hall of Fame bio] * [https://tucson.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html Arizona Daily Star: Brother duo sun haɗu don buga wasanni 12 a NFL] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cn8zcsp3vkmgt3ajz0byrps97e73vni 966598 966597 2026-10-11T19:39:35Z Aluja 30485 966598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Warren Livingston''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1938) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance dan wasan Dallas Cowboys na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Arizona Wildcats . == Rayuwa ta farko == Livingston ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mesa inda ya fara buga [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] kuma ya kasance dan wasa biyu. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar All-state a rabin baya a cikin shekaru 2 da suka gabata. A cikin waƙa, ya kafa rikodin tsalle mai tsawo na makaranta kuma ya kasance zakara na jihar sau 3. Ya karɓi tallafin karatu daga Jami'ar Arizona, inda ya zama mai farawa na shekaru uku. Ya kasance dan wasa ne mai hanyoyi biyu kuma mai tsere mai yawa, wanda a wasanni an yi amfani da shi azaman mai gudu, mai tsere da mai karɓa mai faɗi. A shekara ta 1959, ya sami lambar yabo ta All-Border Conference bayan ya kai matsakaicin yadudduka 6.7 a kowace ɗauka kuma ya jagoranci tawagarsa a cikin gudu tare da yadudduka 380, yayin da abokin aikinsa Walt Mince yana da matsakaicin 6.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTES |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19600922&id=A3wvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a0gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7092,4571619 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> A shekara ta 1960, kodayake ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsaro, ya kafa rikodin makaranta tare da dawowar raga 80 a kan Jami'ar Colorado. Har ila yau, yana da daya daga cikin wasansa mafi kyau a kan tawagar Jami'ar Jihar Arizona guda uku, wanda ke neman lashe Kofin Yankin na biyar a jere. A cikin wasan, ya sami 60 yadudduka touchdown a cikin 35-7 upset.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Jon |date=November 24, 2013 |title=They said it: Ex-Wildcats, Devils discuss Territorial Cup rivalry |url=https://tucson.com/sports/football/college/wildcats/they-said-it-ex-wildcats-devils-discuss-territorial-cup-rivalry/article_57f57465-b770-561c-ade0-76947ddb1d12.html |access-date=August 8, 2026 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> Livingston kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar waƙa da filin, inda ya yi gasa a tsalle mai tsawo, tsalle mai tsayi da tsere. Tsalle mai tsawon ƙafa 24 a shekarar 1960, ya sanya shi dan wasa na uku mafi kyau a tarihin makaranta. Ya yi tsalle mai tsawo 6-1. Ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa yayin da yake karatun [[Injinia.|injiniya]]. A shekara ta 1991, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Wasanni na Jami'ar Arizona . == Ayyukan sana'a == Livingston ya sanya hannu a matsayin wakilin kyauta wanda ba a tsara shi ba daga Dallas Cowboys, bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 1961. An tura shi zuwa cornerback kuma ya zama mai farawa a matsayin rookie, har sai da ya sami mummunan rauni a hannunsa na hagu a kan St. Louis Cardinals kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin masu rauni a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar NFL All-rookie a ƙarshen shekara. A shekara ta 1962, ya rasa mafi yawan wasan da ya gabata tare da wani rauni a wannan hannu, wanda ya iyakance shi ya buga wasanni 3 kawai a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. A shekara ta gaba, an kira shi mai farawa a cikin aminci kyauta, saboda an dauke shi babban mai tsaron filin. A shekara ta 1964, an mayar da shi zuwa kusurwa kuma kodayake an dakatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibbs Cut By Dallas |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19640904&id=JIcyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G-YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5324,5672199 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> daga baya aka sake sanya hannu kuma bai rasa kowane wasa ba, ya raba lokaci (7 farawa) tare da Don Bishop a kusurwa ta dama. Shekaru biyu masu zuwa ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun a kusurwar dama. Livingston ya fuskanci wasa mai wuya na gasar zakarun NFL ta 1966 da Green Bay Packers, inda aka yi niyya a kan manyan wasanni na uku da za su shafi sakamakon karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas Coach Confident Of Cowboys Game |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19671228&id=nRFNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IkgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5623,4591688 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1967, bayan Mike Johnson ya wuce shi a kan jadawalin zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Gridders Feel The Ax |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19670906&id=GUFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VAUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3875,2090546 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1965, Livingston da matarsa, Carol, sune 'yan Afirka na farko da suka sayi dukiya a Tempe, Arizona, wanda a baya aka sani da garin da ya fadi. Bayan kwallon kafa, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Arizona kuma ya yi aiki ga Motorola har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-footballer weathered racial storms in Valley |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/2009/10/16/20091016tr-history1016.html |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> Ɗan'uwansa Andy Livingston ya kasance mai gudu a cikin NFL na Chicago Bears da New Orleans Saints . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2011 |title=Brother duo combined to play 12 seasons in NFL |url=http://azstarnet.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html |access-date=November 18, 2016 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Livingston |url=http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234353/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2016 |publisher=databaseFootball.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.arizonawildcats.com/sports/2013/11/19/209316533.aspx Jami'ar Arizona Athletics Hall of Fame bio] * [https://tucson.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html Arizona Daily Star: Brother duo sun haɗu don buga wasanni 12 a NFL] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dntmi8q4zontshuo94rrkunj5yymgjh 966602 966598 2026-10-11T20:14:50Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 966602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Warren Livingston''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1938) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance dan wasan Dallas Cowboys na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Arizona Wildcats . == Rayuwa ta farko == Livingston ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mesa inda ya fara buga [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] kuma ya kasance dan wasa biyu. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar All-state a rabin baya a cikin shekaru 2 da suka gabata. A cikin waƙa, ya kafa rikodin tsalle mai tsawo na makaranta kuma ya kasance zakara na jihar sau 3. Ya karɓi tallafin karatu daga Jami'ar Arizona, inda ya zama mai farawa na shekaru uku. Ya kasance dan wasa ne mai hanyoyi biyu kuma mai tsere mai yawa, wanda a wasanni an yi amfani da shi azaman mai gudu, mai tsere da mai karɓa mai faɗi. A shekara ta 1959, ya sami lambar yabo ta All-Border Conference bayan ya kai matsakaicin yadudduka 6.7 a kowace ɗauka kuma ya jagoranci tawagarsa a cikin gudu tare da yadudduka 380, yayin da abokin aikinsa Walt Mince yana da matsakaicin 6.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTES |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19600922&id=A3wvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a0gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7092,4571619 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> A shekara ta 1960, kodayake ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsaro, ya kafa rikodin makaranta tare da dawowar raga 80 a kan Jami'ar Colorado. Har ila yau, yana da daya daga cikin wasansa mafi kyau a kan tawagar Jami'ar Jihar Arizona guda uku, wanda ke neman lashe Kofin Yankin na biyar a jere. A cikin wasan, ya sami 60 yadudduka touchdown a cikin 35-7 upset.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Jon |date=November 24, 2013 |title=They said it: Ex-Wildcats, Devils discuss Territorial Cup rivalry |url=https://tucson.com/sports/football/college/wildcats/they-said-it-ex-wildcats-devils-discuss-territorial-cup-rivalry/article_57f57465-b770-561c-ade0-76947ddb1d12.html |access-date=August 8, 2026 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> Livingston kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar waƙa da filin, inda ya yi gasa a tsalle mai tsawo, tsalle mai tsayi da tsere. Tsalle mai tsawon ƙafa 24 a shekarar 1960, ya sanya shi dan wasa na uku mafi kyau a tarihin makaranta. Ya yi tsalle mai tsawo 6-1. Ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa yayin da yake karatun [[Injinia.|injiniya]]. A shekara ta 1991, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Wasanni na Jami'ar Arizona . == Ayyukan sana'a == Livingston ya sanya hannu a matsayin wakilin kyauta wanda ba a tsara shi ba daga Dallas Cowboys, bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 1961. An tura shi zuwa cornerback kuma ya zama mai farawa a matsayin rookie, har sai da ya sami mummunan rauni a hannunsa na hagu a kan St. Louis Cardinals kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin masu rauni a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar NFL All-rookie a ƙarshen shekara. A shekara ta 1962, ya rasa mafi yawan wasan da ya gabata tare da wani rauni a wannan hannu, wanda ya iyakance shi ya buga wasanni 3 kawai a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. A shekara ta gaba, an kira shi mai farawa a cikin aminci kyauta, saboda an dauke shi babban mai tsaron filin. A shekara ta 1964, an mayar da shi zuwa kusurwa kuma kodayake an dakatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibbs Cut By Dallas |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19640904&id=JIcyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G-YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5324,5672199 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> daga baya aka sake sanya hannu kuma bai rasa kowane wasa ba, ya raba lokaci (7 farawa) tare da Don Bishop a kusurwa ta dama. Shekaru biyu masu zuwa ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun a kusurwar dama. Livingston ya fuskanci wasa mai wuya na gasar zakarun NFL ta 1966 da Green Bay Packers, inda aka yi niyya a kan manyan wasanni na uku da za su shafi sakamakon karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas Coach Confident Of Cowboys Game |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19671228&id=nRFNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IkgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5623,4591688 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1967, bayan Mike Johnson ya wuce shi a kan jadawalin zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Gridders Feel The Ax |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19670906&id=GUFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VAUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3875,2090546 |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1965, Livingston da matarsa, Carol, sune 'yan Afirka na farko da suka sayi dukiya a Tempe, Arizona, wanda a baya aka sani da garin da ya fadi.<ref>https://www.tempe.gov/government/community-services/tempe-history-museum/history-and-research/african-american-contributions</ref><ref>https://www.downtowntempe.com/post/black-history-month-in-tempe</ref> Bayan kwallon kafa, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Arizona kuma ya yi aiki ga Motorola har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-footballer weathered racial storms in Valley |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/2009/10/16/20091016tr-history1016.html |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> Ɗan'uwansa Andy Livingston ya kasance mai gudu a cikin NFL na Chicago Bears da New Orleans Saints . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2011 |title=Brother duo combined to play 12 seasons in NFL |url=http://azstarnet.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html |access-date=November 18, 2016 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Livingston |url=http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234353/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LIVINAND01 |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2016 |publisher=databaseFootball.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.arizonawildcats.com/sports/2013/11/19/209316533.aspx Jami'ar Arizona Athletics Hall of Fame bio] * [https://tucson.com/sports/article_660981bd-2b1b-5856-a480-fee252d43a71.html Arizona Daily Star: Brother duo sun haɗu don buga wasanni 12 a NFL] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4k6to8al6w2ojcfvppfguqb0vw462my Medicare (Amurka) 0 178991 966605 2026-10-11T21:21:55Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379670009|Medicare (United States)]]" 966605 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0.4em; width: 23em; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left;" ! colspan="2" class="fn" style="font-size: 125%; text-align: center; background-color: #dcd0ff; padding: 0.2em;" |Medicare |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.3em 0;" | Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa na Amurka |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | An zartar da doka | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | 30 ga Yuli, 1965; shekaru 61 da suka wuce |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Wanda ke gudanarwa | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Cibiyoyin Ayyukan Medicare da Medicaid (CMS) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Babban Cancanta | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | *Mutane masu shekaru '''65 ko sama da haka'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> * Matasan mutane masu nakasa ta dindindin (ta hanyar SSDI)<br /><br /><br /><br /> *Mutanen da ke fama da [[Cutar koda mai tsanani|cutar koda ta ƙarshe]] (ESRD) ko ALS |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #eee; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;" | Tsarin Shirin da Abubuwan da Aka Haɗa |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0.4em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em;" | Shirin ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu na doka daban-daban: * '''Sashe na A (Inshorar Asibiti):''' Yana rufe zaman asibiti na marasa lafiya, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya. * '''Sashe na B (Inshorar Lafiya):''' Yana rufe ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya, ziyarar likita, da kuma kulawar rigakafi. * '''Sashe na C (Medicare Advantage):''' Madadin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa wanda ya haɗa Sashe na A, B, da kuma yawanci D. * '''Sashe na D (Magungunan da aka rubuta wa likita):''' Tsarin inshorar da ba na mutum ba ne wanda ya shafi magungunan da aka rubuta wa likita a waje. |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #eee; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;" | Babban Tsarin Ba da Kuɗi |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Harajin Albashi | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Harajin FICA na asali na 2.9% (wanda ma'aikaci/ma'aikaci suka raba 50/50). Babu iyaka ga albashi. |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Surtax | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | +0.9% Ƙarin Harajin Medicare akan masu samun kuɗi masu yawa (sama da $200k Guda ɗaya / $250k Haɗin gwiwa) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Kuɗin Shiga na Gabaɗaya | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Yana ba da kuɗi kusan kashi 43% na jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa a shirye-shiryen (galibi Sashe na B da D) |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #eee; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;" | Ma'aunin Kuɗi na Tushe (2026) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Sashe na A Premium | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | '''$0''' ga yawancin mutane (waɗanda ke da tarihin aiki sama da kwata 40) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Sashe na B na Musamman | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Kudin farko na wata-wata yana aiki (yana ƙarƙashin ƙarin kuɗin shiga mai yawa ta hanyar IRMAA ) |} [[File:2025_Medicare_plans_-_US.svg|thumb| Shirye-shiryen Medicare sun haɗa da shirin gwamnati da kuma shirin Medicare Advantage mai zaman kansa. Medicare Advantage ya ƙunshi wasu fasaloli daga shirin gwamnati.]] '''Medicare''' shiri ne na [[inshorar lafiya]] na tarayya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ga mutanen da shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka da kuma matasa masu [[nakasa]], gami da waɗanda ke da cutar koda ta ƙarshe da kuma cutar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS ko cutar Lou Gehrig). An fara shi ne a shekarar 1965 a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a kuma yanzu Cibiyar Kula da Ayyukan Medicare da Medicaid (CMS) ce ke gudanar da shi. An raba Medicare zuwa sassa huɗu: A, B, C, da D. Kashi na A ya ƙunshi ayyukan asibiti, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya. Sashe na B ya ƙunshi ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya a waje. Sashe na C wata hanya ce da ke ba marasa lafiya damar zaɓar tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu tare da tsarin fa'idodi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da ayyuka iri ɗaya kamar Sashe na A da B, yawanci tare da ƙarin fa'idodi. Sashe na D na maganin da aka rubuta wa mutum ne da kansa. A shekarar 2022, Medicare ta samar da inshorar lafiya ga mutane miliyan 65.0—masu shekaru sama da 65 da haihuwa da kuma kimanin matasa miliyan 8. [1] A cewar rahotannin shekara-shekara na Medicare Trustees da bincike da ƙungiyar MedPAC ta Congress ta gudanar, Medicare tana biyan kusan rabin kuɗin kula da lafiya na waɗanda suka yi rajista. [2] Masu rajista suna biyan mafi yawan sauran kuɗaɗen ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙarin inshorar sirri (inshorar matsakaici), ta hanyar yin rajista a cikin tsarin magunguna na Medicare Part D, ko ta hanyar shiga tsarin Medicare Part C (Medicare Advantage) mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 2022, kashe kuɗin da masu kula da Medicare suka kashe ya haura dala biliyan 900 a cikin rahoton Amintattu Tebur na II. B.1, wanda dala biliyan 423 daga Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ne, sauran kuma galibi daga Asusun Amincewa na Part A (wanda ake daukar nauyinsa ta hanyar harajin albashi) da kuma kuɗin da masu cin gajiyar suka biya. Gidaje da suka yi ritaya a shekarar 2013 sun biya kashi 13 zuwa 41 kacal na kuɗin fa'idodin da ake sa ran za su samu. [1][2] Masu cin gajiyar yawanci suna da wasu farashin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, gami da Medicare Sashe na A, B, da D da kuma Kashe na B da C; farashin kulawa na dogon lokaci (wanda Medicare ba ta rufe shi ba); da kuma farashin da ya haifar da rayuwar Medicare da iyakokin abin da ya faru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Term Care Coverage |url=https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/long-term-care |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.medicare.gov |language=en}}</ref>{{Commonscat}} == Tarihi == [[File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill,_with_Harry_Truman,_July_30,_1965.jpg|right|thumb| Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya hannu kan gyaran Medicare (30 ga Yuli, 1965). Tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Harry S. Truman]] (wanda ke zaune) da matarsa, Bess, suna gefen dama.]] Asali, sunan "Medicare" a Amurka yana nufin wani shiri da ke ba da kulawar lafiya ga iyalan mutanen da ke aiki a soja a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Masu Dogara, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 1956. Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya gudanar da taron farko na Fadar White House kan Tsufa a watan Janairun 1961, inda aka gabatar da shirin kula da lafiya ga masu cin gajiyar tsaron zamantakewa. An yi ƙorafi daban-daban a Majalisar Dokoki don zartar da wani kudiri da ke samar da kula da tsofaffi, duk ba tare da an samu nasara ba. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1963, wani kudiri da ya tanadar da Medicare da kuma karuwar fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a ya zartar da Majalisar Dattawa da kuri'u 68-20. Kamar yadda wani bincike ya nuna, wannan shine karo na farko da kowace majalisar "ta zartar da wani kudiri wanda ya kunshi ka'idar alhakin kudi na tarayya kan harkokin kiwon lafiya, ko da kuwa iyaka ne." Duk da haka, akwai rashin tabbas kan ko wannan kudirin zai amince da Majalisar, yayin da jimillar kuri'un da mataimakin shugaban majalisar Henry Wilson ya samu daga 'yan majalisar kan kudirin taron da ya kunshi Medicare "ya bayyana kuri'u 180 da suka yi daidai da na Medicare, 29 "mai yiwuwa/yiwuwa," 222 "ba su amince ba," da kuma kujeru 4 babu kowa a ciki. " [1] Duk da haka, bayan zaɓen 1964, magoya bayan Medicare sun sami ƙuri'u 44 a Majalisar Wakilai da kuma 4 a Majalisar Dattawa. [2] A watan Yulin 1965, [3] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Lyndon Johnson, Majalisa ta kafa Medicare a ƙarƙashin taken XVIII na Dokar Tsaron Jama'a don samar da inshorar lafiya ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 65 zuwa sama, ba tare da la'akari da kuɗin shiga ko tarihin lafiya ba. [4] [5] Johnson ya sanya hannu kan Kwaskwarimar Tsaron Jama'a ta 1965 zuwa doka a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1965, a ɗakin karatu na Harry S. Truman da ke Independence, Missouri . Tsohon shugaban ƙasa Harry S. Truman da matarsa, tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa Bess Truman, sun zama waɗanda suka fara karɓar shirin. [6] Kafin a ƙirƙiri Medicare, kusan kashi 60% na mutanen da suka haura shekaru 65 suna da inshorar lafiya (sabanin kusan kashi 70% na yawan jama'a waɗanda ba su kai haka ba), tare da ɗaukar nauyin da ba a cika samu ba ko kuma ba za a iya biya ga wasu da yawa ba, saboda tsofaffi sun biya fiye da sau uku na inshorar lafiya kamar matasa. Yawancin wannan rukunin (kimanin kashi 20% na jimillar kuɗin da aka samu a shekarar 2022, waɗanda kashi 75% suka cancanci duk fa'idodin Medicaid) sun zama "masu cancanta biyu" ga Medicare da Medicaid (wanda aka ƙirƙiro ta hanyar dokar 1965). A shekarar 1966, Medicare ta haɓaka haɗakar launin fata tsakanin dubban ɗakunan jira, benaye na asibiti, da kuma asibitoci ta hanyar biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya bisa sharaɗin rabuwa . [1] Medicare ta fuskanci manyan sauye-sauye da dama tun daga shekarar 1965; an faɗaɗa tanade-tanaden da suka haɗa da fa'idodi ga maganin magana, jiki, da kuma chiropractic a shekarar 1972. A shekarun 1970, an ƙara zaɓin biyan kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya (HMOs) <ref name="medicare.gov, 2012" /> kuma a shekarar 1982, fa'idodin kula da tsofaffi don taimaka wa tsofaffi na ɗan lokaci, <ref name="medicare.gov, 2012" /> wanda aka sanya shi na dindindin a shekarar 1984. A shekarar 1972, Majalisa ta faɗaɗa cancantar Medicare ga matasa masu nakasa ta dindindin waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗin Inshorar Lafiyar Jama'a (SSDI) da kuma waɗanda ke da [[Cutar koda mai tsanani|cutar koda ta ƙarshe]] (ESRD). Majalisa ta ƙara faɗaɗa Medicare a shekara ta 2001 don kula da matasa masu fama da amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, ko cutar Lou Gehrig). An kafa dangantakar da HMOs da ta fara a shekarun 1970s kuma an faɗaɗa ta a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Bill Clinton a shekarar 1997 a matsayin Medicare Sashe na C (kodayake ba duk masu tallafawa shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C dole ne su zama HMOs ba, kimanin kashi 75% ne). A shekara ta 2003, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba George W. Bush, an amince da wani shirin Medicare don rufe kusan dukkan magungunan da ake ba da magani da kansu (kuma ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2006) a matsayin Sashe na D na Medicare [1] == Gwamnati == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Cibiyoyin Ayyukan Medicare da Medicaid (CMS), wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (HHS), tana gudanar da Medicare, Medicaid, Shirin Inshorar Lafiyar Yara (CHIP), Gyaran Inganta Dakunan Gwaje-gwaje na Asibiti (CLIA), da kuma wasu sassan Dokar Kula da Lafiya Mai Sauƙi (ACA) ("Obamacare"). [1] Tare da Ma'aikatar Aiki da Baitulmalin Amurka, CMS kuma tana aiwatar da tanade-tanaden gyaran inshora na Dokar Sauya Inshorar Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 1996 (HIPAA) da mafi yawan fannoni na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 kamar yadda aka gyara. Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a ce ke da alhakin tantance cancantar Medicare, cancantar da kuma biyan kuɗin tallafin ƙarin taimako/ƙarancin kuɗi da suka shafi Sashe na C da D na Medicare, da kuma tattara mafi yawan kuɗin da ake buƙata don shirin Medicare. Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na CMS dole ne ya samar da bayanan lissafi da hasashen farashi ga Hukumar Amintattu ta Medicare don taimaka musu wajen tantance lafiyar kuɗin shirin. Doka ta bukaci Amintattu su fitar da rahotannin shekara-shekara kan yanayin kuɗaɗen Asusun Medicare Trust, kuma waɗannan rahotannin ana buƙatar su ƙunshi bayanin ra'ayin actuarial daga Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa. Kwamitin Sabunta Sikelin Ƙimar Dangantaka na Ƙungiyar Musamman (ko Kwamitin Sabunta Ƙimar Dangantaka; RUC), wanda ya ƙunshi likitoci da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka, yana ba da shawara ga gwamnati game da ƙa'idodin biyan kuɗi don hanyoyin kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare da likitoci da sauran ƙwararru ke gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin Sashe na B na Medicare. [1] Tsarin CMS iri ɗaya amma daban-daban yana ƙayyade ƙimar da ake biya don kulawa mai tsanani da sauran asibitoci - gami da wuraren kula da marasa lafiya masu ƙwarewa - a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A na Medicare. Kuɗin da aka biya don ayyukan nau'in Sashe na A da Sashe na B a ƙarƙashin Sashe na C duk abin da aka amince da shi tsakanin mai tallafawa da mai bayarwa. Adadin da aka biya don magungunan da aka ba wa kai a ƙarƙashin Sashe na D duk abin da aka amince da shi ne tsakanin mai tallafawa (kusan koyaushe ta hanyar manajan fa'idodin kantin magani wanda kuma ake amfani da shi a cikin inshorar kasuwanci) da masu rarraba magunguna da/ko masana'antun. == Kuɗi == Medicare yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na samun kuɗi. Asibitin da ke karɓar marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na Sashe na A galibi ana samun kuɗin shiga ne daga kuɗin shiga daga harajin albashi na kashi 2.9% da ake ɗora wa ma'aikata da ma'aikata (kowannensu yana biyan kashi 1.45%). Har zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1993, dokar ta samar da matsakaicin adadin diyya da za a iya sanya harajin Medicare a kai kowace shekara, kamar yadda harajin albashin zamantakewa ke aiki. [1] Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1994, an cire iyakar diyya. Dole ne mutanen da ke aiki da kansu su ƙididdige dukkan harajin kashi 2.9% akan ribar da suke samu daga masu aikin kansu (saboda su ma'aikata ne kuma ma'aikata), amma za su iya cire rabin harajin daga kuɗin shiga wajen ƙididdige harajin shiga. [2] Tun daga shekarar 2013, ƙimar harajin Sashe na A kan kuɗin shiga da aka samu wanda ya wuce $200,000 ga mutane ($250,000 ga ma'auratan da suka yi rajista tare) ta tashi zuwa 3.8%, domin biyan wani ɓangare na kuɗin tallafin ga mutanen da ba sa cikin Medicare wanda Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta tanada. [3] A shekarar 2011, kashe kuɗin Medicare ya kai sama da dala biliyan 900, kusan kashi 4% na jimillar kayayyakin cikin gida na Amurka a cewar Dokoki na 1.1 kuma sama da kashi 15% na jimillar kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta kashe. <ref name="kff.org">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-31 |title=A Primer on Medicare Financing |url=https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/a-primer-on-medicare-financing/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=KFF |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda asusun Trust guda biyu da kuma hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga daban-daban (ɗaya da aka keɓe ɗaya kuma ba ɗaya ba), Amintattun suna nazarin kashe kuɗin Medicare a matsayin kashi na GDP maimakon idan aka kwatanta da kasafin kuɗin Tarayya. Ana hasashen tsufan tsarin haihuwa na Baby Boom zuwa Medicare nan da shekarar 2030 (lokacin da ƙarshen tsarin haihuwa ya cika shekaru 65) zai ƙara yawan masu shiga zuwa sama da miliyan 80. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa adadin masu biyan harajin albashi ga kowane mutum da ya yi rajista zai ragu akan lokaci kuma farashin kula da lafiya gabaɗaya a ƙasar yana ƙaruwa yana haifar da ƙalubalen kuɗi mai yawa ga shirin. Ana hasashen cewa kashe kuɗin Medicare zai ƙaru daga kusan kashi 4% na GDP a shekarar 2022 zuwa kusan kashi 6% a shekarar 2046. [1] Ana sa ran jarirai masu tasowa za su yi tsawon rai, wanda zai ƙara wa kuɗin Medicare a nan gaba. Saboda waɗannan ƙalubalen kuɗi, Majalisa ta rage yawan kuɗin da ake biya a nan gaba ga masu samar da ayyuka (musamman asibitoci masu kula da marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun cibiyoyin jinya) a matsayin wani ɓangare na PPACA a 2010 da Dokar Samun damar Medicare da CHIP ta sake ba da izini ta 2015 (MACRA) kuma 'yan Majalisar Dokoki daban-daban sun bayar da ƙarin shawarwari masu yawa don daidaita kashe kuɗin Medicare. Wasu dalilai da yawa sun rikitar da hasashen lafiyar Asusun Tallafawa na Medicare, ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga annobar Covid ba, fifikon mutanen da suka shiga Medicare a wannan ƙarni don Kashi na C, da kuma ƙaruwar adadin waɗanda suka cancanci shiga (mutane biyu) (mutane biyu da suka cancanci Medicaid da Medicare). A shekarar 2013, Cibiyar Birni ta buga wani rahoto wanda ya yi nazari kan adadin da gidaje daban-daban (maza marasa aure, mace marasa aure, masu aure marasa aure, masu samun kuɗi biyu, ƙarancin kuɗi, matsakaicin kuɗin shiga, yawan kuɗin shiga) suka bayar ga shirin Medicare a tsawon rayuwarsu, da kuma adadin da wani da ke rayuwa har zuwa shekarun da ake tsammanin zai samu a kididdiga zai yi tsammanin samu. [1][2] Sun sami adadi daban-daban na yanayi daban-daban, amma har ma da rukunin da ke da "mafi munin" riba akan harajin Medicare ɗinsu da sun kammala shekarun aikinsu da $158,000 a cikin gudummawar Medicare da ci gabanta (idan aka yi la'akari da ci gaban shekara-shekara daidai da hauhawar farashi da 2%) amma za su sami $385,000 a cikin fa'idodin Medicare (duka lambobi suna cikin dala da aka daidaita hauhawar farashi na 2013). [1][2] Gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin sun biya kashi 13 zuwa 41 cikin ɗari na abin da ake tsammanin za su samu. [1] [2] Rage farashi yana shafar abubuwa da suka haɗa da rage kulawar da ba ta dace ba da kuma wadda ba ta dace ba ta hanyar tantance ayyukan da suka dogara da shaida da kuma rage yawan kulawar da ba ta dace ba, wadda ta ninka, da kuma wadda ba ta dace ba. Haka kuma za a iya rage farashi ta hanyar rage kurakuran likita, saka hannun jari a fasahar bayanai ta kiwon lafiya, inganta bayyana bayanai kan farashi da inganci, ƙara ingancin gudanarwa, da kuma haɓaka jagororin asibiti/marasa asibiti da ƙa'idodi masu inganci. [1] Ba shakka duk waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa da tsarin isar da lafiya na Amurka gaba ɗaya ba wai kawai da Medicare ba. == Cancanta == Yan ƙasar Amurka ko mazauna dindindin waɗanda suka zauna a Amurka na tsawon akalla shekaru biyar a jere kuma waɗanda suka cancanci biyan kuɗin Tsaron Jama'a ko biyan kuɗin Hukumar Ritaya ta Jirgin Ƙasa da kuma sama da shekaru 65 sun cancanci. Akwai wasu lokutan da 'yan ƙasar Amurka za su iya yin rajista a Medicare kafin su kai shekara 65. Misali, mutanen da ke da nakasa ta dogon lokaci wadda ke hana su aiki (kamar cutar koda ta ƙarshe ko kuma cutar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) na iya cancanta tun suna ƙanana. [1] Mutanen da ke karɓar fa'idodin Inshorar Nakasa ta Jama'a (SSDI) na tsawon watanni 24 za a yi musu rajista ta atomatik a Sashe na A da B na Medicare a cikin wata na 25. Mutanen da ke fama da gazawar koda ta dindindin da ke buƙatar dialysis ko dashen koda na iya cancanta don Medicare, ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsu ba. Mutanen da aka gano suna da ALS za a yi musu rajista ta atomatik a Sashe na A da B na Medicare duk lokacin da fa'idodin nakasarsu suka fara. [2] Waɗanda suka kai shekara 65 zuwa sama waɗanda suka zaɓi yin rajista a Sashe na A Medicare dole ne su biya kuɗin wata-wata don ci gaba da yin rajista a Sashe na A na Medicare idan su ko matansu ba su biya harajin albashin Medicare da ya dace ba. [3] == Fa'idodi da sassa ==    Medicare yana da sassa huɗu: Sashe na A, B, C, & D. Ana kiran inshorar da ke ƙarƙashin ɓangarorin biyu na farko (Sashe na A da B), sabanin tsare-tsaren Sashe na C, da '''Asali Medicare''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Medicare Coverage Choices |url=https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/your-medicare-coverage-choices |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Medicare.gov |language=en}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2018, CMS ta fara aika sabbin katunan Medicare tare da sabbin lambobin ID ga duk masu cin gajiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Medicare Card Mailing Strategy |url=https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/New-Medicare-Card/NMC-Mailing-Strategy.pdf |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=Cms.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]]}}</ref> Katunan da suka gabata suna da lambobin shaida waɗanda ke ɗauke da lambobin Tsaron Jama'a na masu cin gajiyar; sabbin lambobin shaida ana ƙirƙirar su bazuwar kuma ba a haɗa su da wani bayanin da ke nuna mutum ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunis |first=Dena |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Still Haven't Received a New Medicare Card? Call the Hotline |url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-2018/new-medicare-card-not-received.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729062836/https://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-2018/new-medicare-card-not-received.html |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=AARP |publisher=[[AARP]] |language=en}}</ref> === Sashe na A: Inshorar Asibiti/Masu Kula da Marasa Lafiya === Kashi na A ya ƙunshi zaman asibiti a asibiti . Matsakaicin tsawon lokacin da Medicare Sashe na A zai ɗauka a asibiti ko kuma a wasu lokutan da za a yi zaman a asibiti yawanci kwanaki 90 ne. Medicare zai biya dukkan kwanaki 60 na farko, sai dai biyan kuɗi ɗaya (wanda kuma aka fi sani da "wanda za a iya cirewa") a farkon kwanaki 60 na $1736 kamar na 2026. [1] Kwanaki na 61–90 suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi na $434 kowace rana kamar na 2026. [1] Ana kuma ware wa wanda ya ci gajiyar "kwanakin ajiyar rai" waɗanda za a iya amfani da su bayan kwana 90. Waɗannan kwanakin ajiyar rayuwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi na dala $868 kowace rana tun daga shekarar 2026, kuma wanda ya ci gajiyar zai iya amfani da jimillar kwanakin nan 60 kacal a tsawon rayuwarsa. [1] Sabuwar rukunin kwanaki 90 na asibiti, tare da sabbin biyan kuɗi na $1736 a cikin 2026 da $434 kowace rana na kwanaki 61-90, yana farawa ne kawai bayan mai cin gajiyar ya sami kwanaki 60 a jere ba tare da biyan kuɗi daga Medicare don tsare asibiti ko Cibiyar Kula da Marasa Lafiya ta Ƙwararru ba. [1] Wasu "ayyukan asibiti" ana bayar da su ne a matsayin ayyukan asibiti, waɗanda za a biya su a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A; ko kuma a matsayin ayyukan asibiti, waɗanda za a biya su, ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A ba, amma a ƙarƙashin Sashe na B. Dokar "Dokar Tsakar dare Biyu" tana yanke shawara kan wanne ne. A watan Agusta na 2013, Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ayyukan Medicaid sun sanar da wata doka ta ƙarshe game da cancantar yin ayyukan asibiti a asibiti wanda zai fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2013. A ƙarƙashin sabuwar dokar, idan likita ya amince da wanda zai ci gajiyar Medicare a matsayin wanda ba shi da lafiya tare da tsammanin cewa majiyyacin zai buƙaci kulawar asibiti wanda "ya wuce ƙarfe biyu na dare", biyan Medicare Sashe na A "ya dace gaba ɗaya". Duk da haka, idan ana tsammanin majiyyaci zai buƙaci kulawar asibiti na ƙasa da ƙarfe biyu na dare, biyan Medicare Sashe na A gabaɗaya bai dace ba; za a biya kuɗin da aka amince da shi a ƙarƙashin Sashe na B. [1] Lokacin da majiyyaci ke yi a asibiti kafin a yi odar shiga asibiti a hukumance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin lokacin fita daga asibiti. Amma, asibitoci da likitoci za su iya la'akari da lokacin shiga asibiti kafin a kwantar da marasa lafiya lokacin da za su tantance ko za a yi tsammanin kulawar majiyyaci za ta wuce ƙarfe biyu na dare don a rufe ta a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A. [2] Baya ga yanke shawara kan wace asusun amintacce ake amfani da ita don biyan waɗannan kuɗaɗen marasa lafiya daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da na waɗanda ke kwance a asibiti, adadin kwanakin da aka ɗauka mutum a matsayin majiyyaci a hukumance yana shafar cancantar samun ayyukan jinya na Sashe na A. Medicare yana hukunta asibitoci idan aka sake shigar da su asibiti . Bayan yin biyan kuɗi na farko don zaman asibiti, Medicare zai karɓi waɗannan kuɗaɗen daga asibiti, tare da tara sau 4 zuwa 18 na kuɗin farko, idan aka sake shigar da adadin marasa lafiya da suka wuce matsakaicin asibiti cikin kwanaki 30. Waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen sake shiga suna aiki ne bayan wasu daga cikin magungunan da aka fi amfani da su: ciwon huhu, gazawar zuciya, bugun zuciya, COPD, maye gurbin gwiwa, da maye gurbin kugu . [1] [2] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a jihohi 18 da Hukumar Bincike da Inganci ta Lafiya (AHRQ) ta gudanar ya gano cewa an sake kwantar da marasa lafiya miliyan 1.8 na Medicare masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama cikin kwanaki 30 bayan an fara kwantar da su a asibiti a shekarar 2011; yanayin da ya fi yawan sake shigar da su asibiti shi ne matsalar toshewar zuciya, ciwon zuciya, ciwon huhu, da kuma COPD da kuma bronchiectasis . [3] Ana cajin mafi girman hukunci ga asibitoci bayan an maye gurbin gwiwa ko kugu, $265,000 a kowace ƙarin magani da aka sake yi. [1] Manufofin su ne a ƙarfafa ingantaccen kulawar bayan asibiti da kuma ƙarin tura zuwa asibiti da kuma kula da marasa lafiya a ƙarshen rayuwa maimakon magani, [2] [3] yayin da tasirin hakan kuma zai rage ɗaukar nauyin da ke kan asibitocin da ke kula da marasa lafiya marasa galihu da marasa ƙarfi. [4] [5] Jimillar hukunce-hukuncen sake shiga jami'a a shekarar 2013 sun kai dala miliyan 280, [6] ga sake shiga jami'a sau 7,000 da suka wuce, ko kuma dala 40,000 ga kowane sake shiga jami'a sama da matsakaicin kudin Amurka. [7] Kashi na A ya ƙunshi cikakken zama na ɗan lokaci don gyara ko murmurewa a cikin cibiyar jinya mai ƙwarewa da kuma har zuwa kwanaki 100 ga kowane buƙatar likita tare da biyan kuɗi idan an cika wasu sharuɗɗa: <ref name="medicare-costs-2023-2024">{{Cite web |title=Costs Medicare |url=https://www.medicare.gov/basics/costs/medicare-costs |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.medicare.gov |publisher=Medicare}}</ref> # Dole ne a yi zaman asibiti na tsawon lokaci akalla kwana uku a matsayin majinyaci, ƙarfe uku na dare, ba tare da ƙidayar ranar da za a sallame shi ba. # Dole ne a yi zaman ƙwararren wurin jinya don wani abu da aka gano a lokacin zaman asibiti ko kuma babban dalilin zaman asibiti. # Idan majiyyacin ba ya karɓar magani amma yana da wata cuta da ke buƙatar kulawar ma'aikatan jinya (misali, kula da raunuka) to za a biya kuɗin zaman gidan jinya. # Kulawar da gidan kula da tsofaffi ke bayarwa dole ne ta kasance ta ƙwararru. Sashe na A na Medicare ba ya biyan kuɗin zaman da ''ke'' ba da ayyukan [[Kulawa na dogon lokaci|kulawa na wucin gadi, marasa ƙwarewa, ko na dogon lokaci]], gami da ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun (ADL) kamar tsabtace jiki, girki, tsaftacewa, da sauransu. # Dole ne kulawar ta zama dole ga likita kuma dole ne a yi ci gaba a kan wani tsari da aka tsara bisa ga wani jadawalin da likita ya tsara. Medicare zai biya dukkan kwanaki 20 na farko, sauran kwanaki 80 kuma ya kamata a biya $204 a kowace rana a shekarar 2024. [1] Yawancin masu ritaya na rukunin inshora, tsare-tsaren inshora na Medigap da Sashe na C suna da tanadi don ƙarin ɗaukar nauyin kula da ma'aikatan jinya masu ƙwarewa a cikin manufofin inshorar diyya da suke sayarwa ko tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya da suke tallafawa. Idan wanda ya ci gajiyar ya yi amfani da wani ɓangare na fa'idar Sashe na A sannan ya yi aƙalla kwanaki 60 ba tare da samun ƙwararrun ayyuka a cibiyar ba, za a sake saita agogon asibiti na kwanaki 90 da agogon gidan jinya na kwanaki 100 kuma mutumin ya cancanci sabbin lokutan fa'ida. Ana kuma bayar da fa'idodin asibiti a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A na Medicare ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani waɗanda ba su kai watanni shida ba su rayu, kamar yadda likitan majiyyaci ya ƙayyade. Dole ne mutumin da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa cewa an zaɓi kulawar asibiti fiye da sauran fa'idodin da Medicare ke bayarwa, (misali tallafin rayuwa ko kulawar asibiti). [1] Maganin da ake bayarwa ya haɗa da kayayyakin magunguna don rage alamun cutar da rage radadi da kuma wasu ayyuka da Medicare ba ta rufe su ba kamar ba da shawara kan baƙin ciki . An rufe asibitin ga marasa lafiya 100% ba tare da biyan kuɗi ko cire kuɗi daga Medicare Sashe na A ba, sai dai marasa lafiya ne ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin magani da kuma kula da marasa lafiya idan akwai buƙata. [2] === Sashe na B: Inshorar lafiya === Kudin Kuɗin Wata-wata na Sashe na B na 2025 shine $185.00 a kowane wata (na 2024 shine $174.70 a kowane wata). <ref name="medicare-costs-2023-2024" /> Rufe Sashe na B zai fara ne da zarar majiyyaci ya cika abin da aka cire masa daga asusunsa ($257 na 2025), to yawanci Medicare zai biya kashi 80% na kuɗin da RUC ta tsara don ayyukan da aka amince da su, yayin da sauran kashi 20% alhakin majiyyaci ne, [1] [2] ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ta hannun mai ritaya na rukuni mai zaman kansa ko inshorar Medigap . Rufewar Sashe na B ya ƙunshi kashi 100% na ayyukan rigakafi kamar gwajin mammogram na shekara-shekara, gwajin osteoporosis, da sauran gwaje-gwajen rigakafi da yawa. Sashe na B kuma yana taimakawa da kayan aikin likita masu ɗorewa (DME), gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga sanduna, masu tafiya a ƙasa, kujerun ɗagawa, [[Keken Guragu|kujerun guragu]], da kuma babur ɗin motsi ga waɗanda ke da [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|matsalar motsi ba]] . Na'urorin roba kamar gaɓoɓin roba da kuma ƙusoshin nono bayan an cire su, da kuma gilashin ido guda ɗaya bayan an yi musu tiyatar cataract, da kuma iskar oxygen da za a yi amfani da su a gida suma an rufe su. Jirgin gaggawa na gaggawa na asibiti yana ƙarƙashin Sashe na B idan jigilar ta kowace hanya tana da haɗari ga lafiya. <ref name="t237">{{Cite web |title=Ambulance services |url=https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/ambulance-services |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Medicare}}</ref> Sufurin motar asibiti mara gaggawa, ko jigilar kaya idan ba a yi gaggawar gaggawa ba, za a iya rufe shi idan likita ya ba da umarnin cewa jigilar motar asibiti ta zama dole ga likita. Sufuri ta hanyar motar asibiti ta jirgin sama, ko dai ta jiragen sama ko kuma ta helikwafta, ana iya rufe ta idan ana buƙatar ayyuka na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya samar da su ta hanyar ayyukan ƙasa ba. <ref name="l832">{{Cite web |last=Lankford |first=Kimberly |date=2022-11-23 |title=Does Medicare Cover the Cost of Ambulance Services? |url=https://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-qa-tool/does-medicare-cover-ambulances.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=AARP}}</ref> Duk wanda ke da Tsaron Jama'a (SS) a shekarar 2019 "ba za a ɗauke shi da laifi ba" daga adadin 2019 idan ƙarin fa'idodin SS ɗinsa na wata-wata bai shafi ƙaruwar kuɗin da aka samu na Part B daga 2019 zuwa 2020 ba. Wannan tanadin da ba shi da lahani yana da mahimmanci a shekarun da SS ba ta ƙaru ba amma ba haka lamarin yake ba a shekarar 2020. Akwai ƙarin ƙarin harajin samun kuɗi ga waɗanda ke da kuɗin shiga sama da $85,000 a kowace shekara. === Sashe na C: Shirye-shiryen Medicare Advantage === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana buƙatar Sashe na C na Jama'a na Medicare Advantage da sauran tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C don bayar da inshorar da ta cika ko ta wuce ƙa'idodin da Medicare na asali ya kafa amma ba dole ba ne su rufe kowace fa'ida ta hanya ɗaya (shirin dole ne ya yi daidai da fa'idodin Medicare na asali). Bayan amincewa daga Cibiyoyin Medicare da Medicaid, idan tsarin Sashe na C ya zaɓi ya biya ƙasa da Medicare na asali don wasu fa'idodi, kamar kulawar Cibiyar Kula da Marasa Lafiya ta Ƙwararru, ana iya ba da tanadi ga masu amfani ta hanyar bayar da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin haɗin gwiwa don ziyarar likita (ko duk wani ƙarin ko ragi da CMS ta amince da shi). [1] Mambobin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C na Medicare Advantage galibi suna biyan kuɗin wata-wata ban da kuɗin Medicare Part B don biyan abubuwan da ba a rufe su da Asusun Medicare na Asali (Sashe na A & B) ba, kamar iyakokin aljihu (OOP), magungunan da aka rubuta da kansu, kulawar hakori, kulawar gani, gwajin jiki na shekara-shekara, inshora a wajen Amurka, har ma da membobin ƙungiyar motsa jiki ko kiwon lafiya da kuma - kuma wataƙila mafi mahimmanci - rage kashi 20% na biyan kuɗi da manyan abubuwan da aka cire daga Medicare na Asali. [1] Amma a wasu yanayi fa'idodin sun fi ƙanƙanta (amma ba za a taɓa iyakance su fiye da Asalin Medicare ba kuma dole ne koyaushe su haɗa da iyakar OOP) kuma babu ƙarin kuɗi. Iyakar OOP na iya zama ƙasa da $1500 kuma har zuwa $9350 amma ba zai wuce ba (kamar yadda yake a duk inshora, ƙarancin iyaka, mafi girman ƙimar). [ana buƙatar hujja] A wasu lokuta, mai tallafawa ma yana rage wani ɓangare ko duk kuɗin da aka biya na Kashi na B, kodayake waɗannan nau'ikan tsare-tsaren Kashi na C suna zama da wuya. [ana buƙatar hujja] === Sashe na D: Shirye-shiryen magunguna da likita ya rubuta === <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Sashe na D na Medicare ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2006. Duk wanda ke da Sashe na A ko B ya cancanci shiga Sashe na D, wanda galibi ya shafi magungunan da ake ba shi da kansa. [ana buƙatar hujja] An samu damar hakan ne ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Zamantakewa ta Medicare ta 2003. Domin samun wannan fa'idar, mutumin da ke da Medicare dole ne ya yi rajista a cikin Tsarin Magungunan da Aka Rubuta (PDP) ko tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Sashe na C tare da haɗin gwiwar magungunan da aka rubuta (MA-PD). Shirin Medicare ya amince kuma ya tsara waɗannan tsare-tsaren, amma a zahiri masu tallafawa daban-daban ne suka tsara kuma suka gudanar da su, ciki har da ƙungiyoyin agaji, tsarin isar da lafiya mai haɗin gwiwa, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da kamfanonin inshorar lafiya; kusan duk waɗannan masu tallafawa suna amfani da manajojin fa'idodin magunguna kamar yadda masu tallafawa inshorar lafiya ke amfani da su ga waɗanda ba sa cikin Medicare. Ba kamar Asalin Medicare ba (Sashe na A da B), ba a daidaita tsarin Kashi na D ba (kodayake Cibiyoyin Medicare da Ayyukan Medicaid suna da ƙa'ida sosai). Tsare-tsare suna zaɓar magungunan da suke son rufewa (amma dole ne su ƙunshi aƙalla magunguna biyu a cikin rukunoni 148 daban-daban kuma su rufe dukkan ko "duka" magunguna a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan magunguna masu kariya: maganin ciwon daji; maganin tabin hankali; maganin tashin zuciya, maganin damuwa, maganin rigakafi, da magungunan HIV da AIDS). Tsarin zai iya fayyace, tare da amincewar CMS, a matakin (ko matakin) da suke son rufewa, kuma ana ƙarfafa su su yi amfani da maganin mataki-mataki . Wasu magunguna an cire su daga tsarin inshora gaba ɗaya kuma tsare-tsaren Sashe na D waɗanda ke rufe magungunan da aka cire ba a yarda su mika waɗannan kuɗaɗen ga Medicare ba, kuma ana buƙatar tsare-tsaren su biya CMS idan an gano sun biya Medicare kuɗi a waɗannan yanayi. [1] == Kudin da za a kashe daga aljihu == Babu wani ɓangare na Medicare da ke biyan duk kuɗin likita da mai cin gajiyar ya biya kuma ba a rufe yawancin kuɗaɗe da ayyuka kwata-kwata. Shirin ya ƙunshi kuɗin fansho, kuɗin da za a cire daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi, da kuma inshorar haɗin gwiwa, wanda dole ne mutumin da ke cikin shirin ya biya daga aljihunsa . Wani bincike da Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation ta buga a shekarar 2008 ya gano cewa kunshin fa'idodin Medicare na Kuɗi don Sabis bai kai na tsarin ƙungiyar masu samar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun ko kuma Tsarin Tsarin Fa'idodin Lafiya na Ma'aikata na Tarayya ba. [1] Wasu mutane na iya cancantar samun wasu shirye-shiryen gwamnati (kamar Medicaid) da kuma wasu ko duk wasu kuɗaɗen da suka shafi Medicare. === Kari === ==== Sashe na A ==== Yawancin waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare ba sa biyan kuɗin Sashe na A kowane wata, saboda su (ko matansu) sun sami kwata 40 ko fiye na watanni 3 inda suka biya harajin Dokar Gudummawar Inshorar Tarayya . Ribar iri ɗaya ce komai yawan ko ƙarancin da mai cin gajiyar ya biya matuƙar an kai mafi ƙarancin adadin kwata. Mutanen da suka cancanci Medicare waɗanda ba su da kashi 40 ko fiye na aikin Medicare za su iya siyan Sashe na A don daidaitaccen kuɗin wata-wata na shekara-shekara na: * $248.00 a kowane wata (kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012) <ref name="healthharbor1">{{Cite web |title=Medicare: Big Changes for 2011 |url=http://www.healthharbor.com/medicare/2011-medicare-changes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523085102/http://www.healthharbor.com/medicare/2011-medicare-changes |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=January 27, 2011}}</ref> ga waɗanda ke da kashi 30-39 na aikin da Medicare ya rufe, ko * $451.00 a kowane wata (kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012) <ref name="healthharbor1" /> ga waɗanda ke da ƙasa da kashi 30 cikin ɗari na aikin da Medicare ke ɗaukar nauyinsa kuma waɗanda ba su cancanci ɗaukar nauyin Sashe na A ba tare da ƙarin kuɗi ba. ==== Sashe na B ==== Yawancin waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare Part B suna biyan kuɗin inshora don wannan inshorar; matsakaicin kuɗin Part B na 2026 shine $202.90 a wata. [1] An fara aiki da sabon tsarin harajin ƙarin kuɗi bisa ga samun kuɗi tun daga shekarar 2007, inda kuɗin da aka biya na Kashi na B ya fi yawa ga masu cin gajiyar kuɗin shiga da suka wuce $85,000 ga daidaikun mutane ko kuma $170,000 ga ma'aurata. Dangane da irin ribar da masu cin gajiyar suka samu fiye da kudin shigarsu na asali, waɗannan ƙarin kuɗin tallafin na Sashe na B sun fi girma daga kashi 30% zuwa 70% tare da mafi girman kuɗin tallafin da mutanen da ke samun sama da dala $214,000 ke biya, ko kuma ma'auratan da ke samun sama da dala $428,000. [2] Ana kiran wannan ƙarin adadin Adadin Daidaita Kudin Shiga na Wata-wata (IRMAA). Karin kuɗin IRMAA yana canzawa ga mutane kowace shekara kuma yana canzawa tare da canje-canje a cikin kuɗin shigar mutum. Lissafin IRMAA yana da jinkirin shekaru biyu. [3] [4] === Deductible and coinsurance === '''Sashe na A''' — Ga kowane lokacin fa'ida, mai cin gajiyar zai biya kuɗin da aka gyara a kowace shekara: * Za a cire kuɗi daga Sashe na A na '''$1,736''' a '''shekarar 2026''' don zaman asibiti na kwana 1-60. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-10-02 |title=2026 Medicare Parts A & B Premiums and Deductibles {{!}} CMS |url=https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/2026-medicare-parts-b-premiums-deductibles |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=www.cms.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Biyan kuɗi na '''$434''' a kowace rana a cikin '''2026''' na kwanaki 61-90 na zaman asibiti. <ref name=":2" /> * Biyan kuɗi na '''$868''' a kowace rana a cikin '''2026''' na kwanaki 91-150 na zaman asibiti, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙayyadadden Kwanakin Ajiye Rayuwa . <ref name=":2" /> * Duk kuɗin kowace rana fiye da kwanaki 150 <ref name="Medicare.gov">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Medicare 2017 costs at a glance |url=https://www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/costs-at-a-glance/costs-at-glance.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910124746/https://www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/costs-at-a-glance/costs-at-glance.html |archive-date=September 10, 2018 |access-date=March 12, 2017 |publisher=Medicare, U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore}}</ref> * Inshorar haɗin gwiwa don Cibiyar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Ƙwararru shine '''$217''' kowace rana a cikin 2026 na kwanaki 21-100 na kowane lokacin fa'ida (babu biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa na kwanaki 20 na farko). <ref name=":2" /> * An cire jinin da ake buƙata daga pint 3 na farko na jini a cikin shekarar kalanda, sai dai idan an maye gurbinsa. Akwai cirewar jini mai pint 3 ga Sashe na A da Sashe na B, kuma waɗannan cirewar daban-daban ba sa haɗuwa. Sashe na B — Bayan masu cin gajiyar sun cika kuɗin da aka cire musu na shekara-shekara na $240 na 2024, za a buƙaci su biya inshorar haɗin gwiwa na 20% na adadin da Medicare ta amince da shi don duk ayyukan da Sashe na B ya rufe [1] ban da yawancin ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje, waɗanda aka rufe su da 100%. A da, ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na marasa lafiya da ke fita waje ana biyan su kashi 50%, amma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Inganta Medicare ga Marasa Lafiya da Masu Ba da Agaji ta 2008, ya ragu a hankali tsawon shekaru da dama kuma yanzu ya yi daidai da kashi 20% da ake buƙata don wasu ayyuka. [2] Ana kuma buƙatar su biya ƙarin kashi 15% na ayyukan da likitoci suka yi waɗanda ba sa karɓar aikin. Kuɗin da za a cire kuɗi daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi, biyan kuɗi tare, da kuma kuɗin inshorar haɗin gwiwa don tsare-tsaren Sashe na C da D ya bambanta daga tsari zuwa tsari. Duk tsare-tsaren Sashe na C sun haɗa da iyakar kashe kuɗi mafi girma na shekara-shekara (OOP). Medicare na asali bai haɗa da iyakokin OOP ba. === Manufofin Ƙarin Medicare (Medigap) === Duk kamfanonin inshora da ke sayar da manufofin Medigap ana buƙatar su samar da Tsarin A, kuma idan sun bayar da wasu manufofi, dole ne su samar da Tsarin C ɗaya. Ba a sake bayar da Tsarin F ba har zuwa shekarar 2020, amma duk wanda ke da Tsarin F zai iya ci gaba da shi. [1] Yawancin kamfanonin inshora da ke bayar da manufofin inshorar Medigap suma suna daukar nauyin tsare-tsaren lafiya na Sashe na C, amma yawancin tsare-tsaren lafiya na Sashe na C ana daukar nauyin su ne ta hanyar tsarin samar da lafiya mai hade da kuma kamfanonin da suka yi fice, kungiyoyin agaji, da kungiyoyin kwadago sabanin kamfanonin inshora. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Biyan kuɗi don ayyuka == Medicare yana yin kwangila da kamfanonin inshora na yanki don aiwatar da da'awar biyan kuɗi na sama da biliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara. A shekarar 2008, Medicare ta kai kashi 13% ($386 biliyan) na kasafin kudin tarayya . A shekarar 2016 an yi hasashen cewa zai kai kusan kashi 15% ($683 biliyan) na jimillar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe. A cikin shekaru goma na 2010-2019, an yi hasashen cewa Medicare zai kashe dala tiriliyan 6.4. [1] === Biyan kuɗi don ayyukan Sashe na A === Don kula da cibiyoyi, kamar kula da asibiti da gidajen jinya, Medicare yana amfani da tsarin biyan kuɗi mai zuwa . A cikin tsarin biyan kuɗi mai zuwa, cibiyar kula da lafiya tana karɓar adadin kuɗi da aka ƙayyade don kowane lokaci na kulawa da aka ba wa majiyyaci, ba tare da la'akari da ainihin adadin kulawar ba. Ainihin rabon kuɗaɗen ya dogara ne akan jerin ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ganewar asali (DRG). Ainihin adadin ya dogara ne akan ainihin ganewar asali da aka yi a asibiti. Akwai wasu matsaloli da suka shafi amfani da DRGs na Medicare domin idan mara lafiyar bai yi amfani da kulawa sosai ba, asibiti zai iya ajiye sauran. Wannan, a ka'ida, ya kamata ya daidaita farashin asibiti. Amma, idan majiyyaci ya yi amfani da ƙarin kulawa, to asibiti dole ne ya biya nasa asarar. Wannan yana haifar da matsalar "haɓaka bayanai", lokacin da likita ya yi bincike mai tsanani don kare kai daga kuɗaɗen haɗari. [1] === Biyan kuɗi don ayyukan Sashe na B === Biyan kuɗin ayyukan likita a ƙarƙashin Medicare ya ci gaba tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri shirin a 1965. Da farko, Medicare ta biya likitoci diyya bisa ga kuɗin likitan, kuma ta ba likitoci damar biyan kuɗin da ya wuce kuɗin da Medicare ta biya wa waɗanda suka ci gajiyar Medicare. A shekarar 1975, ƙarin kuɗin likita na shekara-shekara ya takaita ta hanyar Medicare Economic Index (MEI). An tsara MEI don auna canje-canje a cikin farashin lokacin likita da kuɗin aiki, wanda aka daidaita don canje-canje a cikin yawan aikin likita. Daga 1984 zuwa 1991, an tsara tsarin canjin kuɗin shekara-shekara ta hanyar dokoki. An yi hakan ne saboda kuɗin likitoci ya ƙaru da sauri fiye da yadda aka zata. Dokar Sulhu ta Kasafin Kudi ta Omnibus ta 1989 ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga biyan kuɗin likita a ƙarƙashin Medicare. Da farko, ta gabatar da Jadawalin Kuɗin Medicare, wanda ya fara aiki a shekarar 1992. Na biyu, ya takaita adadin da masu ba da sabis na Medicare za su iya daidaita lissafin masu cin gajiyar Medicare. Na uku, ta gabatar da Ka'idojin Aiki na Medicare Volume Performance (MVPS) a matsayin hanyar sarrafa farashi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCormick |first=Lauren A. |last2=Burge |first2=Russel T. |date=Winter 1994 |title=Diffusion of Medicare's RBRVS and related physician payment policies – resource-based relative value scale – Medicare Payment Systems: Moving Toward the Future |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0795/is_n2_v16/ai_16863013/ |url-status=usurped |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212200550/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0795/is_n2_v16/ai_16863013/ |archive-date=February 12, 2010 |via=[[FindArticles]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1992, Medicare ta gabatar da Jadawalin Kuɗin Medicare (MFS), jerin ayyuka kusan 7,000 da za a iya biyan kuɗi a kansu. Ana yin farashin kowane sabis a cikin Sikelin Ƙimar Dangantaka ta Albarkatu (RBRVS) tare da ƙimar Raka'o'in Ƙimar Dangantaka guda uku (RVUs) waɗanda galibi ke ƙayyade farashin. Ana auna nauyin RVU guda uku na tsari a kowane yanki kuma ana ninka darajar RVU mai nauyin ta hanyar amfani da CF na Duniya, wanda ke samar da farashi a dala. Yawancin likitocin RVUs ne ke yanke shawara kan RVUs ɗin kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da likitoci 29 (galibi ƙwararru )—Kwamitin Sabunta Darajar Ƙimar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (RUC). [1] Daga 1992 zuwa 1997, an daidaita gyare-gyare ga biyan kuɗin likita ta amfani da MEI da MVPS, waɗanda a zahiri suka yi ƙoƙarin rama yawan ayyukan da likitoci ke bayarwa ta hanyar rage kuɗin da suke biya a kowane sabis. A shekarar 1998, Majalisa ta maye gurbin VPS da Tsarin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SGR). An yi wannan ne saboda yawan biyan kuɗi mai yawa a ƙarƙashin MVPS. SGR tana ƙoƙarin sarrafa kashe kuɗi ta hanyar tsara manufofin kashe kuɗi na shekara-shekara da na jimillar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe. Idan ainihin kashe kuɗi na shekara ɗaya ya wuce abin da aka sa gaba na wannan shekarar, ana daidaita ƙimar biyan kuɗi ƙasa ta hanyar rage Canjin Ma'auni (CF) na RBRVS RVUs. A shekarar 2002, an rage yawan biyan kuɗi da kashi 4.8%. A shekarar 2003, an tsara rage farashin biyan kuɗi da kashi 4.4%. Duk da haka, Majalisa ta ƙara yawan maƙasudin SGR a cikin Ƙudurin Haɗaka na 2003 (PL 108–7), wanda ya ba da damar biyan kuɗin ayyukan likita ya karu da kashi 1.6%. A shekarar 2004 da 2005, an sake tsara rage farashin biyan kuɗi. Dokar Zamantakewa ta Medicare (PL 108–173) ta ƙara biyan kuɗi da kashi 1.5% na waɗannan shekaru biyu. A shekarar 2006, an tsara tsarin SGR don rage albashin likitoci da kashi 4.4%. (Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga raguwar biyan kuɗin likita da kashi 7%, wanda ya ninka karuwar daidaita hauhawar farashin kaya da kashi 2.8%.) Majalisa ta yi watsi da wannan raguwar a Dokar Rage ... Hakazalika, wata doka ta majalisar dokoki ta gudanar da biyan kuɗi na 2007 a matakansu na 2006, kuma HR 6331 ta gudanar da biyan kuɗi na 2008 ga likitoci zuwa matakansu na 2007, kuma ta samar da ƙarin kashi 1.1% na biyan kuɗi na likitoci a 2009. Ba tare da ci gaba da tsoma baki a majalisar dokoki ba, ana sa ran SGR za ta rage kudaden likitoci daga kashi 25% zuwa kashi 35% a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An soki MFS saboda rashin biyan likitoci isassun albashi saboda ƙarancin canjin yanayin aiki. Ta hanyar daidaitawa ga abin da ya shafi canza MFS, yana yiwuwa a yi gyare-gyare a duniya a cikin biyan kuɗi ga duk likitoci. An sake yin muhawara kan yiwuwar yin garambawul ga dokokin SGR a shekarar 2014. A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2014, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Korar Ma'aikata ta SGR da kuma Zamantakewar Biyan Kuɗin Medicare ta 2014 (HR 4015; Majalisa ta 113), kudirin da zai maye gurbin tsarin (SGR) da sabbin tsare-tsare don kafa waɗannan ƙimar biyan kuɗi. [1] Duk da haka, kudirin zai biya waɗannan sauye-sauyen ta hanyar jinkirta buƙatar kowane mutum na Dokar Kula da Lafiya Mai Sauƙi, shawarar da 'yan Democrat ba su yi maraba da ita ba. [2] Ana sa ran SGR zai haifar da rage kudaden da Medicare ke biya da kashi 24 cikin 100 a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2014, idan ba a sami mafita don gyara ko jinkirta SGR ba. [3] Wannan ya haifar da wani kudiri, Dokar Kare Samun damar Medicare ta 2014 (HR 4302; Majalisa ta 113), wanda zai jinkirta waɗannan ragewar har zuwa Maris 2015. [3] Wannan kudirin doka shi ma ya kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka da sauran ƙungiyoyin likitoci sun yi adawa da hakan, suna roƙon Majalisar Dokoki ta samar da mafita ta dindindin maimakon wani jinkiri kawai. [4] An maye gurbin tsarin SGR da sabbin dokoki tun lokacin da aka amince da MACRA a shekarar 2015. ==== Shigar mai bada sabis ==== Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu da za a iya biyan masu samar da sabis a Medicare. Masu samar da "masu shiga" suna karɓar "aikin da aka ba su", wanda ke nufin cewa sun karɓi ƙimar da Medicare ta amince da ita don ayyukansu a matsayin biyan kuɗi (yawanci kashi 80% daga Medicare da kashi 20% daga mai cin gajiyar). Wasu likitoci da ba sa shiga aikin ba sa karɓar aiki, amma suna kuma kula da waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare kuma an ba su izinin daidaita kuɗaɗen da ba su wuce ƙaramin adadin da Medicare ya amince da shi ba. Wasu tsirarun likitoci "'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu" ne daga mahangar Medicare, wanda ke nufin sun fice daga Medicare kuma sun ƙi karɓar kuɗin Medicare gaba ɗaya. Ana buƙatar waɗannan likitocin su sanar da marasa lafiya cewa za su ɗauki alhakin cikakken kuɗin ayyukan su daga aljihunsu, sau da yawa kafin a fara magani. [1] Duk da cewa yawancin masu samar da sabis suna karɓar ayyukan Medicare, (kashi 97 cikin 100 na wasu fannoni), [1] kuma yawancin likitoci har yanzu suna karɓar aƙalla wasu sabbin marasa lafiya na Medicare, wannan adadin yana raguwa. [2] Duk da cewa kashi 80% na likitoci a ƙungiyar likitocin Texas sun karɓi sabbin marasa lafiya na Medicare a shekarar 2000, kashi 60% ne kawai suka yi hakan nan da shekarar 2012. [3] Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2012 ya kammala da cewa Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya da Ayyukan Medicaid (CMS) sun dogara ne akan shawarwarin kwamitin ba da shawara na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka. Binciken da Miriam J. Laugesen, ta Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, da abokan aiki a UCLA da Jami'ar Illinois suka jagoranta, ya nuna cewa ga ayyukan da aka bayar tsakanin 1994 da 2010, CMS ta amince da kashi 87.4% na shawarwarin kwamitin, wanda aka sani da RUC ko Kwamitin Sabunta Darajar Dangantaka. [4] ==== Biyan kuɗin magani a ofis ==== Ana biyan kuɗin magani na chemotherapy da sauran magunguna da aka bayar a ofishin likita bisa ga Matsakaicin Farashin Talla (ASP), [1] lamba da aka ƙididdige ta hanyar ɗaukar jimlar tallace-tallacen dalar Amurka na magani a matsayin ma'aunin ƙididdiga da adadin raka'o'in da aka sayar a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin ma'aunin ƙididdiga. [2] Tsarin biyan kuɗi na yanzu ana kiransa da "ASP+6" tunda yana biyan likitoci kashi 106% na ASP na magunguna. Rangwame da rangwamen da kamfanonin magunguna ke bayarwa suna cikin lissafin ASP, kuma suna rage shi. Bugu da ƙari, Medicare yana biyan kashi 80% na ASP+6, wanda yayi daidai da kashi 84.8% na ainihin matsakaicin farashin maganin. Wasu marasa lafiya suna da inshorar ƙarin kuɗi ko kuma suna iya biyan kuɗin haɗin gwiwa. Lambobi masu yawa ba sa yi. Wannan yana barin kuɗin ga likitoci don yawancin magungunan a cikin yanayin "ƙarƙashin ruwa". ASP+6 ya maye gurbin Matsakaicin Farashin Jumla a shekarar 2005, [3] bayan wani labarin farko na jaridar New York Times a shekarar 2003 ya jawo hankali ga rashin daidaiton lissafin Matsakaicin Farashin Jumla. [4] An tsara wannan tsari zai canza sosai a shekarar 2017 a ƙarƙashin shawarar CMS wadda za a kammala a watan Oktoban 2016. ==== Biyan kuɗi na ƙarfafawa na kashi 10 cikin 100 na Medicare ==== "Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) and Physician Scarcity Areas (PSAs) can receive incentive payments from Medicare. Payments are made on a quarterly basis, rather than claim-by-claim, and are handled by each area's Medicare carrier."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicare Incentive Payments in Health Professional Shortage Areas |url=https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/funding/214 |access-date=February 15, 2018 |website=Ruralhealthinfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview HPSA/PSA (Physician Bonuses) |url=http://www.cms.gov/HPSAPSAPhysicianBonuses/ |access-date=February 19, 2011 |website=Cms.gov}}</ref> == Yin rijista == {{Lyndon B. Johnson}}Gabaɗaya, idan mutum ya riga ya karɓi kuɗin Tsaron Jama'a, yana da shekaru 65, mutum zai yi rajista ta atomatik a cikin Medicare Sashe na A (inshorar asibiti) da Medicare Sashe na B (inshorar likita). [1] Idan mutumin ya zaɓi kada ya yi rajista a Sashe na B (yawanci saboda mutumin har yanzu yana aiki kuma yana karɓar inshorar ma'aikaci), to dole ne mutum ya ƙi shiga cikin shirin lokacin da yake karɓar kunshin rajista ta atomatik. Jinkirin yin rajista a Sashe na B ba ya ɗaukar hukunci idan mutumin yana da wasu inshora (misali, yanayin aikin da aka ambata a sama), amma ana iya hukunta shi a wasu yanayi. Mutumin da bai sami fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a ba bayan ya cika shekara 65 dole ne ya yi rajista don Medicare idan yana so. Ana iya amfani da hukunce-hukunce idan mutumin ya zaɓi kada ya yi rajista yana da shekara 65 kuma ba shi da wani inshora. [ana buƙatar hujja] Rajistar Inshorar Lafiya ta 2025 (15 ga Oktoba zuwa 7 ga Disamba), wanda ke faruwa yayin da kasuwar inshorar lafiya ke fuskantar matsin lamba na kuɗi, yana da canje-canje a cikin tsarin inshorar Medicare Advantage . <ref>{{Cite web |title=What to watch out for in your 2026 Medicare Advantage plan |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/what-to-watch-out-for-in-your-2026-medicare-advantage-plan-123045304.html |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Anna Wilde |date=October 15, 2025 |title=Big Changes Are Coming for 2026 Medicare Plans. What You Need to Know. |url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/big-changes-are-coming-for-2026-medicare-plans-what-you-need-to-know-056d8565 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Sassan A da B === ==== Sashe na A Hukuncin Yin Rijista a Makare ==== Idan mutum bai cancanci Sashe na A ba tare da kuɗi ba, kuma bai sayi Sashe na A ba tare da kuɗi ba lokacin da ya fara cancanta, kuɗin wata-wata na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 10%. [1] Dole ne mutum ya biya mafi girman kuɗin fansho sau biyu fiye da shekarun da ya yi da Sashe na A, amma bai yi rajista ba. Misali, idan sun cancanci shiga Sashe na A na tsawon shekaru biyu amma ba su yi rajista ba, dole ne su biya ƙarin kuɗin har tsawon shekaru huɗu. Yawanci, mutane ba sa buƙatar biyan tara idan sun cika wasu sharuɗɗa da suka ba su damar yin rijista don Sashe na A a lokacin Yin Rijista na Musamman, kamar ɗaukar zama a wata jiha ko kuma ƙaura daga yankin da mutum yake da shi na baya. [2] ==== Sashe na B Hukuncin Yin Rijista a Makare ==== Idan mutum bai yi rajista don Sashe na B ba lokacin da ya fara cancanta, yana iya buƙatar biyan tarar rajista a makare muddin yana da Medicare. Kudin da za su biya na Sashe na B na wata-wata na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 10% ga kowane cikakken lokacin watanni 12 da za su iya samu Sashe na B, amma ba su yi rajista ba. Yawanci, ba sa biyan kuɗin yin rajista a makare idan sun cika wasu sharuɗɗa da suka ba su damar yin rajista don Sashe na B a lokacin yin rajista na musamman. [1] == Hukunci da ɗaukaka ƙara == Hukumomi daban-daban ne ke yanke hukunci na farko kan al'amuran Medicare dangane da batun. Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a (SSA) ta ƙayyade cancantar samun Medicare kuma ta yanke hukunci kan yawan rajistar Sashe na A da Sashe na B, hukuncin yin rajista a makare, da kuma takaddama kan adadin daidaitawa na wata-wata da ya shafi samun kudin shiga (IRMAA) a matakin farko da kuma sake duba lamarin. [1] 'Yan kwangilar gudanarwa na Medicare (MACs) suna aiwatar da da'awar Sashe na A da Sashe na B na kuɗin sabis, suna amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙungiyoyin PPS da biyan kuɗi, suna fitar da yanke shawara na farko game da da'awa, suna gudanar da ƙorafe-ƙorafe na matakin farko (sake tantancewa), da kuma duba da warware rahotannin kuɗin da masu samar da sabis na cibiyoyi ke kashewa, suna ba da sanarwar biyan kuɗi na shirin (NPR) a matsayin yanke shawara na ƙarshe game da rahoton farashi. [2] Shirye-shiryen Medicare Advantage (Sashe na C) da tsare-tsaren magunguna na Sashe na D suna yanke shawara kan inshorar su ta farko kuma suna gudanar da roƙon matakin farko a ciki. [3] Masu cin gajiyar shirin korar marasa lafiya da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa daga asibiti, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya, kula da lafiyar gida, ko ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya na iya neman a gaggauta duba su daga ƙungiyar inganta ingancin kula da marasa lafiya da ta kula da iyali (BFCC-QIO). [4] Baya ga 1-800-MEDICARE, masu aikin sa kai na Senior Medicare Patrol suna taimaka wa masu cin gajiyar gano, hana, da kuma bayar da rahoton zamba, kurakurai, da cin zarafi na Medicare. [5] Ga takaddamar da'awa ta mutum ɗaya, tsarin ɗaukaka ƙara na yau da kullun yana aiki. Bayan matakin farko, ƙarar da aka shigar kan kuɗin sabis za ta ci gaba zuwa sake duba ta hannun ƙwararren ɗan kwangila mai zaman kansa (QIC), yayin da ƙarar Sashe na C da Sashe na D za ta ci gaba zuwa sake duba ta hannun wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta (IRE). [1] Ana raba matakai na gaba: zaman sauraren ƙara a gaban alƙali na shari'a (ALJ) a Ofishin Kula da Shari'o'i da Daukaka Ƙara na Medicare (OMHA); sake dubawa daga Majalisar Daukaka Ƙara ta Medicare ; da kuma sake duba shari'a a kotun gundumar Amurka idan adadin da ake takaddama a kai ya kai matakin doka. [2] Haƙƙin SSA, rajista, da kuma roƙon IRMAA sun haɗu da wannan matakin ɗaukaka ƙara na sama a matakin OMHA, suna wucewa ga rundunar ALJ ta SSA. [3] Rahoton kuɗin mai bada sabis da kuma takaddama kan biyan diyya - gami da ilimin likitanci na digiri da biyan kuɗin ilimin likitanci na kai tsaye, lissafin DSH, aikace-aikacen ma'aunin albashi, hanyar da ba ta dace ba, basussukan Medicare marasa kyau, kuɗin siyan sassan jiki, da kuma tantance matsayin mai bada sabis - suna bin wata hanya daban. [1] Bayan sun sami NPR (ko kuma wani hukunci na ƙarshe da aka yi wa ɗan kwangila) kuma suka cika sharuɗɗan doka, masu samar da kayayyaki za su iya ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa ga Hukumar Bitar Biyan Kuɗi ta Masu Ba da Lamuni (PRRB), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin HHS wadda ke sauraron ƙarar da mai bada sabis ya shigar game da rahotannin kuɗi da batutuwan biyan kuɗi masu alaƙa, gami da ƙalubalen shari'a da hanyoyin aiki. [1] CMS na iya shigar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da amicus curiae a shari'o'in PRRB, kuma mai gudanar da CMS na iya zaɓar yin bita kan shawarar PRRB, tare da ikon tabbatarwa, juyawa, ko gyara ta; idan mai gudanarwa ya ƙi bita, shawarar PRRB ta zama matakin ƙarshe na hukuma. [1] [2] Hukunce-hukuncen PRRB da na masu gudanarwa suna ƙarƙashin sake duba shari'a a kotunan gundumar tarayya. == Comparison with private insurance == Saboda dokar tarayya ta tsara cancantar fa'idodin Medicare, Medicare zai iya rage farashi ne kawai ta hanyar rage farashin biyan kuɗi ko kuma sake fasalin fassararsa game da buƙatar likita . A bisa doka, Medicare na iya biyan kuɗi ne kawai ga kayayyaki da ayyuka waɗanda "suka dace kuma suka zama dole don gano ko magance rashin lafiya ko rauni ko don inganta aikin wani ɓangaren jiki da ya lalace", sai dai idan akwai wani izinin doka don biyan kuɗi. [1] Shirin ya cimma gagarumin raguwar farashin da yake biya na kula da lafiya da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Medicare yana amfani da ikon kasuwa don biyan ƙasa da kuɗin inshorar lafiya iri ɗaya fiye da inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa. [2] Wani bincike na KFF na 2020 ya gano wariya a farashi, inda ake biyan inshorar masu zaman kansu kusan kashi 99% na ayyukan asibiti da kuma kashi 43% na ayyukan likita. [2] Farashin kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu ya karu da kusan kashi 60% fiye da na Medicare tun daga shekarar 1970. [3] [4] An san manufofin inshorar Medicare da kuma kuɗin biyan kuɗi a bainar jama'a, kuma duk waɗanda suka yi rajista suna da haƙƙin samun inshora iri ɗaya. A kasuwar inshorar masu zaman kansu, ana iya tsara tsare-tsare don bayar da fa'idodi da kariya daban-daban ga abokan ciniki daban-daban. Masu inshora ba su da ƙayyadadden buƙatun bayyanawa fiye da Medicare, kuma bincike ya nuna cewa abokan ciniki a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na iya samun wahalar sanin abin da manufofinsu suka ƙunsa, [1] da kuma farashin da za a kashe. [2] Saboda Medicare tana biyan babban kaso na kula da lafiya a kowane yanki na ƙasar, tana da ikon kasuwa don tsara manufofin isar da kaya da biyan kuɗi. Misali, Medicare ya haɓaka daidaita biyan kuɗi bisa ga DRGs, wanda ke hana masu samar da kayayyaki marasa gaskiya saita farashinsu mai tsada. [1] A halin yanzu, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta bai wa Medicare ikon haɓaka rage farashi a duk faɗin tsarin kiwon lafiya, misali, ta hanyar haɓaka ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin kulawa masu alhaki ko ta hanyar maye gurbin biyan kuɗin sabis da biyan kuɗi da aka haɗa. [2] == Matsalolin kuɗi da kasafin kuɗi == [[File:Medicare_Parts_A_B_C_D.png|thumb| Kudin Medicare a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na GDP]] [[File:Medicare_Revenue-Expenses.png|thumb| Kuɗin Medicare da kudaden shiga]] A cikin dogon lokaci, Medicare na fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen kuɗi saboda hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya gabaɗaya, ƙaruwar yawan masu shiga yayin da yawan jama'a ke tsufa, da kuma raguwar adadin ma'aikata da waɗanda suka yi rajista. An yi hasashen cewa jimillar kudaden da ake kashewa a Medicare za su karu daga dala biliyan 523 a shekarar 2010 zuwa kusan dala biliyan 900 nan da shekarar 2020. Daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2030, ana hasashen cewa yawan masu shiga Medicare zai karu, daga miliyan 47 zuwa miliyan 79, kuma ana sa ran adadin ma'aikata da wadanda suka shiga zai ragu daga 3.7 zuwa 2.4. [1] Duk da haka, rabon ma'aikata da waɗanda suka yi ritaya ya ragu a hankali tsawon shekaru da dama, kuma tsarin inshorar zamantakewa ya ci gaba da dorewa saboda ƙaruwar yawan ma'aikata. Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa ribar yawan aiki za ta ci gaba da daidaita yanayin alƙaluma nan gaba kaɗan. [2] A shekarar 2026, Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa (CBO) ya yi hasashen cewa jimillar kudaden da ake kashewa wajen biyan Medicare za su karu da dala biliyan 75, ko kuma kashi 8 cikin 100, wanda zai kai dala tiriliyan 1.1. Wannan adadin zai wakilci kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na kashe kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ke kashewa kan manyan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya. [1] Babban Bankin Duniya (CBO) yana tsammanin kashe kuɗin Medicare zai ƙaru saboda ƙarin masu rajista da kuma ƙarin farashi ga kowane mutum. Kashe kuɗi ga kowane mutum zai iya ƙaruwa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara daga 2027 zuwa 2036, yayin da masu rajista na Sashe na A ke ƙaruwa daga miliyan 71.5 zuwa miliyan 80.5. MedPAC ta kuma nuna yawan ayyuka da hauhawar farashin magunguna a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. [2] Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa na Medicare yana ƙaruwa, wanda hakan ke shafar kuɗaɗen shiga na tarayya. A shekarar 2024, ta kai kashi 16% na kudaden shiga na harajin shiga, wanda ake sa ran zai karu zuwa kashi 20% nan da shekarar 2028, wanda hakan ke shafar kudaden da ake bai wa wasu muhimman abubuwa. [3] Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa (CBO) ya rubuta a shekarar 2008 cewa "ci gaban da ake samu a nan gaba a cikin kashe kuɗi ga kowane mai cin gajiyar Medicare da Medicaid—manyan shirye-shiryen kula da lafiya na gwamnatin tarayya—zai zama mafi mahimmancin abin da zai haifar da yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin kashe kuɗin tarayya. Canza waɗannan shirye-shiryen ta hanyoyin da za su rage haɓakar farashi—wanda zai yi wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda sarkakiyar zaɓin manufofin kiwon lafiya—a ƙarshe shine babban ƙalubalen da ƙasar ke fuskanta na dogon lokaci wajen tsara manufofin kasafin kuɗi na tarayya." [1] An yi hasashen cewa jimillar kuɗin kula da lafiya zai ƙaru da kashi 5.8 cikin ɗari a shekara ta 2011 daga 2010 zuwa 2020, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya, hauhawar farashi ga ayyuka, da sabbin fasahohi. [1] Haɓakar farashi na Medicare yanzu iri ɗaya ne da ci gaban GDP. [2] Kudaden kula da lafiya suna ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a faɗin duniya, amma farashin inshora ya tashi sosai ga iyalai da ma'aikata da kuma gwamnatin tarayya. Tun daga shekarar 1970, farashin inshorar mai zaman kansa ya karu da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari da sauri kowace shekara fiye da farashin Medicare ga kowane mutum. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Medicare ta yi aiki mai kyau musamman idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu. [3] A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ana hasashen cewa kashe kuɗin Medicare ga kowane mutum zai ƙaru da kashi 2.5 cikin ɗari kowace shekara, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 4.8 cikin ɗari na inshorar masu zaman kansu. [4] Duk da haka, yawancin masana da masu tsara manufofi sun yarda cewa rage farashin kula da lafiya yana da mahimmanci ga hangen nesa na kasafin kuɗi na ƙasar. Yawancin muhawarar da ake yi kan makomar Medicare ta ta'allaka ne kan ko ya kamata a rage farashin kowane mutum ta hanyar takaita biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da kayayyaki ko kuma ta hanyar ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa ga waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare. === Manufofi === Matakai da dama suna aiki a matsayin alamun yanayin kuɗi na dogon lokaci na Medicare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da jimillar kuɗin da Medicare ke kashewa a matsayin rabon babban kaso na kayan cikin gida (GDP), ribar da asusun amintaccen Medicare HI ke samu, ƙaruwar kashe kuɗi na Medicare a kowace-mutum dangane da hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma karuwar GDP a kowace-mutum; kuɗin shiga na asusun gabaɗaya a matsayin rabon jimillar kuɗin da Medicare ke kashewa; da kuma kiyasin actuarial na alhaki mara tallafi a cikin shekaru 75 da kuma sararin samaniya mara iyaka (tara kudaden shiga na premium/haraji da ake tsammani idan aka kwatanta da farashin da ake tsammani). Babbar matsalar da ke tattare da waɗannan alamomi ita ce kwatanta hasashen nan gaba da dokar da ake da ita da kuma abin da masu gudanar da ayyuka ke tsammanin zai faru. Misali, dokar da ake amfani da ita a yanzu ta kayyade cewa za a rage yawan kudin da ake biya na Sashe na A ga asibitoci da cibiyoyin jinya masu kwarewa bayan shekarar 2028, kuma likitoci ba za su sami karin albashi ba bayan shekarar 2025. Masu gudanar da ayyukan sun yi tsammanin cewa dokar za ta canza domin hana waɗannan abubuwan faruwa. === Jimlar kashe kuɗin Medicare a matsayin rabon GDP === [[File:Effects_of_Population_Aging_and_Excess_Health_Care_Costs_on_Entitlement_Programs_(2013).png|thumb| Kuɗin Medicare da Medicaid kamar yadda ake buƙata Kashi na GDP (2013)]] [[File:Medicare_Cost_and_Non-Interest_Income_by_Source_as_a_Percentage_of_GDP.png|thumb| Kudin Medicare da kuɗin shiga mara riba ta asali a matsayin kaso na GDP]] Wannan matakin, wanda ke nazarin kashe kuɗin Medicare a cikin yanayin tattalin arzikin Amurka gaba ɗaya, ana hasashen zai karu daga kashi 3.7 cikin 100 a shekarar 2017 zuwa kashi 6.2 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2092 <ref name="cms.gov">{{Cite web |title=National Health Expenditure Projections 2010–2020 |url=https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/proj2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309123319/https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/proj2010.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |access-date=February 16, 2012}}</ref> a ƙarƙashin dokar da ke akwai kuma sama da kashi 9 cikin 100 a ƙarƙashin abin da masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati ke tsammanin zai faru (wanda ake kira "misali mai kyau" a cikin Rahoton Amintattu na baya-bayan nan). === Rangwamen asusun tallafi na Medicare HI === Wannan matakin ya shafi Medicare Sashe na A ne kawai. Ana ɗaukar asusun amintaccen asusun da ba shi da riba idan kudaden shiga da ake da su tare da duk wani ma'auni da ke akwai ba zai biya kashi 100 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen da aka yi hasashen za su kashe a shekara ba. A bisa kiyasin shekarar 2018 da masu kula da Medicare suka yi, ana sa ran asusun amintaccen zai zama mara riba cikin shekaru 8 (2026), a lokacin da kudaden shiga da ake da su za su rufe kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na kudaden da ake tsammani na ayyukan Sashe na A na shekara-shekara. [1] Tun lokacin da Medicare ya fara, wannan hasashen rashin biyan kuɗi ya kasance daga shekaru biyu zuwa 28, tare da matsakaicin shekaru 11.3. [2] Wannan da sauran hasashen da aka yi a cikin rahotannin Masu Kula da Medicare sun dogara ne akan abin da masu gudanar da ayyukanta ke kira yanayin matsakaici amma rahotannin sun haɗa da hasashen mafi munin yanayi da mafi kyawun yanayi waɗanda suka bambanta sosai (wasu yanayi suna tsammanin Majalisa za ta canza dokar yanzu). === Ci gaban kashe kuɗi na Medicare ga kowane mutum dangane da hauhawar farashi da ci gaban GDP ga kowane mutum === Kudin da ake kashewa ga kowane mutum dangane da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ga kowane mutum, ci gaban GDP zai zama muhimmin abu da Hukumar Ba da Shawara Kan Biyan Kuɗi Mai Zaman Kanta ta PPACA (IPAB) ta ƙayyade, a matsayin ma'auni don tantance ko dole ne ta ba da shawarar ga Majalisa don rage farashin Medicare. Duk da haka, IPAB ba a taɓa kafa ta ba kuma an soke ta a hukumance ta Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Daidaituwa ta 2018. === Kudaden shiga na asusun gabaɗaya a matsayin rabon jimillar kuɗin da Medicare ke kashewa === Wannan matakin, wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zamantakewa ta Medicare (MMA), yana bincika kashe kuɗin Medicare a cikin mahallin kasafin kuɗin tarayya. Kowace shekara, MMA tana buƙatar amintattun Medicare su yanke shawara game da ko ana sa ran kudaden shiga na asusun gabaɗaya za su wuce kashi 45 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa a cikin shekaru bakwai. Idan amintattun Medicare suka yanke wannan shawara cikin shekaru biyu a jere, za a bayar da "gargaɗin kuɗi". A martanin da ya mayar, dole ne shugaban ƙasa ya gabatar da dokar da za ta rage kashe kuɗi ga Majalisa, wadda dole ne ta yi la'akari da wannan doka cikin gaggawa. An cimma wannan matakin kuma ana bayar da gargaɗi kowace shekara tsakanin 2006 da 2013 amma ba a kai ga cimma shi ba tun lokacin kuma ba a yi tsammanin za a kai ga cimma shi a "taga" na 2016-2022 ba. Wannan dai wani abu ne da ke nuna raguwar karuwar kashe kudi da ACA ta umurta a cewar Amintattun. === Wajibcin da ba a biya ba === Wajibcin Medicare wanda ba shi da kuɗi shi ne jimillar kuɗin da za a ware a yau ta yadda babban jari da riba za su rufe gibin da ke tsakanin kudaden shiga da aka yi hasashen samu (galibi kuɗin biyan kuɗi na Sashe na B da harajin albashi na Sashe na A da za a biya a tsawon lokacin da dokar da ke aiki a yanzu) da kuma kashe kuɗi a cikin wani lokaci da aka ƙayyade. A bisa doka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi shine shekaru 75, kodayake hukumomin Medicare suma suna ba da kimantawa mara iyaka saboda tsawon rai yana ƙaruwa akai-akai kuma sauran abubuwan tattalin arziki da ke ƙarƙashin kimantawar suna canzawa. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, nauyin Medicare wanda ba shi da kuɗi a cikin shekaru 75 shine dala tiriliyan 3.8 don Asusun Amincewa na Part A da dala tiriliyan 28.6 don Part B. A cikin lokaci mara iyaka, haɗin nauyin da ba shi da kuɗi ga shirye-shiryen biyu da aka haɗa ya wuce dala tiriliyan 50, tare da bambanci galibi a cikin kimantawar Part B. [1] Waɗannan ƙiyasin sun ɗauka cewa CMS za ta biya cikakken fa'idodi kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a halin yanzu a cikin waɗannan lokutan, kodayake hakan zai saɓa wa dokar Amurka ta yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin rahoton kowace shekara na Amintattu, "hasashe na Medicare da aka nuna ba za a iya rage su sosai ba sakamakon wasu abubuwan da ba za a iya dorewa a cikin dokar yanzu ba." [ana buƙatar hujja] Misali, dokar da ake da ita a yanzu ba ta bayar da ƙarin albashi ga likitoci ba bayan 2025; hakan ba zai yiwu ba. Ba zai yiwu ga masu gudanar da ayyukan kuɗi su kimanta alhakin da ba a ba da kuɗi ba sai dai idan an bi dokar da ke akwai (banda idan aka yi la'akari da fa'idodi kamar yadda aka ambata), Amintattun sun bayyana "cewa ainihin ƙimar da ake da ita ta yanzu don kashe kuɗi (Sashe na A) da (Sashe na B/D) da kuɗaɗen shiga na iya wuce adadin da aka kiyasta da babban riba." [ana buƙatar hujja] === Ra'ayin jama'a === Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a ya nuna cewa jama'a suna ganin matsalolin Medicare a matsayin masu tsanani, amma ba su kai ga gaggawa kamar sauran damuwa ba. A watan Janairun 2006, Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gano cewa kashi 62 cikin 100 na jama'a sun ce magance matsalolin kuɗi na Medicare ya kamata ya zama babban fifiko ga gwamnati, amma hakan har yanzu ya sanya shi a baya ga wasu muhimman abubuwa. [1] Bincike ya nuna cewa babu wata yarjejeniya tsakanin jama'a da ke bayan kowace takamaiman dabarar da za ta ci gaba da zama mai dorewa a shirin. [2] === Zamba da ɓata ===   Ofishin Kula da Hakkin Gwamnati ya lissafa Medicare a matsayin shirin gwamnati mai "babban haɗari" wanda ke buƙatar gyara, wani ɓangare saboda raunin da take da shi ga zamba da kuma wani ɓangare saboda matsalolin kuɗi na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title="High-Risk Series: An Update" U.S. Government Accountability Office, January 2003 (PDF) |url=https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/ReportsTrustFunds/downloads/tr2006.pdf |access-date=July 21, 2006}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 12, 2005 |title=U.S. GAO – Report Abstract |url=http://www.gao.gov/docdblite/summary.php?rptno=GAO-05-656&accno=A37738 |url-status=dead |issue=GAO-05-656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623073055/http://www.gao.gov/docdblite/summary.php?rptno=GAO-05-656&accno=A37738 |archive-date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=February 19, 2011}}</ref> Kasa da kashi 5% na da'awar Medicare ake tantancewa. == Suka == Robert M. Ball, tsohon kwamishinan Tsaron Jama'a a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Kennedy a 1961 kuma daga baya a ƙarƙashin Johnson da Nixon, ya bayyana babban cikas ga samar da inshorar lafiya ga tsofaffi: tsadar kulawa ga tsofaffi tare da ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na mutanen da suka yi ritaya. Saboda tsofaffi da suka yi ritaya suna amfani da kulawar lafiya fiye da matasa ma'aikata, ya kamata a yi amfani da kuɗin inshorar da ya shafi haɗarin tsofaffi, amma idan dole ne a biya babban kuɗin bayan ritaya, lokacin da kuɗin shiga ya yi ƙasa, to nauyi ne da ba zai yiwu ba ga matsakaicin mutum. Ya ce, hanya ɗaya tilo da za a iya bi ita ce a ba da kuɗin inshorar lafiya kamar yadda ake ba da fa'idodin kuɗi don ritaya, ta hanyar gudummawar da aka bayar yayin aiki, lokacin da biyan kuɗin ya fi wahala, tare da tanadin kariyar da aka bayar a lokacin ritaya ba tare da ƙarin biyan kuɗi ba. [1] A farkon shekarun 1960, kaɗan ne daga cikin tsofaffi ke da inshorar lafiya, kuma abin da suke da shi yawanci bai isa ba. Masu inshora kamar Blue Cross, waɗanda suka fara amfani da ƙa'idar ƙima ga al'umma, sun fuskanci gasa daga wasu kamfanonin inshora na kasuwanci waɗanda ba sa ƙima ga al'umma, don haka aka tilasta musu ƙara farashinsu ga tsofaffi. [2] Medicare ba yawanci ba ne haƙƙin da ba a samu ba. Ana samun haƙƙin ne bisa ga bayanan gudummawar da aka bayar ga asusun Medicare. Saboda haka, wani nau'i ne na inshorar zamantakewa wanda ke ba mutane damar biyan inshorar rashin lafiya a lokacin tsufa lokacin da suke ƙanana kuma suna iya aiki, kuma a tabbatar da cewa za su dawo da fa'idodinsu idan sun girma kuma ba sa aiki. Wasu mutane za su biya fiye da yadda suke karɓa, wasu kuma za su sami fa'idodi fiye da yadda suke biya. Ba kamar inshorar mai zaman kansa ba inda dole ne a biya wani kuɗi don cimma ɗaukar nauyin inshora, duk mutanen da suka cancanta za su iya samun ɗaukar nauyin inshora ba tare da la'akari da nawa ko sun taɓa biya ba. === Biyan kuɗi da aka yi da siyasa === Bruce Vladeck, darektan Hukumar Kula da Kuɗin Kula da Lafiya a gwamnatin [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]], ya yi jayayya cewa masu fafutuka sun canza shirin Medicare "daga wanda ke ba da haƙƙin doka ga masu cin gajiyar sa zuwa wanda ke ba da haƙƙin siyasa ga masu samar da shi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope |first=Chris |title=Medicare's Single-Payer Experience |url=http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/medicares-single-payer-experience |access-date=January 20, 2016 |website=National Affairs}}</ref> === Ingancin ayyukan masu cin gajiyar === Wani bincike da Ofishin Kula da Hakkin Gwamnati ya gudanar a shekarar 2001 ya tantance ingancin amsoshin da ɗan kwangilar gudanarwa na Medicare (MAC) da wakilan sabis na abokin ciniki na haɗin gwiwa (UPIC) suka bayar ga tambayoyin likita. Masu kimantawa sun tattara jerin tambayoyi, waɗanda suka yi a lokacin da aka yi amfani da samfurin kira zuwa MACs bazuwar. Adadin cikakkun bayanai da wakilan sabis na abokin ciniki na Medicare suka bayar ya kai kashi 15%. [1] Tun daga lokacin, an ɗauki matakai don inganta ingancin sabis ɗin abokin ciniki da MACs ke bayarwa, musamman 1-800-MEDICARE ɗan kwangila. Sakamakon haka, 1-800-MEDICARE Wakilan kula da abokan ciniki (CSR) sun ga ƙaruwar horo, sa ido kan tabbatar da inganci ya ƙaru sosai, kuma ana bayar da binciken gamsuwar abokan ciniki ga masu kiran bazuwar. === Amincewa da asibiti === A mafi yawan jihohi, Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta don amincewa da asibitoci, tana yanke shawara ko asibiti zai iya shiga cikin Medicare ko a'a, saboda a halin yanzu babu ƙungiyoyi masu fafatawa da CMS ta amince da su. Wasu ƙungiyoyi kuma za su iya amincewa da asibitoci don Medicare.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2014}} Waɗannan sun haɗa da Shirin Tabbatar da Lafiyar Al'umma, Hukumar Tabbatar da Lafiya, Ƙungiyar Biyayya da Ƙungiyar Ingancin Kula da Lafiya kan Tabbatar da Inganci . Takardar shaidar aiki ne na son rai kuma wata ƙungiya za ta iya zaɓar a tantance ta ta Hukumar Binciken Jiha ko kuma ta CMS kai tsaye. === Ilimin likitanci na digiri na biyu === Dangane da ilimin likitanci na digiri na biyu, Medicare yana ba da kuɗin mafi yawan horon zama a Amurka. Wannan tallafin kuɗi bisa ga haraji ya ƙunshi albashin mazauna da fa'idodi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi da ake kira biyan kuɗin Ilimi na Lafiya kai tsaye. Medicare kuma tana amfani da haraji don Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya na Kai Tsaye, wani tallafi da ake biya wa asibitocin koyarwa a madadin horar da likitocin mazauna. [1] A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008, waɗannan kuɗaɗen sun kai dala biliyan 2.7 da kuma dala biliyan 5.7, bi da bi. [2] Jimillar matakan kuɗi sun kasance a matakin ɗaya tun daga shekarar 1996, don haka an horar da mazauna wannan adadi ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka a ƙarƙashin wannan shirin. [3] A halin yanzu, yawan jama'ar Amurka yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin buƙatar likitoci, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar rashin lafiya da cututtuka tsakanin tsofaffi idan aka kwatanta da matasa. A lokaci guda, farashin ayyukan likitanci yana ci gaba da hauhawa cikin sauri, kuma yankuna da yawa na ƙasa suna fuskantar ƙarancin likitoci, duka yanayin biyu yana nuna cewa wadatar likitoci har yanzu tana da ƙasa sosai. [4] Saboda haka Medicare ta sami kanta a cikin wani yanayi na daban na ɗaukar iko kan babbar hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen karatu ga ɗaliban digiri na biyu, wanda a halin yanzu ke fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen kasafin kuɗi, kuma sakamakon haka, dakatar da kuɗaɗen karatu ga ɗaliban digiri na biyu, da kuma kuɗin biyan kuɗin likita. Wannan ya tilasta wa asibitoci neman wasu hanyoyin samun kuɗi don guraben zama. [1] Wannan dakatarwar da aka yi wa kuɗaɗen, bi da bi, ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar da Medicare ke neman magancewa tun farko: inganta samuwar kulawar lafiya. Duk da haka, wasu kwararru a fannin kula da lafiya sun yi imanin cewa karancin likitoci na iya zama wata dama ga masu samar da kayan aiki su sake tsara tsarin isar da kayansu don ya zama mai rahusa da inganci. Mataimakan likitoci da kuma ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya masu rijista na iya fara ɗaukar ƙarin nauyin da likitoci suka saba ɗauka, amma ba lallai bane su buƙaci horo da ƙwarewar likita. [2] == Dokoki da gyare-gyare == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> * 1960: Gyaran Tsaron Jama'a na PL 86-778 na 1960 (Taimakon Kerr-Mills) * 1965: Dokar Tsaron Jama'a ta PL 89-97 ta 1965, Kafa Fa'idodin Medicare <ref name="test">{{Cite web |last=Dallek |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Dallek |date=Summer 2010 |title=Medicare's Complicated Birth |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20100719-Johnson-Medicare-Congress-Democratic-Party-Wilbur-Mills-Harry-Byrd.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822235458/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20100719-Johnson-Medicare-Congress-Democratic-Party-Wilbur-Mills-Harry-Byrd.shtml |archive-date=August 22, 2010 |website=americanheritage.com |publisher=American Heritage |page=28}}</ref> * 1980: Dokar Biyan Kuɗi ta Sakandare ta Medicare ta 1980, an ƙara ɗaukar nauyin magungunan da aka rubuta * 1988: Dokar Kare Mummunan Bala'i ta Medicare ta PL 100-360 ta 1988 <ref name="Health Affairs-Rice-1990" /> <ref name="NYT-Hulse-2013-11-18" /> * 1989: Dokar Soke Dokar Kare Mummunan Hana Kuɗi ta Medicare ta 1989 <ref name="Health Affairs-Rice-1990">{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Thomas |last2=Desmond |first2=Katherine |last3=Gabel |first3=Jon |date=Fall 1990 |title=The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act: a Post-mortem |journal=Health Affairs |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.9.3.75 |pmid=2227787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * 1997: Dokar Daidaitaccen Kasafin Kuɗi ta PL 105-33 ta 1997 * 2003: Dokar Magunguna, Ingantawa, da Zamantakewa ta Medicare ta PL 108-173 * 2010: Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Dokar Sulhu da Kula da Lafiya da Ilimi ta 2010 * 2013: Tasirin kwace Medicare saboda Dokar Kula da Kasafin Kudi ta 2011 * 2015: Canje-canje masu yawa ga Medicare, musamman ga tanade-tanaden SGR na Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Daidaituwa ta 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Samun Medicare da Sake Ba da Izini ta CHIP (MACRA) * 2016: Canje-canje ga dokokin Tsaron Jama'a "ba su da lahani" domin suna shafar kuɗin da ake biya na Kashi na B bisa ga Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Bipartisans ta 2015 * 2022: [[Dokar Rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki|Dokar Rage Farashin Farashi]] ta haɗa da tanade-tanaden tattaunawar Medicare, wanda ya ba da damar yin shawarwari kan farashin magungunan da likita ya rubuta tun daga 2026 A shekarar 1977, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Kula da Lafiya (HCFA) a matsayin hukumar tarayya da ke da alhakin kula da Medicare da Medicaid. Za a sake masa suna zuwa Cibiyoyin Medicare &amp;amp; Medicaid Services (CMS) a shekara ta 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agencies – Health Care Finance Administration |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/health-care-finance-administration |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=Federal Register}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 1983, [[Kungiyar da ke da alaƙa da ganewar asali|ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da ganewar asali]] (DRG) ta maye gurbin kuɗin biyan kuɗin sabis na asibitoci ga marasa lafiya na Medicare. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cacace |first=Mirella |last2=Schmid |first2=Achim |date=2009-11-05 |title=The role of diagnosis related groups (DRGs) in healthcare system convergence |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=A5 |doi=10.1186/1472-6963-9-S1-A5 |issn=1472-6963 |pmc=2773580 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya yi ƙoƙarin yin garambawul ga Medicare ta hanyar shirinsa na gyaran lafiyar lafiya a 1993-1994 amma bai sami damar amincewa da dokar da Majalisa ta amince da ita ba. A shekara ta 2003, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Magunguna, Ingantawa, da Zamantakewa ta Medicare, wadda Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu a kanta a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2003. [1] Wani ɓangare na wannan dokar ya haɗa da cike gibin da ke akwai a fannin inshorar magunguna da takardar likita ta bari a ƙarƙashin Dokar Biyan Kuɗi ta Medicare Secondary Payer Act wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1980. Dokar 2003 ta ƙarfafa Shirin Biyan Ma'aikata na Medicare Set-Aside (WCMSA) wanda CMS ke sa ido da gudanarwa. A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2007, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don rage biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da Medicare Advantage domin biyan kuɗin da aka faɗaɗa na kula da lafiyar yara a ƙarƙashin shirin SCHIP . Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, tsare-tsaren Medicare Advantage suna kashe, a matsakaici, kashi 13 cikin ɗari fiye da kowane mutum da aka yi wa inshora ga masu cin gajiyar irin wannan fiye da tsare-tsaren biyan kuɗi kai tsaye. [1] Masana tattalin arziki da yawa sun kammala da cewa biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da Medicare Advantage ya wuce gona da iri. [2] [3] Majalisar Dattawa, bayan matsin lamba daga masana'antar inshora, ta ƙi amincewa da rage harajin Medicare Advantage da Majalisar ta gabatar. Daga baya Shugaba Bush ya yi watsi da tsawaita wa'adin SCHIP.[1] === Tasirin Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (ACA) ta 2010 ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga shirin Medicare. An tsara wasu tanade-tanaden doka don rage farashin Medicare. Mafi girman tanadin ya rage yawan kuɗin da ake biya ga asibitoci da cibiyoyin jinya masu ƙwarewa a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A na Medicare, ta hanyoyi daban-daban (misali, rage kashi, hukunce-hukuncen sake shiga). Majalisa ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin rage biyan kuɗi ga tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C na Medicare na jama'a ta hanyar daidaita dokokin da suka kafa kuɗaɗen da aka ware wa shirye-shiryen Sashe na C tare da FFS da aka biya don kulawa iri ɗaya ga "masu cin gajiyar irin wannan" a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A da B na Medicare. Ainihin waɗannan raguwar sun ƙunshi yin taka tsantsan daga ɓangaren CMS. Misalan abin da CMS ta yi, sun haɗa da kawo ƙarshen shirin Sashe na C wanda Majalisar Dokoki ta fara a baya don ƙara amfani da Sashe na C a yankunan karkara (abin da ake kira shirin Sashe na C PFFS) da kuma rage wani shiri da ke ƙarfafa ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago su ƙirƙiri nasu tsare-tsaren Sashe na C waɗanda ba su samuwa ga tushen masu cin gajiyar Medicare gaba ɗaya (abin da ake kira tsare-tsaren Sashe na C EGWP) ta hanyar samar da ƙarin kuɗi. MedPAC ta gano waɗannan nau'ikan tsare-tsaren Sashe na C guda biyu a matsayin shirye-shiryen da suka fi shafar daidaito tsakanin farashin masu cin gajiyar Medicare akan Sashe na A/B/C da kuma farashin masu cin gajiyar da ba sa cikin Sashe na A/B/C. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin cimma daidaito sun yi nasara sosai. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, duk masu cin gajiyar A/B/C sun kashe kashi 4% ƙasa da kowane mutum fiye da duk masu cin gajiyar A/B/C. Amma ko hakan ya faru ne saboda raguwar farashin na farko ko kuma karuwar farashin na biyu ba a san shi ba. PPACA ta kuma rage ɗan ƙaramin ƙaruwa na shekara-shekara a cikin biyan kuɗi ga likitoci da asibitoci waɗanda ke ba da hidima ga marasa lafiya marasa galihu. Tare da wasu ƙananan gyare-gyare, waɗannan canje-canjen sun rage hasashen farashin Medicare a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa da dala biliyan 455. Bugu da ƙari, PPACA ta ƙirƙiri Hukumar Ba da Shawara Kan Biyan Kuɗi Mai Zaman Kanta (IPAB), wadda aka ba wa ikon gabatar da shawarwari na dokoki don rage farashin Medicare idan kashe kuɗin shirin ga kowace mutum ya karu da sauri fiye da GDP na kowace mutum da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari. Ba a taɓa kafa IPAB ba kuma an soke ta a hukumance ta Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Daidaituwa ta 2018. PPACA ta kuma yi wasu canje-canje ga fa'idodin waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare. Nan da shekarar 2020, ta "rufe" abin da ake kira "ramin donut" tsakanin iyakokin farko na tsare-tsaren Sashe na D da kuma mummunan iyaka kan kashe kuɗi daga aljihu, wanda hakan ya rage yawan waɗanda suka yi rajista a Sashe na D ga farashin magungunan da aka rubuta da matsakaicin dala $2,000 a shekara. [1] Wato, tsarin biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa a cikin gibin (wanda har yanzu yana nan bisa doka) zai kasance iri ɗaya da tsarin biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa a farkon lokacin kashe kuɗi, 25%. Wannan ya rage farashi ga kusan kashi 5% na mutanen da ke kan Medicare. An kuma sanya iyaka kan kuɗaɗen da za a kashe wajen kula da lafiya a cikin hanyar sadarwa ga waɗanda suka yi rajista a shirin kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C na jama'a. [2] Yawancin waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna da irin wannan iyaka amma ACA ta tsara ƙayyadadden adadin kuɗin da za a kashe a kowace shekara. Masu cin gajiyar Medicare na gargajiya ba sa samun irin wannan iyaka amma suna iya shirya ɗaya ta hanyar inshorar sirri. A halin yanzu, an sake tsara kuɗin Medicare Sashe na B da D ta hanyoyin da suka rage farashi ga yawancin mutane yayin da ake tara gudummawa daga mutanen da suka fi arziki da Medicare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2010 |title=Income-Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums: How Many Medicare Beneficiaries Will Be Affected? |url=http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8126.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202083351/http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8126.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2013 |website=Kff.org |publisher=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> Dokar ta kuma faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin wasu ayyukan rigakafi ko kuma kawar da biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2010 |title=Health care law rights and protections; 10 benefits for you |url=http://www.healthcare.gov/law/features/rights/preventive-care/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619173358/http://www.healthcare.gov/law/features/rights/preventive-care/index.html |archive-date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2013 |website=HealthCare.gov}}</ref> Hukumar PPACA ta kafa wasu matakai da dama don shawo kan zamba da cin zarafi na Medicare, kamar tsawon lokacin kulawa, tantance masu samar da kayayyaki, ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi ga wasu masu samar da kayayyaki, ƙirƙirar bayanai don raba bayanai tsakanin hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi, da kuma ƙarin hukunci ga waɗanda suka karya doka. Dokar ta kuma ƙirƙiri hanyoyi, kamar Cibiyar Medicare da Ƙirƙirar Medicaid don ba da kuɗaɗen gwaje-gwaje don gano sabbin hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da isar da kaya waɗanda za a iya faɗaɗa su don rage farashin kula da lafiya yayin da ake inganta inganci. [1] === Shawarwari don yin garambawul ga Medicare === Yayinda 'yan majalisa ke ci gaba da neman sabbin hanyoyin da za su sarrafa farashin Medicare, an gabatar da sabbin shawarwari da yawa don sake fasalin Medicare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. ==== Tallafi namusamman ==== Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, an gabatar da shawarwari da dama na canza Medicare daga shirin inshorar zamantakewa na jama'a wanda gwamnati ke gudanarwa tare da fa'ida da aka ayyana, wanda babu iyaka ga kuɗaɗen gwamnati, zuwa shirin tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a wanda ke ba da "tallafin kuɗi mai kyau" ga waɗanda suka yi rajista. [1] [2] Babban manufar da ke bayan shawarwarin ita ce gwamnati za ta bayar da gudummawa ta musamman, wato tallafi mai tsoka, ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na wanda ya yi rajista a Medicare. Masu tallafawa za su yi gasa don samar da fa'idodin Medicare kuma wannan gasa za ta saita matakin gudummawar da aka ƙayyade. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda suka yi rajista za su iya siyan ƙarin kariya ta hanyar biyan ƙarin kuɗi ban da gudummawar gwamnati da aka ƙayyade. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka yi rajista za su iya zaɓar ƙarancin kuɗin inshorar kuma su ci gaba da riƙe bambanci tsakanin kuɗin inshorar su da kuma gudummawar gwamnati da aka ƙayyade. [3] [4] Manufar tsare-tsaren Medicare masu tsada shine don ƙara inganci da farashi; idan irin wannan shawara ta yi aiki kamar yadda aka tsara, tallafin kuɗi zai fi kyau ga tsare-tsaren Medicare waɗanda ke ba da mafi kyawun kulawa a mafi ƙarancin farashi. [1] [4] Wannan ra'ayi shine ainihin yadda Sashe na C na Medicare na jama'a ke aiki (amma tare da tsarin bayar da tayin gasa mai rikitarwa wanda ke haifar da farashi ga Amintattu, amma yana da amfani ga masu cin gajiyar). Ganin cewa kusan kashi 1% ne kawai na mutanen da ke kan Medicare suka sami tallafin kuɗi lokacin da Aaron da Reischauer suka fara rubuta shawararsu a shekarar 1995 kuma kaso yanzu ya kai kashi 35%, yana kan hanyar zuwa kashi 50% nan da shekarar 2040 a cewar Amintattu, wataƙila ba a buƙatar wani gyara ba. An yi suka da dama kan tsarin tallafin kuɗi na musamman. Wasu sun nuna damuwa game da zaɓin haɗari, inda kamfanonin inshora ke neman hanyoyin da za su guji biyan kuɗin kula da mutanen da ake tsammanin za su sami tsadar kuɗin kula da lafiya. [1] Shawarwarin tallafi na musamman, kamar shirin 2011 da Sanata Ron Wyden da Wakili Paul Ryan ( R - Wis. ) suka gabatar, sun yi nufin guje wa zaɓin haɗari ta hanyar haɗa da ƙa'idar kariya da ke tilasta wa tsare-tsaren da ke shiga cikin irin wannan ɗaukar nauyin inshora su samar da inshora ga duk masu cin gajiyar kuma ba za su iya guje wa rufe masu cin gajiyar haɗarin da ya fi girma ba. [2] Wasu masu suka suna damuwa cewa yawan mutanen Medicare, waɗanda ke da yawan nakasa ta hankali da kuma ciwon hauka, za su yi wahala su zaɓi tsakanin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya masu fafatawa. [3] Robert Moffit, wani babban jami'i a Gidauniyar Heritage ya mayar da martani ga wannan damuwa, yana mai cewa duk da cewa akwai bincike da ke nuna cewa mutane suna da matsala wajen zabar tsarin kula da lafiya da ya dace, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa jami'an gwamnati za su iya yin zabi mafi kyau. [4] Henry Aaron, ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan tallafin kuɗi na asali, tun daga lokacin ya yi jayayya cewa bai kamata a aiwatar da ra'ayin ba, ganin cewa tsare-tsaren Medicare Advantage ba su shawo kan kuɗaɗen da suka fi na Medicare na gargajiya inganci ba, kuma saboda yanayin siyasa yana adawa da nau'ikan ƙa'idodi da za a buƙaci don sanya ra'ayin ya yi aiki. [5] A halin yanzu, tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya na Medicare na Sashe na C na jama'a suna guje wa wannan matsala tare da tsarin haɗa haɗari wanda ke ba da ƙananan biyan kuɗi ga kowane mutum ga masu tallafawa (ku tuna duk waɗannan mutanen sun wuce shekaru 65) membobin shirin lafiya da kuma ƙarin biyan kuɗi ga kowane mutum ga waɗanda ba su da lafiya. ==== Canza shekarun cancanta ==== An gabatar da tsare-tsare daban-daban da dama waɗanda za su ƙara shekarun cancantar Medicare. [1] [2] [3] [4] Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa, yayin da yawan jama'a ke tsufa kuma adadin ma'aikata da masu ritaya ke ƙaruwa, shirye-shiryen tsofaffi suna buƙatar a rage su. Tunda shekarun da Amurkawa za su iya yin ritaya tare da cikakken fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a ya karu daga 65 zuwa 67, ana jayayya cewa shekarun cancantar Medicare ya kamata su karu tare da shi (kodayake mutane za su iya fara samun raguwar fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a tun suna da shekaru 62). Babban Bankin Duniya ya yi hasashen cewa ƙara shekarun cancantar Medicare zai adana dala biliyan 113 cikin shekaru 10 bayan yin la'akari da faɗaɗa tallafin Medicaid da na inshorar lafiya na jihar da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin gyaran kiwon lafiya, waɗanda ake buƙata don taimaka wa waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin inshorar ba su sayi inshorar. [1] Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation ta gano cewa ƙara shekarun cancanta zai ceci gwamnatin tarayya dala biliyan 5.7 a kowace shekara, yayin da kuma ƙara kuɗaɗe ga sauran masu biyan kuɗi. A cewar Kaiser, ƙara shekaru zai kashe dala biliyan 3.7 ga masu shekaru 65 da 66, dala biliyan 2.8 ga sauran masu amfani waɗanda kuɗin inshora zai ƙaru yayin da haɗarin inshora ya fi yawa, dala biliyan 4.5 ga ma'aikata da ke ba da inshora, da kuma dala biliyan 0.7 ga jihohi da ke faɗaɗa tsarin Medicaid ɗinsu. A ƙarshe Kaiser ya gano cewa shirin zai ƙara jimillar kuɗaɗen zamantakewa da fiye da ninki biyu na tanadin da ake yi wa gwamnatin tarayya. [2] A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2020, Joe Biden ya ba da shawarar rage shekarun cancantar Medicare zuwa shekaru 60. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=Coverage Implications of Policies to Lower the Age of Medicare Eligibility |url=https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/coverage-implications-of-policies-to-lower-the-age-of-medicare-eligibility/ |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=KFF |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike da Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation ta gudanar ya gano cewa rage shekarun zuwa 60 na iya rage farashin tsare-tsaren lafiyar ma'aikata da kashi 15% idan duk ma'aikatan da suka cancanta suka koma Medicare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Lowering the Medicare Eligibility Age Might Affect Employer-Sponsored Insurance Costs |url=https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/how-lowering-the-medicare-eligibility-age-might-affect-employer-sponsored-insurance-costs/ |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Tattaunawa kan farashin magungunan da likita ya rubuta ==== A halin yanzu, mutanen da ke da Medicare za su iya samun inshorar maganin da likita ya rubuta ta hanyar shirin Medicare Part C na jama'a ko kuma ta hanyar shirin tsare-tsaren magunguna na Part D (PDPs) wanda ke da alaƙa da su. Kowace mai tallafawa shirin tana kafa manufofinta na ɗaukar nauyin kaya kuma idan ana so, za ta iya yin shawarwari da kanta kan farashin da take biya wa masana'antun magunguna. Amma saboda kowane tsari yana da ƙaramin tsarin inshora fiye da dukkan shirin Medicare, mutane da yawa suna jayayya cewa wannan tsarin biyan kuɗin magungunan da aka rubuta yana lalata ikon gwamnati na yin ciniki kuma ta hanyar wucin gadi yana ƙara farashin inshorar magunguna. Akasin haka, kusan koyaushe ana yin shawarwari don masu tallafawa ta hanyar ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni uku ko huɗu waɗanda galibi ke da alaƙa da dillalan magunguna waɗanda kowannensu ke da ikon siye fiye da duk shirin Medicare. Wannan tsarin da ya mayar da hankali kan magunguna ko na gwamnati ya yi aiki ganin cewa Kashi na D ya kashe kashi 50% ko fiye a ƙarƙashin hasashen farko na kashe kuɗi kuma ya riƙe matsakaicin kashe kuɗin magani na shekara-shekara na tsofaffi a cikin cikakken dala daidai gwargwado tsawon shekaru sama da 10. Mutane da yawa suna kallon Hukumar Lafiya ta Tsoffin Sojoji (VHA) a matsayin samfurin inshorar magunguna masu rahusa. Tunda VHA tana ba da kulawar lafiya kai tsaye, tana kula da tsarin lissafinta kuma tana yin shawarwari kan farashi da masana'antun. Bincike ya nuna cewa VHA tana biyan kuɗi kaɗan fiye da yadda shirin PDP na Medicare Part D ke ba da tallafi ga magunguna. [1] [2] Wani bincike ya gano cewa ɗaukar tsarin lissafi irin na VHA zai adana wa Medicare dala biliyan 14 a shekara. [3] Akwai wasu shawarwari kan tanadi kan magungunan da likita ya rubuta waɗanda ba sa buƙatar irin waɗannan canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga manufofin biyan kuɗi da inshora na Medicare Part D. Ana buƙatar masana'antun da ke samar da magunguna ga Medicaid su bayar da rangwame na kashi 15 cikin ɗari akan matsakaicin farashin masana'anta. Tsofaffi marasa galihu waɗanda suka cancanci Medicare da Medicaid suna samun inshorar magani ta hanyar Medicare Sashe na D, kuma ba a biyan kuɗin magungunan da gwamnati ta saya musu ba. A bisa wani kiyasin da aka yi kwanan nan kan CBO, sake dawo da wannan rangwamen zai samar da tanadi na dala biliyan 112. [1] Wasu sun yi tambaya game da ikon gwamnatin tarayya na samun ƙarin tanadi fiye da manyan jam'iyyun PDP, tunda wasu daga cikin manyan tsare-tsaren suna da wuraren ɗaukar hoto kamar na Medicare, kodayake shaidar daga VHA tana da kyau. Wasu kuma suna damuwa cewa rage farashin magungunan da aka rubuta zai rage kwarin gwiwar masana'antun su zuba jari a bincike da ci gaba, kodayake haka za a iya cewa game da duk wani abu da zai rage farashi. [2] Duk da haka, kwatancen da aka yi da VHA ya nuna cewa VHA ta ƙunshi kusan rabin magungunan a matsayin Sashe na D. ==== Gyaran kulawa ga "masu cancanta biyu" ==== Kimanin Amurkawa miliyan tara—galibi tsofaffi masu ƙarancin kuɗin shiga—sun cancanci Medicare da Medicaid . Waɗannan maza da mata galibi suna da rashin lafiya musamman—fiye da rabi ana yi musu magani saboda cututtuka biyar ko fiye da haka <ref name="ahipcoverage.com">{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Kenneth E. |date=October 13, 2011 |title=Estimated Federal Savings Associated with Care Coordination Models for Medicare-Medicaid Dual Eligibles |url=http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013072459/http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |access-date=June 15, 2019}}</ref> —kuma suna da tsada sosai. Matsakaicin kuɗin da ake kashewa a kowace shekara ga "masu cancanta biyu" shine $20,000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Dual Eligible: Medicaid's Role for Low-Income Beneficiaries |url=http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806220306/http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation, Fact Sheet #4091-07}}</ref> idan aka kwatanta da $10,900 ga al'ummar Medicare gaba ɗaya. <ref name="NationalHealthExpendData">{{Cite web |title=NHE Web Tables for Selected Calendar Years 1960–2010 |url=https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/tables.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127170317/http://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/tables.pdf |archive-date=January 27, 2012 |access-date=February 16, 2012 |publisher=Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services |at=Table 16}}</ref> Al'ummar da suka cancanci shiga shirin sun kai kimanin kashi 20 cikin 100 na waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare amma sun kai kashi 36 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa. [1] Akwai kwararan shaidu da ke nuna cewa waɗannan mutanen suna samun kulawa mara inganci saboda alhakin kula da su ya rabu tsakanin shirye-shiryen Medicare da Medicaid [2] - yawancinsu suna ganin masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban ba tare da wata hanyar daidaita kulawarsu ba, kuma suna fuskantar yawan adadin asibitocin da za a iya hana su shiga. [3] Saboda Medicaid da Medicare suna rufe fannoni daban-daban na kula da lafiya, dukansu suna da ƙarfin gwiwa na kuɗi don hana marasa lafiya shiga cikin kulawa da ɗayan shirin ke biya. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa kafa hanyoyin da za a daidaita kulawa ga waɗanda suka cancanci kulawa biyu na iya samar da babban tanadi a cikin shirin Medicare, galibi ta hanyar rage yawan zuwa asibiti. Irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen za su haɗa marasa lafiya da kulawa ta farko, ƙirƙirar tsarin kiwon lafiya na musamman, taimaka wa waɗanda suka yi rajista wajen samun ayyukan jin daɗin jama'a da na ɗan adam da kuma kulawar lafiya, daidaita magungunan da likitoci daban-daban suka rubuta don tabbatar da cewa ba sa lalata juna, da kuma kula da ɗabi'u don inganta lafiya. [1] Babban manufar waɗannan shawarwari ita ce "maganin majiyyaci, ba cutar ba," [2] da kuma kula da lafiya tare da guje wa magunguna masu tsada. Akwai takaddama kan wanda ya kamata ya ɗauki alhakin daidaita kula da waɗanda suka cancanci shiga gasar biyu. An yi wasu shawarwari don canja wurin waɗanda suka cancanci shiga cikin tsare-tsaren kula da Medicaid da ake da su, waɗanda jihohi daban-daban ke kula da su. [1] Amma jihohi da yawa da ke fuskantar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na iya samun wasu abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa na dagewa kan kulawa mai mahimmanci ko kuma canza kuɗaɗen zuwa ga waɗanda suka yi rajista da iyalansu don samun wasu tanadin Medicaid. Medicare tana da ƙwarewa wajen kula da tsofaffi, kuma tana riga ta faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen kulawa masu tsari a ƙarƙashin ACA, [2] kodayake akwai wasu tambayoyi game da ikon tsare-tsaren Medicare masu zaman kansu na sarrafa kulawa da cimma tanadi mai ma'ana. [3] An kiyasta tanadi daga ingantaccen kulawa mai kyau ga waɗanda suka cancanci kulawa biyu ya kama daga dala biliyan 125 <ref name="ahipcoverage.com" /> zuwa sama da dala biliyan 200, galibi ta hanyar kawar da rashin amfani da kuma tsadar shigar asibiti. ==== Kuɗin Medicare da suka shafi samun kuɗi ==== 'Yan Republican na Majalisar Wakilai da Shugaba Obama sun ba da shawarar ƙara ƙarin kuɗin fansho da masu kuɗi da ke da Medicare ke biya, wanda hakan zai ƙara wasu gyare-gyare a cikin ACA wanda zai ƙara yawan masu kuɗi da ke biyan ƙarin kuɗin fansho na Sashe na B da Sashe na D da suka shafi kuɗin shiga. An yi hasashen cewa irin waɗannan shawarwari za su adana dala biliyan 20 a cikin shekaru goma, [1] kuma a ƙarshe za su sa fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare su biya tsakanin kashi 35 zuwa 90 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen Sashe na B nan da shekarar 2035, maimakon kashi 25 cikin ɗari na yau da kullun. Idan an aiwatar da maƙallan da aka tsara don 2035 a yau, zai nuna cewa duk wanda ke samun fiye da $47,000 (a matsayin mutum ɗaya) ko $94,000 (a matsayin ma'aurata) zai fuskanci matsala. A ƙarƙashin shawarwarin 'yan Republican, mutanen da abin ya shafa za su biya kashi 40 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin da ake biya na Sashe na B da Sashe na D, wanda zai yi daidai da dala 2,500. [2] Ƙarin iyakancewar alaƙar samun kuɗi da ake da ita da kuɗin da ake biya yana ƙara ƙarancin kuɗin shiga ne kawai. A halin yanzu, kashi 5 cikin 100 na waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare suna biyan kuɗin da ya shafi kuɗin shiga, kuma yawancinsu suna biyan kashi 35 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin da suke kashewa (a matsakaici), idan aka kwatanta da kashi 25 cikin 100 na yawancin mutane suna biya. Adadin waɗanda suka yi rajista kaɗan ne kawai ke shiga cikin rukunin kuɗin shiga mafi girma da ake buƙata don ɗaukar babban kaso na kuɗaɗen su - kusan rabin kashi na mutane da ƙasa da kashi uku na ma'auratan da ke aure a halin yanzu suna biyan fiye da kashi 35 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗaɗen Sashe na B. [1] Akwai damuwa cewa haɗa kuɗin shiga da kuɗin shiga zai raunana Medicare a siyasance a cikin dogon lokaci, tunda mutane sun fi goyon bayan shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na duniya fiye da waɗanda aka gwada kuɗi . ==== Takaddun Medigap ==== Wasu tsare-tsaren inshora na Medicare (ko "Medigap") sun rufe duk wani rabon kuɗin da mai shiga zai biya, suna kare su daga duk wani kuɗaɗen da za a kashe a aljihunsu da kuma tabbatar da tsaron kuɗi ga mutanen da ke da manyan buƙatun kula da lafiya. Yawancin masu tsara manufofi sun yi imanin cewa irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna ƙara farashin Medicare ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wani abu mai ban sha'awa wanda ke sa marasa lafiya su nemi magunguna marasa amfani da tsada. Mutane da yawa suna jayayya cewa magunguna marasa amfani sune babban dalilin hauhawar farashi kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke da Medicare ya kamata su ji ƙarin kuɗin kulawarsu don ƙirƙirar abubuwan ƙarfafawa don neman hanyoyin da suka fi inganci. An bayyana wasu tsare-tsare na rage gibin da kuma ƙarin kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa kan inshorar Medigap a wasu shawarwari kan rage gibin. [1] [2] [3] Ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyare mafi girma da aka gabatar, wanda zai hana Medigap biyan duk wani kuɗin inshorar haɗin gwiwa na farko na dala $500 kuma ya iyakance shi ga biyan kashi 50 cikin 100 na duk wasu kuɗaɗen da suka wuce haka, zai iya adana dala biliyan 50 cikin shekaru 10. [4] Amma kuma zai ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ga mutanen da ke da tsadar kula da lafiya. Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa ikirarin da ake yi na Medigap na haifar da yawan shan magani na iya zama abin wuce gona da iri, kuma tanadin da ake iya samu daga takaita shi na iya zama ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani. [1] A halin yanzu, akwai wasu damuwa game da tasirin da ka iya yi wa waɗanda suka yi rajista. An nuna cewa mutanen da ke fuskantar manyan laifuka a kowane lokaci na kulawa suna jinkirta ko kuma watsi da kulawar da ake buƙata, suna jefa lafiyarsu cikin haɗari da kuma yiwuwar ƙara farashin kula da lafiyarsu akan lokaci. [2] Ganin rashin horon likitanci, yawancin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar matsala wajen bambancewa tsakanin magunguna masu mahimmanci da marasa amfani. Matsalar za a iya ƙara ta'azzara a tsakanin al'ummar Medicare, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ilimin lafiya. ==== Rufewar Gani ==== An zartar da dokar Build Back Better a Majalisa a watan Nuwamba na 2021, kuma ta ƙara ayyukan ji waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Medicare Part B deductible da 20% coinsurance daga 2023. Shawarar farko ta wannan kudiri ta kuma yi nufin magance gibin da ke akwai a fannin Medicare kamar kula da lafiyar hakori da kuma hangen nesa, duk da haka an cire dukkan ayyukan biyu bayan kin amincewa da aka yi a Majalisar Dattawa. Wani bincike da Cibiyar Urban ta gudanar ya nuna cewa waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare sun fi kashe kuɗi kan ayyukan gani na yau da kullun ($8.4 biliyan) fiye da ayyukan ji na yau da kullun ($5.7 biliyan), wanda daga cikinsu an kashe dala biliyan 5.4 da dala biliyan 4.7 daga aljihunsu bi da bi. [1] Bugu da ƙari, kusan mutum 1 cikin 3 masu cin gajiyar Medicare suna amfani da ayyukan gani kowace shekara, kuma matsakaicin kashe kuɗi na $411 ga kowane mutum; [1] saboda haka, tasirin faɗaɗa Medicare don haɗawa da ayyukan gani zai amfani mutane da yawa. Akwai raguwar samun kudin shiga a cikin waɗanda ke amfani da ayyukan hangen nesa da kuma tsananin buƙatu na waɗannan ayyukan ga waɗanda ke da ƙarancin albashi. Masu rajista a ƙasa da matakin talauci na tarayya sun kashe dala $190, yayin da waɗanda suka kai kashi 400% sama da matakin suka kashe dala $465; [1] da kuma wani yanayi da ake ganin cewa ƙananan waɗanda ba 'yan Hispanic ba ne da kuma 'yan Hispanic ba sa amfani da shi da kuma kashewa a ayyukan gani—wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin da ake gani da na'urorin ji. [2] [3] ==== Medicare ga Duk ==== Dokar Medicare for All za ta faɗaɗa shirin Medicare sosai don rufe dukkan mazauna Amurka da yin rajista ta atomatik bayan haihuwa ko zama a wurin zama, wanda ke ba da kariya ga kayayyaki da ayyuka waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga lafiya ko don gano cutar, magani, ko gyara yanayin lafiya, gami da ayyukan asibiti, magungunan da aka rubuta, maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa da shan muggan kwayoyi, ayyukan haƙori da gani, kulawa ta dogon lokaci ta gida da al'umma, kulawar tabbatar da jinsi, da kulawar haihuwa, gami da hana ɗaukar ciki da zubar da ciki. An fara gabatar da kudirin a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta hannun Wakilin John Conyers a shekarar 2003. [1] Kwanan nan Sanata Bernie Sanders ya gabatar da wannan doka a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2023. [2] == Kula da dokoki == Kwamitocin majalisar dokoki masu zuwa suna kula da shirye-shiryen Medicare: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Committees of Interest |url=http://www.cms.hhs.gov/OfficeofLegislation/COI/list.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203202622/http://www.cms.hhs.gov/OfficeofLegislation/COI/list.asp |archive-date=February 3, 2007 |access-date=February 15, 2007 |publisher=Center for Medicare Services}}</ref> ; Majalisar Dattawa * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Kasafin Kuɗi ** Kwamitin Aiki, Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam, Ilimi, da Hukumomi Masu Alaƙa * Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisar Dattawa * Kwamitin Kudi na Majalisar Dattawa * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsaron Cikin Gida da Harkokin Gwamnati ** Kwamitin Kula da Gudanar da Gwamnati, Ma'aikatan Tarayya, da Gundumar Columbia * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Lafiya, Ilimi, Aiki da Fansho ** Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kuɗi na Tarayya, Bayanan Gwamnati, da Tsaron Ƙasashen Duniya ** Kwamitin Kula da Lafiyar Farko da Tsufa * Kwamitin Musamman na Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsufa ; Gida * Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi na Majalisa ** Kwamitin Aiki, Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam, Ilimi, da Hukumomi Masu Alaƙa * Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa * Kwamitin Makamashi da Kasuwanci na Majalisa ** Kwamitin Lafiya ** Kwamitin Kulawa da Bincike * Kwamitin Ƙananan Kasuwanci na Majalisar * Kwamitin Majalisa kan Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi ** Kwamitin Lafiya ; Haɗin gwiwa * Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Hadin gwiwa == Duba kuma ==    == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Hulɗar gwamnati - na yanzu === * [https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare Medicare] a cms.gov * [https://www.medicare.gov/ Medicare.gov] - Shafin yanar gizo na gwamnatin Amurka don Medicare * Archived [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40425.pdf Medicare Primer] Sabis na Binciken Majalisa * [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44735.pdf Nemo Ƙididdigar Rajistar Medicare] Archived Sabis na Binciken Majalisa === Hulɗar gwamnati - dokar da ke aiki a yanzu === * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8768/uslm/COMPS-8768.xml Dokar Tsaron Jama'a - Take XVIII Inshorar Lafiya ga Tsofaffi da Nakasassu] ( [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8768/pdf/COMPS-8768.pdf PDF] / [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-8768/ cikakkun bayanai] ) kamar yadda aka gyara a cikin [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps tarin Takardun Dokokin] GPO === Alaƙa tsakanin gwamnati - tarihi === * Shafin [http://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html Medicare Ya Shiga Shari'a] daga ssa.gov—kayan da suka shafi bikin sanya hannu kan kudirin * [http://www.ssa.gov/history/briefhistory3.html Tarihin Tarihi da Ci gaban Tsaron Jama'a] daga ssa.gov—ya haɗa da bayanai game da Medicare * [http://www.ssa.gov/history/chrono.html Cikakken Tarihin SSA] daga ssa.gov—ya haɗa da bayanai game da Medicare * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925174340/http://www.ssa.gov/history/near65s.html Fosta na Medicare na Farko] daga ssa.gov === Haɗin gwiwa masu zaman kansu === * [http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/09/managing-medicare/index.htm Rahotannin Masu Amfani] da Kula da Medicare * [http://www.kff.org/medicare/ Gidauniyar Iyali ta Kaiser] - Bincike da bincike mai zurfi da suka shafi shirin Medicare da kuma yawan tsofaffi da nakasassu da yake bayarwa. ** [http://kff.org/state-category/medicare/ Bayanai na matakin jiha] kan waɗanda suka ci gajiyar Medicare, kamar rajista, alƙaluma (kamar shekaru, jinsi, launin fata/ƙabila), kashe kuɗi, sauran hanyoyin samun inshorar lafiya, shiga cikin kulawa mai kulawa, da kuma amfani da ayyuka. ** [http://kff.org/medicare/timeline/medicare-timeline/ Tarihin Medicare] a cikin jerin lokaci mai hulɗa na manyan ci gaba. * [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/22/upshot/hospital-prices.html Farashin lafiya na iya zama mafi girma fiye da wanda ba shi da inshorar lafiya?] ( [[New York Times|The New York Times]], 22 ga Agusta, 2021). {{ssusa|state=expanded}}{{Lyndon B. Johnson}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iq46qedefkfrslbia9xoq34o9lnc1ys 966606 966605 2026-10-11T21:22:36Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 966606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0.4em; width: 23em; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left;" ! colspan="2" class="fn" style="font-size: 125%; text-align: center; background-color: #dcd0ff; padding: 0.2em;" |Medicare |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.3em 0;" | Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa na Amurka |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | An zartar da doka | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | 30 ga Yuli, 1965; shekaru 61 da suka wuce |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Wanda ke gudanarwa | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Cibiyoyin Ayyukan Medicare da Medicaid (CMS) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Babban Cancanta | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | *Mutane masu shekaru '''65 ko sama da haka'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> * Matasan mutane masu nakasa ta dindindin (ta hanyar SSDI)<br /><br /><br /><br /> *Mutanen da ke fama da [[Cutar koda mai tsanani|cutar koda ta ƙarshe]] (ESRD) ko ALS |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #eee; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;" | Tsarin Shirin da Abubuwan da Aka Haɗa |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0.4em; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em;" | Shirin ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu na doka daban-daban: * '''Sashe na A (Inshorar Asibiti):''' Yana rufe zaman asibiti na marasa lafiya, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya. * '''Sashe na B (Inshorar Lafiya):''' Yana rufe ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya, ziyarar likita, da kuma kulawar rigakafi. * '''Sashe na C (Medicare Advantage):''' Madadin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa wanda ya haɗa Sashe na A, B, da kuma yawanci D. * '''Sashe na D (Magungunan da aka rubuta wa likita):''' Tsarin inshorar da ba na mutum ba ne wanda ya shafi magungunan da aka rubuta wa likita a waje. |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #eee; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;" | Babban Tsarin Ba da Kuɗi |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Harajin Albashi | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Harajin FICA na asali na 2.9% (wanda ma'aikaci/ma'aikaci suka raba 50/50). Babu iyaka ga albashi. |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Surtax | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | +0.9% Ƙarin Harajin Medicare akan masu samun kuɗi masu yawa (sama da $200k Guda ɗaya / $250k Haɗin gwiwa) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Kuɗin Shiga na Gabaɗaya | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Yana ba da kuɗi kusan kashi 43% na jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa a shirye-shiryen (galibi Sashe na B da D) |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #eee; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;" | Ma'aunin Kuɗi na Tushe (2026) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Sashe na A Premium | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | '''$0''' ga yawancin mutane (waɗanda ke da tarihin aiki sama da kwata 40) |- ! scope="row" style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold;" | Sashe na B na Musamman | style="padding: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;" | Kudin farko na wata-wata yana aiki (yana ƙarƙashin ƙarin kuɗin shiga mai yawa ta hanyar IRMAA ) |} [[File:2025_Medicare_plans_-_US.svg|thumb| Shirye-shiryen Medicare sun haɗa da shirin gwamnati da kuma shirin Medicare Advantage mai zaman kansa. Medicare Advantage ya ƙunshi wasu fasaloli daga shirin gwamnati.]] '''Medicare''' shiri ne na [[inshorar lafiya]] na tarayya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ga mutanen da shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka da kuma matasa masu [[nakasa]], gami da waɗanda ke da cutar koda ta ƙarshe da kuma cutar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS ko cutar Lou Gehrig). An fara shi ne a shekarar 1965 a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a kuma yanzu Cibiyar Kula da Ayyukan Medicare da Medicaid (CMS) ce ke gudanar da shi. An raba Medicare zuwa sassa huɗu: A, B, C, da D. Kashi na A ya ƙunshi ayyukan asibiti, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya. Sashe na B ya ƙunshi ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya a waje. Sashe na C wata hanya ce da ke ba marasa lafiya damar zaɓar tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu tare da tsarin fa'idodi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da ayyuka iri ɗaya kamar Sashe na A da B, yawanci tare da ƙarin fa'idodi. Sashe na D na maganin da aka rubuta wa mutum ne da kansa. A shekarar 2022, Medicare ta samar da inshorar lafiya ga mutane miliyan 65.0—masu shekaru sama da 65 da haihuwa da kuma kimanin matasa miliyan 8. [1] A cewar rahotannin shekara-shekara na Medicare Trustees da bincike da ƙungiyar MedPAC ta Congress ta gudanar, Medicare tana biyan kusan rabin kuɗin kula da lafiya na waɗanda suka yi rajista. [2] Masu rajista suna biyan mafi yawan sauran kuɗaɗen ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙarin inshorar sirri (inshorar matsakaici), ta hanyar yin rajista a cikin tsarin magunguna na Medicare Part D, ko ta hanyar shiga tsarin Medicare Part C (Medicare Advantage) mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 2022, kashe kuɗin da masu kula da Medicare suka kashe ya haura dala biliyan 900 a cikin rahoton Amintattu Tebur na II. B.1, wanda dala biliyan 423 daga Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ne, sauran kuma galibi daga Asusun Amincewa na Part A (wanda ake daukar nauyinsa ta hanyar harajin albashi) da kuma kuɗin da masu cin gajiyar suka biya. Gidaje da suka yi ritaya a shekarar 2013 sun biya kashi 13 zuwa 41 kacal na kuɗin fa'idodin da ake sa ran za su samu. [1][2] Masu cin gajiyar yawanci suna da wasu farashin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, gami da Medicare Sashe na A, B, da D da kuma Kashe na B da C; farashin kulawa na dogon lokaci (wanda Medicare ba ta rufe shi ba); da kuma farashin da ya haifar da rayuwar Medicare da iyakokin abin da ya faru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Term Care Coverage |url=https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/long-term-care |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.medicare.gov |language=en}}</ref>{{Commonscat}} == Tarihi == [[File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill,_with_Harry_Truman,_July_30,_1965.jpg|right|thumb| Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya hannu kan gyaran Medicare (30 ga Yuli, 1965). Tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Harry S. Truman]] (wanda ke zaune) da matarsa, Bess, suna gefen dama.]] Asali, sunan "Medicare" a Amurka yana nufin wani shiri da ke ba da kulawar lafiya ga iyalan mutanen da ke aiki a soja a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Masu Dogara, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 1956. Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya gudanar da taron farko na Fadar White House kan Tsufa a watan Janairun 1961, inda aka gabatar da shirin kula da lafiya ga masu cin gajiyar tsaron zamantakewa. An yi ƙorafi daban-daban a Majalisar Dokoki don zartar da wani kudiri da ke samar da kula da tsofaffi, duk ba tare da an samu nasara ba. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1963, wani kudiri da ya tanadar da Medicare da kuma karuwar fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a ya zartar da Majalisar Dattawa da kuri'u 68-20. Kamar yadda wani bincike ya nuna, wannan shine karo na farko da kowace majalisar "ta zartar da wani kudiri wanda ya kunshi ka'idar alhakin kudi na tarayya kan harkokin kiwon lafiya, ko da kuwa iyaka ne." Duk da haka, akwai rashin tabbas kan ko wannan kudirin zai amince da Majalisar, yayin da jimillar kuri'un da mataimakin shugaban majalisar Henry Wilson ya samu daga 'yan majalisar kan kudirin taron da ya kunshi Medicare "ya bayyana kuri'u 180 da suka yi daidai da na Medicare, 29 "mai yiwuwa/yiwuwa," 222 "ba su amince ba," da kuma kujeru 4 babu kowa a ciki. " [1] Duk da haka, bayan zaɓen 1964, magoya bayan Medicare sun sami ƙuri'u 44 a Majalisar Wakilai da kuma 4 a Majalisar Dattawa. [2] A watan Yulin 1965, [3] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Lyndon Johnson, Majalisa ta kafa Medicare a ƙarƙashin taken XVIII na Dokar Tsaron Jama'a don samar da inshorar lafiya ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 65 zuwa sama, ba tare da la'akari da kuɗin shiga ko tarihin lafiya ba. [4] [5] Johnson ya sanya hannu kan Kwaskwarimar Tsaron Jama'a ta 1965 zuwa doka a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1965, a ɗakin karatu na Harry S. Truman da ke Independence, Missouri . Tsohon shugaban ƙasa Harry S. Truman da matarsa, tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa Bess Truman, sun zama waɗanda suka fara karɓar shirin. [6] Kafin a ƙirƙiri Medicare, kusan kashi 60% na mutanen da suka haura shekaru 65 suna da inshorar lafiya (sabanin kusan kashi 70% na yawan jama'a waɗanda ba su kai haka ba), tare da ɗaukar nauyin da ba a cika samu ba ko kuma ba za a iya biya ga wasu da yawa ba, saboda tsofaffi sun biya fiye da sau uku na inshorar lafiya kamar matasa. Yawancin wannan rukunin (kimanin kashi 20% na jimillar kuɗin da aka samu a shekarar 2022, waɗanda kashi 75% suka cancanci duk fa'idodin Medicaid) sun zama "masu cancanta biyu" ga Medicare da Medicaid (wanda aka ƙirƙiro ta hanyar dokar 1965). A shekarar 1966, Medicare ta haɓaka haɗakar launin fata tsakanin dubban ɗakunan jira, benaye na asibiti, da kuma asibitoci ta hanyar biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya bisa sharaɗin rabuwa . [1] Medicare ta fuskanci manyan sauye-sauye da dama tun daga shekarar 1965; an faɗaɗa tanade-tanaden da suka haɗa da fa'idodi ga maganin magana, jiki, da kuma chiropractic a shekarar 1972. A shekarun 1970, an ƙara zaɓin biyan kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya (HMOs) <ref name="medicare.gov, 2012" /> kuma a shekarar 1982, fa'idodin kula da tsofaffi don taimaka wa tsofaffi na ɗan lokaci, <ref name="medicare.gov, 2012" /> wanda aka sanya shi na dindindin a shekarar 1984. A shekarar 1972, Majalisa ta faɗaɗa cancantar Medicare ga matasa masu nakasa ta dindindin waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗin Inshorar Lafiyar Jama'a (SSDI) da kuma waɗanda ke da [[Cutar koda mai tsanani|cutar koda ta ƙarshe]] (ESRD). Majalisa ta ƙara faɗaɗa Medicare a shekara ta 2001 don kula da matasa masu fama da amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, ko cutar Lou Gehrig). An kafa dangantakar da HMOs da ta fara a shekarun 1970s kuma an faɗaɗa ta a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Bill Clinton a shekarar 1997 a matsayin Medicare Sashe na C (kodayake ba duk masu tallafawa shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C dole ne su zama HMOs ba, kimanin kashi 75% ne). A shekara ta 2003, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba George W. Bush, an amince da wani shirin Medicare don rufe kusan dukkan magungunan da ake ba da magani da kansu (kuma ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2006) a matsayin Sashe na D na Medicare [1] == Gwamnati == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Cibiyoyin Ayyukan Medicare da Medicaid (CMS), wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (HHS), tana gudanar da Medicare, Medicaid, Shirin Inshorar Lafiyar Yara (CHIP), Gyaran Inganta Dakunan Gwaje-gwaje na Asibiti (CLIA), da kuma wasu sassan Dokar Kula da Lafiya Mai Sauƙi (ACA) ("Obamacare"). [1] Tare da Ma'aikatar Aiki da Baitulmalin Amurka, CMS kuma tana aiwatar da tanade-tanaden gyaran inshora na Dokar Sauya Inshorar Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 1996 (HIPAA) da mafi yawan fannoni na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 kamar yadda aka gyara. Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a ce ke da alhakin tantance cancantar Medicare, cancantar da kuma biyan kuɗin tallafin ƙarin taimako/ƙarancin kuɗi da suka shafi Sashe na C da D na Medicare, da kuma tattara mafi yawan kuɗin da ake buƙata don shirin Medicare. Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na CMS dole ne ya samar da bayanan lissafi da hasashen farashi ga Hukumar Amintattu ta Medicare don taimaka musu wajen tantance lafiyar kuɗin shirin. Doka ta bukaci Amintattu su fitar da rahotannin shekara-shekara kan yanayin kuɗaɗen Asusun Medicare Trust, kuma waɗannan rahotannin ana buƙatar su ƙunshi bayanin ra'ayin actuarial daga Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa. Kwamitin Sabunta Sikelin Ƙimar Dangantaka na Ƙungiyar Musamman (ko Kwamitin Sabunta Ƙimar Dangantaka; RUC), wanda ya ƙunshi likitoci da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka, yana ba da shawara ga gwamnati game da ƙa'idodin biyan kuɗi don hanyoyin kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare da likitoci da sauran ƙwararru ke gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin Sashe na B na Medicare. [1] Tsarin CMS iri ɗaya amma daban-daban yana ƙayyade ƙimar da ake biya don kulawa mai tsanani da sauran asibitoci - gami da wuraren kula da marasa lafiya masu ƙwarewa - a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A na Medicare. Kuɗin da aka biya don ayyukan nau'in Sashe na A da Sashe na B a ƙarƙashin Sashe na C duk abin da aka amince da shi tsakanin mai tallafawa da mai bayarwa. Adadin da aka biya don magungunan da aka ba wa kai a ƙarƙashin Sashe na D duk abin da aka amince da shi ne tsakanin mai tallafawa (kusan koyaushe ta hanyar manajan fa'idodin kantin magani wanda kuma ake amfani da shi a cikin inshorar kasuwanci) da masu rarraba magunguna da/ko masana'antun. == Kuɗi == Medicare yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na samun kuɗi. Asibitin da ke karɓar marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na Sashe na A galibi ana samun kuɗin shiga ne daga kuɗin shiga daga harajin albashi na kashi 2.9% da ake ɗora wa ma'aikata da ma'aikata (kowannensu yana biyan kashi 1.45%). Har zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1993, dokar ta samar da matsakaicin adadin diyya da za a iya sanya harajin Medicare a kai kowace shekara, kamar yadda harajin albashin zamantakewa ke aiki. [1] Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1994, an cire iyakar diyya. Dole ne mutanen da ke aiki da kansu su ƙididdige dukkan harajin kashi 2.9% akan ribar da suke samu daga masu aikin kansu (saboda su ma'aikata ne kuma ma'aikata), amma za su iya cire rabin harajin daga kuɗin shiga wajen ƙididdige harajin shiga. [2] Tun daga shekarar 2013, ƙimar harajin Sashe na A kan kuɗin shiga da aka samu wanda ya wuce $200,000 ga mutane ($250,000 ga ma'auratan da suka yi rajista tare) ta tashi zuwa 3.8%, domin biyan wani ɓangare na kuɗin tallafin ga mutanen da ba sa cikin Medicare wanda Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta tanada. [3] A shekarar 2011, kashe kuɗin Medicare ya kai sama da dala biliyan 900, kusan kashi 4% na jimillar kayayyakin cikin gida na Amurka a cewar Dokoki na 1.1 kuma sama da kashi 15% na jimillar kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta kashe. <ref name="kff.org">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-31 |title=A Primer on Medicare Financing |url=https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/a-primer-on-medicare-financing/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=KFF |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda asusun Trust guda biyu da kuma hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga daban-daban (ɗaya da aka keɓe ɗaya kuma ba ɗaya ba), Amintattun suna nazarin kashe kuɗin Medicare a matsayin kashi na GDP maimakon idan aka kwatanta da kasafin kuɗin Tarayya. Ana hasashen tsufan tsarin haihuwa na Baby Boom zuwa Medicare nan da shekarar 2030 (lokacin da ƙarshen tsarin haihuwa ya cika shekaru 65) zai ƙara yawan masu shiga zuwa sama da miliyan 80. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa adadin masu biyan harajin albashi ga kowane mutum da ya yi rajista zai ragu akan lokaci kuma farashin kula da lafiya gabaɗaya a ƙasar yana ƙaruwa yana haifar da ƙalubalen kuɗi mai yawa ga shirin. Ana hasashen cewa kashe kuɗin Medicare zai ƙaru daga kusan kashi 4% na GDP a shekarar 2022 zuwa kusan kashi 6% a shekarar 2046. [1] Ana sa ran jarirai masu tasowa za su yi tsawon rai, wanda zai ƙara wa kuɗin Medicare a nan gaba. Saboda waɗannan ƙalubalen kuɗi, Majalisa ta rage yawan kuɗin da ake biya a nan gaba ga masu samar da ayyuka (musamman asibitoci masu kula da marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun cibiyoyin jinya) a matsayin wani ɓangare na PPACA a 2010 da Dokar Samun damar Medicare da CHIP ta sake ba da izini ta 2015 (MACRA) kuma 'yan Majalisar Dokoki daban-daban sun bayar da ƙarin shawarwari masu yawa don daidaita kashe kuɗin Medicare. Wasu dalilai da yawa sun rikitar da hasashen lafiyar Asusun Tallafawa na Medicare, ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga annobar Covid ba, fifikon mutanen da suka shiga Medicare a wannan ƙarni don Kashi na C, da kuma ƙaruwar adadin waɗanda suka cancanci shiga (mutane biyu) (mutane biyu da suka cancanci Medicaid da Medicare). A shekarar 2013, Cibiyar Birni ta buga wani rahoto wanda ya yi nazari kan adadin da gidaje daban-daban (maza marasa aure, mace marasa aure, masu aure marasa aure, masu samun kuɗi biyu, ƙarancin kuɗi, matsakaicin kuɗin shiga, yawan kuɗin shiga) suka bayar ga shirin Medicare a tsawon rayuwarsu, da kuma adadin da wani da ke rayuwa har zuwa shekarun da ake tsammanin zai samu a kididdiga zai yi tsammanin samu. [1][2] Sun sami adadi daban-daban na yanayi daban-daban, amma har ma da rukunin da ke da "mafi munin" riba akan harajin Medicare ɗinsu da sun kammala shekarun aikinsu da $158,000 a cikin gudummawar Medicare da ci gabanta (idan aka yi la'akari da ci gaban shekara-shekara daidai da hauhawar farashi da 2%) amma za su sami $385,000 a cikin fa'idodin Medicare (duka lambobi suna cikin dala da aka daidaita hauhawar farashi na 2013). [1][2] Gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin sun biya kashi 13 zuwa 41 cikin ɗari na abin da ake tsammanin za su samu. [1] [2] Rage farashi yana shafar abubuwa da suka haɗa da rage kulawar da ba ta dace ba da kuma wadda ba ta dace ba ta hanyar tantance ayyukan da suka dogara da shaida da kuma rage yawan kulawar da ba ta dace ba, wadda ta ninka, da kuma wadda ba ta dace ba. Haka kuma za a iya rage farashi ta hanyar rage kurakuran likita, saka hannun jari a fasahar bayanai ta kiwon lafiya, inganta bayyana bayanai kan farashi da inganci, ƙara ingancin gudanarwa, da kuma haɓaka jagororin asibiti/marasa asibiti da ƙa'idodi masu inganci. [1] Ba shakka duk waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa da tsarin isar da lafiya na Amurka gaba ɗaya ba wai kawai da Medicare ba. == Cancanta == Yan ƙasar Amurka ko mazauna dindindin waɗanda suka zauna a Amurka na tsawon akalla shekaru biyar a jere kuma waɗanda suka cancanci biyan kuɗin Tsaron Jama'a ko biyan kuɗin Hukumar Ritaya ta Jirgin Ƙasa da kuma sama da shekaru 65 sun cancanci. Akwai wasu lokutan da 'yan ƙasar Amurka za su iya yin rajista a Medicare kafin su kai shekara 65. Misali, mutanen da ke da nakasa ta dogon lokaci wadda ke hana su aiki (kamar cutar koda ta ƙarshe ko kuma cutar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) na iya cancanta tun suna ƙanana. [1] Mutanen da ke karɓar fa'idodin Inshorar Nakasa ta Jama'a (SSDI) na tsawon watanni 24 za a yi musu rajista ta atomatik a Sashe na A da B na Medicare a cikin wata na 25. Mutanen da ke fama da gazawar koda ta dindindin da ke buƙatar dialysis ko dashen koda na iya cancanta don Medicare, ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsu ba. Mutanen da aka gano suna da ALS za a yi musu rajista ta atomatik a Sashe na A da B na Medicare duk lokacin da fa'idodin nakasarsu suka fara. [2] Waɗanda suka kai shekara 65 zuwa sama waɗanda suka zaɓi yin rajista a Sashe na A Medicare dole ne su biya kuɗin wata-wata don ci gaba da yin rajista a Sashe na A na Medicare idan su ko matansu ba su biya harajin albashin Medicare da ya dace ba. [3] == Fa'idodi da sassa ==    Medicare yana da sassa huɗu: Sashe na A, B, C, & D. Ana kiran inshorar da ke ƙarƙashin ɓangarorin biyu na farko (Sashe na A da B), sabanin tsare-tsaren Sashe na C, da '''Asali Medicare''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Medicare Coverage Choices |url=https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/your-medicare-coverage-choices |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Medicare.gov |language=en}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2018, CMS ta fara aika sabbin katunan Medicare tare da sabbin lambobin ID ga duk masu cin gajiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Medicare Card Mailing Strategy |url=https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/New-Medicare-Card/NMC-Mailing-Strategy.pdf |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=Cms.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]]}}</ref> Katunan da suka gabata suna da lambobin shaida waɗanda ke ɗauke da lambobin Tsaron Jama'a na masu cin gajiyar; sabbin lambobin shaida ana ƙirƙirar su bazuwar kuma ba a haɗa su da wani bayanin da ke nuna mutum ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunis |first=Dena |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Still Haven't Received a New Medicare Card? Call the Hotline |url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-2018/new-medicare-card-not-received.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729062836/https://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-2018/new-medicare-card-not-received.html |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=AARP |publisher=[[AARP]] |language=en}}</ref> === Sashe na A: Inshorar Asibiti/Masu Kula da Marasa Lafiya === Kashi na A ya ƙunshi zaman asibiti a asibiti . Matsakaicin tsawon lokacin da Medicare Sashe na A zai ɗauka a asibiti ko kuma a wasu lokutan da za a yi zaman a asibiti yawanci kwanaki 90 ne. Medicare zai biya dukkan kwanaki 60 na farko, sai dai biyan kuɗi ɗaya (wanda kuma aka fi sani da "wanda za a iya cirewa") a farkon kwanaki 60 na $1736 kamar na 2026. [1] Kwanaki na 61–90 suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi na $434 kowace rana kamar na 2026. [1] Ana kuma ware wa wanda ya ci gajiyar "kwanakin ajiyar rai" waɗanda za a iya amfani da su bayan kwana 90. Waɗannan kwanakin ajiyar rayuwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi na dala $868 kowace rana tun daga shekarar 2026, kuma wanda ya ci gajiyar zai iya amfani da jimillar kwanakin nan 60 kacal a tsawon rayuwarsa. [1] Sabuwar rukunin kwanaki 90 na asibiti, tare da sabbin biyan kuɗi na $1736 a cikin 2026 da $434 kowace rana na kwanaki 61-90, yana farawa ne kawai bayan mai cin gajiyar ya sami kwanaki 60 a jere ba tare da biyan kuɗi daga Medicare don tsare asibiti ko Cibiyar Kula da Marasa Lafiya ta Ƙwararru ba. [1] Wasu "ayyukan asibiti" ana bayar da su ne a matsayin ayyukan asibiti, waɗanda za a biya su a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A; ko kuma a matsayin ayyukan asibiti, waɗanda za a biya su, ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A ba, amma a ƙarƙashin Sashe na B. Dokar "Dokar Tsakar dare Biyu" tana yanke shawara kan wanne ne. A watan Agusta na 2013, Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ayyukan Medicaid sun sanar da wata doka ta ƙarshe game da cancantar yin ayyukan asibiti a asibiti wanda zai fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2013. A ƙarƙashin sabuwar dokar, idan likita ya amince da wanda zai ci gajiyar Medicare a matsayin wanda ba shi da lafiya tare da tsammanin cewa majiyyacin zai buƙaci kulawar asibiti wanda "ya wuce ƙarfe biyu na dare", biyan Medicare Sashe na A "ya dace gaba ɗaya". Duk da haka, idan ana tsammanin majiyyaci zai buƙaci kulawar asibiti na ƙasa da ƙarfe biyu na dare, biyan Medicare Sashe na A gabaɗaya bai dace ba; za a biya kuɗin da aka amince da shi a ƙarƙashin Sashe na B. [1] Lokacin da majiyyaci ke yi a asibiti kafin a yi odar shiga asibiti a hukumance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin lokacin fita daga asibiti. Amma, asibitoci da likitoci za su iya la'akari da lokacin shiga asibiti kafin a kwantar da marasa lafiya lokacin da za su tantance ko za a yi tsammanin kulawar majiyyaci za ta wuce ƙarfe biyu na dare don a rufe ta a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A. [2] Baya ga yanke shawara kan wace asusun amintacce ake amfani da ita don biyan waɗannan kuɗaɗen marasa lafiya daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da na waɗanda ke kwance a asibiti, adadin kwanakin da aka ɗauka mutum a matsayin majiyyaci a hukumance yana shafar cancantar samun ayyukan jinya na Sashe na A. Medicare yana hukunta asibitoci idan aka sake shigar da su asibiti . Bayan yin biyan kuɗi na farko don zaman asibiti, Medicare zai karɓi waɗannan kuɗaɗen daga asibiti, tare da tara sau 4 zuwa 18 na kuɗin farko, idan aka sake shigar da adadin marasa lafiya da suka wuce matsakaicin asibiti cikin kwanaki 30. Waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen sake shiga suna aiki ne bayan wasu daga cikin magungunan da aka fi amfani da su: ciwon huhu, gazawar zuciya, bugun zuciya, COPD, maye gurbin gwiwa, da maye gurbin kugu . [1] [2] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a jihohi 18 da Hukumar Bincike da Inganci ta Lafiya (AHRQ) ta gudanar ya gano cewa an sake kwantar da marasa lafiya miliyan 1.8 na Medicare masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama cikin kwanaki 30 bayan an fara kwantar da su a asibiti a shekarar 2011; yanayin da ya fi yawan sake shigar da su asibiti shi ne matsalar toshewar zuciya, ciwon zuciya, ciwon huhu, da kuma COPD da kuma bronchiectasis . [3] Ana cajin mafi girman hukunci ga asibitoci bayan an maye gurbin gwiwa ko kugu, $265,000 a kowace ƙarin magani da aka sake yi. [1] Manufofin su ne a ƙarfafa ingantaccen kulawar bayan asibiti da kuma ƙarin tura zuwa asibiti da kuma kula da marasa lafiya a ƙarshen rayuwa maimakon magani, [2] [3] yayin da tasirin hakan kuma zai rage ɗaukar nauyin da ke kan asibitocin da ke kula da marasa lafiya marasa galihu da marasa ƙarfi. [4] [5] Jimillar hukunce-hukuncen sake shiga jami'a a shekarar 2013 sun kai dala miliyan 280, [6] ga sake shiga jami'a sau 7,000 da suka wuce, ko kuma dala 40,000 ga kowane sake shiga jami'a sama da matsakaicin kudin Amurka. [7] Kashi na A ya ƙunshi cikakken zama na ɗan lokaci don gyara ko murmurewa a cikin cibiyar jinya mai ƙwarewa da kuma har zuwa kwanaki 100 ga kowane buƙatar likita tare da biyan kuɗi idan an cika wasu sharuɗɗa: <ref name="medicare-costs-2023-2024">{{Cite web |title=Costs Medicare |url=https://www.medicare.gov/basics/costs/medicare-costs |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.medicare.gov |publisher=Medicare}}</ref> # Dole ne a yi zaman asibiti na tsawon lokaci akalla kwana uku a matsayin majinyaci, ƙarfe uku na dare, ba tare da ƙidayar ranar da za a sallame shi ba. # Dole ne a yi zaman ƙwararren wurin jinya don wani abu da aka gano a lokacin zaman asibiti ko kuma babban dalilin zaman asibiti. # Idan majiyyacin ba ya karɓar magani amma yana da wata cuta da ke buƙatar kulawar ma'aikatan jinya (misali, kula da raunuka) to za a biya kuɗin zaman gidan jinya. # Kulawar da gidan kula da tsofaffi ke bayarwa dole ne ta kasance ta ƙwararru. Sashe na A na Medicare ba ya biyan kuɗin zaman da ''ke'' ba da ayyukan [[Kulawa na dogon lokaci|kulawa na wucin gadi, marasa ƙwarewa, ko na dogon lokaci]], gami da ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun (ADL) kamar tsabtace jiki, girki, tsaftacewa, da sauransu. # Dole ne kulawar ta zama dole ga likita kuma dole ne a yi ci gaba a kan wani tsari da aka tsara bisa ga wani jadawalin da likita ya tsara. Medicare zai biya dukkan kwanaki 20 na farko, sauran kwanaki 80 kuma ya kamata a biya $204 a kowace rana a shekarar 2024. [1] Yawancin masu ritaya na rukunin inshora, tsare-tsaren inshora na Medigap da Sashe na C suna da tanadi don ƙarin ɗaukar nauyin kula da ma'aikatan jinya masu ƙwarewa a cikin manufofin inshorar diyya da suke sayarwa ko tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya da suke tallafawa. Idan wanda ya ci gajiyar ya yi amfani da wani ɓangare na fa'idar Sashe na A sannan ya yi aƙalla kwanaki 60 ba tare da samun ƙwararrun ayyuka a cibiyar ba, za a sake saita agogon asibiti na kwanaki 90 da agogon gidan jinya na kwanaki 100 kuma mutumin ya cancanci sabbin lokutan fa'ida. Ana kuma bayar da fa'idodin asibiti a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A na Medicare ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani waɗanda ba su kai watanni shida ba su rayu, kamar yadda likitan majiyyaci ya ƙayyade. Dole ne mutumin da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa cewa an zaɓi kulawar asibiti fiye da sauran fa'idodin da Medicare ke bayarwa, (misali tallafin rayuwa ko kulawar asibiti). [1] Maganin da ake bayarwa ya haɗa da kayayyakin magunguna don rage alamun cutar da rage radadi da kuma wasu ayyuka da Medicare ba ta rufe su ba kamar ba da shawara kan baƙin ciki . An rufe asibitin ga marasa lafiya 100% ba tare da biyan kuɗi ko cire kuɗi daga Medicare Sashe na A ba, sai dai marasa lafiya ne ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin magani da kuma kula da marasa lafiya idan akwai buƙata. [2] === Sashe na B: Inshorar lafiya === Kudin Kuɗin Wata-wata na Sashe na B na 2025 shine $185.00 a kowane wata (na 2024 shine $174.70 a kowane wata). <ref name="medicare-costs-2023-2024" /> Rufe Sashe na B zai fara ne da zarar majiyyaci ya cika abin da aka cire masa daga asusunsa ($257 na 2025), to yawanci Medicare zai biya kashi 80% na kuɗin da RUC ta tsara don ayyukan da aka amince da su, yayin da sauran kashi 20% alhakin majiyyaci ne, [1] [2] ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ta hannun mai ritaya na rukuni mai zaman kansa ko inshorar Medigap . Rufewar Sashe na B ya ƙunshi kashi 100% na ayyukan rigakafi kamar gwajin mammogram na shekara-shekara, gwajin osteoporosis, da sauran gwaje-gwajen rigakafi da yawa. Sashe na B kuma yana taimakawa da kayan aikin likita masu ɗorewa (DME), gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga sanduna, masu tafiya a ƙasa, kujerun ɗagawa, [[Keken Guragu|kujerun guragu]], da kuma babur ɗin motsi ga waɗanda ke da [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|matsalar motsi ba]] . Na'urorin roba kamar gaɓoɓin roba da kuma ƙusoshin nono bayan an cire su, da kuma gilashin ido guda ɗaya bayan an yi musu tiyatar cataract, da kuma iskar oxygen da za a yi amfani da su a gida suma an rufe su. Jirgin gaggawa na gaggawa na asibiti yana ƙarƙashin Sashe na B idan jigilar ta kowace hanya tana da haɗari ga lafiya. <ref name="t237">{{Cite web |title=Ambulance services |url=https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/ambulance-services |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Medicare}}</ref> Sufurin motar asibiti mara gaggawa, ko jigilar kaya idan ba a yi gaggawar gaggawa ba, za a iya rufe shi idan likita ya ba da umarnin cewa jigilar motar asibiti ta zama dole ga likita. Sufuri ta hanyar motar asibiti ta jirgin sama, ko dai ta jiragen sama ko kuma ta helikwafta, ana iya rufe ta idan ana buƙatar ayyuka na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya samar da su ta hanyar ayyukan ƙasa ba. <ref name="l832">{{Cite web |last=Lankford |first=Kimberly |date=2022-11-23 |title=Does Medicare Cover the Cost of Ambulance Services? |url=https://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-qa-tool/does-medicare-cover-ambulances.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=AARP}}</ref> Duk wanda ke da Tsaron Jama'a (SS) a shekarar 2019 "ba za a ɗauke shi da laifi ba" daga adadin 2019 idan ƙarin fa'idodin SS ɗinsa na wata-wata bai shafi ƙaruwar kuɗin da aka samu na Part B daga 2019 zuwa 2020 ba. Wannan tanadin da ba shi da lahani yana da mahimmanci a shekarun da SS ba ta ƙaru ba amma ba haka lamarin yake ba a shekarar 2020. Akwai ƙarin ƙarin harajin samun kuɗi ga waɗanda ke da kuɗin shiga sama da $85,000 a kowace shekara. === Sashe na C: Shirye-shiryen Medicare Advantage === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana buƙatar Sashe na C na Jama'a na Medicare Advantage da sauran tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C don bayar da inshorar da ta cika ko ta wuce ƙa'idodin da Medicare na asali ya kafa amma ba dole ba ne su rufe kowace fa'ida ta hanya ɗaya (shirin dole ne ya yi daidai da fa'idodin Medicare na asali). Bayan amincewa daga Cibiyoyin Medicare da Medicaid, idan tsarin Sashe na C ya zaɓi ya biya ƙasa da Medicare na asali don wasu fa'idodi, kamar kulawar Cibiyar Kula da Marasa Lafiya ta Ƙwararru, ana iya ba da tanadi ga masu amfani ta hanyar bayar da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin haɗin gwiwa don ziyarar likita (ko duk wani ƙarin ko ragi da CMS ta amince da shi). [1] Mambobin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C na Medicare Advantage galibi suna biyan kuɗin wata-wata ban da kuɗin Medicare Part B don biyan abubuwan da ba a rufe su da Asusun Medicare na Asali (Sashe na A & B) ba, kamar iyakokin aljihu (OOP), magungunan da aka rubuta da kansu, kulawar hakori, kulawar gani, gwajin jiki na shekara-shekara, inshora a wajen Amurka, har ma da membobin ƙungiyar motsa jiki ko kiwon lafiya da kuma - kuma wataƙila mafi mahimmanci - rage kashi 20% na biyan kuɗi da manyan abubuwan da aka cire daga Medicare na Asali. [1] Amma a wasu yanayi fa'idodin sun fi ƙanƙanta (amma ba za a taɓa iyakance su fiye da Asalin Medicare ba kuma dole ne koyaushe su haɗa da iyakar OOP) kuma babu ƙarin kuɗi. Iyakar OOP na iya zama ƙasa da $1500 kuma har zuwa $9350 amma ba zai wuce ba (kamar yadda yake a duk inshora, ƙarancin iyaka, mafi girman ƙimar). [ana buƙatar hujja] A wasu lokuta, mai tallafawa ma yana rage wani ɓangare ko duk kuɗin da aka biya na Kashi na B, kodayake waɗannan nau'ikan tsare-tsaren Kashi na C suna zama da wuya. [ana buƙatar hujja] === Sashe na D: Shirye-shiryen magunguna da likita ya rubuta === <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Sashe na D na Medicare ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2006. Duk wanda ke da Sashe na A ko B ya cancanci shiga Sashe na D, wanda galibi ya shafi magungunan da ake ba shi da kansa. [ana buƙatar hujja] An samu damar hakan ne ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Zamantakewa ta Medicare ta 2003. Domin samun wannan fa'idar, mutumin da ke da Medicare dole ne ya yi rajista a cikin Tsarin Magungunan da Aka Rubuta (PDP) ko tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Sashe na C tare da haɗin gwiwar magungunan da aka rubuta (MA-PD). Shirin Medicare ya amince kuma ya tsara waɗannan tsare-tsaren, amma a zahiri masu tallafawa daban-daban ne suka tsara kuma suka gudanar da su, ciki har da ƙungiyoyin agaji, tsarin isar da lafiya mai haɗin gwiwa, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da kamfanonin inshorar lafiya; kusan duk waɗannan masu tallafawa suna amfani da manajojin fa'idodin magunguna kamar yadda masu tallafawa inshorar lafiya ke amfani da su ga waɗanda ba sa cikin Medicare. Ba kamar Asalin Medicare ba (Sashe na A da B), ba a daidaita tsarin Kashi na D ba (kodayake Cibiyoyin Medicare da Ayyukan Medicaid suna da ƙa'ida sosai). Tsare-tsare suna zaɓar magungunan da suke son rufewa (amma dole ne su ƙunshi aƙalla magunguna biyu a cikin rukunoni 148 daban-daban kuma su rufe dukkan ko "duka" magunguna a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan magunguna masu kariya: maganin ciwon daji; maganin tabin hankali; maganin tashin zuciya, maganin damuwa, maganin rigakafi, da magungunan HIV da AIDS). Tsarin zai iya fayyace, tare da amincewar CMS, a matakin (ko matakin) da suke son rufewa, kuma ana ƙarfafa su su yi amfani da maganin mataki-mataki . Wasu magunguna an cire su daga tsarin inshora gaba ɗaya kuma tsare-tsaren Sashe na D waɗanda ke rufe magungunan da aka cire ba a yarda su mika waɗannan kuɗaɗen ga Medicare ba, kuma ana buƙatar tsare-tsaren su biya CMS idan an gano sun biya Medicare kuɗi a waɗannan yanayi. [1] == Kudin da za a kashe daga aljihu == Babu wani ɓangare na Medicare da ke biyan duk kuɗin likita da mai cin gajiyar ya biya kuma ba a rufe yawancin kuɗaɗe da ayyuka kwata-kwata. Shirin ya ƙunshi kuɗin fansho, kuɗin da za a cire daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi, da kuma inshorar haɗin gwiwa, wanda dole ne mutumin da ke cikin shirin ya biya daga aljihunsa . Wani bincike da Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation ta buga a shekarar 2008 ya gano cewa kunshin fa'idodin Medicare na Kuɗi don Sabis bai kai na tsarin ƙungiyar masu samar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun ko kuma Tsarin Tsarin Fa'idodin Lafiya na Ma'aikata na Tarayya ba. [1] Wasu mutane na iya cancantar samun wasu shirye-shiryen gwamnati (kamar Medicaid) da kuma wasu ko duk wasu kuɗaɗen da suka shafi Medicare. === Kari === ==== Sashe na A ==== Yawancin waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare ba sa biyan kuɗin Sashe na A kowane wata, saboda su (ko matansu) sun sami kwata 40 ko fiye na watanni 3 inda suka biya harajin Dokar Gudummawar Inshorar Tarayya . Ribar iri ɗaya ce komai yawan ko ƙarancin da mai cin gajiyar ya biya matuƙar an kai mafi ƙarancin adadin kwata. Mutanen da suka cancanci Medicare waɗanda ba su da kashi 40 ko fiye na aikin Medicare za su iya siyan Sashe na A don daidaitaccen kuɗin wata-wata na shekara-shekara na: * $248.00 a kowane wata (kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012) <ref name="healthharbor1">{{Cite web |title=Medicare: Big Changes for 2011 |url=http://www.healthharbor.com/medicare/2011-medicare-changes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523085102/http://www.healthharbor.com/medicare/2011-medicare-changes |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=January 27, 2011}}</ref> ga waɗanda ke da kashi 30-39 na aikin da Medicare ya rufe, ko * $451.00 a kowane wata (kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012) <ref name="healthharbor1" /> ga waɗanda ke da ƙasa da kashi 30 cikin ɗari na aikin da Medicare ke ɗaukar nauyinsa kuma waɗanda ba su cancanci ɗaukar nauyin Sashe na A ba tare da ƙarin kuɗi ba. ==== Sashe na B ==== Yawancin waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare Part B suna biyan kuɗin inshora don wannan inshorar; matsakaicin kuɗin Part B na 2026 shine $202.90 a wata. [1] An fara aiki da sabon tsarin harajin ƙarin kuɗi bisa ga samun kuɗi tun daga shekarar 2007, inda kuɗin da aka biya na Kashi na B ya fi yawa ga masu cin gajiyar kuɗin shiga da suka wuce $85,000 ga daidaikun mutane ko kuma $170,000 ga ma'aurata. Dangane da irin ribar da masu cin gajiyar suka samu fiye da kudin shigarsu na asali, waɗannan ƙarin kuɗin tallafin na Sashe na B sun fi girma daga kashi 30% zuwa 70% tare da mafi girman kuɗin tallafin da mutanen da ke samun sama da dala $214,000 ke biya, ko kuma ma'auratan da ke samun sama da dala $428,000. [2] Ana kiran wannan ƙarin adadin Adadin Daidaita Kudin Shiga na Wata-wata (IRMAA). Karin kuɗin IRMAA yana canzawa ga mutane kowace shekara kuma yana canzawa tare da canje-canje a cikin kuɗin shigar mutum. Lissafin IRMAA yana da jinkirin shekaru biyu. [3] [4] === Deductible and coinsurance === '''Sashe na A''' — Ga kowane lokacin fa'ida, mai cin gajiyar zai biya kuɗin da aka gyara a kowace shekara: * Za a cire kuɗi daga Sashe na A na '''$1,736''' a '''shekarar 2026''' don zaman asibiti na kwana 1-60. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-10-02 |title=2026 Medicare Parts A & B Premiums and Deductibles {{!}} CMS |url=https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/2026-medicare-parts-b-premiums-deductibles |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=www.cms.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Biyan kuɗi na '''$434''' a kowace rana a cikin '''2026''' na kwanaki 61-90 na zaman asibiti. <ref name=":2" /> * Biyan kuɗi na '''$868''' a kowace rana a cikin '''2026''' na kwanaki 91-150 na zaman asibiti, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙayyadadden Kwanakin Ajiye Rayuwa . <ref name=":2" /> * Duk kuɗin kowace rana fiye da kwanaki 150 <ref name="Medicare.gov">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Medicare 2017 costs at a glance |url=https://www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/costs-at-a-glance/costs-at-glance.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910124746/https://www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/costs-at-a-glance/costs-at-glance.html |archive-date=September 10, 2018 |access-date=March 12, 2017 |publisher=Medicare, U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore}}</ref> * Inshorar haɗin gwiwa don Cibiyar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Ƙwararru shine '''$217''' kowace rana a cikin 2026 na kwanaki 21-100 na kowane lokacin fa'ida (babu biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa na kwanaki 20 na farko). <ref name=":2" /> * An cire jinin da ake buƙata daga pint 3 na farko na jini a cikin shekarar kalanda, sai dai idan an maye gurbinsa. Akwai cirewar jini mai pint 3 ga Sashe na A da Sashe na B, kuma waɗannan cirewar daban-daban ba sa haɗuwa. Sashe na B — Bayan masu cin gajiyar sun cika kuɗin da aka cire musu na shekara-shekara na $240 na 2024, za a buƙaci su biya inshorar haɗin gwiwa na 20% na adadin da Medicare ta amince da shi don duk ayyukan da Sashe na B ya rufe [1] ban da yawancin ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje, waɗanda aka rufe su da 100%. A da, ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na marasa lafiya da ke fita waje ana biyan su kashi 50%, amma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Inganta Medicare ga Marasa Lafiya da Masu Ba da Agaji ta 2008, ya ragu a hankali tsawon shekaru da dama kuma yanzu ya yi daidai da kashi 20% da ake buƙata don wasu ayyuka. [2] Ana kuma buƙatar su biya ƙarin kashi 15% na ayyukan da likitoci suka yi waɗanda ba sa karɓar aikin. Kuɗin da za a cire kuɗi daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi, biyan kuɗi tare, da kuma kuɗin inshorar haɗin gwiwa don tsare-tsaren Sashe na C da D ya bambanta daga tsari zuwa tsari. Duk tsare-tsaren Sashe na C sun haɗa da iyakar kashe kuɗi mafi girma na shekara-shekara (OOP). Medicare na asali bai haɗa da iyakokin OOP ba. === Manufofin Ƙarin Medicare (Medigap) === Duk kamfanonin inshora da ke sayar da manufofin Medigap ana buƙatar su samar da Tsarin A, kuma idan sun bayar da wasu manufofi, dole ne su samar da Tsarin C ɗaya. Ba a sake bayar da Tsarin F ba har zuwa shekarar 2020, amma duk wanda ke da Tsarin F zai iya ci gaba da shi. [1] Yawancin kamfanonin inshora da ke bayar da manufofin inshorar Medigap suma suna daukar nauyin tsare-tsaren lafiya na Sashe na C, amma yawancin tsare-tsaren lafiya na Sashe na C ana daukar nauyin su ne ta hanyar tsarin samar da lafiya mai hade da kuma kamfanonin da suka yi fice, kungiyoyin agaji, da kungiyoyin kwadago sabanin kamfanonin inshora. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Biyan kuɗi don ayyuka == Medicare yana yin kwangila da kamfanonin inshora na yanki don aiwatar da da'awar biyan kuɗi na sama da biliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara. A shekarar 2008, Medicare ta kai kashi 13% ($386 biliyan) na kasafin kudin tarayya . A shekarar 2016 an yi hasashen cewa zai kai kusan kashi 15% ($683 biliyan) na jimillar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe. A cikin shekaru goma na 2010-2019, an yi hasashen cewa Medicare zai kashe dala tiriliyan 6.4. [1] === Biyan kuɗi don ayyukan Sashe na A === Don kula da cibiyoyi, kamar kula da asibiti da gidajen jinya, Medicare yana amfani da tsarin biyan kuɗi mai zuwa . A cikin tsarin biyan kuɗi mai zuwa, cibiyar kula da lafiya tana karɓar adadin kuɗi da aka ƙayyade don kowane lokaci na kulawa da aka ba wa majiyyaci, ba tare da la'akari da ainihin adadin kulawar ba. Ainihin rabon kuɗaɗen ya dogara ne akan jerin ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ganewar asali (DRG). Ainihin adadin ya dogara ne akan ainihin ganewar asali da aka yi a asibiti. Akwai wasu matsaloli da suka shafi amfani da DRGs na Medicare domin idan mara lafiyar bai yi amfani da kulawa sosai ba, asibiti zai iya ajiye sauran. Wannan, a ka'ida, ya kamata ya daidaita farashin asibiti. Amma, idan majiyyaci ya yi amfani da ƙarin kulawa, to asibiti dole ne ya biya nasa asarar. Wannan yana haifar da matsalar "haɓaka bayanai", lokacin da likita ya yi bincike mai tsanani don kare kai daga kuɗaɗen haɗari. [1] === Biyan kuɗi don ayyukan Sashe na B === Biyan kuɗin ayyukan likita a ƙarƙashin Medicare ya ci gaba tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri shirin a 1965. Da farko, Medicare ta biya likitoci diyya bisa ga kuɗin likitan, kuma ta ba likitoci damar biyan kuɗin da ya wuce kuɗin da Medicare ta biya wa waɗanda suka ci gajiyar Medicare. A shekarar 1975, ƙarin kuɗin likita na shekara-shekara ya takaita ta hanyar Medicare Economic Index (MEI). An tsara MEI don auna canje-canje a cikin farashin lokacin likita da kuɗin aiki, wanda aka daidaita don canje-canje a cikin yawan aikin likita. Daga 1984 zuwa 1991, an tsara tsarin canjin kuɗin shekara-shekara ta hanyar dokoki. An yi hakan ne saboda kuɗin likitoci ya ƙaru da sauri fiye da yadda aka zata. Dokar Sulhu ta Kasafin Kudi ta Omnibus ta 1989 ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga biyan kuɗin likita a ƙarƙashin Medicare. Da farko, ta gabatar da Jadawalin Kuɗin Medicare, wanda ya fara aiki a shekarar 1992. Na biyu, ya takaita adadin da masu ba da sabis na Medicare za su iya daidaita lissafin masu cin gajiyar Medicare. Na uku, ta gabatar da Ka'idojin Aiki na Medicare Volume Performance (MVPS) a matsayin hanyar sarrafa farashi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCormick |first=Lauren A. |last2=Burge |first2=Russel T. |date=Winter 1994 |title=Diffusion of Medicare's RBRVS and related physician payment policies – resource-based relative value scale – Medicare Payment Systems: Moving Toward the Future |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0795/is_n2_v16/ai_16863013/ |url-status=usurped |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212200550/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0795/is_n2_v16/ai_16863013/ |archive-date=February 12, 2010 |via=[[FindArticles]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1992, Medicare ta gabatar da Jadawalin Kuɗin Medicare (MFS), jerin ayyuka kusan 7,000 da za a iya biyan kuɗi a kansu. Ana yin farashin kowane sabis a cikin Sikelin Ƙimar Dangantaka ta Albarkatu (RBRVS) tare da ƙimar Raka'o'in Ƙimar Dangantaka guda uku (RVUs) waɗanda galibi ke ƙayyade farashin. Ana auna nauyin RVU guda uku na tsari a kowane yanki kuma ana ninka darajar RVU mai nauyin ta hanyar amfani da CF na Duniya, wanda ke samar da farashi a dala. Yawancin likitocin RVUs ne ke yanke shawara kan RVUs ɗin kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da likitoci 29 (galibi ƙwararru )—Kwamitin Sabunta Darajar Ƙimar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (RUC). [1] Daga 1992 zuwa 1997, an daidaita gyare-gyare ga biyan kuɗin likita ta amfani da MEI da MVPS, waɗanda a zahiri suka yi ƙoƙarin rama yawan ayyukan da likitoci ke bayarwa ta hanyar rage kuɗin da suke biya a kowane sabis. A shekarar 1998, Majalisa ta maye gurbin VPS da Tsarin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SGR). An yi wannan ne saboda yawan biyan kuɗi mai yawa a ƙarƙashin MVPS. SGR tana ƙoƙarin sarrafa kashe kuɗi ta hanyar tsara manufofin kashe kuɗi na shekara-shekara da na jimillar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe. Idan ainihin kashe kuɗi na shekara ɗaya ya wuce abin da aka sa gaba na wannan shekarar, ana daidaita ƙimar biyan kuɗi ƙasa ta hanyar rage Canjin Ma'auni (CF) na RBRVS RVUs. A shekarar 2002, an rage yawan biyan kuɗi da kashi 4.8%. A shekarar 2003, an tsara rage farashin biyan kuɗi da kashi 4.4%. Duk da haka, Majalisa ta ƙara yawan maƙasudin SGR a cikin Ƙudurin Haɗaka na 2003 (PL 108–7), wanda ya ba da damar biyan kuɗin ayyukan likita ya karu da kashi 1.6%. A shekarar 2004 da 2005, an sake tsara rage farashin biyan kuɗi. Dokar Zamantakewa ta Medicare (PL 108–173) ta ƙara biyan kuɗi da kashi 1.5% na waɗannan shekaru biyu. A shekarar 2006, an tsara tsarin SGR don rage albashin likitoci da kashi 4.4%. (Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga raguwar biyan kuɗin likita da kashi 7%, wanda ya ninka karuwar daidaita hauhawar farashin kaya da kashi 2.8%.) Majalisa ta yi watsi da wannan raguwar a Dokar Rage ... Hakazalika, wata doka ta majalisar dokoki ta gudanar da biyan kuɗi na 2007 a matakansu na 2006, kuma HR 6331 ta gudanar da biyan kuɗi na 2008 ga likitoci zuwa matakansu na 2007, kuma ta samar da ƙarin kashi 1.1% na biyan kuɗi na likitoci a 2009. Ba tare da ci gaba da tsoma baki a majalisar dokoki ba, ana sa ran SGR za ta rage kudaden likitoci daga kashi 25% zuwa kashi 35% a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An soki MFS saboda rashin biyan likitoci isassun albashi saboda ƙarancin canjin yanayin aiki. Ta hanyar daidaitawa ga abin da ya shafi canza MFS, yana yiwuwa a yi gyare-gyare a duniya a cikin biyan kuɗi ga duk likitoci. An sake yin muhawara kan yiwuwar yin garambawul ga dokokin SGR a shekarar 2014. A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2014, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Korar Ma'aikata ta SGR da kuma Zamantakewar Biyan Kuɗin Medicare ta 2014 (HR 4015; Majalisa ta 113), kudirin da zai maye gurbin tsarin (SGR) da sabbin tsare-tsare don kafa waɗannan ƙimar biyan kuɗi. [1] Duk da haka, kudirin zai biya waɗannan sauye-sauyen ta hanyar jinkirta buƙatar kowane mutum na Dokar Kula da Lafiya Mai Sauƙi, shawarar da 'yan Democrat ba su yi maraba da ita ba. [2] Ana sa ran SGR zai haifar da rage kudaden da Medicare ke biya da kashi 24 cikin 100 a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2014, idan ba a sami mafita don gyara ko jinkirta SGR ba. [3] Wannan ya haifar da wani kudiri, Dokar Kare Samun damar Medicare ta 2014 (HR 4302; Majalisa ta 113), wanda zai jinkirta waɗannan ragewar har zuwa Maris 2015. [3] Wannan kudirin doka shi ma ya kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka da sauran ƙungiyoyin likitoci sun yi adawa da hakan, suna roƙon Majalisar Dokoki ta samar da mafita ta dindindin maimakon wani jinkiri kawai. [4] An maye gurbin tsarin SGR da sabbin dokoki tun lokacin da aka amince da MACRA a shekarar 2015. ==== Shigar mai bada sabis ==== Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu da za a iya biyan masu samar da sabis a Medicare. Masu samar da "masu shiga" suna karɓar "aikin da aka ba su", wanda ke nufin cewa sun karɓi ƙimar da Medicare ta amince da ita don ayyukansu a matsayin biyan kuɗi (yawanci kashi 80% daga Medicare da kashi 20% daga mai cin gajiyar). Wasu likitoci da ba sa shiga aikin ba sa karɓar aiki, amma suna kuma kula da waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare kuma an ba su izinin daidaita kuɗaɗen da ba su wuce ƙaramin adadin da Medicare ya amince da shi ba. Wasu tsirarun likitoci "'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu" ne daga mahangar Medicare, wanda ke nufin sun fice daga Medicare kuma sun ƙi karɓar kuɗin Medicare gaba ɗaya. Ana buƙatar waɗannan likitocin su sanar da marasa lafiya cewa za su ɗauki alhakin cikakken kuɗin ayyukan su daga aljihunsu, sau da yawa kafin a fara magani. [1] Duk da cewa yawancin masu samar da sabis suna karɓar ayyukan Medicare, (kashi 97 cikin 100 na wasu fannoni), [1] kuma yawancin likitoci har yanzu suna karɓar aƙalla wasu sabbin marasa lafiya na Medicare, wannan adadin yana raguwa. [2] Duk da cewa kashi 80% na likitoci a ƙungiyar likitocin Texas sun karɓi sabbin marasa lafiya na Medicare a shekarar 2000, kashi 60% ne kawai suka yi hakan nan da shekarar 2012. [3] Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2012 ya kammala da cewa Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya da Ayyukan Medicaid (CMS) sun dogara ne akan shawarwarin kwamitin ba da shawara na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka. Binciken da Miriam J. Laugesen, ta Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, da abokan aiki a UCLA da Jami'ar Illinois suka jagoranta, ya nuna cewa ga ayyukan da aka bayar tsakanin 1994 da 2010, CMS ta amince da kashi 87.4% na shawarwarin kwamitin, wanda aka sani da RUC ko Kwamitin Sabunta Darajar Dangantaka. [4] ==== Biyan kuɗin magani a ofis ==== Ana biyan kuɗin magani na chemotherapy da sauran magunguna da aka bayar a ofishin likita bisa ga Matsakaicin Farashin Talla (ASP), [1] lamba da aka ƙididdige ta hanyar ɗaukar jimlar tallace-tallacen dalar Amurka na magani a matsayin ma'aunin ƙididdiga da adadin raka'o'in da aka sayar a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin ma'aunin ƙididdiga. [2] Tsarin biyan kuɗi na yanzu ana kiransa da "ASP+6" tunda yana biyan likitoci kashi 106% na ASP na magunguna. Rangwame da rangwamen da kamfanonin magunguna ke bayarwa suna cikin lissafin ASP, kuma suna rage shi. Bugu da ƙari, Medicare yana biyan kashi 80% na ASP+6, wanda yayi daidai da kashi 84.8% na ainihin matsakaicin farashin maganin. Wasu marasa lafiya suna da inshorar ƙarin kuɗi ko kuma suna iya biyan kuɗin haɗin gwiwa. Lambobi masu yawa ba sa yi. Wannan yana barin kuɗin ga likitoci don yawancin magungunan a cikin yanayin "ƙarƙashin ruwa". ASP+6 ya maye gurbin Matsakaicin Farashin Jumla a shekarar 2005, [3] bayan wani labarin farko na jaridar New York Times a shekarar 2003 ya jawo hankali ga rashin daidaiton lissafin Matsakaicin Farashin Jumla. [4] An tsara wannan tsari zai canza sosai a shekarar 2017 a ƙarƙashin shawarar CMS wadda za a kammala a watan Oktoban 2016. ==== Biyan kuɗi na ƙarfafawa na kashi 10 cikin 100 na Medicare ==== "Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) and Physician Scarcity Areas (PSAs) can receive incentive payments from Medicare. Payments are made on a quarterly basis, rather than claim-by-claim, and are handled by each area's Medicare carrier."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicare Incentive Payments in Health Professional Shortage Areas |url=https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/funding/214 |access-date=February 15, 2018 |website=Ruralhealthinfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview HPSA/PSA (Physician Bonuses) |url=http://www.cms.gov/HPSAPSAPhysicianBonuses/ |access-date=February 19, 2011 |website=Cms.gov}}</ref> == Yin rijista == {{Lyndon B. Johnson}}Gabaɗaya, idan mutum ya riga ya karɓi kuɗin Tsaron Jama'a, yana da shekaru 65, mutum zai yi rajista ta atomatik a cikin Medicare Sashe na A (inshorar asibiti) da Medicare Sashe na B (inshorar likita). [1] Idan mutumin ya zaɓi kada ya yi rajista a Sashe na B (yawanci saboda mutumin har yanzu yana aiki kuma yana karɓar inshorar ma'aikaci), to dole ne mutum ya ƙi shiga cikin shirin lokacin da yake karɓar kunshin rajista ta atomatik. Jinkirin yin rajista a Sashe na B ba ya ɗaukar hukunci idan mutumin yana da wasu inshora (misali, yanayin aikin da aka ambata a sama), amma ana iya hukunta shi a wasu yanayi. Mutumin da bai sami fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a ba bayan ya cika shekara 65 dole ne ya yi rajista don Medicare idan yana so. Ana iya amfani da hukunce-hukunce idan mutumin ya zaɓi kada ya yi rajista yana da shekara 65 kuma ba shi da wani inshora. [ana buƙatar hujja] Rajistar Inshorar Lafiya ta 2025 (15 ga Oktoba zuwa 7 ga Disamba), wanda ke faruwa yayin da kasuwar inshorar lafiya ke fuskantar matsin lamba na kuɗi, yana da canje-canje a cikin tsarin inshorar Medicare Advantage . <ref>{{Cite web |title=What to watch out for in your 2026 Medicare Advantage plan |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/what-to-watch-out-for-in-your-2026-medicare-advantage-plan-123045304.html |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Anna Wilde |date=October 15, 2025 |title=Big Changes Are Coming for 2026 Medicare Plans. What You Need to Know. |url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/big-changes-are-coming-for-2026-medicare-plans-what-you-need-to-know-056d8565 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Sassan A da B === ==== Sashe na A Hukuncin Yin Rijista a Makare ==== Idan mutum bai cancanci Sashe na A ba tare da kuɗi ba, kuma bai sayi Sashe na A ba tare da kuɗi ba lokacin da ya fara cancanta, kuɗin wata-wata na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 10%. [1] Dole ne mutum ya biya mafi girman kuɗin fansho sau biyu fiye da shekarun da ya yi da Sashe na A, amma bai yi rajista ba. Misali, idan sun cancanci shiga Sashe na A na tsawon shekaru biyu amma ba su yi rajista ba, dole ne su biya ƙarin kuɗin har tsawon shekaru huɗu. Yawanci, mutane ba sa buƙatar biyan tara idan sun cika wasu sharuɗɗa da suka ba su damar yin rijista don Sashe na A a lokacin Yin Rijista na Musamman, kamar ɗaukar zama a wata jiha ko kuma ƙaura daga yankin da mutum yake da shi na baya. [2] ==== Sashe na B Hukuncin Yin Rijista a Makare ==== Idan mutum bai yi rajista don Sashe na B ba lokacin da ya fara cancanta, yana iya buƙatar biyan tarar rajista a makare muddin yana da Medicare. Kudin da za su biya na Sashe na B na wata-wata na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 10% ga kowane cikakken lokacin watanni 12 da za su iya samu Sashe na B, amma ba su yi rajista ba. Yawanci, ba sa biyan kuɗin yin rajista a makare idan sun cika wasu sharuɗɗa da suka ba su damar yin rajista don Sashe na B a lokacin yin rajista na musamman. [1] == Hukunci da ɗaukaka ƙara == Hukumomi daban-daban ne ke yanke hukunci na farko kan al'amuran Medicare dangane da batun. Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a (SSA) ta ƙayyade cancantar samun Medicare kuma ta yanke hukunci kan yawan rajistar Sashe na A da Sashe na B, hukuncin yin rajista a makare, da kuma takaddama kan adadin daidaitawa na wata-wata da ya shafi samun kudin shiga (IRMAA) a matakin farko da kuma sake duba lamarin. [1] 'Yan kwangilar gudanarwa na Medicare (MACs) suna aiwatar da da'awar Sashe na A da Sashe na B na kuɗin sabis, suna amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙungiyoyin PPS da biyan kuɗi, suna fitar da yanke shawara na farko game da da'awa, suna gudanar da ƙorafe-ƙorafe na matakin farko (sake tantancewa), da kuma duba da warware rahotannin kuɗin da masu samar da sabis na cibiyoyi ke kashewa, suna ba da sanarwar biyan kuɗi na shirin (NPR) a matsayin yanke shawara na ƙarshe game da rahoton farashi. [2] Shirye-shiryen Medicare Advantage (Sashe na C) da tsare-tsaren magunguna na Sashe na D suna yanke shawara kan inshorar su ta farko kuma suna gudanar da roƙon matakin farko a ciki. [3] Masu cin gajiyar shirin korar marasa lafiya da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa daga asibiti, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya, kula da lafiyar gida, ko ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya na iya neman a gaggauta duba su daga ƙungiyar inganta ingancin kula da marasa lafiya da ta kula da iyali (BFCC-QIO). [4] Baya ga 1-800-MEDICARE, masu aikin sa kai na Senior Medicare Patrol suna taimaka wa masu cin gajiyar gano, hana, da kuma bayar da rahoton zamba, kurakurai, da cin zarafi na Medicare. [5] Ga takaddamar da'awa ta mutum ɗaya, tsarin ɗaukaka ƙara na yau da kullun yana aiki. Bayan matakin farko, ƙarar da aka shigar kan kuɗin sabis za ta ci gaba zuwa sake duba ta hannun ƙwararren ɗan kwangila mai zaman kansa (QIC), yayin da ƙarar Sashe na C da Sashe na D za ta ci gaba zuwa sake duba ta hannun wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta (IRE). [1] Ana raba matakai na gaba: zaman sauraren ƙara a gaban alƙali na shari'a (ALJ) a Ofishin Kula da Shari'o'i da Daukaka Ƙara na Medicare (OMHA); sake dubawa daga Majalisar Daukaka Ƙara ta Medicare ; da kuma sake duba shari'a a kotun gundumar Amurka idan adadin da ake takaddama a kai ya kai matakin doka. [2] Haƙƙin SSA, rajista, da kuma roƙon IRMAA sun haɗu da wannan matakin ɗaukaka ƙara na sama a matakin OMHA, suna wucewa ga rundunar ALJ ta SSA. [3] Rahoton kuɗin mai bada sabis da kuma takaddama kan biyan diyya - gami da ilimin likitanci na digiri da biyan kuɗin ilimin likitanci na kai tsaye, lissafin DSH, aikace-aikacen ma'aunin albashi, hanyar da ba ta dace ba, basussukan Medicare marasa kyau, kuɗin siyan sassan jiki, da kuma tantance matsayin mai bada sabis - suna bin wata hanya daban. [1] Bayan sun sami NPR (ko kuma wani hukunci na ƙarshe da aka yi wa ɗan kwangila) kuma suka cika sharuɗɗan doka, masu samar da kayayyaki za su iya ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa ga Hukumar Bitar Biyan Kuɗi ta Masu Ba da Lamuni (PRRB), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin HHS wadda ke sauraron ƙarar da mai bada sabis ya shigar game da rahotannin kuɗi da batutuwan biyan kuɗi masu alaƙa, gami da ƙalubalen shari'a da hanyoyin aiki. [1] CMS na iya shigar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da amicus curiae a shari'o'in PRRB, kuma mai gudanar da CMS na iya zaɓar yin bita kan shawarar PRRB, tare da ikon tabbatarwa, juyawa, ko gyara ta; idan mai gudanarwa ya ƙi bita, shawarar PRRB ta zama matakin ƙarshe na hukuma. [1] [2] Hukunce-hukuncen PRRB da na masu gudanarwa suna ƙarƙashin sake duba shari'a a kotunan gundumar tarayya. == Comparison with private insurance == Saboda dokar tarayya ta tsara cancantar fa'idodin Medicare, Medicare zai iya rage farashi ne kawai ta hanyar rage farashin biyan kuɗi ko kuma sake fasalin fassararsa game da buƙatar likita . A bisa doka, Medicare na iya biyan kuɗi ne kawai ga kayayyaki da ayyuka waɗanda "suka dace kuma suka zama dole don gano ko magance rashin lafiya ko rauni ko don inganta aikin wani ɓangaren jiki da ya lalace", sai dai idan akwai wani izinin doka don biyan kuɗi. [1] Shirin ya cimma gagarumin raguwar farashin da yake biya na kula da lafiya da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Medicare yana amfani da ikon kasuwa don biyan ƙasa da kuɗin inshorar lafiya iri ɗaya fiye da inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa. [2] Wani bincike na KFF na 2020 ya gano wariya a farashi, inda ake biyan inshorar masu zaman kansu kusan kashi 99% na ayyukan asibiti da kuma kashi 43% na ayyukan likita. [2] Farashin kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu ya karu da kusan kashi 60% fiye da na Medicare tun daga shekarar 1970. [3] [4] An san manufofin inshorar Medicare da kuma kuɗin biyan kuɗi a bainar jama'a, kuma duk waɗanda suka yi rajista suna da haƙƙin samun inshora iri ɗaya. A kasuwar inshorar masu zaman kansu, ana iya tsara tsare-tsare don bayar da fa'idodi da kariya daban-daban ga abokan ciniki daban-daban. Masu inshora ba su da ƙayyadadden buƙatun bayyanawa fiye da Medicare, kuma bincike ya nuna cewa abokan ciniki a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na iya samun wahalar sanin abin da manufofinsu suka ƙunsa, [1] da kuma farashin da za a kashe. [2] Saboda Medicare tana biyan babban kaso na kula da lafiya a kowane yanki na ƙasar, tana da ikon kasuwa don tsara manufofin isar da kaya da biyan kuɗi. Misali, Medicare ya haɓaka daidaita biyan kuɗi bisa ga DRGs, wanda ke hana masu samar da kayayyaki marasa gaskiya saita farashinsu mai tsada. [1] A halin yanzu, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta bai wa Medicare ikon haɓaka rage farashi a duk faɗin tsarin kiwon lafiya, misali, ta hanyar haɓaka ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin kulawa masu alhaki ko ta hanyar maye gurbin biyan kuɗin sabis da biyan kuɗi da aka haɗa. [2] == Matsalolin kuɗi da kasafin kuɗi == [[File:Medicare_Parts_A_B_C_D.png|thumb| Kudin Medicare a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na GDP]] [[File:Medicare_Revenue-Expenses.png|thumb| Kuɗin Medicare da kudaden shiga]] A cikin dogon lokaci, Medicare na fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen kuɗi saboda hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya gabaɗaya, ƙaruwar yawan masu shiga yayin da yawan jama'a ke tsufa, da kuma raguwar adadin ma'aikata da waɗanda suka yi rajista. An yi hasashen cewa jimillar kudaden da ake kashewa a Medicare za su karu daga dala biliyan 523 a shekarar 2010 zuwa kusan dala biliyan 900 nan da shekarar 2020. Daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2030, ana hasashen cewa yawan masu shiga Medicare zai karu, daga miliyan 47 zuwa miliyan 79, kuma ana sa ran adadin ma'aikata da wadanda suka shiga zai ragu daga 3.7 zuwa 2.4. [1] Duk da haka, rabon ma'aikata da waɗanda suka yi ritaya ya ragu a hankali tsawon shekaru da dama, kuma tsarin inshorar zamantakewa ya ci gaba da dorewa saboda ƙaruwar yawan ma'aikata. Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa ribar yawan aiki za ta ci gaba da daidaita yanayin alƙaluma nan gaba kaɗan. [2] A shekarar 2026, Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa (CBO) ya yi hasashen cewa jimillar kudaden da ake kashewa wajen biyan Medicare za su karu da dala biliyan 75, ko kuma kashi 8 cikin 100, wanda zai kai dala tiriliyan 1.1. Wannan adadin zai wakilci kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na kashe kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ke kashewa kan manyan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya. [1] Babban Bankin Duniya (CBO) yana tsammanin kashe kuɗin Medicare zai ƙaru saboda ƙarin masu rajista da kuma ƙarin farashi ga kowane mutum. Kashe kuɗi ga kowane mutum zai iya ƙaruwa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara daga 2027 zuwa 2036, yayin da masu rajista na Sashe na A ke ƙaruwa daga miliyan 71.5 zuwa miliyan 80.5. MedPAC ta kuma nuna yawan ayyuka da hauhawar farashin magunguna a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. [2] Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa na Medicare yana ƙaruwa, wanda hakan ke shafar kuɗaɗen shiga na tarayya. A shekarar 2024, ta kai kashi 16% na kudaden shiga na harajin shiga, wanda ake sa ran zai karu zuwa kashi 20% nan da shekarar 2028, wanda hakan ke shafar kudaden da ake bai wa wasu muhimman abubuwa. [3] Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa (CBO) ya rubuta a shekarar 2008 cewa "ci gaban da ake samu a nan gaba a cikin kashe kuɗi ga kowane mai cin gajiyar Medicare da Medicaid—manyan shirye-shiryen kula da lafiya na gwamnatin tarayya—zai zama mafi mahimmancin abin da zai haifar da yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin kashe kuɗin tarayya. Canza waɗannan shirye-shiryen ta hanyoyin da za su rage haɓakar farashi—wanda zai yi wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda sarkakiyar zaɓin manufofin kiwon lafiya—a ƙarshe shine babban ƙalubalen da ƙasar ke fuskanta na dogon lokaci wajen tsara manufofin kasafin kuɗi na tarayya." [1] An yi hasashen cewa jimillar kuɗin kula da lafiya zai ƙaru da kashi 5.8 cikin ɗari a shekara ta 2011 daga 2010 zuwa 2020, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya, hauhawar farashi ga ayyuka, da sabbin fasahohi. [1] Haɓakar farashi na Medicare yanzu iri ɗaya ne da ci gaban GDP. [2] Kudaden kula da lafiya suna ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a faɗin duniya, amma farashin inshora ya tashi sosai ga iyalai da ma'aikata da kuma gwamnatin tarayya. Tun daga shekarar 1970, farashin inshorar mai zaman kansa ya karu da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari da sauri kowace shekara fiye da farashin Medicare ga kowane mutum. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Medicare ta yi aiki mai kyau musamman idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu. [3] A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ana hasashen cewa kashe kuɗin Medicare ga kowane mutum zai ƙaru da kashi 2.5 cikin ɗari kowace shekara, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 4.8 cikin ɗari na inshorar masu zaman kansu. [4] Duk da haka, yawancin masana da masu tsara manufofi sun yarda cewa rage farashin kula da lafiya yana da mahimmanci ga hangen nesa na kasafin kuɗi na ƙasar. Yawancin muhawarar da ake yi kan makomar Medicare ta ta'allaka ne kan ko ya kamata a rage farashin kowane mutum ta hanyar takaita biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da kayayyaki ko kuma ta hanyar ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa ga waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare. === Manufofi === Matakai da dama suna aiki a matsayin alamun yanayin kuɗi na dogon lokaci na Medicare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da jimillar kuɗin da Medicare ke kashewa a matsayin rabon babban kaso na kayan cikin gida (GDP), ribar da asusun amintaccen Medicare HI ke samu, ƙaruwar kashe kuɗi na Medicare a kowace-mutum dangane da hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma karuwar GDP a kowace-mutum; kuɗin shiga na asusun gabaɗaya a matsayin rabon jimillar kuɗin da Medicare ke kashewa; da kuma kiyasin actuarial na alhaki mara tallafi a cikin shekaru 75 da kuma sararin samaniya mara iyaka (tara kudaden shiga na premium/haraji da ake tsammani idan aka kwatanta da farashin da ake tsammani). Babbar matsalar da ke tattare da waɗannan alamomi ita ce kwatanta hasashen nan gaba da dokar da ake da ita da kuma abin da masu gudanar da ayyuka ke tsammanin zai faru. Misali, dokar da ake amfani da ita a yanzu ta kayyade cewa za a rage yawan kudin da ake biya na Sashe na A ga asibitoci da cibiyoyin jinya masu kwarewa bayan shekarar 2028, kuma likitoci ba za su sami karin albashi ba bayan shekarar 2025. Masu gudanar da ayyukan sun yi tsammanin cewa dokar za ta canza domin hana waɗannan abubuwan faruwa. === Jimlar kashe kuɗin Medicare a matsayin rabon GDP === [[File:Effects_of_Population_Aging_and_Excess_Health_Care_Costs_on_Entitlement_Programs_(2013).png|thumb| Kuɗin Medicare da Medicaid kamar yadda ake buƙata Kashi na GDP (2013)]] [[File:Medicare_Cost_and_Non-Interest_Income_by_Source_as_a_Percentage_of_GDP.png|thumb| Kudin Medicare da kuɗin shiga mara riba ta asali a matsayin kaso na GDP]] Wannan matakin, wanda ke nazarin kashe kuɗin Medicare a cikin yanayin tattalin arzikin Amurka gaba ɗaya, ana hasashen zai karu daga kashi 3.7 cikin 100 a shekarar 2017 zuwa kashi 6.2 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2092 <ref name="cms.gov">{{Cite web |title=National Health Expenditure Projections 2010–2020 |url=https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/proj2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309123319/https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/proj2010.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |access-date=February 16, 2012}}</ref> a ƙarƙashin dokar da ke akwai kuma sama da kashi 9 cikin 100 a ƙarƙashin abin da masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati ke tsammanin zai faru (wanda ake kira "misali mai kyau" a cikin Rahoton Amintattu na baya-bayan nan). === Rangwamen asusun tallafi na Medicare HI === Wannan matakin ya shafi Medicare Sashe na A ne kawai. Ana ɗaukar asusun amintaccen asusun da ba shi da riba idan kudaden shiga da ake da su tare da duk wani ma'auni da ke akwai ba zai biya kashi 100 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen da aka yi hasashen za su kashe a shekara ba. A bisa kiyasin shekarar 2018 da masu kula da Medicare suka yi, ana sa ran asusun amintaccen zai zama mara riba cikin shekaru 8 (2026), a lokacin da kudaden shiga da ake da su za su rufe kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na kudaden da ake tsammani na ayyukan Sashe na A na shekara-shekara. [1] Tun lokacin da Medicare ya fara, wannan hasashen rashin biyan kuɗi ya kasance daga shekaru biyu zuwa 28, tare da matsakaicin shekaru 11.3. [2] Wannan da sauran hasashen da aka yi a cikin rahotannin Masu Kula da Medicare sun dogara ne akan abin da masu gudanar da ayyukanta ke kira yanayin matsakaici amma rahotannin sun haɗa da hasashen mafi munin yanayi da mafi kyawun yanayi waɗanda suka bambanta sosai (wasu yanayi suna tsammanin Majalisa za ta canza dokar yanzu). === Ci gaban kashe kuɗi na Medicare ga kowane mutum dangane da hauhawar farashi da ci gaban GDP ga kowane mutum === Kudin da ake kashewa ga kowane mutum dangane da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ga kowane mutum, ci gaban GDP zai zama muhimmin abu da Hukumar Ba da Shawara Kan Biyan Kuɗi Mai Zaman Kanta ta PPACA (IPAB) ta ƙayyade, a matsayin ma'auni don tantance ko dole ne ta ba da shawarar ga Majalisa don rage farashin Medicare. Duk da haka, IPAB ba a taɓa kafa ta ba kuma an soke ta a hukumance ta Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Daidaituwa ta 2018. === Kudaden shiga na asusun gabaɗaya a matsayin rabon jimillar kuɗin da Medicare ke kashewa === Wannan matakin, wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zamantakewa ta Medicare (MMA), yana bincika kashe kuɗin Medicare a cikin mahallin kasafin kuɗin tarayya. Kowace shekara, MMA tana buƙatar amintattun Medicare su yanke shawara game da ko ana sa ran kudaden shiga na asusun gabaɗaya za su wuce kashi 45 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa a cikin shekaru bakwai. Idan amintattun Medicare suka yanke wannan shawara cikin shekaru biyu a jere, za a bayar da "gargaɗin kuɗi". A martanin da ya mayar, dole ne shugaban ƙasa ya gabatar da dokar da za ta rage kashe kuɗi ga Majalisa, wadda dole ne ta yi la'akari da wannan doka cikin gaggawa. An cimma wannan matakin kuma ana bayar da gargaɗi kowace shekara tsakanin 2006 da 2013 amma ba a kai ga cimma shi ba tun lokacin kuma ba a yi tsammanin za a kai ga cimma shi a "taga" na 2016-2022 ba. Wannan dai wani abu ne da ke nuna raguwar karuwar kashe kudi da ACA ta umurta a cewar Amintattun. === Wajibcin da ba a biya ba === Wajibcin Medicare wanda ba shi da kuɗi shi ne jimillar kuɗin da za a ware a yau ta yadda babban jari da riba za su rufe gibin da ke tsakanin kudaden shiga da aka yi hasashen samu (galibi kuɗin biyan kuɗi na Sashe na B da harajin albashi na Sashe na A da za a biya a tsawon lokacin da dokar da ke aiki a yanzu) da kuma kashe kuɗi a cikin wani lokaci da aka ƙayyade. A bisa doka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi shine shekaru 75, kodayake hukumomin Medicare suma suna ba da kimantawa mara iyaka saboda tsawon rai yana ƙaruwa akai-akai kuma sauran abubuwan tattalin arziki da ke ƙarƙashin kimantawar suna canzawa. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, nauyin Medicare wanda ba shi da kuɗi a cikin shekaru 75 shine dala tiriliyan 3.8 don Asusun Amincewa na Part A da dala tiriliyan 28.6 don Part B. A cikin lokaci mara iyaka, haɗin nauyin da ba shi da kuɗi ga shirye-shiryen biyu da aka haɗa ya wuce dala tiriliyan 50, tare da bambanci galibi a cikin kimantawar Part B. [1] Waɗannan ƙiyasin sun ɗauka cewa CMS za ta biya cikakken fa'idodi kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a halin yanzu a cikin waɗannan lokutan, kodayake hakan zai saɓa wa dokar Amurka ta yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin rahoton kowace shekara na Amintattu, "hasashe na Medicare da aka nuna ba za a iya rage su sosai ba sakamakon wasu abubuwan da ba za a iya dorewa a cikin dokar yanzu ba." [ana buƙatar hujja] Misali, dokar da ake da ita a yanzu ba ta bayar da ƙarin albashi ga likitoci ba bayan 2025; hakan ba zai yiwu ba. Ba zai yiwu ga masu gudanar da ayyukan kuɗi su kimanta alhakin da ba a ba da kuɗi ba sai dai idan an bi dokar da ke akwai (banda idan aka yi la'akari da fa'idodi kamar yadda aka ambata), Amintattun sun bayyana "cewa ainihin ƙimar da ake da ita ta yanzu don kashe kuɗi (Sashe na A) da (Sashe na B/D) da kuɗaɗen shiga na iya wuce adadin da aka kiyasta da babban riba." [ana buƙatar hujja] === Ra'ayin jama'a === Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a ya nuna cewa jama'a suna ganin matsalolin Medicare a matsayin masu tsanani, amma ba su kai ga gaggawa kamar sauran damuwa ba. A watan Janairun 2006, Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gano cewa kashi 62 cikin 100 na jama'a sun ce magance matsalolin kuɗi na Medicare ya kamata ya zama babban fifiko ga gwamnati, amma hakan har yanzu ya sanya shi a baya ga wasu muhimman abubuwa. [1] Bincike ya nuna cewa babu wata yarjejeniya tsakanin jama'a da ke bayan kowace takamaiman dabarar da za ta ci gaba da zama mai dorewa a shirin. [2] === Zamba da ɓata ===   Ofishin Kula da Hakkin Gwamnati ya lissafa Medicare a matsayin shirin gwamnati mai "babban haɗari" wanda ke buƙatar gyara, wani ɓangare saboda raunin da take da shi ga zamba da kuma wani ɓangare saboda matsalolin kuɗi na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title="High-Risk Series: An Update" U.S. Government Accountability Office, January 2003 (PDF) |url=https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/ReportsTrustFunds/downloads/tr2006.pdf |access-date=July 21, 2006}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 12, 2005 |title=U.S. GAO – Report Abstract |url=http://www.gao.gov/docdblite/summary.php?rptno=GAO-05-656&accno=A37738 |url-status=dead |issue=GAO-05-656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623073055/http://www.gao.gov/docdblite/summary.php?rptno=GAO-05-656&accno=A37738 |archive-date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=February 19, 2011}}</ref> Kasa da kashi 5% na da'awar Medicare ake tantancewa. == Suka == Robert M. Ball, tsohon kwamishinan Tsaron Jama'a a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Kennedy a 1961 kuma daga baya a ƙarƙashin Johnson da Nixon, ya bayyana babban cikas ga samar da inshorar lafiya ga tsofaffi: tsadar kulawa ga tsofaffi tare da ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na mutanen da suka yi ritaya. Saboda tsofaffi da suka yi ritaya suna amfani da kulawar lafiya fiye da matasa ma'aikata, ya kamata a yi amfani da kuɗin inshorar da ya shafi haɗarin tsofaffi, amma idan dole ne a biya babban kuɗin bayan ritaya, lokacin da kuɗin shiga ya yi ƙasa, to nauyi ne da ba zai yiwu ba ga matsakaicin mutum. Ya ce, hanya ɗaya tilo da za a iya bi ita ce a ba da kuɗin inshorar lafiya kamar yadda ake ba da fa'idodin kuɗi don ritaya, ta hanyar gudummawar da aka bayar yayin aiki, lokacin da biyan kuɗin ya fi wahala, tare da tanadin kariyar da aka bayar a lokacin ritaya ba tare da ƙarin biyan kuɗi ba. [1] A farkon shekarun 1960, kaɗan ne daga cikin tsofaffi ke da inshorar lafiya, kuma abin da suke da shi yawanci bai isa ba. Masu inshora kamar Blue Cross, waɗanda suka fara amfani da ƙa'idar ƙima ga al'umma, sun fuskanci gasa daga wasu kamfanonin inshora na kasuwanci waɗanda ba sa ƙima ga al'umma, don haka aka tilasta musu ƙara farashinsu ga tsofaffi. [2] Medicare ba yawanci ba ne haƙƙin da ba a samu ba. Ana samun haƙƙin ne bisa ga bayanan gudummawar da aka bayar ga asusun Medicare. Saboda haka, wani nau'i ne na inshorar zamantakewa wanda ke ba mutane damar biyan inshorar rashin lafiya a lokacin tsufa lokacin da suke ƙanana kuma suna iya aiki, kuma a tabbatar da cewa za su dawo da fa'idodinsu idan sun girma kuma ba sa aiki. Wasu mutane za su biya fiye da yadda suke karɓa, wasu kuma za su sami fa'idodi fiye da yadda suke biya. Ba kamar inshorar mai zaman kansa ba inda dole ne a biya wani kuɗi don cimma ɗaukar nauyin inshora, duk mutanen da suka cancanta za su iya samun ɗaukar nauyin inshora ba tare da la'akari da nawa ko sun taɓa biya ba. === Biyan kuɗi da aka yi da siyasa === Bruce Vladeck, darektan Hukumar Kula da Kuɗin Kula da Lafiya a gwamnatin [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]], ya yi jayayya cewa masu fafutuka sun canza shirin Medicare "daga wanda ke ba da haƙƙin doka ga masu cin gajiyar sa zuwa wanda ke ba da haƙƙin siyasa ga masu samar da shi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope |first=Chris |title=Medicare's Single-Payer Experience |url=http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/medicares-single-payer-experience |access-date=January 20, 2016 |website=National Affairs}}</ref> === Ingancin ayyukan masu cin gajiyar === Wani bincike da Ofishin Kula da Hakkin Gwamnati ya gudanar a shekarar 2001 ya tantance ingancin amsoshin da ɗan kwangilar gudanarwa na Medicare (MAC) da wakilan sabis na abokin ciniki na haɗin gwiwa (UPIC) suka bayar ga tambayoyin likita. Masu kimantawa sun tattara jerin tambayoyi, waɗanda suka yi a lokacin da aka yi amfani da samfurin kira zuwa MACs bazuwar. Adadin cikakkun bayanai da wakilan sabis na abokin ciniki na Medicare suka bayar ya kai kashi 15%. [1] Tun daga lokacin, an ɗauki matakai don inganta ingancin sabis ɗin abokin ciniki da MACs ke bayarwa, musamman 1-800-MEDICARE ɗan kwangila. Sakamakon haka, 1-800-MEDICARE Wakilan kula da abokan ciniki (CSR) sun ga ƙaruwar horo, sa ido kan tabbatar da inganci ya ƙaru sosai, kuma ana bayar da binciken gamsuwar abokan ciniki ga masu kiran bazuwar. === Amincewa da asibiti === A mafi yawan jihohi, Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta don amincewa da asibitoci, tana yanke shawara ko asibiti zai iya shiga cikin Medicare ko a'a, saboda a halin yanzu babu ƙungiyoyi masu fafatawa da CMS ta amince da su. Wasu ƙungiyoyi kuma za su iya amincewa da asibitoci don Medicare.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2014}} Waɗannan sun haɗa da Shirin Tabbatar da Lafiyar Al'umma, Hukumar Tabbatar da Lafiya, Ƙungiyar Biyayya da Ƙungiyar Ingancin Kula da Lafiya kan Tabbatar da Inganci . Takardar shaidar aiki ne na son rai kuma wata ƙungiya za ta iya zaɓar a tantance ta ta Hukumar Binciken Jiha ko kuma ta CMS kai tsaye. === Ilimin likitanci na digiri na biyu === Dangane da ilimin likitanci na digiri na biyu, Medicare yana ba da kuɗin mafi yawan horon zama a Amurka. Wannan tallafin kuɗi bisa ga haraji ya ƙunshi albashin mazauna da fa'idodi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi da ake kira biyan kuɗin Ilimi na Lafiya kai tsaye. Medicare kuma tana amfani da haraji don Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya na Kai Tsaye, wani tallafi da ake biya wa asibitocin koyarwa a madadin horar da likitocin mazauna. [1] A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008, waɗannan kuɗaɗen sun kai dala biliyan 2.7 da kuma dala biliyan 5.7, bi da bi. [2] Jimillar matakan kuɗi sun kasance a matakin ɗaya tun daga shekarar 1996, don haka an horar da mazauna wannan adadi ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka a ƙarƙashin wannan shirin. [3] A halin yanzu, yawan jama'ar Amurka yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin buƙatar likitoci, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar rashin lafiya da cututtuka tsakanin tsofaffi idan aka kwatanta da matasa. A lokaci guda, farashin ayyukan likitanci yana ci gaba da hauhawa cikin sauri, kuma yankuna da yawa na ƙasa suna fuskantar ƙarancin likitoci, duka yanayin biyu yana nuna cewa wadatar likitoci har yanzu tana da ƙasa sosai. [4] Saboda haka Medicare ta sami kanta a cikin wani yanayi na daban na ɗaukar iko kan babbar hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen karatu ga ɗaliban digiri na biyu, wanda a halin yanzu ke fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen kasafin kuɗi, kuma sakamakon haka, dakatar da kuɗaɗen karatu ga ɗaliban digiri na biyu, da kuma kuɗin biyan kuɗin likita. Wannan ya tilasta wa asibitoci neman wasu hanyoyin samun kuɗi don guraben zama. [1] Wannan dakatarwar da aka yi wa kuɗaɗen, bi da bi, ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar da Medicare ke neman magancewa tun farko: inganta samuwar kulawar lafiya. Duk da haka, wasu kwararru a fannin kula da lafiya sun yi imanin cewa karancin likitoci na iya zama wata dama ga masu samar da kayan aiki su sake tsara tsarin isar da kayansu don ya zama mai rahusa da inganci. Mataimakan likitoci da kuma ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya masu rijista na iya fara ɗaukar ƙarin nauyin da likitoci suka saba ɗauka, amma ba lallai bane su buƙaci horo da ƙwarewar likita. [2] == Dokoki da gyare-gyare == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> * 1960: Gyaran Tsaron Jama'a na PL 86-778 na 1960 (Taimakon Kerr-Mills) * 1965: Dokar Tsaron Jama'a ta PL 89-97 ta 1965, Kafa Fa'idodin Medicare <ref name="test">{{Cite web |last=Dallek |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Dallek |date=Summer 2010 |title=Medicare's Complicated Birth |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20100719-Johnson-Medicare-Congress-Democratic-Party-Wilbur-Mills-Harry-Byrd.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822235458/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20100719-Johnson-Medicare-Congress-Democratic-Party-Wilbur-Mills-Harry-Byrd.shtml |archive-date=August 22, 2010 |website=americanheritage.com |publisher=American Heritage |page=28}}</ref> * 1980: Dokar Biyan Kuɗi ta Sakandare ta Medicare ta 1980, an ƙara ɗaukar nauyin magungunan da aka rubuta * 1988: Dokar Kare Mummunan Bala'i ta Medicare ta PL 100-360 ta 1988 <ref name="Health Affairs-Rice-1990" /> <ref name="NYT-Hulse-2013-11-18" /> * 1989: Dokar Soke Dokar Kare Mummunan Hana Kuɗi ta Medicare ta 1989 <ref name="Health Affairs-Rice-1990">{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Thomas |last2=Desmond |first2=Katherine |last3=Gabel |first3=Jon |date=Fall 1990 |title=The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act: a Post-mortem |journal=Health Affairs |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.9.3.75 |pmid=2227787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * 1997: Dokar Daidaitaccen Kasafin Kuɗi ta PL 105-33 ta 1997 * 2003: Dokar Magunguna, Ingantawa, da Zamantakewa ta Medicare ta PL 108-173 * 2010: Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Dokar Sulhu da Kula da Lafiya da Ilimi ta 2010 * 2013: Tasirin kwace Medicare saboda Dokar Kula da Kasafin Kudi ta 2011 * 2015: Canje-canje masu yawa ga Medicare, musamman ga tanade-tanaden SGR na Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Daidaituwa ta 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Samun Medicare da Sake Ba da Izini ta CHIP (MACRA) * 2016: Canje-canje ga dokokin Tsaron Jama'a "ba su da lahani" domin suna shafar kuɗin da ake biya na Kashi na B bisa ga Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Bipartisans ta 2015 * 2022: [[Dokar Rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki|Dokar Rage Farashin Farashi]] ta haɗa da tanade-tanaden tattaunawar Medicare, wanda ya ba da damar yin shawarwari kan farashin magungunan da likita ya rubuta tun daga 2026 A shekarar 1977, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Kula da Lafiya (HCFA) a matsayin hukumar tarayya da ke da alhakin kula da Medicare da Medicaid. Za a sake masa suna zuwa Cibiyoyin Medicare &amp;amp; Medicaid Services (CMS) a shekara ta 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agencies – Health Care Finance Administration |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/health-care-finance-administration |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=Federal Register}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 1983, [[Kungiyar da ke da alaƙa da ganewar asali|ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da ganewar asali]] (DRG) ta maye gurbin kuɗin biyan kuɗin sabis na asibitoci ga marasa lafiya na Medicare. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cacace |first=Mirella |last2=Schmid |first2=Achim |date=2009-11-05 |title=The role of diagnosis related groups (DRGs) in healthcare system convergence |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=A5 |doi=10.1186/1472-6963-9-S1-A5 |issn=1472-6963 |pmc=2773580 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya yi ƙoƙarin yin garambawul ga Medicare ta hanyar shirinsa na gyaran lafiyar lafiya a 1993-1994 amma bai sami damar amincewa da dokar da Majalisa ta amince da ita ba. A shekara ta 2003, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Magunguna, Ingantawa, da Zamantakewa ta Medicare, wadda Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu a kanta a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2003. [1] Wani ɓangare na wannan dokar ya haɗa da cike gibin da ke akwai a fannin inshorar magunguna da takardar likita ta bari a ƙarƙashin Dokar Biyan Kuɗi ta Medicare Secondary Payer Act wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1980. Dokar 2003 ta ƙarfafa Shirin Biyan Ma'aikata na Medicare Set-Aside (WCMSA) wanda CMS ke sa ido da gudanarwa. A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2007, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don rage biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da Medicare Advantage domin biyan kuɗin da aka faɗaɗa na kula da lafiyar yara a ƙarƙashin shirin SCHIP . Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, tsare-tsaren Medicare Advantage suna kashe, a matsakaici, kashi 13 cikin ɗari fiye da kowane mutum da aka yi wa inshora ga masu cin gajiyar irin wannan fiye da tsare-tsaren biyan kuɗi kai tsaye. [1] Masana tattalin arziki da yawa sun kammala da cewa biyan kuɗi ga masu samar da Medicare Advantage ya wuce gona da iri. [2] [3] Majalisar Dattawa, bayan matsin lamba daga masana'antar inshora, ta ƙi amincewa da rage harajin Medicare Advantage da Majalisar ta gabatar. Daga baya Shugaba Bush ya yi watsi da tsawaita wa'adin SCHIP.[1] === Tasirin Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (ACA) ta 2010 ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga shirin Medicare. An tsara wasu tanade-tanaden doka don rage farashin Medicare. Mafi girman tanadin ya rage yawan kuɗin da ake biya ga asibitoci da cibiyoyin jinya masu ƙwarewa a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A na Medicare, ta hanyoyi daban-daban (misali, rage kashi, hukunce-hukuncen sake shiga). Majalisa ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin rage biyan kuɗi ga tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C na Medicare na jama'a ta hanyar daidaita dokokin da suka kafa kuɗaɗen da aka ware wa shirye-shiryen Sashe na C tare da FFS da aka biya don kulawa iri ɗaya ga "masu cin gajiyar irin wannan" a ƙarƙashin Sashe na A da B na Medicare. Ainihin waɗannan raguwar sun ƙunshi yin taka tsantsan daga ɓangaren CMS. Misalan abin da CMS ta yi, sun haɗa da kawo ƙarshen shirin Sashe na C wanda Majalisar Dokoki ta fara a baya don ƙara amfani da Sashe na C a yankunan karkara (abin da ake kira shirin Sashe na C PFFS) da kuma rage wani shiri da ke ƙarfafa ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago su ƙirƙiri nasu tsare-tsaren Sashe na C waɗanda ba su samuwa ga tushen masu cin gajiyar Medicare gaba ɗaya (abin da ake kira tsare-tsaren Sashe na C EGWP) ta hanyar samar da ƙarin kuɗi. MedPAC ta gano waɗannan nau'ikan tsare-tsaren Sashe na C guda biyu a matsayin shirye-shiryen da suka fi shafar daidaito tsakanin farashin masu cin gajiyar Medicare akan Sashe na A/B/C da kuma farashin masu cin gajiyar da ba sa cikin Sashe na A/B/C. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin cimma daidaito sun yi nasara sosai. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, duk masu cin gajiyar A/B/C sun kashe kashi 4% ƙasa da kowane mutum fiye da duk masu cin gajiyar A/B/C. Amma ko hakan ya faru ne saboda raguwar farashin na farko ko kuma karuwar farashin na biyu ba a san shi ba. PPACA ta kuma rage ɗan ƙaramin ƙaruwa na shekara-shekara a cikin biyan kuɗi ga likitoci da asibitoci waɗanda ke ba da hidima ga marasa lafiya marasa galihu. Tare da wasu ƙananan gyare-gyare, waɗannan canje-canjen sun rage hasashen farashin Medicare a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa da dala biliyan 455. Bugu da ƙari, PPACA ta ƙirƙiri Hukumar Ba da Shawara Kan Biyan Kuɗi Mai Zaman Kanta (IPAB), wadda aka ba wa ikon gabatar da shawarwari na dokoki don rage farashin Medicare idan kashe kuɗin shirin ga kowace mutum ya karu da sauri fiye da GDP na kowace mutum da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari. Ba a taɓa kafa IPAB ba kuma an soke ta a hukumance ta Dokar Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Daidaituwa ta 2018. PPACA ta kuma yi wasu canje-canje ga fa'idodin waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare. Nan da shekarar 2020, ta "rufe" abin da ake kira "ramin donut" tsakanin iyakokin farko na tsare-tsaren Sashe na D da kuma mummunan iyaka kan kashe kuɗi daga aljihu, wanda hakan ya rage yawan waɗanda suka yi rajista a Sashe na D ga farashin magungunan da aka rubuta da matsakaicin dala $2,000 a shekara. [1] Wato, tsarin biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa a cikin gibin (wanda har yanzu yana nan bisa doka) zai kasance iri ɗaya da tsarin biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa a farkon lokacin kashe kuɗi, 25%. Wannan ya rage farashi ga kusan kashi 5% na mutanen da ke kan Medicare. An kuma sanya iyaka kan kuɗaɗen da za a kashe wajen kula da lafiya a cikin hanyar sadarwa ga waɗanda suka yi rajista a shirin kiwon lafiya na Sashe na C na jama'a. [2] Yawancin waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna da irin wannan iyaka amma ACA ta tsara ƙayyadadden adadin kuɗin da za a kashe a kowace shekara. Masu cin gajiyar Medicare na gargajiya ba sa samun irin wannan iyaka amma suna iya shirya ɗaya ta hanyar inshorar sirri. A halin yanzu, an sake tsara kuɗin Medicare Sashe na B da D ta hanyoyin da suka rage farashi ga yawancin mutane yayin da ake tara gudummawa daga mutanen da suka fi arziki da Medicare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2010 |title=Income-Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums: How Many Medicare Beneficiaries Will Be Affected? |url=http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8126.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202083351/http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8126.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2013 |website=Kff.org |publisher=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> Dokar ta kuma faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin wasu ayyukan rigakafi ko kuma kawar da biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2010 |title=Health care law rights and protections; 10 benefits for you |url=http://www.healthcare.gov/law/features/rights/preventive-care/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619173358/http://www.healthcare.gov/law/features/rights/preventive-care/index.html |archive-date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2013 |website=HealthCare.gov}}</ref> Hukumar PPACA ta kafa wasu matakai da dama don shawo kan zamba da cin zarafi na Medicare, kamar tsawon lokacin kulawa, tantance masu samar da kayayyaki, ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi ga wasu masu samar da kayayyaki, ƙirƙirar bayanai don raba bayanai tsakanin hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi, da kuma ƙarin hukunci ga waɗanda suka karya doka. Dokar ta kuma ƙirƙiri hanyoyi, kamar Cibiyar Medicare da Ƙirƙirar Medicaid don ba da kuɗaɗen gwaje-gwaje don gano sabbin hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da isar da kaya waɗanda za a iya faɗaɗa su don rage farashin kula da lafiya yayin da ake inganta inganci. [1] === Shawarwari don yin garambawul ga Medicare === Yayinda 'yan majalisa ke ci gaba da neman sabbin hanyoyin da za su sarrafa farashin Medicare, an gabatar da sabbin shawarwari da yawa don sake fasalin Medicare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. ==== Tallafi namusamman ==== Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, an gabatar da shawarwari da dama na canza Medicare daga shirin inshorar zamantakewa na jama'a wanda gwamnati ke gudanarwa tare da fa'ida da aka ayyana, wanda babu iyaka ga kuɗaɗen gwamnati, zuwa shirin tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a wanda ke ba da "tallafin kuɗi mai kyau" ga waɗanda suka yi rajista. [1] [2] Babban manufar da ke bayan shawarwarin ita ce gwamnati za ta bayar da gudummawa ta musamman, wato tallafi mai tsoka, ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na wanda ya yi rajista a Medicare. Masu tallafawa za su yi gasa don samar da fa'idodin Medicare kuma wannan gasa za ta saita matakin gudummawar da aka ƙayyade. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda suka yi rajista za su iya siyan ƙarin kariya ta hanyar biyan ƙarin kuɗi ban da gudummawar gwamnati da aka ƙayyade. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka yi rajista za su iya zaɓar ƙarancin kuɗin inshorar kuma su ci gaba da riƙe bambanci tsakanin kuɗin inshorar su da kuma gudummawar gwamnati da aka ƙayyade. [3] [4] Manufar tsare-tsaren Medicare masu tsada shine don ƙara inganci da farashi; idan irin wannan shawara ta yi aiki kamar yadda aka tsara, tallafin kuɗi zai fi kyau ga tsare-tsaren Medicare waɗanda ke ba da mafi kyawun kulawa a mafi ƙarancin farashi. [1] [4] Wannan ra'ayi shine ainihin yadda Sashe na C na Medicare na jama'a ke aiki (amma tare da tsarin bayar da tayin gasa mai rikitarwa wanda ke haifar da farashi ga Amintattu, amma yana da amfani ga masu cin gajiyar). Ganin cewa kusan kashi 1% ne kawai na mutanen da ke kan Medicare suka sami tallafin kuɗi lokacin da Aaron da Reischauer suka fara rubuta shawararsu a shekarar 1995 kuma kaso yanzu ya kai kashi 35%, yana kan hanyar zuwa kashi 50% nan da shekarar 2040 a cewar Amintattu, wataƙila ba a buƙatar wani gyara ba. An yi suka da dama kan tsarin tallafin kuɗi na musamman. Wasu sun nuna damuwa game da zaɓin haɗari, inda kamfanonin inshora ke neman hanyoyin da za su guji biyan kuɗin kula da mutanen da ake tsammanin za su sami tsadar kuɗin kula da lafiya. [1] Shawarwarin tallafi na musamman, kamar shirin 2011 da Sanata Ron Wyden da Wakili Paul Ryan ( R - Wis. ) suka gabatar, sun yi nufin guje wa zaɓin haɗari ta hanyar haɗa da ƙa'idar kariya da ke tilasta wa tsare-tsaren da ke shiga cikin irin wannan ɗaukar nauyin inshora su samar da inshora ga duk masu cin gajiyar kuma ba za su iya guje wa rufe masu cin gajiyar haɗarin da ya fi girma ba. [2] Wasu masu suka suna damuwa cewa yawan mutanen Medicare, waɗanda ke da yawan nakasa ta hankali da kuma ciwon hauka, za su yi wahala su zaɓi tsakanin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya masu fafatawa. [3] Robert Moffit, wani babban jami'i a Gidauniyar Heritage ya mayar da martani ga wannan damuwa, yana mai cewa duk da cewa akwai bincike da ke nuna cewa mutane suna da matsala wajen zabar tsarin kula da lafiya da ya dace, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa jami'an gwamnati za su iya yin zabi mafi kyau. [4] Henry Aaron, ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan tallafin kuɗi na asali, tun daga lokacin ya yi jayayya cewa bai kamata a aiwatar da ra'ayin ba, ganin cewa tsare-tsaren Medicare Advantage ba su shawo kan kuɗaɗen da suka fi na Medicare na gargajiya inganci ba, kuma saboda yanayin siyasa yana adawa da nau'ikan ƙa'idodi da za a buƙaci don sanya ra'ayin ya yi aiki. [5] A halin yanzu, tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya na Medicare na Sashe na C na jama'a suna guje wa wannan matsala tare da tsarin haɗa haɗari wanda ke ba da ƙananan biyan kuɗi ga kowane mutum ga masu tallafawa (ku tuna duk waɗannan mutanen sun wuce shekaru 65) membobin shirin lafiya da kuma ƙarin biyan kuɗi ga kowane mutum ga waɗanda ba su da lafiya. ==== Canza shekarun cancanta ==== An gabatar da tsare-tsare daban-daban da dama waɗanda za su ƙara shekarun cancantar Medicare. [1] [2] [3] [4] Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa, yayin da yawan jama'a ke tsufa kuma adadin ma'aikata da masu ritaya ke ƙaruwa, shirye-shiryen tsofaffi suna buƙatar a rage su. Tunda shekarun da Amurkawa za su iya yin ritaya tare da cikakken fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a ya karu daga 65 zuwa 67, ana jayayya cewa shekarun cancantar Medicare ya kamata su karu tare da shi (kodayake mutane za su iya fara samun raguwar fa'idodin Tsaron Jama'a tun suna da shekaru 62). Babban Bankin Duniya ya yi hasashen cewa ƙara shekarun cancantar Medicare zai adana dala biliyan 113 cikin shekaru 10 bayan yin la'akari da faɗaɗa tallafin Medicaid da na inshorar lafiya na jihar da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin gyaran kiwon lafiya, waɗanda ake buƙata don taimaka wa waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin inshorar ba su sayi inshorar. [1] Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation ta gano cewa ƙara shekarun cancanta zai ceci gwamnatin tarayya dala biliyan 5.7 a kowace shekara, yayin da kuma ƙara kuɗaɗe ga sauran masu biyan kuɗi. A cewar Kaiser, ƙara shekaru zai kashe dala biliyan 3.7 ga masu shekaru 65 da 66, dala biliyan 2.8 ga sauran masu amfani waɗanda kuɗin inshora zai ƙaru yayin da haɗarin inshora ya fi yawa, dala biliyan 4.5 ga ma'aikata da ke ba da inshora, da kuma dala biliyan 0.7 ga jihohi da ke faɗaɗa tsarin Medicaid ɗinsu. A ƙarshe Kaiser ya gano cewa shirin zai ƙara jimillar kuɗaɗen zamantakewa da fiye da ninki biyu na tanadin da ake yi wa gwamnatin tarayya. [2] A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2020, Joe Biden ya ba da shawarar rage shekarun cancantar Medicare zuwa shekaru 60. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=Coverage Implications of Policies to Lower the Age of Medicare Eligibility |url=https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/coverage-implications-of-policies-to-lower-the-age-of-medicare-eligibility/ |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=KFF |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike da Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation ta gudanar ya gano cewa rage shekarun zuwa 60 na iya rage farashin tsare-tsaren lafiyar ma'aikata da kashi 15% idan duk ma'aikatan da suka cancanta suka koma Medicare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Lowering the Medicare Eligibility Age Might Affect Employer-Sponsored Insurance Costs |url=https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/how-lowering-the-medicare-eligibility-age-might-affect-employer-sponsored-insurance-costs/ |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Tattaunawa kan farashin magungunan da likita ya rubuta ==== A halin yanzu, mutanen da ke da Medicare za su iya samun inshorar maganin da likita ya rubuta ta hanyar shirin Medicare Part C na jama'a ko kuma ta hanyar shirin tsare-tsaren magunguna na Part D (PDPs) wanda ke da alaƙa da su. Kowace mai tallafawa shirin tana kafa manufofinta na ɗaukar nauyin kaya kuma idan ana so, za ta iya yin shawarwari da kanta kan farashin da take biya wa masana'antun magunguna. Amma saboda kowane tsari yana da ƙaramin tsarin inshora fiye da dukkan shirin Medicare, mutane da yawa suna jayayya cewa wannan tsarin biyan kuɗin magungunan da aka rubuta yana lalata ikon gwamnati na yin ciniki kuma ta hanyar wucin gadi yana ƙara farashin inshorar magunguna. Akasin haka, kusan koyaushe ana yin shawarwari don masu tallafawa ta hanyar ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni uku ko huɗu waɗanda galibi ke da alaƙa da dillalan magunguna waɗanda kowannensu ke da ikon siye fiye da duk shirin Medicare. Wannan tsarin da ya mayar da hankali kan magunguna ko na gwamnati ya yi aiki ganin cewa Kashi na D ya kashe kashi 50% ko fiye a ƙarƙashin hasashen farko na kashe kuɗi kuma ya riƙe matsakaicin kashe kuɗin magani na shekara-shekara na tsofaffi a cikin cikakken dala daidai gwargwado tsawon shekaru sama da 10. Mutane da yawa suna kallon Hukumar Lafiya ta Tsoffin Sojoji (VHA) a matsayin samfurin inshorar magunguna masu rahusa. Tunda VHA tana ba da kulawar lafiya kai tsaye, tana kula da tsarin lissafinta kuma tana yin shawarwari kan farashi da masana'antun. Bincike ya nuna cewa VHA tana biyan kuɗi kaɗan fiye da yadda shirin PDP na Medicare Part D ke ba da tallafi ga magunguna. [1] [2] Wani bincike ya gano cewa ɗaukar tsarin lissafi irin na VHA zai adana wa Medicare dala biliyan 14 a shekara. [3] Akwai wasu shawarwari kan tanadi kan magungunan da likita ya rubuta waɗanda ba sa buƙatar irin waɗannan canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga manufofin biyan kuɗi da inshora na Medicare Part D. Ana buƙatar masana'antun da ke samar da magunguna ga Medicaid su bayar da rangwame na kashi 15 cikin ɗari akan matsakaicin farashin masana'anta. Tsofaffi marasa galihu waɗanda suka cancanci Medicare da Medicaid suna samun inshorar magani ta hanyar Medicare Sashe na D, kuma ba a biyan kuɗin magungunan da gwamnati ta saya musu ba. A bisa wani kiyasin da aka yi kwanan nan kan CBO, sake dawo da wannan rangwamen zai samar da tanadi na dala biliyan 112. [1] Wasu sun yi tambaya game da ikon gwamnatin tarayya na samun ƙarin tanadi fiye da manyan jam'iyyun PDP, tunda wasu daga cikin manyan tsare-tsaren suna da wuraren ɗaukar hoto kamar na Medicare, kodayake shaidar daga VHA tana da kyau. Wasu kuma suna damuwa cewa rage farashin magungunan da aka rubuta zai rage kwarin gwiwar masana'antun su zuba jari a bincike da ci gaba, kodayake haka za a iya cewa game da duk wani abu da zai rage farashi. [2] Duk da haka, kwatancen da aka yi da VHA ya nuna cewa VHA ta ƙunshi kusan rabin magungunan a matsayin Sashe na D. ==== Gyaran kulawa ga "masu cancanta biyu" ==== Kimanin Amurkawa miliyan tara—galibi tsofaffi masu ƙarancin kuɗin shiga—sun cancanci Medicare da Medicaid . Waɗannan maza da mata galibi suna da rashin lafiya musamman—fiye da rabi ana yi musu magani saboda cututtuka biyar ko fiye da haka <ref name="ahipcoverage.com">{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Kenneth E. |date=October 13, 2011 |title=Estimated Federal Savings Associated with Care Coordination Models for Medicare-Medicaid Dual Eligibles |url=http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013072459/http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |access-date=June 15, 2019}}</ref> —kuma suna da tsada sosai. Matsakaicin kuɗin da ake kashewa a kowace shekara ga "masu cancanta biyu" shine $20,000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Dual Eligible: Medicaid's Role for Low-Income Beneficiaries |url=http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806220306/http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation, Fact Sheet #4091-07}}</ref> idan aka kwatanta da $10,900 ga al'ummar Medicare gaba ɗaya. <ref name="NationalHealthExpendData">{{Cite web |title=NHE Web Tables for Selected Calendar Years 1960–2010 |url=https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/tables.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127170317/http://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/tables.pdf |archive-date=January 27, 2012 |access-date=February 16, 2012 |publisher=Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services |at=Table 16}}</ref> Al'ummar da suka cancanci shiga shirin sun kai kimanin kashi 20 cikin 100 na waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare amma sun kai kashi 36 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa. [1] Akwai kwararan shaidu da ke nuna cewa waɗannan mutanen suna samun kulawa mara inganci saboda alhakin kula da su ya rabu tsakanin shirye-shiryen Medicare da Medicaid [2] - yawancinsu suna ganin masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban ba tare da wata hanyar daidaita kulawarsu ba, kuma suna fuskantar yawan adadin asibitocin da za a iya hana su shiga. [3] Saboda Medicaid da Medicare suna rufe fannoni daban-daban na kula da lafiya, dukansu suna da ƙarfin gwiwa na kuɗi don hana marasa lafiya shiga cikin kulawa da ɗayan shirin ke biya. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa kafa hanyoyin da za a daidaita kulawa ga waɗanda suka cancanci kulawa biyu na iya samar da babban tanadi a cikin shirin Medicare, galibi ta hanyar rage yawan zuwa asibiti. Irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen za su haɗa marasa lafiya da kulawa ta farko, ƙirƙirar tsarin kiwon lafiya na musamman, taimaka wa waɗanda suka yi rajista wajen samun ayyukan jin daɗin jama'a da na ɗan adam da kuma kulawar lafiya, daidaita magungunan da likitoci daban-daban suka rubuta don tabbatar da cewa ba sa lalata juna, da kuma kula da ɗabi'u don inganta lafiya. [1] Babban manufar waɗannan shawarwari ita ce "maganin majiyyaci, ba cutar ba," [2] da kuma kula da lafiya tare da guje wa magunguna masu tsada. Akwai takaddama kan wanda ya kamata ya ɗauki alhakin daidaita kula da waɗanda suka cancanci shiga gasar biyu. An yi wasu shawarwari don canja wurin waɗanda suka cancanci shiga cikin tsare-tsaren kula da Medicaid da ake da su, waɗanda jihohi daban-daban ke kula da su. [1] Amma jihohi da yawa da ke fuskantar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na iya samun wasu abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa na dagewa kan kulawa mai mahimmanci ko kuma canza kuɗaɗen zuwa ga waɗanda suka yi rajista da iyalansu don samun wasu tanadin Medicaid. Medicare tana da ƙwarewa wajen kula da tsofaffi, kuma tana riga ta faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen kulawa masu tsari a ƙarƙashin ACA, [2] kodayake akwai wasu tambayoyi game da ikon tsare-tsaren Medicare masu zaman kansu na sarrafa kulawa da cimma tanadi mai ma'ana. [3] An kiyasta tanadi daga ingantaccen kulawa mai kyau ga waɗanda suka cancanci kulawa biyu ya kama daga dala biliyan 125 <ref name="ahipcoverage.com" /> zuwa sama da dala biliyan 200, galibi ta hanyar kawar da rashin amfani da kuma tsadar shigar asibiti. ==== Kuɗin Medicare da suka shafi samun kuɗi ==== 'Yan Republican na Majalisar Wakilai da Shugaba Obama sun ba da shawarar ƙara ƙarin kuɗin fansho da masu kuɗi da ke da Medicare ke biya, wanda hakan zai ƙara wasu gyare-gyare a cikin ACA wanda zai ƙara yawan masu kuɗi da ke biyan ƙarin kuɗin fansho na Sashe na B da Sashe na D da suka shafi kuɗin shiga. An yi hasashen cewa irin waɗannan shawarwari za su adana dala biliyan 20 a cikin shekaru goma, [1] kuma a ƙarshe za su sa fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare su biya tsakanin kashi 35 zuwa 90 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen Sashe na B nan da shekarar 2035, maimakon kashi 25 cikin ɗari na yau da kullun. Idan an aiwatar da maƙallan da aka tsara don 2035 a yau, zai nuna cewa duk wanda ke samun fiye da $47,000 (a matsayin mutum ɗaya) ko $94,000 (a matsayin ma'aurata) zai fuskanci matsala. A ƙarƙashin shawarwarin 'yan Republican, mutanen da abin ya shafa za su biya kashi 40 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin da ake biya na Sashe na B da Sashe na D, wanda zai yi daidai da dala 2,500. [2] Ƙarin iyakancewar alaƙar samun kuɗi da ake da ita da kuɗin da ake biya yana ƙara ƙarancin kuɗin shiga ne kawai. A halin yanzu, kashi 5 cikin 100 na waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare suna biyan kuɗin da ya shafi kuɗin shiga, kuma yawancinsu suna biyan kashi 35 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin da suke kashewa (a matsakaici), idan aka kwatanta da kashi 25 cikin 100 na yawancin mutane suna biya. Adadin waɗanda suka yi rajista kaɗan ne kawai ke shiga cikin rukunin kuɗin shiga mafi girma da ake buƙata don ɗaukar babban kaso na kuɗaɗen su - kusan rabin kashi na mutane da ƙasa da kashi uku na ma'auratan da ke aure a halin yanzu suna biyan fiye da kashi 35 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗaɗen Sashe na B. [1] Akwai damuwa cewa haɗa kuɗin shiga da kuɗin shiga zai raunana Medicare a siyasance a cikin dogon lokaci, tunda mutane sun fi goyon bayan shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na duniya fiye da waɗanda aka gwada kuɗi . ==== Takaddun Medigap ==== Wasu tsare-tsaren inshora na Medicare (ko "Medigap") sun rufe duk wani rabon kuɗin da mai shiga zai biya, suna kare su daga duk wani kuɗaɗen da za a kashe a aljihunsu da kuma tabbatar da tsaron kuɗi ga mutanen da ke da manyan buƙatun kula da lafiya. Yawancin masu tsara manufofi sun yi imanin cewa irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna ƙara farashin Medicare ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wani abu mai ban sha'awa wanda ke sa marasa lafiya su nemi magunguna marasa amfani da tsada. Mutane da yawa suna jayayya cewa magunguna marasa amfani sune babban dalilin hauhawar farashi kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke da Medicare ya kamata su ji ƙarin kuɗin kulawarsu don ƙirƙirar abubuwan ƙarfafawa don neman hanyoyin da suka fi inganci. An bayyana wasu tsare-tsare na rage gibin da kuma ƙarin kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa kan inshorar Medigap a wasu shawarwari kan rage gibin. [1] [2] [3] Ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyare mafi girma da aka gabatar, wanda zai hana Medigap biyan duk wani kuɗin inshorar haɗin gwiwa na farko na dala $500 kuma ya iyakance shi ga biyan kashi 50 cikin 100 na duk wasu kuɗaɗen da suka wuce haka, zai iya adana dala biliyan 50 cikin shekaru 10. [4] Amma kuma zai ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ga mutanen da ke da tsadar kula da lafiya. Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa ikirarin da ake yi na Medigap na haifar da yawan shan magani na iya zama abin wuce gona da iri, kuma tanadin da ake iya samu daga takaita shi na iya zama ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani. [1] A halin yanzu, akwai wasu damuwa game da tasirin da ka iya yi wa waɗanda suka yi rajista. An nuna cewa mutanen da ke fuskantar manyan laifuka a kowane lokaci na kulawa suna jinkirta ko kuma watsi da kulawar da ake buƙata, suna jefa lafiyarsu cikin haɗari da kuma yiwuwar ƙara farashin kula da lafiyarsu akan lokaci. [2] Ganin rashin horon likitanci, yawancin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar matsala wajen bambancewa tsakanin magunguna masu mahimmanci da marasa amfani. Matsalar za a iya ƙara ta'azzara a tsakanin al'ummar Medicare, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ilimin lafiya. ==== Rufewar Gani ==== An zartar da dokar Build Back Better a Majalisa a watan Nuwamba na 2021, kuma ta ƙara ayyukan ji waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Medicare Part B deductible da 20% coinsurance daga 2023. Shawarar farko ta wannan kudiri ta kuma yi nufin magance gibin da ke akwai a fannin Medicare kamar kula da lafiyar hakori da kuma hangen nesa, duk da haka an cire dukkan ayyukan biyu bayan kin amincewa da aka yi a Majalisar Dattawa. Wani bincike da Cibiyar Urban ta gudanar ya nuna cewa waɗanda suka yi rajista a Medicare sun fi kashe kuɗi kan ayyukan gani na yau da kullun ($8.4 biliyan) fiye da ayyukan ji na yau da kullun ($5.7 biliyan), wanda daga cikinsu an kashe dala biliyan 5.4 da dala biliyan 4.7 daga aljihunsu bi da bi. [1] Bugu da ƙari, kusan mutum 1 cikin 3 masu cin gajiyar Medicare suna amfani da ayyukan gani kowace shekara, kuma matsakaicin kashe kuɗi na $411 ga kowane mutum; [1] saboda haka, tasirin faɗaɗa Medicare don haɗawa da ayyukan gani zai amfani mutane da yawa. Akwai raguwar samun kudin shiga a cikin waɗanda ke amfani da ayyukan hangen nesa da kuma tsananin buƙatu na waɗannan ayyukan ga waɗanda ke da ƙarancin albashi. Masu rajista a ƙasa da matakin talauci na tarayya sun kashe dala $190, yayin da waɗanda suka kai kashi 400% sama da matakin suka kashe dala $465; [1] da kuma wani yanayi da ake ganin cewa ƙananan waɗanda ba 'yan Hispanic ba ne da kuma 'yan Hispanic ba sa amfani da shi da kuma kashewa a ayyukan gani—wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin da ake gani da na'urorin ji. [2] [3] ==== Medicare ga Duk ==== Dokar Medicare for All za ta faɗaɗa shirin Medicare sosai don rufe dukkan mazauna Amurka da yin rajista ta atomatik bayan haihuwa ko zama a wurin zama, wanda ke ba da kariya ga kayayyaki da ayyuka waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga lafiya ko don gano cutar, magani, ko gyara yanayin lafiya, gami da ayyukan asibiti, magungunan da aka rubuta, maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa da shan muggan kwayoyi, ayyukan haƙori da gani, kulawa ta dogon lokaci ta gida da al'umma, kulawar tabbatar da jinsi, da kulawar haihuwa, gami da hana ɗaukar ciki da zubar da ciki. An fara gabatar da kudirin a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta hannun Wakilin John Conyers a shekarar 2003. [1] Kwanan nan Sanata Bernie Sanders ya gabatar da wannan doka a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2023. [2] == Kula da dokoki == Kwamitocin majalisar dokoki masu zuwa suna kula da shirye-shiryen Medicare: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Committees of Interest |url=http://www.cms.hhs.gov/OfficeofLegislation/COI/list.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203202622/http://www.cms.hhs.gov/OfficeofLegislation/COI/list.asp |archive-date=February 3, 2007 |access-date=February 15, 2007 |publisher=Center for Medicare Services}}</ref> ; Majalisar Dattawa * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Kasafin Kuɗi ** Kwamitin Aiki, Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam, Ilimi, da Hukumomi Masu Alaƙa * Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisar Dattawa * Kwamitin Kudi na Majalisar Dattawa * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsaron Cikin Gida da Harkokin Gwamnati ** Kwamitin Kula da Gudanar da Gwamnati, Ma'aikatan Tarayya, da Gundumar Columbia * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Lafiya, Ilimi, Aiki da Fansho ** Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kuɗi na Tarayya, Bayanan Gwamnati, da Tsaron Ƙasashen Duniya ** Kwamitin Kula da Lafiyar Farko da Tsufa * Kwamitin Musamman na Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsufa ; Gida * Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi na Majalisa ** Kwamitin Aiki, Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam, Ilimi, da Hukumomi Masu Alaƙa * Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa * Kwamitin Makamashi da Kasuwanci na Majalisa ** Kwamitin Lafiya ** Kwamitin Kulawa da Bincike * Kwamitin Ƙananan Kasuwanci na Majalisar * Kwamitin Majalisa kan Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi ** Kwamitin Lafiya ; Haɗin gwiwa * Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Hadin gwiwa == Duba kuma ==    == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Hulɗar gwamnati - na yanzu === * [https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare Medicare] a cms.gov * [https://www.medicare.gov/ Medicare.gov] - Shafin yanar gizo na gwamnatin Amurka don Medicare * Archived [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40425.pdf Medicare Primer] Sabis na Binciken Majalisa * [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44735.pdf Nemo Ƙididdigar Rajistar Medicare] Archived Sabis na Binciken Majalisa === Hulɗar gwamnati - dokar da ke aiki a yanzu === * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8768/uslm/COMPS-8768.xml Dokar Tsaron Jama'a - Take XVIII Inshorar Lafiya ga Tsofaffi da Nakasassu] ( [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8768/pdf/COMPS-8768.pdf PDF] / [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-8768/ cikakkun bayanai] ) kamar yadda aka gyara a cikin [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps tarin Takardun Dokokin] GPO === Alaƙa tsakanin gwamnati - tarihi === * Shafin [http://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html Medicare Ya Shiga Shari'a] daga ssa.gov—kayan da suka shafi bikin sanya hannu kan kudirin * [http://www.ssa.gov/history/briefhistory3.html Tarihin Tarihi da Ci gaban Tsaron Jama'a] daga ssa.gov—ya haɗa da bayanai game da Medicare * [http://www.ssa.gov/history/chrono.html Cikakken Tarihin SSA] daga ssa.gov—ya haɗa da bayanai game da Medicare * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925174340/http://www.ssa.gov/history/near65s.html Fosta na Medicare na Farko] daga ssa.gov === Haɗin gwiwa masu zaman kansu === * [http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/09/managing-medicare/index.htm Rahotannin Masu Amfani] da Kula da Medicare * [http://www.kff.org/medicare/ Gidauniyar Iyali ta Kaiser] - Bincike da bincike mai zurfi da suka shafi shirin Medicare da kuma yawan tsofaffi da nakasassu da yake bayarwa. ** [http://kff.org/state-category/medicare/ Bayanai na matakin jiha] kan waɗanda suka ci gajiyar Medicare, kamar rajista, alƙaluma (kamar shekaru, jinsi, launin fata/ƙabila), kashe kuɗi, sauran hanyoyin samun inshorar lafiya, shiga cikin kulawa mai kulawa, da kuma amfani da ayyuka. ** [http://kff.org/medicare/timeline/medicare-timeline/ Tarihin Medicare] a cikin jerin lokaci mai hulɗa na manyan ci gaba. * [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/22/upshot/hospital-prices.html Farashin lafiya na iya zama mafi girma fiye da wanda ba shi da inshorar lafiya?] ( [[New York Times|The New York Times]], 22 ga Agusta, 2021). {{ssusa|state=expanded}}{{Lyndon B. Johnson}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] anr2uafem00yphpz8d2m5a94yuh5phk Tattaunawar user:Galagora 3 178992 966607 2026-10-11T21:23:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966607 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Galagora! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Galagora|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) p6john80bdsbncf67fajtpz218hbc4r Tattaunawar user:Asvro 3 178993 966608 2026-10-11T21:23:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966608 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Asvro! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Asvro|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 118k99ro3xh17tfcnvmvaky6t5cffi4 Tattaunawar user:Sarkinfawa 3 178994 966609 2026-10-11T21:23:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966609 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sarkinfawa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sarkinfawa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) aprfwzwvgpvs9lc5e6p4f5ynghycrg8 Tattaunawar user:Akyaro 3 178995 966611 2026-10-11T21:23:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966611 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Akyaro! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Akyaro|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 1eifcvgi1buyvmh99bzwamebxihnqf9 Tattaunawar user:Yelizaveta Shirinyan 3 178996 966612 2026-10-11T21:24:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966612 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yelizaveta Shirinyan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yelizaveta Shirinyan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ffg55n1du8ddb6ojosyfutimks11yu9 Tattaunawar user:Maikantibakori 3 178997 966613 2026-10-11T21:24:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966613 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maikantibakori! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maikantibakori|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0vrdcoaezvbtq9rmd81gpg01b5mus50 Tattaunawar user:Pimbrils 3 178998 966614 2026-10-11T21:24:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966614 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pimbrils! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pimbrils|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) qxp823nv65n3y8pjavzzw23nc4kau7q Tattaunawar user:Ab boy namaje 3 178999 966615 2026-10-11T21:24:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966615 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ab boy namaje! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ab boy namaje|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) iv2r9ei39epy8fgz9eg4a26ud4s2kxo Tattaunawar user:Jirage001 3 179000 966616 2026-10-11T21:24:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966616 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jirage001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jirage001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0xz72kl7iovgfmf34dzelket5lbcpy9 Tattaunawar user:SinplicityOverused598 3 179001 966617 2026-10-11T21:24:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966617 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SinplicityOverused598! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SinplicityOverused598|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) hm44zs41ihfz2371lkqzdxgumsy9w8a Tattaunawar user:MickeyPocket1429 3 179002 966618 2026-10-11T21:25:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966618 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MickeyPocket1429! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MickeyPocket1429|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0bib1pvbkrfwnv6z265l6p3k09ypdqr Tattaunawar user:Bin annour 3 179003 966619 2026-10-11T21:25:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966619 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bin annour! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bin annour|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) crovpfxxptvvki50nrlqigp13r6hls5 Tattaunawar user:Freidrichm 3 179004 966620 2026-10-11T21:25:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966620 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Freidrichm! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Freidrichm|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ru3zl69vsznooxvwggdtj04mco0a1oe Tattaunawar user:BWludXM4 3 179005 966621 2026-10-11T21:25:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966621 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BWludXM4! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BWludXM4|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 9vh67ngs8jfiqm87gi2ivbqnvxi9je9 Tattaunawar user:Jammywest 3 179006 966622 2026-10-11T21:25:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966622 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jammywest! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jammywest|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 5po938nndq4nejre2ha24lei3sthpoz Tattaunawar user:Hibatullah Muhammad Umar 3 179007 966623 2026-10-11T21:25:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966623 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hibatullah Muhammad Umar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hibatullah Muhammad Umar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4pkbto3r0dxkgbq6zmhlo2zjxsbtck9 Tattaunawar user:Hibbatullah muhammad umar 3 179008 966624 2026-10-11T21:26:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966624 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hibbatullah muhammad umar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hibbatullah muhammad umar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) mifqbqtbtn6o8bhv64loma8m72vuu2p Tattaunawar user:Saadatu Aminu Bala 3 179009 966625 2026-10-11T21:26:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966625 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saadatu Aminu Bala! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saadatu Aminu Bala|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) bngi4mbmxze40jqtgpy1i78lm71ao2g Tattaunawar user:Comrade Aliyu Salisu 3 179010 966626 2026-10-11T21:26:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966626 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Comrade Aliyu Salisu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Comrade Aliyu Salisu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 3bllecrg4je97z8o7omm2x212b88sfk Tattaunawar user:TJBelgium 3 179011 966628 2026-10-11T21:26:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966628 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TJBelgium! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TJBelgium|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8gdn0ix06wgth9qtdzuukzkn0i05lkg Tattaunawar user:Teewai1836 3 179012 966629 2026-10-11T21:26:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966629 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Teewai1836! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Teewai1836|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) o8h4o9n36s20owd8xr1uyvm0m53kio2 Tattaunawar user:Usman Kibiya 3 179013 966630 2026-10-11T21:26:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966630 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Usman Kibiya! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Usman Kibiya|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) kbb63q0eiqntbd0e3o57p84tzmim9ct Tattaunawar user:Deenbillz tech 3 179014 966631 2026-10-11T21:27:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966631 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Deenbillz tech! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Deenbillz tech|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 7z8763cysmldxvpt4srj4nj8dmcdsp2 Tattaunawar user:EmperorJPM 3 179015 966632 2026-10-11T21:27:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966632 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, EmperorJPM! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/EmperorJPM|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 9k98youzlfsazs9c5c5ilc9api9j4d1 Tattaunawar user:Mustapha sulaiman lema 3 179016 966633 2026-10-11T21:27:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966633 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mustapha sulaiman lema! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mustapha sulaiman lema|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 16e6zpx9c3lb2vcqmrpqsypcdanz2i5 Tattaunawar user:Ibrahim mu azu gambo 3 179017 966634 2026-10-11T21:27:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966634 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibrahim mu azu gambo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim mu azu gambo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) kc89otf2xpq1nv96zwdo0jwi4899642 Tattaunawar user:Umar wakili 3 179018 966635 2026-10-11T21:27:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966635 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar wakili! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar wakili|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) iw3czduy1ug7bolooi14gq7dgxcgmyo Tattaunawar user:LarssonJon 3 179019 966636 2026-10-11T21:27:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966636 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LarssonJon! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LarssonJon|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) bi5vlvlvj3gp968fq0fw3p10wxjxxq4 Tattaunawar user:Shamra2022 3 179020 966637 2026-10-11T21:28:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966637 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shamra2022! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shamra2022|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8voxls0ynkayjih5vn56mrw330f22hr Tattaunawar user:Ibaladoro 3 179021 966638 2026-10-11T21:28:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966638 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibaladoro! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibaladoro|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4jsxdj68c9md4q5b74fx0z6fpq4l0zu Tattaunawar user:Wiwifrench222 3 179022 966639 2026-10-11T21:28:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966639 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wiwifrench222! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wiwifrench222|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ertyz3iojrrgxmdmgbaonrdg0175u6a Tattaunawar user:Abubakar sadik Adam marjire 3 179023 966640 2026-10-11T21:28:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966640 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abubakar sadik Adam marjire! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abubakar sadik Adam marjire|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) i2o0smfik6avndhphrjftl193ugizb0 Tattaunawar user:Faisza 3 179024 966641 2026-10-11T21:28:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966641 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Faisza! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Faisza|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 9mfj37ffjt6cdvwdgjqlzcla7n0kuwc Tattaunawar user:Episcophagus 3 179025 966642 2026-10-11T21:28:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966642 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Episcophagus! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Episcophagus|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) l6r11kzze83co3xltxz22jo5p57isnf Tattaunawar user:JwaddlesMath 3 179026 966643 2026-10-11T21:29:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966643 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JwaddlesMath! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JwaddlesMath|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 2x86ubldx6hr6lph3z1wnvjjhk9yund Tattaunawar user:Christof46 3 179027 966644 2026-10-11T21:29:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966644 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Christof46! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Christof46|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) td4v8k7pvfdou0pd0m4q2nqkoyrrcp7 Tattaunawar user:Leematu 3 179028 966645 2026-10-11T21:29:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966645 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Leematu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Leematu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) jktzi2h6vzhf6y1sznmazw9ktzopdia Tattaunawar user:Wasila Sabo nashe 3 179029 966646 2026-10-11T21:29:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966646 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wasila Sabo nashe! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wasila Sabo nashe|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) an3sbxmyav14ydb95k84x4dxjeyyinr Tattaunawar user:Brayanpicafresa345 3 179030 966647 2026-10-11T21:29:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966647 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Brayanpicafresa345! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Brayanpicafresa345|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) p3dw1ocl154faletciohkmat5dgr6kt Tattaunawar user:Wiraphat Raksat 3 179031 966648 2026-10-11T21:29:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966648 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wiraphat Raksat! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wiraphat Raksat|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 9qbl57awprkrgt8bmi56fi577dl9t6z Tattaunawar user:BlackDadWhiteMom 3 179032 966649 2026-10-11T21:30:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966649 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BlackDadWhiteMom! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BlackDadWhiteMom|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 7rng0of1b7h904esm4fi7ai2nmofkel Tattaunawar user:Whoissya 3 179033 966650 2026-10-11T21:30:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966650 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Whoissya! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Whoissya|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 92q31yyasu65wkp71n8ru7slk2o6c29 Tattaunawar user:ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU 3 179034 966651 2026-10-11T21:30:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966651 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) nbd4qvw9nhxa8buzfsf6afqaot2rz7c Tattaunawar user:Allirauf 3 179035 966652 2026-10-11T21:30:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966652 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Allirauf! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Allirauf|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) m4gqluh90zt8q01uxzclagu2t8y374b Tattaunawar user:GChoi-WMF 3 179036 966653 2026-10-11T21:30:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966653 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, GChoi-WMF! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/GChoi-WMF|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) koq66z17o6mc15dt5m37e5fcan8jvx0 Tattaunawar user:Foschia 3 179037 966654 2026-10-11T21:30:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966654 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Foschia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Foschia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) d6c7wikld7ss6wssmw1kyc3ykholcvr Tattaunawar user:MauraWen 3 179038 966655 2026-10-11T21:31:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966655 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MauraWen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MauraWen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) cqycqtrc487j5lkepxnt2h3r7tnz58s Tattaunawar user:Zainab lawal yakubu 3 179039 966656 2026-10-11T21:31:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 966656 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab lawal yakubu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab lawal yakubu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 11 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 1zg1fqbqeva4gt384ycg57f4o0y8282 Aderopo Akinsoji 0 179040 966667 2026-10-11T22:37:26Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Aderopo Akinsoji | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar tsirrai, malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Legas]] | field = [[Botany]], [[ilimin muhalli]] }} '''Aderopo Akinsoji''' masanin kimiyyar tsirrai ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi bincike a fannin [[Botany]] da [[ilimin muhalli]]. Wallafe-wallafen bincikensa sun danganta shi da Sashen Botany na [[Jami'ar Legas]]. Bincikensa ya shafi ciyayi da dazuzzuka, bambancin na... 966667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aderopo Akinsoji | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar tsirrai, malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Legas]] | field = [[Botany]], [[ilimin muhalli]] }} '''Aderopo Akinsoji''' masanin kimiyyar tsirrai ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi bincike a fannin [[Botany]] da [[ilimin muhalli]]. Wallafe-wallafen bincikensa sun danganta shi da Sashen Botany na [[Jami'ar Legas]]. Bincikensa ya shafi ciyayi da dazuzzuka, bambancin nau'ikan tsirrai, da kuma amfani da albarkatun dazuzzuka a Najeriya.<ref name="Ngel">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Vegetation Analysis of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Natural Sciences Research |volume=3 |issue=12 |year=2013 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234654279.pdf }}</ref> == Bincike == A shekarar 2013, Akinsoji ya wallafa bincike kan nau'ikan ciyayi da bishiyoyi a dajin Ngel Nyaki da ke tsaunin Mambilla a Najeriya. Binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar tattara bayanai kan bishiyoyi domin nazarin nau'ikansu, yawaitarsu da yanayin dajin.<ref name="Ngel"/> A wannan shekarar, ya kuma wallafa bincike kan nazarin wani yanki na dajin Olokemeji Forest Reserve a Najeriya. Binciken ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdige ciyayi da bishiyoyi domin fahimtar tsarin dajin da nau'ikan tsirran da ke cikinsa.<ref name="Olokemeji">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Quantitative Analysis of a Forest Fragment in Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Natural Sciences Research |volume=3 |issue=13 |year=2013 |url=https://ejournals.asuu.org.ng/editor/uploaded_articles/%20ADEROPO%20AKINSOJI-QUANTITATIVE%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20A%20FOREST%20FRAGMENT%20IN%20OLOKEMEJI%20FOREST%20RESERVE%2C%20NIGERIA.pdf5779.pdf }}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Akinsoji ya gudanar da bincike kan nau'ikan kayan ƙamshi da kayan lambu da ake sayarwa a kasuwanni huɗu a birnin Legas. Binciken ya gano nau'ikan tsirrai da ake amfani da su wajen abinci da kayan ƙamshi, tare da bayyana bambancin dangogin tsirran da aka samu a kasuwannin.<ref name="Market">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Market Survey of Spices and Vegetables Obtained from Four Markets in Lagos Metropolis |journal=FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=788–791 |year=2017 |url=https://www.ftstjournal.com/uploads/docs/22Article%2024.pdf }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Akinsoji da sauran masu bincike sun wallafa bincike kan ilimin gargajiya na tsirrai a dajin al'umma na Buru da ke Jihar Taraba. Binciken ya tattara bayanai kan tsirran da al'umma ke amfani da su, tare da yin la'akari da bambancin nau'ikansu da muhimmancin kiyaye albarkatun dajin.<ref name="Buru">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Ethnobotanical Study of Buru Community Forest, Taraba State, Nigeria |journal=Ruhuna Journal of Science |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=157–165 |year=2020 |url=https://www.rjs.ruh.ac.lk/index.php/rjs/article/download/252/281 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar tsirrai]] [[Category:Masana ilimin muhalli]] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] 1ij8d6dnbdj8nk727ncsnxocf19qoh1 966771 966667 2026-10-12T10:36:46Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aderopo Akinsoji | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar tsirrai, malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Legas]] | field = [[Botany]], [[ilimin muhalli]] }} '''Aderopo Akinsoji''' masanin kimiyyar tsirrai ne ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya yi bincike a fannin [[Botany]] da [[ilimin muhalli]]. Wallafe-wallafen bincikensa sun danganta shi da Sashen Botany na [[Jami'ar Legas]]. Bincikensa ya shafi ciyayi da dazuzzuka, bambancin nau'ikan tsirrai, da kuma amfani da albarkatun dazuzzuka a Najeriya.<ref name="Ngel">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Vegetation Analysis of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Natural Sciences Research |volume=3 |issue=12 |year=2013 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234654279.pdf }}</ref> == Bincike == A shekarar 2013, Akinsoji ya wallafa bincike kan nau'ikan ciyayi da bishiyoyi a dajin Ngel Nyaki da ke tsaunin Mambilla a Najeriya. Binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar tattara bayanai kan bishiyoyi domin nazarin nau'ikansu, yawaitarsu da yanayin dajin.<ref name="Ngel"/> A wannan shekarar, ya kuma wallafa bincike kan nazarin wani yanki na dajin Olokemeji Forest Reserve a Najeriya. Binciken ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdige ciyayi da bishiyoyi domin fahimtar tsarin dajin da nau'ikan tsirran da ke cikinsa.<ref name="Olokemeji">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Quantitative Analysis of a Forest Fragment in Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Natural Sciences Research |volume=3 |issue=13 |year=2013 |url=https://ejournals.asuu.org.ng/editor/uploaded_articles/%20ADEROPO%20AKINSOJI-QUANTITATIVE%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20A%20FOREST%20FRAGMENT%20IN%20OLOKEMEJI%20FOREST%20RESERVE%2C%20NIGERIA.pdf5779.pdf }}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Akinsoji ya gudanar da bincike kan nau'ikan kayan ƙamshi da kayan lambu da ake sayarwa a kasuwanni huɗu a birnin Legas. Binciken ya gano nau'ikan tsirrai da ake amfani da su wajen abinci da kayan ƙamshi, tare da bayyana bambancin dangogin tsirran da aka samu a kasuwannin.<ref name="Market">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Market Survey of Spices and Vegetables Obtained from Four Markets in Lagos Metropolis |journal=FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=788–791 |year=2017 |url=https://www.ftstjournal.com/uploads/docs/22Article%2024.pdf }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Akinsoji da sauran masu bincike sun wallafa bincike kan ilimin gargajiya na tsirrai a dajin al'umma na Buru da ke Jihar Taraba. Binciken ya tattara bayanai kan tsirran da al'umma ke amfani da su, tare da yin la'akari da bambancin nau'ikansu da muhimmancin kiyaye albarkatun dajin.<ref name="Buru">{{cite journal |last=Akinsoji |first=Aderopo |title=Ethnobotanical Study of Buru Community Forest, Taraba State, Nigeria |journal=Ruhuna Journal of Science |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=157–165 |year=2020 |url=https://www.rjs.ruh.ac.lk/index.php/rjs/article/download/252/281 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar tsirrai]] [[Category:Masana ilimin muhalli]] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] 7fdaa7s90hg8zaqjeiqisiz33vr1cxk Adamu Babayo Samaila 0 179041 966668 2026-10-11T22:38:42Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Adamu Babayo Samaila | honorific_prefix = Farfesa | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar halittu | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = [[Parasitology]], [[kimiyyar halittu]] }} '''Adamu Babayo Samaila''' farfesa ne kuma mai bincike ɗan Najeriya a fannin parasitology, wanda ya shafi nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu zaman kansu da kuma dangantakarsu da dabbobi da muhalli. An bayyana shi a matsayin... 966668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adamu Babayo Samaila | honorific_prefix = Farfesa | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar halittu | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = [[Parasitology]], [[kimiyyar halittu]] }} '''Adamu Babayo Samaila''' farfesa ne kuma mai bincike ɗan Najeriya a fannin parasitology, wanda ya shafi nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu zaman kansu da kuma dangantakarsu da dabbobi da muhalli. An bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin Parasitology a Faculty of Science na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), da ke Bauchi, Najeriya.<ref name="ProfDirectory">{{cite web |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://blerf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-2.pdf |website=BLERF |access-date=11 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Samaila ya yi bincike kan ƙwayoyin halitta da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa da kuma waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cututtukan dabbobi. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance cikin masu binciken wani bincike kan nau'ikan katantanwa na ruwa a madatsar ruwan Dadinkowa da ke Jihar Gombe. Binciken ya yi nazari kan nau'ikan katantanwar da aka samu a madatsar da kuma muhimmancinsu wajen fahimtar yaɗuwar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a.<ref name="Snails">{{cite journal |last=Danladi |first=Sunday Inusa |last2=Istifanus |first2=William Aliyu |last3=Samaila |first3=Adamu Babayo |title=The freshwater snail fauna of the Dadinkowa man-made reservoir, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies |year=2019 |url=https://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2019/vol6issue5/PartA/6-4-17-619.pdf }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Samaila ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan yawan kamuwa da cutar fascioliasis a cikin shanun da aka yanka a babban mayankar dabbobi ta Gombe. Binciken ya yi nazari kan yadda cutar ke yaduwa da tsananinta a cikin dabbobin da aka bincika.<ref name="Fascioliasis">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence and Intensity of Fascioliasis in Cattle Slaughtered at Central Abattoir Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=South Asian Journal of Parasitology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=321–332 |date=1 October 2024 |url=https://journalsajp.com/index.php/SAJP/article/view/196 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, Samaila da sauran masu bincike sun wallafa wani bincike kan bambancin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin Fasciola da aka samu a cikin shanun da aka yanka a Gombe. Sun yi amfani da hanyoyin nazarin kwayoyin halitta wajen tantance nau'ikan ƙwayoyin da kuma alaƙarsu da waɗanda aka samu a wasu ƙasashe.<ref name="Molecular">{{cite journal |title=Molecular Characterization of Fasciola spp. among Slaughtered Cattle in Gombe Central Abattoir, Gombe State |journal=South Asian Journal of Parasitology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |date=13 January 2026 |doi=10.9734/sajp/2026/v9i1255 |url=https://journalsajp.com/index.php/SAJP/article/view/255 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] kc0n54u11ckioh5qxlv2jupn2r9732e 966772 966668 2026-10-12T10:37:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adamu Babayo Samaila | honorific_prefix = Farfesa | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar halittu | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = [[Parasitology]], [[kimiyyar halittu]] }} '''Adamu Babayo Samaila''' farfesa ne kuma mai bincike ɗan [[Najeriya]] a fannin parasitology, wanda ya shafi nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu zaman kansu da kuma dangantakarsu da dabbobi da muhalli. An bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin Parasitology a Faculty of Science na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), da ke [[Bauchi]], [[Najeriya]].<ref name="ProfDirectory">{{cite web |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://blerf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-2.pdf |website=BLERF |access-date=11 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Samaila ya yi bincike kan ƙwayoyin halitta da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa da kuma waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cututtukan dabbobi. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance cikin masu binciken wani bincike kan nau'ikan katantanwa na ruwa a madatsar ruwan Dadinkowa da ke Jihar Gombe. Binciken ya yi nazari kan nau'ikan katantanwar da aka samu a madatsar da kuma muhimmancinsu wajen fahimtar yaɗuwar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a.<ref name="Snails">{{cite journal |last=Danladi |first=Sunday Inusa |last2=Istifanus |first2=William Aliyu |last3=Samaila |first3=Adamu Babayo |title=The freshwater snail fauna of the Dadinkowa man-made reservoir, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies |year=2019 |url=https://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2019/vol6issue5/PartA/6-4-17-619.pdf }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Samaila ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan yawan kamuwa da cutar fascioliasis a cikin shanun da aka yanka a babban mayankar dabbobi ta Gombe. Binciken ya yi nazari kan yadda cutar ke yaduwa da tsananinta a cikin dabbobin da aka bincika.<ref name="Fascioliasis">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence and Intensity of Fascioliasis in Cattle Slaughtered at Central Abattoir Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=South Asian Journal of Parasitology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=321–332 |date=1 October 2024 |url=https://journalsajp.com/index.php/SAJP/article/view/196 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, Samaila da sauran masu bincike sun wallafa wani bincike kan bambancin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin Fasciola da aka samu a cikin shanun da aka yanka a Gombe. Sun yi amfani da hanyoyin nazarin kwayoyin halitta wajen tantance nau'ikan ƙwayoyin da kuma alaƙarsu da waɗanda aka samu a wasu ƙasashe.<ref name="Molecular">{{cite journal |title=Molecular Characterization of Fasciola spp. among Slaughtered Cattle in Gombe Central Abattoir, Gombe State |journal=South Asian Journal of Parasitology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |date=13 January 2026 |doi=10.9734/sajp/2026/v9i1255 |url=https://journalsajp.com/index.php/SAJP/article/view/255 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] 6rroouxz3yke7n0doubbbo9tkoqnba0 Kotos Abdulrahman Abubakar 0 179042 966669 2026-10-11T22:40:00Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Kotos Abdulrahman Abubakar | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Modibbo Adama]] | field = Hydrobiology da Fisheries | alma_mater = Jami'ar Modibbo Adama }} '''Kotos Abdulrahman Abubakar''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda fannonin bincikensa suka haɗa da ilimin halittun ruwa (hydrobiology), kiwon kifaye (fisheries), da nazarin gurɓacewar ruwa. Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin fa... 966669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kotos Abdulrahman Abubakar | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Modibbo Adama]] | field = Hydrobiology da Fisheries | alma_mater = Jami'ar Modibbo Adama }} '''Kotos Abdulrahman Abubakar''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda fannonin bincikensa suka haɗa da ilimin halittun ruwa (hydrobiology), kiwon kifaye (fisheries), da nazarin gurɓacewar ruwa. Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a School of Life Sciences na Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola. Kundin ya kuma nuna cewa ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga wannan jami’a a shekarar 2006.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Abubakar yana aiki a fannin nazarin halittu da muhalli, musamman binciken ingancin ruwa da gurɓacewar muhalli. Bayanan ƙwararrunsa a ResearchGate sun danganta shi da Sashen Zoology na Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, kuma sun nuna cewa yana da wallafe-wallafen bincike a fannonin kimiyyar halittu da gurɓacewar muhalli.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Kotos A Abubakar – ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kotos-Abubakar |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin bayani == * [https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf Kundin farfesoshi na Hukumar Jami’o’i ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kotos-Abubakar Shafin bincike na Kotos Abubakar a ResearchGate] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin halittun ruwa]] 96r4wk4b3eb41r934qsl4k7ccbiygzk 966766 966669 2026-10-12T10:35:27Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kotos Abdulrahman Abubakar | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Modibbo Adama]] | field = Hydrobiology da Fisheries | alma_mater = Jami'ar Modibbo Adama }} '''Kotos Abdulrahman Abubakar''' farfesa ne ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda fannonin bincikensa suka haɗa da ilimin halittun ruwa (hydrobiology), kiwon kifaye (fisheries), da nazarin gurɓacewar ruwa. Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a ''School of Life Sciences na Modibbo Adama University of Technology, [[Yola]]''. Ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga wannan jami’a a shekarar 2006.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Abubakar yana aiki a fannin nazarin halittu da muhalli, musamman binciken ingancin ruwa da gurɓacewar muhalli. Bayanan ƙwararrunsa a ResearchGate sun danganta shi da Sashen Zoology na Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, kuma sun nuna cewa yana da wallafe-wallafen bincike a fannonin kimiyyar halittu da gurɓacewar muhalli.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Kotos A Abubakar – ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kotos-Abubakar |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin bayani == * [https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf Kundin farfesoshi na Hukumar Jami’o’i ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kotos-Abubakar Shafin bincike na Kotos Abubakar a ResearchGate] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin halittun ruwa]] 5a9ztgnn1kozwv023ed2tgbv72yfyxb Ahmad Abdulhameed 0 179043 966670 2026-10-11T22:41:42Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ahmad Abdulhameed | occupation = Farfesa, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Ilimin muhalli, ilimin tsirrai, da ilimin halittu }} '''Ahmad Abdulhameed''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin ilimin muhalli (Ecology) a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da ke Bauchi, Najeriya. Bincikensa ya shafi ilimin muhalli, tsirrai, da hanyoyin kare muhalli daga gurɓacewa.<ref name="Punch">{{cite news |last... 966670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ahmad Abdulhameed | occupation = Farfesa, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Ilimin muhalli, ilimin tsirrai, da ilimin halittu }} '''Ahmad Abdulhameed''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin ilimin muhalli (Ecology) a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da ke Bauchi, Najeriya. Bincikensa ya shafi ilimin muhalli, tsirrai, da hanyoyin kare muhalli daga gurɓacewa.<ref name="Punch">{{cite news |last=Sani |first=Umar |title=Don advocates biological solutions to environmental pollution |url=https://healthwise.punchng.com/don-advocates-biological-solutions-to-environmental-pollution/ |work=PUNCH Healthwise |date=31 July 2026 |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Abdulhameed ya wallafa bincike kan amfani da fungi masu taimaka wa tsirrai wajen inganta girma da yawan amfanin gona. A cikin wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2024, shi da abokan aikinsa sun nazarci tasirin arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ga girma da amfanin shinkafa a Bauchi, Najeriya.<ref name="Rice">{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Musa |last2=Abdulhameed |first2=Ahmad |last3=Nayaya |first3=A. J. |last4=Ezra |first4=A. G. |title=Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Bauchi, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Global Ecology and Environment |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1–12 |year=2024 |doi=10.56557/jogee/2024/v20i38797}}</ref> Ya kuma shiga binciken da aka wallafa a mujallar Ethnobotany Research and Applications a shekarar 2022 kan hanyoyin gargajiya da ake amfani da su wajen magance cututtukan shanu a yankunan tsaunukan gabashin Najeriya. Binciken ya tattauna ilimin gargajiya da al'ummomi ke amfani da shi wajen kula da lafiyar dabbobi.<ref name="Ethno">{{cite journal |last1=Nodza |first1=George Isaac |last2=Onuminya |first2=Temitope |last3=Igbari |first3=Aramide Dolapo |last4=Ogundipe |first4=Temitayo Oluwatoyin |last5=Abdulhameed |first5=Ahmad |title=Ethno-veterinary practice for the treatment of cattle diseases in the eastern highlands of Nigeria |journal=Ethnobotany Research and Applications |year=2022 |url=https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/3861}}</ref> == Laccar farfesa == A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2026, Abdulhameed ya gabatar da lacca ta 48 ta farfesoshi a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Taken laccar shi ne ''The Earth on Overdose: The Anthropocene and the Call for Ecological Restoration''. A cikin laccar, ya yi magana kan illolin ayyukan ɗan Adam ga muhalli tare da bayyana muhimmancin dawo da yanayin muhalli da ya lalace.<ref name="Punch"/><ref name="Globe">{{cite news |title=ATBU Professor Advocates Attitudinal Change to Restore the Environment |url=https://globefmbauchi.com.ng/atbu-professor-advocates-attitudinal-change-to-restore-the-environment/ |work=Globe FM Bauchi |date=29 July 2026 |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin muhalli]] 05ii68s1f2aehd7jqa0yt2l77vbh5mc 966761 966670 2026-10-12T10:33:46Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ahmad Abdulhameed | occupation = Farfesa, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Ilimin muhalli, ilimin tsirrai, da ilimin halittu }} '''Ahmad Abdulhameed''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin ilimin muhalli (Ecology) a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da ke [[Bauchi]], [[Najeriya]]. Bincikensa ya shafi ilimin muhalli, tsirrai, da hanyoyin kare muhalli daga gurɓacewa.<ref name="Punch">{{cite news |last=Sani |first=Umar |title=Don advocates biological solutions to environmental pollution |url=https://healthwise.punchng.com/don-advocates-biological-solutions-to-environmental-pollution/ |work=PUNCH Healthwise |date=31 July 2026 |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Abdulhameed ya wallafa bincike kan amfani da fungi masu taimaka wa tsirrai wajen inganta girma da yawan amfanin gona. A cikin wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2024, shi da abokan aikinsa sun nazarci tasirin arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ga girma da amfanin shinkafa a Bauchi, Najeriya.<ref name="Rice">{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Musa |last2=Abdulhameed |first2=Ahmad |last3=Nayaya |first3=A. J. |last4=Ezra |first4=A. G. |title=Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Bauchi, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Global Ecology and Environment |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1–12 |year=2024 |doi=10.56557/jogee/2024/v20i38797}}</ref> Ya kuma shiga binciken da aka wallafa a mujallar Ethnobotany Research and Applications a shekarar 2022 kan hanyoyin gargajiya da ake amfani da su wajen magance cututtukan shanu a yankunan tsaunukan gabashin Najeriya. Binciken ya tattauna ilimin gargajiya da al'ummomi ke amfani da shi wajen kula da lafiyar dabbobi.<ref name="Ethno">{{cite journal |last1=Nodza |first1=George Isaac |last2=Onuminya |first2=Temitope |last3=Igbari |first3=Aramide Dolapo |last4=Ogundipe |first4=Temitayo Oluwatoyin |last5=Abdulhameed |first5=Ahmad |title=Ethno-veterinary practice for the treatment of cattle diseases in the eastern highlands of Nigeria |journal=Ethnobotany Research and Applications |year=2022 |url=https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/3861}}</ref> == Laccar farfesa == A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2026, Abdulhameed ya gabatar da lacca ta 48 ta farfesoshi a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Taken laccar shi ne ''The Earth on Overdose: The Anthropocene and the Call for Ecological Restoration''. A cikin laccar, ya yi magana kan illolin ayyukan ɗan Adam ga muhalli tare da bayyana muhimmancin dawo da yanayin muhalli da ya lalace.<ref name="Punch"/><ref name="Globe">{{cite news |title=ATBU Professor Advocates Attitudinal Change to Restore the Environment |url=https://globefmbauchi.com.ng/atbu-professor-advocates-attitudinal-change-to-restore-the-environment/ |work=Globe FM Bauchi |date=29 July 2026 |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin muhalli]] ndi0juiiebg8slteo489f0yw097w46b Harami Adamu Malgwi 0 179044 966673 2026-10-11T22:44:13Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Harami Adamu Malgwi | other_names = Adamu Malgwi Harami | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | education = PhD }} '''Harami Adamu Malgwi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Chemistry na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), Bauchi. Shafin ma’aikatan jami’ar ya lissafa shi a cikin farfesoshin sashen.<ref... 966673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Harami Adamu Malgwi | other_names = Adamu Malgwi Harami | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | education = PhD }} '''Harami Adamu Malgwi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Chemistry na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), Bauchi. Shafin ma’aikatan jami’ar ya lissafa shi a cikin farfesoshin sashen.<ref name="ATBU">{{cite web |title=Chemistry Staff |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/dept/60/staff |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == A cewar kundin farfesoshi na tsarin jami’o’in Najeriya, Malgwi ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga Jami’ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa a shekarar 2006. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Sashen Chemistry na jami’ar daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2014. Kundin ya bayyana cewa memba ne na Chemical Society of Nigeria da Institute of Chartered Chemist of Nigeria.<ref name="Directory">{{cite web |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://blerf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-2.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission / BLERF |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Malgwi ya haɗa da nazarin sinadarai daga tsirrai, amfani da sinadarai na halitta, da tantance haɗarin ƙarafa masu nauyi a muhalli da abinci.<ref name="Directory" /> A shekarar 2024, ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan sinadarai da ke cikin tsiron Prosopis africana da yiwuwar amfani da su wajen yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta. An wallafa binciken a mujallar Path of Science.<ref name="Prosopis">{{cite journal |last=Adamu |first=Harami Malgwi |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Jamila Shekarau |last3=Boryo |first3=Doris Ezekiel Amin |last4=Mahmoud |first4=Auwal Adamu |last5=Idris |first5=Abubakar Habib |title=Exploring the Phytochemical Properties of Prosopis africana Plants and Assessing their Antimicrobial Potential Against Selected Clinical Strains |journal=Path of Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |year=2024 |doi=10.22178/pos.105-10 |url=https://pathofscience.org/index.php/ps/article/view/3144}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan amfani da ganyen rake (Saccharum officinarum) wajen samar da rini na halitta da za a iya amfani da shi a masana’antar yadi.<ref name="Dye">{{cite web |title=Optimization of solvents extraction and application of dye from Saccharum officinarum leaves on textile |url=https://chemicaljournals.com/archives/2025/vol9/issue2/9011 |website=International Journal of Chemical Science |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] m4vux0qs18cj714lpumbfty3qdm27lx 966759 966673 2026-10-12T10:32:48Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Harami Adamu Malgwi | other_names = Adamu Malgwi Harami | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | education = PhD }} '''Harami Adamu Malgwi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Chemistry na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), [[Bauchi]]. Shafin ma’aikatan jami’ar ya lissafa shi a cikin farfesoshin sashen.<ref name="ATBU">{{cite web |title=Chemistry Staff |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/dept/60/staff |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == A cewar kundin farfesoshi na tsarin jami’o’in Najeriya, Malgwi ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga Jami’ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa a shekarar 2006. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Sashen Chemistry na jami’ar daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2014. Kundin ya bayyana cewa memba ne na Chemical Society of Nigeria da Institute of Chartered Chemist of Nigeria.<ref name="Directory">{{cite web |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://blerf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-2.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission / BLERF |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Malgwi ya haɗa da nazarin sinadarai daga tsirrai, amfani da sinadarai na halitta, da tantance haɗarin ƙarafa masu nauyi a muhalli da abinci.<ref name="Directory" /> A shekarar 2024, ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan sinadarai da ke cikin tsiron Prosopis africana da yiwuwar amfani da su wajen yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta. An wallafa binciken a mujallar Path of Science.<ref name="Prosopis">{{cite journal |last=Adamu |first=Harami Malgwi |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Jamila Shekarau |last3=Boryo |first3=Doris Ezekiel Amin |last4=Mahmoud |first4=Auwal Adamu |last5=Idris |first5=Abubakar Habib |title=Exploring the Phytochemical Properties of Prosopis africana Plants and Assessing their Antimicrobial Potential Against Selected Clinical Strains |journal=Path of Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |year=2024 |doi=10.22178/pos.105-10 |url=https://pathofscience.org/index.php/ps/article/view/3144}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan amfani da ganyen rake (Saccharum officinarum) wajen samar da rini na halitta da za a iya amfani da shi a masana’antar yadi.<ref name="Dye">{{cite web |title=Optimization of solvents extraction and application of dye from Saccharum officinarum leaves on textile |url=https://chemicaljournals.com/archives/2025/vol9/issue2/9011 |website=International Journal of Chemical Science |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] ld667vlewihtcdek8ob28nosoa6ojt6 Saidu Garba 0 179045 966674 2026-10-11T22:45:28Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Saidu Garba | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Nigerian Defence Academy]] | field = [[Organic chemistry]] }} '''Saidu Garba''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]], musamman Organic Chemistry da nazarin sinadarai da ake samu daga tsirrai. Bayanan ƙwararrunsa sun danganta shi da Sashen Chemistry na Nigerian Defence Academy da ke Kaduna.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Saidu Garba — Research profile |url=https:... 966674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Saidu Garba | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Nigerian Defence Academy]] | field = [[Organic chemistry]] }} '''Saidu Garba''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]], musamman Organic Chemistry da nazarin sinadarai da ake samu daga tsirrai. Bayanan ƙwararrunsa sun danganta shi da Sashen Chemistry na Nigerian Defence Academy da ke Kaduna.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Saidu Garba — Research profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saidu-Garba |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Garba ya haɗa da nazarin sinadarai daga tsirrai, tantance sinadarai masu iya yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta, da binciken gurɓacewar muhalli. Shafinsa na bincike ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe kan amfani da sinadaran tsirrai wajen nazarin ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma tantance ragowar magungunan kashe ƙwari a hatsi, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa.<ref name="RG" /> A cikin binciken da aka wallafa a shekarar 2019, Garba da sauran masu bincike sun nazarci sinadarai daga tsiron Spermacoce verticillata da kuma yiwuwar tasirinsu wajen yaƙi da tsutsotsi.<ref name="Anthelmintic">{{cite web |title=Anthelmintic Activities of Hexacosa-9, 11-dienoic Acid and 3-hydroxyurs-12-oic Acid Isolated from Spermacoce verticillata |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saidu-Garba |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Masana ilimin sinadarai na halitta]] hs6emu3pazopbtzlm7p4knbtl9d8qte 966757 966674 2026-10-12T10:31:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Saidu Garba | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Nigerian Defence Academy]] | field = [[Organic chemistry]] }} '''Saidu Garba''' farfesa ne ɗan [[Najeriya]] a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]], musamman ''Organic Chemistry'' da nazarin sinadarai da ake samu daga tsirrai. Bayanan ƙwararrunsa sun danganta shi da Sashen Chemistry na Nigerian Defence Academy da ke [[Kaduna]].<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Saidu Garba — Research profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saidu-Garba |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Garba ya haɗa da nazarin sinadarai daga tsirrai, tantance sinadarai masu iya yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta, da binciken gurɓacewar muhalli. Shafinsa na bincike ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe kan amfani da sinadaran tsirrai wajen nazarin ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma tantance ragowar magungunan kashe ƙwari a hatsi, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa.<ref name="RG" /> A cikin binciken da aka wallafa a shekarar 2019, Garba da sauran masu bincike sun nazarci sinadarai daga tsiron Spermacoce verticillata da kuma yiwuwar tasirinsu wajen yaƙi da tsutsotsi.<ref name="Anthelmintic">{{cite web |title=Anthelmintic Activities of Hexacosa-9, 11-dienoic Acid and 3-hydroxyurs-12-oic Acid Isolated from Spermacoce verticillata |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saidu-Garba |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Masana ilimin sinadarai na halitta]] 7dzilvzxf622y8epu8ar7g4iztkiiy9 Onen Alfred Ikpi 0 179046 966675 2026-10-11T22:46:48Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Onen Alfred Ikpi | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Federal University Wukari]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Jos]] }} '''Onen Alfred Ikpi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]]. Yana da alaƙa da Sashen Chemical Sciences na [[Federal University Wukari]], da ke Jihar Taraba, Najeriya. Kundin farfesoshi na tsarin jami’o’in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fa... 966675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Onen Alfred Ikpi | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Federal University Wukari]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Jos]] }} '''Onen Alfred Ikpi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]]. Yana da alaƙa da Sashen Chemical Sciences na [[Federal University Wukari]], da ke Jihar Taraba, Najeriya. Kundin farfesoshi na tsarin jami’o’in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin Chemistry, tare da nuna cewa ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a shekarar 2011. An naɗa shi cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2017.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Binciken Onen ya haɗa da nazarin [[lalacewar ƙarafa|tsatsar ƙarafa]], sinadaran da ake samu daga tsirrai, da amfani da waɗannan sinadarai wajen rage lalacewar ƙarafa. A cikin wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2016, shi da Dzaradiya Umar Yakubu sun nazarci yadda sinadaran da aka samo daga tsiron Cleome gynandra za su iya taimakawa wajen rage tsatsar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan hydrochloric acid.<ref name="Corrosion">{{cite journal |last=Onen |first=Alfred Ikpi |last2=Yakubu |first2=Dzaradiya Umar |title=Chemical and Electrochemical Investigations of Spider Wisp/Cat's Whiskers (Cleome gynandra) as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=27–35 |year=2016 |doi=10.20431/2349-0403.0310003 |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/ijarcs/volume-3-issue-10/3}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Onen ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan amfani da rini da aka samo daga ganyen Tectona grandis da Mangifera indica wajen samar da ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu amfani da rini. An wallafa binciken a mujallar Communication in Physical Sciences.<ref name="Solar">{{cite journal |last=Onen |first=Alfred Ikpi |last2=Etim |first2=Emmanuel E. |last3=Abah |first3=Abraham Victor |last4=Ogofotha |first4=Godwin Oghenekeno |title=Improved Photochemical Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell using Tectona grandis and Mangifera indica Dye Mix |journal=Communication in Physical Sciences |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=163–171 |year=2023 |url=https://journalcps.com/index.php/volumes/article/view/615}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan yadda tsantsar ganyen Luffa cylindrica za ta iya taimakawa wajen rage tsatsar tagulla a muhallin alkaline. An wallafa binciken a mujallar World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews.<ref name="Luffa">{{cite journal |title=Adsorption characteristics of Luffa cylindrica leaf extract as a corrosion inhibitor of copper in alkaline environment |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=3051–3082 |year=2024 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.2305 |url=https://wjarr.com/content/adsorption-characteristics-luffa-cylindrica-leaf-extract-corrosion}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya] * [https://journalcps.com/index.php/volumes/article/view/615 Binciken ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu amfani da rini na halitta] * [https://www.arcjournals.org/ijarcs/volume-3-issue-10/3 Bincike kan hana tsatsar ƙarafa] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Federal University Wukari]] alpstuoc3uegx2t9brb1c2dujufwcdi 966753 966675 2026-10-12T10:26:21Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Onen Alfred Ikpi | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Federal University Wukari]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Jos]] }} '''Onen Alfred Ikpi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]]. Yana da alaƙa da Sashen Kimiyyar Sinadarai ''(Chemical Sciences)'' a [[Federal University Wukari]], da ke [[Jihar Taraba]], [[Najeriya]]. Kundin farfesoshi na tsarin jami’o’in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin Chemistry, tare da nuna cewa ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a shekarar 2011. An naɗa shi cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2017.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Binciken Onen ya haɗa da nazarin [[lalacewar ƙarafa|tsatsar ƙarafa]], sinadaran da ake samu daga tsirrai, da amfani da waɗannan sinadarai wajen rage lalacewar ƙarafa. A cikin wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2016, shi da Dzaradiya Umar Yakubu sun nazarci yadda sinadaran da aka samo daga tsiron Cleome gynandra za su iya taimakawa wajen rage tsatsar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan hydrochloric acid.<ref name="Corrosion">{{cite journal |last=Onen |first=Alfred Ikpi |last2=Yakubu |first2=Dzaradiya Umar |title=Chemical and Electrochemical Investigations of Spider Wisp/Cat's Whiskers (Cleome gynandra) as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=27–35 |year=2016 |doi=10.20431/2349-0403.0310003 |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/ijarcs/volume-3-issue-10/3}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Onen ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan amfani da rini da aka samo daga ganyen Tectona grandis da Mangifera indica wajen samar da ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu amfani da rini. An wallafa binciken a mujallar Communication in Physical Sciences.<ref name="Solar">{{cite journal |last=Onen |first=Alfred Ikpi |last2=Etim |first2=Emmanuel E. |last3=Abah |first3=Abraham Victor |last4=Ogofotha |first4=Godwin Oghenekeno |title=Improved Photochemical Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell using Tectona grandis and Mangifera indica Dye Mix |journal=Communication in Physical Sciences |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=163–171 |year=2023 |url=https://journalcps.com/index.php/volumes/article/view/615}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan yadda tsantsar ganyen Luffa cylindrica za ta iya taimakawa wajen rage tsatsar tagulla a muhallin alkaline. An wallafa binciken a mujallar World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews.<ref name="Luffa">{{cite journal |title=Adsorption characteristics of Luffa cylindrica leaf extract as a corrosion inhibitor of copper in alkaline environment |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=3051–3082 |year=2024 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.2305 |url=https://wjarr.com/content/adsorption-characteristics-luffa-cylindrica-leaf-extract-corrosion}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya] * [https://journalcps.com/index.php/volumes/article/view/615 Binciken ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu amfani da rini na halitta] * [https://www.arcjournals.org/ijarcs/volume-3-issue-10/3 Bincike kan hana tsatsar ƙarafa] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Federal University Wukari]] 4jo22ztsjke96jdjeazg08czwgfclp6 966755 966753 2026-10-12T10:27:59Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Aiki da bincike */ 966755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Onen Alfred Ikpi | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Federal University Wukari]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Jos]] }} '''Onen Alfred Ikpi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]]. Yana da alaƙa da Sashen Kimiyyar Sinadarai ''(Chemical Sciences)'' a [[Federal University Wukari]], da ke [[Jihar Taraba]], [[Najeriya]]. Kundin farfesoshi na tsarin jami’o’in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin Chemistry, tare da nuna cewa ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a shekarar 2011. An naɗa shi cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2017.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Binciken Onen ya haɗa da nazarin [[lalacewar ƙarafa|tsatsar ƙarafa]], sinadaran da ake samu daga tsirrai, da amfani da waɗannan sinadarai wajen rage lalacewar ƙarafa. A cikin wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2016, shi da Dzaradiya Umar Yakubu sun nazarci yadda sinadaran da aka samo daga tsiron Cleome gynandra za su iya taimakawa wajen rage tsatsar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan hydrochloric acid.<ref name="Corrosion">{{cite journal |last=Onen |first=Alfred Ikpi |last2=Yakubu |first2=Dzaradiya Umar |title=Chemical and Electrochemical Investigations of Spider Wisp/Cat's Whiskers (Cleome gynandra) as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=27–35 |year=2016 |doi=10.20431/2349-0403.0310003 |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/ijarcs/volume-3-issue-10/3}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Onen ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan amfani da rini da aka samo daga ganyen Tectona grandis da Mangifera indica wajen samar da ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu amfani da rini. An wallafa binciken a mujallar Communication in Physical Sciences.<ref name="Solar">{{cite journal |last=Onen |first=Alfred Ikpi |last2=Etim |first2=Emmanuel E. |last3=Abah |first3=Abraham Victor |last4=Ogofotha |first4=Godwin Oghenekeno |title=Improved Photochemical Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell using Tectona grandis and Mangifera indica Dye Mix |journal=Communication in Physical Sciences |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=163–171 |year=2023 |url=https://journalcps.com/index.php/volumes/article/view/615}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan yadda tsantsar ganyen Luffa cylindrica za ta iya taimakawa wajen rage tsatsar tagulla a muhallin alkaline. An wallafa binciken a mujallar World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews.<ref name="Luffa">{{cite journal |title=Adsorption characteristics of Luffa cylindrica leaf extract as a corrosion inhibitor of copper in alkaline environment |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=3051–3082 |year=2024 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.2305 |url=https://wjarr.com/content/adsorption-characteristics-luffa-cylindrica-leaf-extract-corrosion}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya] * [https://journalcps.com/index.php/volumes/article/view/615 Binciken ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu amfani da rini na halitta] * [https://www.arcjournals.org/ijarcs/volume-3-issue-10/3 Bincike kan hana tsatsar ƙarafa] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Federal University Wukari]] dcx50s8orag2zo5yg06qnnvm8206rx0 Danbature Wilson Lamayi 0 179047 966677 2026-10-11T22:48:09Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Danbature Wilson Lamayi | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] ta masana'antu | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Jos]]; [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] }} '''Danbature Wilson Lamayi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]] ta masana'antu. Yana koyarwa a Sashen Chemistry na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU), inda bincikensa ya shafi samar da man biodiesel, nazarin... 966677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Danbature Wilson Lamayi | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Kimiyyar sinadarai]] ta masana'antu | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Jos]]; [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] }} '''Danbature Wilson Lamayi''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar sinadarai]] ta masana'antu. Yana koyarwa a Sashen Chemistry na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU), inda bincikensa ya shafi samar da man biodiesel, nazarin sinadarai a abinci da ruwa, nanochemistry, da sinadarai masu amfani wajen kare muhalli.<ref name="Academia">{{cite web |title=Wilson L. A. M. Danbature – Curriculum Vitae |url=https://gomsu.academia.edu/WilsonDanbature/CurriculumVitae |website=Academia.edu |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref><ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Wilson Lamayi Danbature – Research profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wilson-Danbature |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa da ilimi == Bisa ga tarihin aikinsa, an haifi Danbature Wilson Lamayi a ranar 28 ga Agusta 1965 a Kaltungo, Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun firamare a Kalorgu Primary School daga 1974 zuwa 1980, sannan ya halarci Federal Government College, Azare daga 1980 zuwa 1985.<ref name="Academia" /> Ya sami digirin farko a fannin Chemistry daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a shekarar 1991. Daga baya ya sami digirin M.Sc. a Industrial Chemistry da PhD a Industrial Chemistry daga [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da ke Bauchi.<ref name="Academia" /> == Aikin jami'a == Danbature ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe a shekarar 2005. Ya kuma riƙe wasu ayyukan gudanarwa a jami'ar, ciki har da aikin mai kula da shirye-shiryen SIWES a Sashen Chemistry da kuma shugabancin Sashen Chemistry daga shekarar 2019, kamar yadda tarihin aikinsa ya bayyana.<ref name="Academia" /> Sanarwar GSU News Bulletin ta watan Janairu 2024 ta ambaci Wilson Lamayi Danbature a matsayin shugaban Sashen Chemistry na jami'ar.<ref name="GSU">{{cite web |title=GSU News Bulletin, January 2024 edition |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GSU-NEWS-BULLETIN-January-2024-edition_compressed.pdf |publisher=Gombe State University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Danbature ya haɗa da samar da biodiesel daga mai da ake samu daga tsirrai, nazarin ingancin ruwa, amfani da nanomaterials, da nazarin gurɓacewar muhalli.<ref name="RG" /> A shekarar 2017, shi da wasu masu bincike sun wallafa wani bincike kan yadda ake cire sinadarin fluoride daga ruwa ta amfani da garwashin bawon kwakwa, yumbu da aka sarrafa, da tokar bawon shinkafa. An wallafa binciken a International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science.<ref name="Fluoride">{{cite journal |last=Danbature |first=Lamayi Wilson |last2=Shehu |first2=Zaccheus |last3=Fai |first3=Frederick Yirankinyuki |last4=Kwarson |first4=Pipdok Solomon |title=Temperature Effects and Thermodynamic Adsorption of Fluoride on Activated Coconut Shell Carbon, Activated Montmorillonite Clay and Rice Husk Ash |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=21–27 |year=2017 |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijarcs/v4-i9/3.pdf}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya kasance cikin marubutan bincike kan samar da sinadarin magnetic iron nanoparticles da amfani da shi wajen samar da biodiesel daga man tsiron mahogany (Khaya senegalensis). An wallafa binciken a Online Journal of Chemistry.<ref name="Biodiesel">{{cite journal |last=Danbature |first=Wilson Lamayi |last2=Mela |first2=Yoro |last3=Pindiga |first3=Nasiru Y. |last4=Shehu |first4=Zaccheus |title=Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application of Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in Biodiesel Production from Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) Seed Oil |journal=Online Journal of Chemistry |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=85–94 |year=2021 |doi=10.31586/ojc.2021.149 |url=https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/ojc/article/view/149}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == Tarihin aikinsa ya bayyana cewa Danbature mamba ne na Chemical Society of Nigeria tun shekarar 2000.<ref name="Academia" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://gomsu.academia.edu/WilsonDanbature/CurriculumVitae Tarihin karatu da aiki] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wilson-Danbature Shafin bincike na ResearchGate] * [https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GSU-NEWS-BULLETIN-January-2024-edition_compressed.pdf GSU News Bulletin, Janairu 2024] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] 4ymncoxsnqeb3f47rsbfish5w8q1ymr Mahmoud Umar 0 179048 966678 2026-10-11T22:49:46Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Mahmoud Umar | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = Gudanar da harkokin kuɗin gwamnati da shugabanci a ɓangaren gwamnati | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Abuja]] }} '''Mahmoud Umar''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[gudanar da harkokin gwamnati]], musamman gudanar da kuɗin gwamnati da shugabanci a ɓangaren gwamnati. Yana da alaƙa da Sashen Public Administration na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU... 966678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mahmoud Umar | occupation = Farfesa | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = Gudanar da harkokin kuɗin gwamnati da shugabanci a ɓangaren gwamnati | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Abuja]] }} '''Mahmoud Umar''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[gudanar da harkokin gwamnati]], musamman gudanar da kuɗin gwamnati da shugabanci a ɓangaren gwamnati. Yana da alaƙa da Sashen Public Administration na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU), inda bincikensa ya shafi sauye-sauyen tsarin gwamnati, manufofin fasahar sadarwa da gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar lantarki.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/f304daed-d753-4985-adab-a665aa506661/content |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi da aikin jami'a == Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya ya nuna cewa Mahmoud Umar ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] a shekarar 2010. Kundin ya kuma bayyana cewa ya shugabanci Sashen Public Administration na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2019. A lokacin da aka wallafa kundin, an lissafa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'a mai kula da harkokin ilimi.<ref name="NUC" /> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Binciken Umar ya shafi gyaran tsarin gwamnati, gudanar da harkokin kuɗin gwamnati, shugabanci da amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen inganta ayyukan gwamnati.<ref name="AD">{{cite web |title=Mahmoud Umar — Research interests |url=https://adscientificindex.com/scientist/mahmoud-umar/5808038/ |website=AD Scientific Index |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya gabatar da laccar farfesa ta farko a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe mai taken ''Public Sector Reforms in Nigeria: The Imperatives of New Public Governance Model''. Laccar ta mayar da hankali kan sauye-sauyen gudanarwar gwamnati da muhimmancin tsarin shugabanci na zamani.<ref name="GSUlecture">{{cite web |title=Inaugural Lectures of Gombe State University |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12TH-INAUGURAL-LECTURE-NOVEMBER-2024-BY-PROF-SANI-ADAMU_.pdf |publisher=Gombe State University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2023, Umar da Abdullahi Oladimeji Lawal sun wallafa wani bincike mai taken ''Efficacy of New Public Governance in the Implementation of State Accountability and Quality Improvement Project (SAQIP) in Gombe State''. Binciken ya nazarci yadda tsarin shugabanci na zamani zai iya taimakawa wajen inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya da tabbatar da alhakin ma’aikatan gwamnati a Jihar Gombe.<ref name="SAQIP">{{cite journal |last=Umar |first=Mahmoud |last2=Lawal |first2=Abdullahi Oladimeji |title=Efficacy of New Public Governance in the Implementation of State Accountability and Quality Improvement Project (SAQIP) in Gombe State |journal=African Journal of Administration and Governance |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |year=2023 |url=https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/69b067d9-3377-495d-a66f-12af3adf00ec/content}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/f304daed-d753-4985-adab-a665aa506661/content Kundin farfesoshi na jami’o’in Najeriya] * [https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/69b067d9-3377-495d-a66f-12af3adf00ec/content Bincike kan shugabanci da inganta ayyukan gwamnati] * [https://adscientificindex.com/scientist/mahmoud-umar/5808038/ Bayanan bincikensa a AD Scientific Index] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar zamantakewa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana harkokin gwamnati]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] t2ce993je4g70101kq3e7p2w15wxe3z Bulus Wayar 0 179049 966679 2026-10-11T22:50:57Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Bulus Wayar | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Linguistics|Ilimin harshe]], nazarin zance da nazarin salo | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Kelaniya]] }} '''Bulus Wayar''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma farfesa a fannin harshen Turanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU). Bincikensa ya shafi ilimin harshe, nazarin zance (discourse analysis), nazarin salo (stylistics), nazarin ts... 966679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bulus Wayar | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Linguistics|Ilimin harshe]], nazarin zance da nazarin salo | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Kelaniya]] }} '''Bulus Wayar''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma farfesa a fannin harshen Turanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU). Bincikensa ya shafi ilimin harshe, nazarin zance (discourse analysis), nazarin salo (stylistics), nazarin tsarin rubutu (genre analysis), da zamantakewar harshe.<ref name="GSU">{{cite web |title=English Department |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/english-department/ |website=Gombe State University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi da aikin jami'a == A cewar shafin hukuma na Sashen English na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe, Wayar ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Kelaniya]] da ke Sri Lanka, inda bincikensa ya shafi nazarin tsarin rubutu da yadda ake tsara zance. Ya gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da bincike a jami'ar, sannan ya riƙe muƙaman gudanarwa daban-daban, ciki har da mai kula da jarrabawa na farko na Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences da mai kula da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na biyu a sashen.<ref name="GSU" /> Shafin jami'ar ya kuma bayyana cewa Wayar ya kasance shugaban Sashen English, tare da kasancewa memba a ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da kwamitocin jami'a.<ref name="GSU" /> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Binciken Wayar ya haɗa da nazarin yadda mutane ke amfani da harshe a mu'amala, muhawara, da sadarwa a cikin al'umma. A shekarar 2016, ya wallafa wani bincike mai taken ''Analysis of Connection Types and the Uses of Debates in Learning'', wanda ya binciki yadda kalmomin haɗin zance da tsarin jimloli ke taimakawa wajen samar da ma'ana a muhawara.<ref name="Debates">{{cite journal |last=Wayar |first=Bulus |title=Analysis of Connection Types and the Uses of Debates in Learning |journal=European Journal of Education Studies |year=2016 |url=https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejes/article/view/252}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ya wallafa bincike kan sauyin harshe a tsakanin masu magana da Babur/Bura a arewacin Najeriya. Binciken ya nazarci dalilan da ke sa wasu masu magana da harshen su rage amfani da shi, da tasirin Hausa, addini, tattalin arziki da dabi'un al'umma a kan amfani da harshe.<ref name="LanguageShift">{{cite web |last=Wayar |first=Bulus |title=Language Shift among the Babur/Bura speakers of Northern Nigeria |url=https://old.meritresearchjournals.org/er/content/2017/August/Wayar.htm |website=Merit Research Journal of Education and Review |year=2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ya wallafa bincike mai taken ''Topics, Domination, and Control: An Analysis of Turn-Taking in Students Debates'', wanda ya binciki yadda mahalarta muhawara ke musayar magana da kuma yadda ake sarrafa damar magana a cikin muhawara.<ref name="TurnTaking">{{cite web |title=Topics, Domination, and Control: An Analysis of Turn-Taking in Students Debates |url=https://www.ijrssh.com/admin/upload/Jan_2015_Bulus%20Wayar.pdf |website=International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities |year=2015}}</ref> == Laccar farfesa == A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2024, Wayar ya gabatar da laccar farfesa ta takwas a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Taken laccarsa shi ne ''Demographically Undetermined, Territorially Boundless, Linguistically Attritional: The Lifeline of Fulfulde in Africa''. An jera laccar a cikin kundin laccocin farfesoshi na jami'ar.<ref name="Inaugural">{{cite web |title=Inaugural Lectures of Gombe State University |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12TH-INAUGURAL-LECTURE-NOVEMBER-2024-BY-PROF-SANI-ADAMU_.pdf |website=Gombe State University}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://gsu.edu.ng/home/english-department/ Shafin Sashen English na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe] * [https://independent.academia.edu/BulusWayar Wallafe-wallafen Bulus Wayar a Academia.edu] * [https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejes/article/view/252 Bincike kan haɗin zance da amfani da muhawara] * [https://old.meritresearchjournals.org/er/content/2017/August/Wayar.htm Bincike kan sauyin harshen Babur/Bura] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan ilimin harshe]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] hagt3xie18mipye6db21vcibx5ueje8 Saleh Abdu 0 179050 966681 2026-10-11T22:52:03Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Saleh Abdu | other_names = Saleh Abdu Kwami | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, mai nazarin adabi | employer = [[Federal University Kashere]] | field = [[Adabin Turanci]], adabin Afirka da nazarin waƙoƙi | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Bayero]] | known_for = Bincike da koyarwa a fannin adabi }} '''Saleh Abdu''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Saleh Abdu Kwami''', farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin adabin Turanci. Ya yi aiki a... 966681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Saleh Abdu | other_names = Saleh Abdu Kwami | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, mai nazarin adabi | employer = [[Federal University Kashere]] | field = [[Adabin Turanci]], adabin Afirka da nazarin waƙoƙi | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Bayero]] | known_for = Bincike da koyarwa a fannin adabi }} '''Saleh Abdu''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Saleh Abdu Kwami''', farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin adabin Turanci. Ya yi aiki a [[Jami'ar Bayero]] da ke Kano, sannan ya riƙe muƙaman gudanarwa a [[Federal University Kashere]] da ke Jihar Gombe. Ya kuma yi aikin hutun aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban School of Postgraduate Studies.<ref name="Kperogi">{{cite web |last=Kperogi |first=Farooq A. |title=Prof. Saleh Abdu: Appreciation to an Exceptional Teacher |url=https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2018/05/prof-saleh-abdu-appreciation-to.html |website=Notes From Atlanta |date=19 May 2018 |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref><ref name="ANA">{{cite web |title=ANA Names Prof. Abdu As Keynote Speaker Of International Convention |url=https://www.thearts-musefair.com/2017/09/news-ana-names-prof-abdu-as-keynote.html |website=The Arts-Muse Fair |date=8 Satumba 2017 |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Abdu ya karanci adabin Turanci, musamman adabin Afirka, waƙoƙin Turanci da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin da yake Bayero University Kano, ya koyar da darussa kan waƙoƙin Turai da adabi, kuma ya shugabanci Sashen English and Literary Studies.<ref name="Kperogi" /><ref name="ANA" /> Daga baya, ya yi aiki a Federal University Kashere, inda ya riƙe muƙamin shugaban Faculty of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences. A shekarar 2017, ya kasance a hutun aiki a Gombe State University, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban School of Postgraduate Studies.<ref name="ANA" /> == Bincike da rubuce-rubuce == Binciken Abdu ya shafi adabin Afirka, waƙoƙin zamani, wasan kwaikwayo da nazarin rubuce-rubucen marubutan Afirka. Ya yi nazari kan ayyukan marubuta irin su Wole Soyinka da Niyi Osundare.<ref name="ANA" /> Daga cikin littattafan da aka danganta da shi akwai Poet of the People's Republic: Reading the Poetry of Niyi Osundare (2003). Ya kuma shiga aikin gyara da wallafa mujallu da littattafan koyarwa, ciki har da Kakaki da wasu mujallu na nazarin adabin Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="ANA" /> A shekarar 2017, Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya (Association of Nigerian Authors) ta zaɓe shi a matsayin babban mai gabatar da jawabi a taron ƙasa da ƙasa na shekara-shekara. Jawabinsa ya yi magana kan adabin Afirka, kyaututtukan adabi da matsayin rubuce-rubucen Afirka a adabin duniya.<ref name="ANA" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2018/05/prof-saleh-abdu-appreciation-to.html Rubutun Farooq A. Kperogi game da Saleh Abdu] * [https://www.thearts-musefair.com/2017/09/news-ana-names-prof-abdu-as-keynote.html Rahoto kan zaɓensa a matsayin babban mai jawabi na taron ANA] * [https://www.thearts-musefair.com/2017/11/discourse-issues-in-evaluation-of_10.html Jawabin Saleh Abdu kan nazarin adabin Afirka] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana adabin Afirka]] [[Category:Masana adabin Turanci]] 7qxzanuth45dje9nbp1p1kr1a9sq910 Baba Mai Bello 0 179051 966682 2026-10-11T22:53:07Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Baba Mai Bello | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin harshe | employer = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] | field = [[Ilimin harshe]], applied linguistics, nazarin zance | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]; [[Jami'ar Bayreuth]] }} '''Baba Mai Bello''' masanin harshe ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a wanda bincikensa ya shafi ilimin harshe, nazarin zance, sadarwa, da alaƙar harshe da rikici. Ya yi aiki a Sashen Languages and Ling... 966682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Baba Mai Bello | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin harshe | employer = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] | field = [[Ilimin harshe]], applied linguistics, nazarin zance | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]; [[Jami'ar Bayreuth]] }} '''Baba Mai Bello''' masanin harshe ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a wanda bincikensa ya shafi ilimin harshe, nazarin zance, sadarwa, da alaƙar harshe da rikici. Ya yi aiki a Sashen Languages and Linguistics na [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] da ke Jihar Borno. A shekarar 2019, ya sami tallafin bincike daga Social Science Research Council (SSRC) domin aikin da ya shafi amfani da harshe wajen yaƙi da tsattsauran ra'ayi a Najeriya.<ref name="SSRC">{{cite web |title=Baba Mai Bello |url=https://www.ssrc.org/fellows/41DC255D-4770-EA11-A811-000D3A3BE5CF/ |publisher=Social Science Research Council |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi == Bisa ga bayanan SSRC, Mai Bello ya sami digirin farko a Linguistics/English a shekarar 2000 da digirin M.A. a General Linguistics a shekarar 2004 daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Ya kuma sami digirin digirgir (PhD) a African Linguistics daga University of Bayreuth da ke Jamus a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SSRC" /> == Aiki da bincike == Binciken Mai Bello ya shafi amfani da harshe wajen sadarwa, fahimtar al'amuran zamantakewa, zaman lafiya, da rikici. A shekarar 2019, ya sami tallafin Individual Research Fellowship daga SSRC domin binciken da ya kira ''Language as a Tool for Countering Violent Extremism: Mobilisation Against the Boko Haram Insurgency''.<ref name="SSRC" /> A shekarar 2024, ya wallafa bincike tare da Mohammed Laminu Mele kan dabarun zance da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko kare ayyukan tsattsauran ra'ayi a saƙonnin farfagandar Boko Haram. An wallafa binciken a African Journal of Terrorism and Insurgency Research.<ref name="Discourse">{{cite journal |last=Bello |first=Baba Mai |last2=Mele |first2=Mohammed Laminu |title=Discourse strategies and the justification for violent extremism in Boko Haram’s propaganda messages |journal=African Journal of Terrorism and Insurgency Research |year=2024 |date=1 Disamba 2024 |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.31920/2732-5008/2024/v5n2a4}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka danganta da Mai Bello akwai littafin ''The Perception of HIV/AIDS among Students in Northeastern Nigeria'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2015. Littafin ya yi nazari kan yadda ɗalibai a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya suke fahimtar HIV/AIDS ta fuskar amfani da harshe da fahimtar ma'ana.<ref name="BIGSAS">{{cite web |title=Dr Bello, Baba Mai |url=https://www.bigsas.uni-bayreuth.de/en/about_us/alumni/index.html |publisher=Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.ssrc.org/fellows/41DC255D-4770-EA11-A811-000D3A3BE5CF/ Tarihin Baba Mai Bello a SSRC] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Baba-Bello-2 Wallafe-wallafen bincikensa a ResearchGate] * [https://www.bigsas.uni-bayreuth.de/en/about_us/alumni/index.html Bayanan tsofaffin ɗaliban BIGSAS] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masanan ilimin harshe]] [[Category:Masanan harsunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Maiduguri]] 47hhduyob9jkcdova055cp8k40ed33l 966746 966682 2026-10-12T09:40:25Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Baba Mai Bello | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin harshe | employer = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] | field = [[Ilimin harshe]], applied linguistics, nazarin zance | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]; [[Jami'ar Bayreuth]] }} '''Baba Mai Bello''' masanin harshe ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a wanda bincikensa ya shafi ilimin harshe, nazarin zance, sadarwa, da alaƙar harshe da rikici. Ya yi aiki a Sashen Languages and Linguistics na [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] da ke Jihar Borno. A shekarar 2019, ya sami tallafin bincike daga ''Social Science Research Council (SSRC)'' domin aikin da ya shafi amfani da harshe wajen yaƙi da tsattsauran ra'ayi a [[Najeriya]].<ref name="SSRC">{{cite web |title=Baba Mai Bello |url=https://www.ssrc.org/fellows/41DC255D-4770-EA11-A811-000D3A3BE5CF/ |publisher=Social Science Research Council |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi == Bisa ga bayanan SSRC, Mai Bello ya sami digirin farko a Linguistics/English a shekarar 2000 da digirin M.A. a General Linguistics a shekarar 2004 daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Ya kuma sami digirin digirgir (PhD) a African Linguistics daga University of Bayreuth da ke Jamus a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SSRC" /> == Aiki da bincike == Binciken Mai Bello ya shafi amfani da harshe wajen sadarwa, fahimtar al'amuran zamantakewa, zaman lafiya, da rikici. A shekarar 2019, ya sami tallafin Individual Research Fellowship daga SSRC domin binciken da ya kira ''Language as a Tool for Countering Violent Extremism: Mobilisation Against the Boko Haram Insurgency''.<ref name="SSRC" /> A shekarar 2024, ya wallafa bincike tare da Mohammed Laminu Mele kan dabarun zance da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko kare ayyukan tsattsauran ra'ayi a saƙonnin farfagandar Boko Haram. An wallafa binciken a African Journal of Terrorism and Insurgency Research.<ref name="Discourse">{{cite journal |last=Bello |first=Baba Mai |last2=Mele |first2=Mohammed Laminu |title=Discourse strategies and the justification for violent extremism in Boko Haram’s propaganda messages |journal=African Journal of Terrorism and Insurgency Research |year=2024 |date=1 Disamba 2024 |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.31920/2732-5008/2024/v5n2a4}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka danganta da Mai Bello akwai littafin ''The Perception of HIV/AIDS among Students in Northeastern Nigeria'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2015. Littafin ya yi nazari kan yadda ɗalibai a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya suke fahimtar HIV/AIDS ta fuskar amfani da harshe da fahimtar ma'ana.<ref name="BIGSAS">{{cite web |title=Dr Bello, Baba Mai |url=https://www.bigsas.uni-bayreuth.de/en/about_us/alumni/index.html |publisher=Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.ssrc.org/fellows/41DC255D-4770-EA11-A811-000D3A3BE5CF/ Tarihin Baba Mai Bello a SSRC] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Baba-Bello-2 Wallafe-wallafen bincikensa a ResearchGate] * [https://www.bigsas.uni-bayreuth.de/en/about_us/alumni/index.html Bayanan tsofaffin ɗaliban BIGSAS] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masanan ilimin harshe]] [[Category:Masanan harsunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Maiduguri]] l184dmll4ut4iy0g1p7su5gn6kqkwxs Adepoju Oluwasanumi Adedimeji 0 179052 966683 2026-10-11T22:54:40Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Adepoju Oluwasanumi Adedimeji | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = Kimiyyar ilimi, kimanta ilimi da binciken ilimi | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]; [[Jami'ar Legas]] | known_for = Bincike a kimiyyar ilimi da kimanta ilimi }} '''Adepoju Oluwasanumi Adedimeji''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin kimiyyar ilimi, musamman binciken ilimi da kimanta ingancin shirye-shiryen il... 966683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adepoju Oluwasanumi Adedimeji | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = Kimiyyar ilimi, kimanta ilimi da binciken ilimi | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]; [[Jami'ar Legas]] | known_for = Bincike a kimiyyar ilimi da kimanta ilimi }} '''Adepoju Oluwasanumi Adedimeji''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin kimiyyar ilimi, musamman binciken ilimi da kimanta ingancin shirye-shiryen ilimi. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU), inda yake koyarwa da gudanar da bincike a Faculty of Education.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref><ref name="GSU">{{cite web |title=Dean of Education |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/dean-of-education/ |publisher=Gombe State University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi == Adedimeji ya sami digirin farko na B.Sc. (Ed.) a fannin Chemistry daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1991. Ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu, inda ya sami M.Ed. a Curriculum Studies daga Jami'ar Legas a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) a Educational Evaluation daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a shekarar 2003.<ref name="CV">{{cite web |title=Oluwasanumi A. D. Adepoju — Curriculum Vitae |url=https://gomsu.academia.edu/SanuAdepoju/CurriculumVitae |website=Academia.edu |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Aikin jami'a == Adedimeji ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe a ranar 5 Disamba 2005. A tsawon aikinsa, ya koyar da darussa kan hanyoyin bincike, ƙididdiga a ilimi, haɓaka manhajar karatu, kimanta ilimi da amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen koyarwa.<ref name="CV" /> Kundin farfesoshi na jami'o'in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin Educational Research and Evaluation a Faculty of Education na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Kundin ya kuma nuna cewa ya riƙe muƙamin mai kula da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na biyu daga 2010 zuwa 2020, kuma an naɗa shi cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2017.<ref name="NUC" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, Adedimeji ya gabatar da laccar farfesa ta biyu a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Taken laccarsa shi ne ''The Infrangible Nature of Knowledge: The Need for Researchers to Be Multipotentialities''. A cewar sanarwar jami'ar, laccar ta gudana ne a ranar 15 Disamba 2022.<ref name="Bulletin">{{cite web |title=GSU News Bulletin, February 2023 |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/PDF-BULLETTIN-GSU-feb-2023-1_compressed.pdf |publisher=Gombe State University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Binciken Adedimeji ya shafi kimiyyar ilimi, horar da malamai, kimanta shirye-shiryen ilimi, koyar da kimiyya da amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen koyarwa.<ref name="WIHEL">{{cite web |title=Partnering Institutions and Champions: Professor Oluwasanumi Adedimeji Adepoju |url=https://wihel.org/partnering-institutions-and-champions/ |website=WIHEL |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, ya wallafa wani bincike mai taken ''A Proposal for Renewed Teacher Education Programmes in Nigeria'' a Journal of Teacher Education. Binciken ya tattauna hanyoyin inganta shirye-shiryen horar da malamai a Najeriya da kuma yadda za a ƙara ƙwarewar koyarwa ta hanyar sabunta manhajojin horo.<ref name="TeacherEducation">{{cite web |title=A Proposal for Renewed Teacher Education Programmes in Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311276888_Journal_of_Teacher_Education |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya kasance cikin masu binciken da suka nazarci ƙwarewar da ma'aikata a Jihar Gombe suke buƙata daga waɗanda suka kammala jami'o'in Najeriya, da kuma ƙwarewar da waɗannan waɗanda suka kammala karatu suke da ita. An wallafa binciken a The African Journal of Behavioural and Scale Development Research.<ref name="Employability">{{cite web |title=Required and Possessed Nigerian University Graduates Employability Quality: Perception of Gombe State Employers of Labour |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oluwasanumi-Adepoju-2 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://gsu.edu.ng/home/dean-of-education/ Shafin Faculty of Education na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe] * [https://gomsu.academia.edu/SanuAdepoju/CurriculumVitae Tarihin karatu da aiki] * [https://wihel.org/partnering-institutions-and-champions/ Bayanan ƙwararrunsa a WIHEL] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oluwasanumi-Adepoju-2 Wallafe-wallafen bincike a ResearchGate] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan ilimi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Masu bincike kan ilimi]] sazimt9r9l00dv4rr67v2h2pl7ckimx 966745 966683 2026-10-12T09:37:06Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adepoju Oluwasanumi Adedimeji | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = Kimiyyar ilimi, kimanta ilimi da binciken ilimi | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]; [[Jami'ar Legas]] | known_for = Bincike a kimiyyar ilimi da kimanta ilimi }} '''Adepoju Oluwasanumi Adedimeji''' farfesa ne ɗan [[Najeriya]] a fannin kimiyyar ilimi, musamman binciken ilimi da kimanta ingancin shirye-shiryen ilimi. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] (GSU), inda yake koyarwa da gudanar da bincike a Sashin Malunta (''Faculty of Education)''.<ref name="NUC">{{cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |publisher=National Universities Commission |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref><ref name="GSU">{{cite web |title=Dean of Education |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/dean-of-education/ |publisher=Gombe State University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi == Adedimeji ya sami digirin farko na B.Sc. (Ed.) a fannin Chemistry daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1991. Ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu, inda ya sami M.Ed. a Curriculum Studies daga Jami'ar Legas a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) a Educational Evaluation daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a shekarar 2003.<ref name="CV">{{cite web |title=Oluwasanumi A. D. Adepoju — Curriculum Vitae |url=https://gomsu.academia.edu/SanuAdepoju/CurriculumVitae |website=Academia.edu |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Aikin jami'a == Adedimeji ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe a ranar 5 Disamba 2005. A tsawon aikinsa, ya koyar da darussa kan hanyoyin bincike, ƙididdiga a ilimi, haɓaka manhajar karatu, kimanta ilimi da amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen koyarwa.<ref name="CV" /> Kundin farfesoshi na jami'o'in Najeriya ya bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin Educational Research and Evaluation a Faculty of Education na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Kundin ya kuma nuna cewa ya riƙe muƙamin mai kula da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na biyu daga 2010 zuwa 2020, kuma an naɗa shi cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2017.<ref name="NUC" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, Adedimeji ya gabatar da laccar farfesa ta biyu a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Taken laccarsa shi ne ''The Infrangible Nature of Knowledge: The Need for Researchers to Be Multipotentialities''. A cewar sanarwar jami'ar, laccar ta gudana ne a ranar 15 Disamba 2022.<ref name="Bulletin">{{cite web |title=GSU News Bulletin, February 2023 |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/PDF-BULLETTIN-GSU-feb-2023-1_compressed.pdf |publisher=Gombe State University |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Binciken Adedimeji ya shafi kimiyyar ilimi, horar da malamai, kimanta shirye-shiryen ilimi, koyar da kimiyya da amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen koyarwa.<ref name="WIHEL">{{cite web |title=Partnering Institutions and Champions: Professor Oluwasanumi Adedimeji Adepoju |url=https://wihel.org/partnering-institutions-and-champions/ |website=WIHEL |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, ya wallafa wani bincike mai taken ''A Proposal for Renewed Teacher Education Programmes in Nigeria'' a Journal of Teacher Education. Binciken ya tattauna hanyoyin inganta shirye-shiryen horar da malamai a Najeriya da kuma yadda za a ƙara ƙwarewar koyarwa ta hanyar sabunta manhajojin horo.<ref name="TeacherEducation">{{cite web |title=A Proposal for Renewed Teacher Education Programmes in Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311276888_Journal_of_Teacher_Education |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya kasance cikin masu binciken da suka nazarci ƙwarewar da ma'aikata a Jihar Gombe suke buƙata daga waɗanda suka kammala jami'o'in Najeriya, da kuma ƙwarewar da waɗannan waɗanda suka kammala karatu suke da ita. An wallafa binciken a The African Journal of Behavioural and Scale Development Research.<ref name="Employability">{{cite web |title=Required and Possessed Nigerian University Graduates Employability Quality: Perception of Gombe State Employers of Labour |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oluwasanumi-Adepoju-2 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://gsu.edu.ng/home/dean-of-education/ Shafin Faculty of Education na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe] * [https://gomsu.academia.edu/SanuAdepoju/CurriculumVitae Tarihin karatu da aiki] * [https://wihel.org/partnering-institutions-and-champions/ Bayanan ƙwararrunsa a WIHEL] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oluwasanumi-Adepoju-2 Wallafe-wallafen bincike a ResearchGate] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan ilimi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Masu bincike kan ilimi]] cdn6pij76to18sjq8hw6w86ayetje3g Yanayin Sauyin Yanayi a Jihar Gombe 0 179053 966734 2026-10-12T08:21:03Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Yanayin sauyin yanayi a Jihar Gombe''' yana bayyana yanayin zafi, ruwan sama, damina da rani a Jihar Gombe da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Jihar tana cikin yankunan savanna na Guinea da Sudan, kuma tana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da suka haɗa da ambaliya, fari, zaizayar ƙasa, hamadar da ke mamaye ƙasa da sauyin tsarin ruwan sama. Waɗannan yanayi suna shafar aikin gona, albarkatun ruwa da rayuwar al'ummomin jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov... 966734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yanayin sauyin yanayi a Jihar Gombe''' yana bayyana yanayin zafi, ruwan sama, damina da rani a Jihar Gombe da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Jihar tana cikin yankunan savanna na Guinea da Sudan, kuma tana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da suka haɗa da ambaliya, fari, zaizayar ƙasa, hamadar da ke mamaye ƙasa da sauyin tsarin ruwan sama. Waɗannan yanayi suna shafar aikin gona, albarkatun ruwa da rayuwar al'ummomin jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/states/gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == Jihar Gombe tana cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda yanayin savanna ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunanta. Tsarin yanayinta yana da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa, yanayin iska da motsin yankin da ke raba iskar damina da ta rani. Waɗannan abubuwa suna taimakawa wajen tsara lokacin da ruwan sama yake sauka da tsawon lokacin rani a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Updated Resettlement Action Plan for FCE Technical Project |url=https://gombestateacresal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/FINAL-UPDATED-RAP-FOR-FCE-TECHNICAL-PUBLIC.pdf |website=Gombe State ACReSAL |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Lokutan shekara == === Damina === Damina a Jihar Gombe yawanci tana farawa a watan Afrilu kuma tana ƙarewa a watan Oktoba. A wannan lokaci, ruwan sama yana taimaka wa noman amfanin gona, cika wuraren ajiyar ruwa da kuma samar da ruwa ga dabbobi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara a jihar yana kusan milimita 850, ko da yake yawan ruwan da ake samu yana iya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri da kuma daga shekara zuwa shekara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/states/gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Duk da amfanin damina, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na iya haifar da ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa. A Gombe, wasu al'ummomi sun fuskanci matsalolin kwaruruka masu zurfi da ruwan sama ke faɗaɗawa, wanda ke lalata gidaje, gonaki da hanyoyin sufuri. Rahoton ACReSAL na Oktoba 2024 ya bayyana illolin zaizayar ƙasa da ambaliya ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da kwaruruka a birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saving Lives and Livelihoods: Gully Erosion Control by ACReSAL in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/saving-lives-and-livelihoods-gully-erosion-control-by-acresal-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=12 October 2024 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Rani === Rani a Jihar Gombe yawanci yana farawa a watan Nuwamba kuma ya ƙare a watan Maris. A wannan lokaci, ruwan sama yana raguwa sosai, ƙasa tana bushewa, kuma samun ruwa ga amfanin gona da dabbobi yana iya zama da wahala. Tsawon lokacin rani da ƙarancin ruwa na daga cikin abubuwan da ke sa kula da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasa ya zama muhimmi ga al'ummomin jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Updated Resettlement Action Plan for FCE Technical Project |url=https://gombestateacresal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/FINAL-UPDATED-RAP-FOR-FCE-TECHNICAL-PUBLIC.pdf |website=Gombe State ACReSAL |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Iskar Harmattan === Harmattan iska ce mai bushewa wadda take fitowa daga yankin hamadar Sahara, tana ɗauke da ƙura zuwa sassa da dama na Najeriya. A arewacin Najeriya, iskar tana yawan bayyana tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris. Tana iya sa iska ta yi ƙura, rage ganin nesa da kuma sa yanayin safe da dare ya yi sanyi fiye da lokacin zafin rana.<ref>{{cite report |title=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes Project Appraisal Document |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/acresal-pad.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Zafin yanayi da tsarin ruwan sama == Yanayin zafi a Gombe yana canzawa bisa lokutan shekara. Lokacin rani, musamman kusa da ƙarshensa, yana iya kasancewa mai zafi sosai, yayin da damina kan kawo sauyin yanayin zafi saboda gajimare da ruwan sama. Ba daidai ba ne a ɗauki wata ƙayyadaddiyar matsakaicin zafin shekara a matsayin na dukkan jihar ba tare da samun bayanan tashoshin auna yanayi da suka dace ba.<ref>{{cite report |title=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes Project Appraisal Document |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/acresal-pad.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Tsarin ruwan sama a jihar yana iya sauyawa daga shekara zuwa shekara. Idan damina ta makara, ta ƙare da wuri ko ruwan sama ya sauka ba daidai ba, manoma na iya fuskantar matsalolin shuka da girbi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana rashin daidaiton ruwan sama, ambaliya da ƙarancin ƙasar noma a matsayin wasu daga cikin matsalolin muhalli da ke shafar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Yahaya Launches ACReSAL Project to Tackle Environmental Degradation in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/governor-yahaya-launches-acresal-project-to-tackle-environmental-degradation-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Tasirin yanayi ga aikin gona == Aikin gona yana daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin samun abinci da kuɗin shiga ga al'ummomin Jihar Gombe. Ruwan sama mai kyau a lokacin da ya dace yana taimaka wa manoma wajen noman hatsi da sauran amfanin gona. Amma fari, ƙarancin ruwan sama ko ambaliya na iya rage yawan amfanin gona, lalata gonaki da kuma shafar wadatar abinci. Saboda haka, samun bayanan yanayi da inganta hanyoyin noma masu jure sauyin yanayi suna da muhimmanci ga ci gaban aikin gona a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Yahaya Launches ACReSAL Project to Tackle Environmental Degradation in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/governor-yahaya-launches-acresal-project-to-tackle-environmental-degradation-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsalolin muhalli da sauyin yanayi == Daga cikin manyan matsalolin muhalli a Jihar Gombe akwai ambaliya, fari, hamadar da ke mamaye ƙasa, sare dazuzzuka, wuce gona da iri wajen kiwo da zaizayar ƙasa. Waɗannan matsaloli suna iya rage ingancin ƙasa, lalata wuraren zama da kuma shafar hanyoyin samar da abinci da ruwa. ACReSAL ta bayyana cewa matsalolin muhalli a jihar suna da tasiri ga aikin gona, albarkatun ƙasa da rayuwar al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/states/gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara tsananta wasu matsalolin da ake fuskanta ta hanyar sauya tsarin ruwan sama, ƙara zafin yanayi da kuma tsananta lokutan fari ko ambaliya. Duk da haka, bambancin yanayi na shekara ɗaya ba ya tabbatar da sauyin yanayi na dogon lokaci shi kaɗai; ana buƙatar bayanan yanayi na tsawon lokaci domin tantance irin sauye-sauyen da ke faruwa a jihar.<ref>{{cite report |title=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes Project Appraisal Document |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/acresal-pad.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Matakan rage matsalolin yanayi == Daga cikin matakan rage matsalolin muhalli a Jihar Gombe akwai dasa bishiyoyi, kare dazuzzuka, gyaran kwaruruka, inganta magudanan ruwa da kuma kula da albarkatun ƙasa da ruwa. Waɗannan matakai suna taimakawa wajen rage zaizayar ƙasa, inganta yanayin ƙasa da kuma ƙarfafa juriyar al'ummomi ga matsalolin yanayi.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACReSAL National Coordinator Hails Gombe Governor for Setting Pace in Environmental Restoration |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/acresal-national-coordinator-hails-gombe-governor-for-setting-pace-in-environmental-restoration/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Shirin Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) yana tallafa wa ayyukan maido da ƙasa, kula da magudanan ruwa da kuma inganta juriyar al'umma ga sauyin yanayi a Jihar Gombe. Ayyukan gyaran kwaruruka da inganta hanyoyin magudanar ruwa suna da muhimmanci musamman a wuraren da ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa suka shafi gidaje da hanyoyin sufuri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saving Lives and Livelihoods: Gully Erosion Control by ACReSAL in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/saving-lives-and-livelihoods-gully-erosion-control-by-acresal-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=12 October 2024 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Aikin gona a Najeriya]] * [[Hamadar da ke mamaye ƙasa]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Yanayin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sauyin yanayi a Najeriya]] k5drzmaz4t2wdh0cgjifeu1e085x1sn 966743 966734 2026-10-12T09:27:10Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yanayin sauyin yanayi a Jihar Gombe''' yana bayyana yanayin zafi, ruwan sama, damina da rani a Jihar Gombe da ke [[Arewa ta Gabas (Najeriya)|Arewa maso Gabasshin Najeriya]]. Jihar tana cikin yankunan savanna na Guinea da Sudan, kuma tana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da suka haɗa da ambaliya, fari, zaizayar ƙasa, hamadar da ke mamaye ƙasa da sauyin tsarin ruwan sama. Waɗannan yanayi suna shafar aikin gona, albarkatun ruwa da rayuwar al'ummomin jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/states/gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == Jihar Gombe tana cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda yanayin savanna ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunanta. Tsarin yanayinta yana da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa, yanayin iska da motsin yankin da ke raba iskar damina da ta rani. Waɗannan abubuwa suna taimakawa wajen tsara lokacin da ruwan sama yake sauka da tsawon lokacin rani a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Updated Resettlement Action Plan for FCE Technical Project |url=https://gombestateacresal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/FINAL-UPDATED-RAP-FOR-FCE-TECHNICAL-PUBLIC.pdf |website=Gombe State ACReSAL |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Lokutan shekara == === Damina === Damina a Jihar Gombe yawanci tana farawa a watan Afrilu kuma tana ƙarewa a watan Oktoba. A wannan lokaci, ruwan sama yana taimaka wa noman amfanin gona, cika wuraren ajiyar ruwa da kuma samar da ruwa ga dabbobi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara a jihar yana kusan milimita 850, ko da yake yawan ruwan da ake samu yana iya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri da kuma daga shekara zuwa shekara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/states/gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Duk da amfanin damina, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na iya haifar da ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa. A Gombe, wasu al'ummomi sun fuskanci matsalolin kwaruruka masu zurfi da ruwan sama ke faɗaɗawa, wanda ke lalata gidaje, gonaki da hanyoyin sufuri. Rahoton ACReSAL na Oktoba 2024 ya bayyana illolin zaizayar ƙasa da ambaliya ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da kwaruruka a birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saving Lives and Livelihoods: Gully Erosion Control by ACReSAL in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/saving-lives-and-livelihoods-gully-erosion-control-by-acresal-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=12 October 2024 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Rani === Rani a Jihar Gombe yawanci yana farawa a watan Nuwamba kuma ya ƙare a watan Maris. A wannan lokaci, ruwan sama yana raguwa sosai, ƙasa tana bushewa, kuma samun ruwa ga amfanin gona da dabbobi yana iya zama da wahala. Tsawon lokacin rani da ƙarancin ruwa na daga cikin abubuwan da ke sa kula da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasa ya zama muhimmi ga al'ummomin jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Updated Resettlement Action Plan for FCE Technical Project |url=https://gombestateacresal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/FINAL-UPDATED-RAP-FOR-FCE-TECHNICAL-PUBLIC.pdf |website=Gombe State ACReSAL |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Iskar Harmattan === Harmattan iska ce mai bushewa wadda take fitowa daga yankin hamadar Sahara, tana ɗauke da ƙura zuwa sassa da dama na Najeriya. A arewacin Najeriya, iskar tana yawan bayyana tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris. Tana iya sa iska ta yi ƙura, rage ganin nesa da kuma sa yanayin safe da dare ya yi sanyi fiye da lokacin zafin rana.<ref>{{cite report |title=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes Project Appraisal Document |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/acresal-pad.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Zafin yanayi da tsarin ruwan sama == Yanayin zafi a Gombe yana canzawa bisa lokutan shekara. Lokacin rani, musamman kusa da ƙarshensa, yana iya kasancewa mai zafi sosai, yayin da damina kan kawo sauyin yanayin zafi saboda gajimare da ruwan sama. Ba daidai ba ne a ɗauki wata ƙayyadaddiyar matsakaicin zafin shekara a matsayin na dukkan jihar ba tare da samun bayanan tashoshin auna yanayi da suka dace ba.<ref>{{cite report |title=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes Project Appraisal Document |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/acresal-pad.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Tsarin ruwan sama a jihar yana iya sauyawa daga shekara zuwa shekara. Idan damina ta makara, ta ƙare da wuri ko ruwan sama ya sauka ba daidai ba, manoma na iya fuskantar matsalolin shuka da girbi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana rashin daidaiton ruwan sama, ambaliya da ƙarancin ƙasar noma a matsayin wasu daga cikin matsalolin muhalli da ke shafar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Yahaya Launches ACReSAL Project to Tackle Environmental Degradation in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/governor-yahaya-launches-acresal-project-to-tackle-environmental-degradation-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Tasirin yanayi ga aikin gona == Aikin gona yana daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin samun abinci da kuɗin shiga ga al'ummomin Jihar Gombe. Ruwan sama mai kyau a lokacin da ya dace yana taimaka wa manoma wajen noman hatsi da sauran amfanin gona. Amma fari, ƙarancin ruwan sama ko ambaliya na iya rage yawan amfanin gona, lalata gonaki da kuma shafar wadatar abinci. Saboda haka, samun bayanan yanayi da inganta hanyoyin noma masu jure sauyin yanayi suna da muhimmanci ga ci gaban aikin gona a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Yahaya Launches ACReSAL Project to Tackle Environmental Degradation in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/governor-yahaya-launches-acresal-project-to-tackle-environmental-degradation-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsalolin muhalli da sauyin yanayi == Daga cikin manyan matsalolin muhalli a Jihar Gombe akwai ambaliya, fari, hamadar da ke mamaye ƙasa, sare dazuzzuka, wuce gona da iri wajen kiwo da zaizayar ƙasa. Waɗannan matsaloli suna iya rage ingancin ƙasa, lalata wuraren zama da kuma shafar hanyoyin samar da abinci da ruwa. ACReSAL ta bayyana cewa matsalolin muhalli a jihar suna da tasiri ga aikin gona, albarkatun ƙasa da rayuwar al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/states/gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara tsananta wasu matsalolin da ake fuskanta ta hanyar sauya tsarin ruwan sama, ƙara zafin yanayi da kuma tsananta lokutan fari ko ambaliya. Duk da haka, bambancin yanayi na shekara ɗaya ba ya tabbatar da sauyin yanayi na dogon lokaci shi kaɗai; ana buƙatar bayanan yanayi na tsawon lokaci domin tantance irin sauye-sauyen da ke faruwa a jihar.<ref>{{cite report |title=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes Project Appraisal Document |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/acresal-pad.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Matakan rage matsalolin yanayi == Daga cikin matakan rage matsalolin muhalli a Jihar Gombe akwai dasa bishiyoyi, kare dazuzzuka, gyaran kwaruruka, inganta magudanan ruwa da kuma kula da albarkatun ƙasa da ruwa. Waɗannan matakai suna taimakawa wajen rage zaizayar ƙasa, inganta yanayin ƙasa da kuma ƙarfafa juriyar al'ummomi ga matsalolin yanayi.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACReSAL National Coordinator Hails Gombe Governor for Setting Pace in Environmental Restoration |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/acresal-national-coordinator-hails-gombe-governor-for-setting-pace-in-environmental-restoration/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Shirin Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) yana tallafa wa ayyukan maido da ƙasa, kula da magudanan ruwa da kuma inganta juriyar al'umma ga sauyin yanayi a Jihar Gombe. Ayyukan gyaran kwaruruka da inganta hanyoyin magudanar ruwa suna da muhimmanci musamman a wuraren da ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa suka shafi gidaje da hanyoyin sufuri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saving Lives and Livelihoods: Gully Erosion Control by ACReSAL in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/saving-lives-and-livelihoods-gully-erosion-control-by-acresal-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=12 October 2024 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Aikin gona a Najeriya]] * [[Hamadar da ke mamaye ƙasa]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Yanayin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sauyin yanayi a Najeriya]] 2lkf8poz6gt5fn4oqgs5boh9dk8wv1s Ƙalubalen Muhalli a Jihar Gombe 0 179054 966736 2026-10-12T08:28:22Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Ƙalubalen muhalli a Jihar Gombe''' na nufin matsalolin da ke lalata ƙasa, ruwa, iska da sauran albarkatun muhalli a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Daga cikin manyan matsalolin akwai zaizayar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa, hamadar ƙasa, sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatar muhalli da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara. Waɗannan matsaloli suna shafar gidaje, hanyoyi, gonaki, lafiyar al'umma da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga. A shekarar 2023, rahotanni sun nuna cewa jihar tana da wuraren zaizayar ƙas... 966736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙalubalen muhalli a Jihar Gombe''' na nufin matsalolin da ke lalata ƙasa, ruwa, iska da sauran albarkatun muhalli a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Daga cikin manyan matsalolin akwai zaizayar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa, hamadar ƙasa, sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatar muhalli da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara. Waɗannan matsaloli suna shafar gidaje, hanyoyi, gonaki, lafiyar al'umma da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga. A shekarar 2023, rahotanni sun nuna cewa jihar tana da wuraren zaizayar ƙasa masu yawa, tare da ayyukan gyara muhalli da ake gudanarwa domin rage illolinsu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe signs record N12b contract for erosion control |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-signs-record-n12b-contract-for-erosion-control/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe State pays N500m counterpart fund to execute erosion project |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-state-pays-n500m-counterpart-fund-to-execute-erosion-project/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=31 July 2023}}</ref> == Manyan ƙalubalen muhalli == === Zaizayar ƙasa === Zaizayar ƙasa na daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen muhalli a Jihar Gombe, musamman a cikin birnin Gombe da wasu yankunan ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da kwararar ruwa a saman ƙasa na iya haifar da manyan ramuka da kwazazzabai, waɗanda ke lalata gonaki, gidaje, hanyoyi da sauran ababen more rayuwa. A shekarar 2023, gwamnatin jihar ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar aikin sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa mai tsawon kilomita 21 a wasu yankuna shida na birnin Gombe domin rage wannan matsala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe signs record N12b contract for erosion control |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-signs-record-n12b-contract-for-erosion-control/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=23 November 2023}}</ref> Ayyukan zaizayar ƙasa suna iya haifar da asarar ƙasa mai amfani ga noma, lalacewar gidaje da katse zirga-zirga. Rahoton shirin Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) ya bayyana irin wahalhalun da mazauna yankunan da kwazazzabai suka shafa ke fuskanta, ciki har da matsalar isa makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya. A shekarar 2025, an kuma gudanar da wani shiri a Kundulum, ƙaramar hukumar Akko, domin wayar da kan al'umma da ƙarfafa matakan hana zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewar fili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saving Lives and Livelihoods: Gully Erosion Control by ACReSAL in Gombe |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/saving-lives-and-livelihoods-gully-erosion-control-by-acresal-in-gombe/ |website=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Foundation tackles erosion, land degradation in Gombe |url=https://guardian.ng/news/foundation-tackles-erosion-land-degradation-in-gombe/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 July 2025}}</ref> === Ambaliyar ruwa === Ambaliyar ruwa na daga cikin matsalolin da ke addabar wasu yankunan Jihar Gombe a lokacin damina. Ruwan sama mai yawa, rashin magudanan ruwa masu inganci da toshewar magudanan da shara ke haifarwa na iya ƙara haɗarin ambaliya. Ambaliyar ruwa na lalata gidaje, gonaki da hanyoyi, tare da tilasta wa wasu mazauna ƙaura daga wuraren da abin ya shafa. Hukumar Kula da Agajin Gaggawa ta Ƙasa (NEMA) ta gudanar da wayar da kan jama'a a kasuwanni da masana'antu a Gombe a shekarar 2024, inda ta jaddada haɗarin zubar da shara a hanyoyin ruwa da kuma muhimmancin shirin tunkarar ambaliya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEMA Sensitization and Awareness Campaign on Waste Management and Flood Preparedness at Industries and Market Places in Gombe |url=https://nema.gov.ng/nema-sensitization-and-awareness-campaign-on-waste-management-and-flood-preparednes-at-industries-and-market-places-in-gombe/ |website=National Emergency Management Agency |date=21 July 2024}}</ref> === Hamadar ƙasa da lalacewar fili === Hamadar ƙasa da lalacewar fili suna daga cikin ƙalubalen muhalli da ke shafar Gombe saboda yanayin yankin da kuma ayyukan mutane. Sare bishiyoyi, amfani da ƙasa ba tare da tsari mai kyau ba da wasu ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na iya rage ingancin ƙasa da kuma raunana ikon da take da shi na tallafa wa ciyayi da noma. A shekarar 2023, gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cewa ambaliyar ruwa, sauyin tsarin ruwan sama, yaɗuwar hamada da raguwar filayen noma suna cutar da rayuwar manoma da sauran al'umma. An kuma ƙaddamar da shirin ACReSAL domin taimakawa wajen farfaɗo da filayen da suka lalace da ƙarfafa juriyar muhalli ga sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe State pays N500m counterpart fund to execute erosion project |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-state-pays-n500m-counterpart-fund-to-execute-erosion-project/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=31 July 2023}}</ref> === Sare bishiyoyi da raguwar ciyayi === Sare bishiyoyi ba tare da sake dasa wasu ba na iya rage yawan ciyayi, fallasa ƙasa ga zaizayar ruwa da iska, da kuma raunana matsugunan namun daji. A Gombe, ayyukan noma, neman itacen girki da wasu ayyukan tattalin arziki na iya ƙara matsin lamba kan albarkatun gandun daji. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2020, gwamnatin jihar ta ƙaddamar da shirin dasa bishiyoyi miliyan huɗu cikin shekaru huɗu domin yaƙi da sare bishiyoyi da inganta muhalli. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa an dasa tsirrai miliyan 1.3 a matakin farko na shirin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe to tackle deforestation with four million trees |url=https://guardian.ng/property/gombe-to-tackle-deforestation-with-four-million-trees/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=17 August 2020}}</ref> === Zubar da shara da gurɓatar muhalli === Rashin zubar da shara ta hanyar da ta dace na daga cikin matsalolin muhalli a birnin Gombe da sauran al'ummomin jihar. Zubar da shara a kan tituna, cikin ramukan magudanar ruwa da kwazazzabai na iya toshe hanyoyin ruwa, haifar da tsayuwar ruwa da ƙara haɗarin ambaliya. A watan Yulin 2024, Gwamnan Jihar Gombe ya jaddada cewa zubar da shara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a magudanan ruwa na taimakawa wajen haifar da matsalolin muhalli, tare da kira ga jama'a da su yi amfani da wuraren tattara shara da aka samar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Gov spends ₦150m every month to keep state clean |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/gombe-gov-spends-naira150m-every-month-to-keep-state-clean-2024072707491765138 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=27 July 2024}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma gabatar da aikin tsaftar muhalli na kowane wata domin inganta tsabtace muhalli da rage haɗarin cututtuka. A watan Afrilu na 2024, an sanar da cewa za a gudanar da aikin tsaftar muhalli a ranar Asabar ta ƙarshe ta kowane wata a dukkan ƙananan hukumomi 11 na jihar. Duk da haka, ingantaccen sarrafa shara yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwar hukumomi, masu kasuwanci da mazauna al'umma, musamman wajen tattarawa, jigilarwa da zubar da shara a wuraren da aka amince da su.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe begins monthly environmental sanitation |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-begins-monthly-environmental-sanitation/ |work=Punch |date=17 April 2024}}</ref> === Gurɓatar ruwa da matsalolin najasa === Zubar da najasa da sauran datti a wuraren da ba su dace ba na iya gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa, tare da ƙara haɗarin yaɗuwar cututtuka. A wasu yankunan da ake amfani da banɗakunan rami da tankunan tara najasa, rashin ingantaccen tsarin kwashewa da sarrafa najasa na iya zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. A watan Yulin 2025, Asusun Tallafawa Yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) da Hukumar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Karkara ta Jihar Gombe (RUWASSA) sun yi kira da a inganta sarrafa najasa domin kare lafiyar jama'a da hana gurɓatar muhalli.<ref>{{cite news |title=UNICEF, RUWASSA charge stakeholders on faecal sludge management in Gombe |url=https://guardian.ng/news/unicef-ruwassa-charge-stakeholders-on-faecal-sludge-management-in-gombe/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 July 2025}}</ref> === Gurɓatar iska da hayaniya === Gurɓatar iska da hayaniya na iya tasowa daga amfani da janareto, hayaƙin ababen hawa da wasu ayyukan masana'antu ko kasuwanci. A shekarar 2019, wani jami'in Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NESREA) a Gombe ya bayyana cewa yawan amfani da janareto saboda rashin wadataccen wutar lantarki na taimakawa wajen gurɓatar iska da hayaniya. Irin wannan gurɓatawa na iya rage ingancin muhallin zama, musamman a yankunan da gidaje suke kusa da juna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pollution: Agency decries increasing use of generators |url=https://guardian.ng/news/pollution-agency-decries-increasing-use-of-generators/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=20 March 2019}}</ref> === Sauyin yanayi da rashin daidaiton ruwan sama === Sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara tsananta wasu matsalolin muhalli a Jihar Gombe, ciki har da zafi mai tsanani, rashin daidaiton ruwan sama, fari da ambaliya. Waɗannan yanayi na iya shafar aikin gona, samar da abinci da samun ruwa. A hasashen yanayi na shekarar 2025, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Najeriya (NiMet) ta yi hasashen cewa tsawon damina a Gombe zai kasance tsakanin kwanaki 107 da 140, sannan ta yi gargaɗin yiwuwar dogon lokacin ƙarancin ruwan sama a wasu ƙananan hukumomi, ciki har da Nafada, Yamaltu/Deba, Dukku da Funakaye.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rainfall to hit Gombe for 107-140 days – NiMet |url=https://guardian.ng/news/rainfall-to-hit-gombe-for-107-140-days-nimet/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=3 April 2025}}</ref> == Matakan magance ƙalubalen muhalli == Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe da hukumomin tarayya da ƙungiyoyin ci gaba sun ɗauki matakai daban-daban domin magance matsalolin muhalli. Daga cikinsu akwai ayyukan hana zaizayar ƙasa, gyaran magudanan ruwa, dasa bishiyoyi, wayar da kan jama'a kan sarrafa shara da shirin ACReSAL, wanda ke da manufar farfaɗo da ƙasa da ƙarfafa juriyar al'umma ga sauyin yanayi. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2023, an sanar da kwangilar aikin sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa mai tsawon kilomita 21 a wasu yankuna na birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe signs record N12b contract for erosion control |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-signs-record-n12b-contract-for-erosion-control/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=23 November 2023}}</ref> Haka kuma, inganta tsarin tattara shara, samar da wuraren zubar da ita yadda ya kamata, kula da magudanan ruwa, dasa bishiyoyi da tabbatar da bin dokokin muhalli na da muhimmanci wajen rage lalacewar muhalli. Haɗin gwiwar gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, manoma, masu kasuwanci da mazauna al'umma na taimakawa wajen tabbatar da dorewar waɗannan matakai.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEMA Sensitization and Awareness Campaign on Waste Management and Flood Preparedness at Industries and Market Places in Gombe |url=https://nema.gov.ng/nema-sensitization-and-awareness-campaign-on-waste-management-and-flood-preparednes-at-industries-and-market-places-in-gombe/ |website=National Emergency Management Agency |date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UNICEF, RUWASSA charge stakeholders on faecal sludge management in Gombe |url=https://guardian.ng/news/unicef-ruwassa-charge-stakeholders-on-faecal-sludge-management-in-gombe/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 July 2025}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Zaizayar ƙasa]] * [[Ambaliyar ruwa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Gandun daji]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sk9m6gr5651e9yc1b1bjhow2p8i509r Manyan Hanyoyi a Jihar Gombe 0 179055 966740 2026-10-12T08:56:26Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Manyan hanyoyi a Jihar Gombe''' su ne manyan hanyoyin sufuri da ke haɗa babban birnin jihar, ƙananan hukumomi, garuruwa da sauran jihohin Najeriya. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna da muhimmanci wajen jigilar mutane, kayan amfanin gona, dabbobi da kayayyakin kasuwanci. Hanyoyin sun haɗa da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma waɗanda gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ke ginawa da gyarawa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motorists recall tales of pains, despair on federal highways across N... 966740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manyan hanyoyi a Jihar Gombe''' su ne manyan hanyoyin sufuri da ke haɗa babban birnin jihar, ƙananan hukumomi, garuruwa da sauran jihohin Najeriya. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna da muhimmanci wajen jigilar mutane, kayan amfanin gona, dabbobi da kayayyakin kasuwanci. Hanyoyin sun haɗa da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma waɗanda gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ke ginawa da gyarawa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motorists recall tales of pains, despair on federal highways across Nigeria |url=https://punchng.com/motorists-recall-tales-of-pains-despair-on-federal-highways-across-nigeria/ |work=Punch |date=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC okays N13.3bn for Road Projects |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-okays-n13-3bn-for-road-projects/ |work=Punch |date=7 February 2020}}</ref> == Manyan hanyoyi == === Hanyar Gombe–Bauchi === [[Hanyar Gombe–Bauchi]] na daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da ke haɗa Jihar Gombe da Jihar Bauchi. Hanyar tana taimakawa wajen zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin jihohin biyu da sauran yankunan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A watan Fabrairun 2026, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Tarayya ta sanar da kammala wasu ayyukan gaggawa na gyaran sassan hanyar, ciki har da gyaran wuraren da ruwa ya lalata da gefunan hanya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Govt Inaugurates Emergency Road, Bridge Works in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigerian-govt-inaugurates-emergency-road-bridge-works-in-gombe/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=14 February 2026}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Yola === Hanyar Gombe–Yola muhimmiyar hanya ce da ke haɗa Jihar Gombe da Yola, babban birnin Jihar Adamawa. Tana bi ta wasu garuruwa da ƙauyuka, ciki har da Kumo, Kalmai, Kaltungo da Bambam, kafin ta nufi Adamawa. Hanyar tana da amfani wajen zirga-zirgar kasuwanci da jigilar amfanin gona da sauran kayayyaki. A watan Fabrairun 2026, an sanar da kammala gyaran wasu gadoji da suka lalace a kan wannan hanyar, musamman a yankin Ture na ƙaramar hukumar Kaltungo.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG Opens New Bridges and Road Projects in Gombe State |url=https://punchng.com/fg-opens-bridges-other-projects-in-gombe/ |work=Punch |date=11 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government 2022 Approved Budget Summary |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/approved-gombe-state-goverment-2022-budget-ncoa.pdf |website=Gombe State Government |date=2022}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Biu === Hanyar Gombe–Biu tana haɗa Gombe da Biu a Jihar Borno, kuma tana cikin muhimman hanyoyin sufuri na yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Hanyar tana da muhimmanci ga kasuwanci, zirga-zirgar jama'a da ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin al'ummomin jihohin Gombe da Borno. A ranar 4 ga Yunin 2026, gwamnatin tarayya ta ƙaddamar da aikin sake ginawa da faɗaɗa wani ɓangare na hanyar mai tsawon kilomita 125, a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar Akwanga–Jos–Bauchi–Gombe–Biu–Maiduguri.<ref>{{cite news |title=After years of broken promises, Tinubu flags off construction of Gombe–Biu–Maiduguri highway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/885109-after-years-of-broken-promises-tinubu-flags-off-construction-of-gombe-biu-maiduguri-highway.html |work=Premium Times |date=4 June 2026}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Potiskum === Hanyar Gombe–Potiskum tana haɗa Gombe da Potiskum a Jihar Yobe. Tana da muhimmanci wajen jigilar kayayyakin kasuwanci da amfanin gona tsakanin jihohin biyu. Hanyar ta haɗa da wasu rassan da ke bi ta yankunan ƙaramar hukumar Kwami da sauran al'ummomi. A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta amince da kwangilar gina hanyar Malam Inna–Kundulum–Kurba–Potiskum domin inganta zirga-zirga da haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC okays N13.3bn for Road Projects |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-okays-n13-3bn-for-road-projects/ |work=Punch |date=7 February 2020}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Dukku === Hanyar Gombe–Dukku tana haɗa babban birnin jihar da Dukku, ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Gombe. Tana taimakawa wajen zirga-zirgar mazauna yankunan karkara zuwa birni da kuma jigilar kayayyakin noma da kasuwanci. Hanyar tana daga cikin hanyoyin tarayya da aka ambata a cikin rahotannin matsalolin sufuri a jihar, inda aka bayyana cewa wasu sassan hanyoyin suna buƙatar gyara domin inganta amincin masu amfani da su.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motorists recall tales of pains, despair on federal highways across Nigeria |url=https://punchng.com/motorists-recall-tales-of-pains-despair-on-federal-highways-across-nigeria/ |work=Punch |date=2019}}</ref> === Hanyar Billiri–Filiya === Hanyar Billiri–Filiya tana cikin hanyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen haɗa al'ummomin kudancin Jihar Gombe. Tana da muhimmanci ga manoma, 'yan kasuwa da sauran masu zirga-zirga tsakanin Billiri da Filiya da yankunan da ke kewaye. A cikin bayanan ayyukan gyaran hanyoyi na gwamnatin tarayya na shekarar 2024, an ware kuɗi domin gyaran sassan hanyar Billiri–Filiya da suka lalace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking 2024 FG Consolidated Capital Projects in Gombe |url=https://tracka-mobile-images.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/GOMBE%20ST.pdf |website=Tracka |date=2024}}</ref> === Hanyar Bajoga–Ashaka Gari === Hanyar Bajoga–Ashaka Gari tana haɗa wasu al'ummomin yankin arewacin Jihar Gombe, ciki har da yankin da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar siminti ta Ashaka. Tana da muhimmanci wajen jigilar kayayyakin masana'antu da amfanin gona da kuma zirga-zirgar mazauna yankin. Kasafin kuɗin Jihar Gombe na shekarar 2022 ya ƙunshi tanadin kuɗi domin ayyukan da suka shafi wannan hanyar, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin inganta hanyoyin haɗin al'umma a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government 2022 Approved Budget Summary |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/approved-gombe-state-goverment-2022-budget-ncoa.pdf |website=Gombe State Government |date=2022}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe Abba–Dukurfi === Hanyar Gombe Abba–Dukurfi tana haɗa al'ummomin Gombe Abba da Dukurfi, tare da taimakawa wajen zirga-zirgar jama'a da jigilar kayayyaki a yankin. A shekarar 2022, gwamnatin tarayya ta bayyana aikin gina hanyar mai tsawon kilomita 53 a Gombe da Bauchi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da Hukumar Raya Arewa maso Gabas (NEDC) za ta gudanar domin inganta hanyoyin sufuri a yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG approves N54.82bn for projects in two ministries |url=https://punchng.com/fg-approves-n54-82bn-for-projects-in-two-ministries/ |work=Punch |date=2022}}</ref> === Hanyar Degri–Reme–Talasse === Hanyar Degri–Reme–Talasse tana cikin hanyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen haɗa al'ummomin ƙaramar hukumar Balanga da sauran sassan jihar. Tana da amfani wajen jigilar amfanin gona da sauƙaƙa zirga-zirgar mazauna yankunan karkara. A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin jihar ta amince da kwangilar aikin hanyar Degiri–Dembele–Talasse domin inganta sufuri da haɗin kan al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC okays N13.3bn for Road Projects |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-okays-n13-3bn-for-road-projects/ |work=Punch |date=7 February 2020}}</ref> == Muhimmancin manyan hanyoyi == Manyan hanyoyin Jihar Gombe suna da muhimmanci wajen haɓaka tattalin arziki, saboda suna taimakawa manoma wajen kai amfanin gona kasuwanni, 'yan kasuwa wajen jigilar kayayyaki, da mazauna ƙauyuka wajen samun damar zuwa makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya. Hanyoyin da ke haɗa Gombe da jihohin Bauchi, Yobe, Adamawa da Borno suna kuma taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa kasuwanci da haɗin kai a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=After years of broken promises, Tinubu flags off construction of Gombe–Biu–Maiduguri highway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/885109-after-years-of-broken-promises-tinubu-flags-off-construction-of-gombe-biu-maiduguri-highway.html |work=Premium Times |date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsalolin hanyoyi == Duk da muhimmancinsu, wasu hanyoyin jihar suna fuskantar matsalolin lalacewa, ramuka, zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewar gadoji sakamakon ruwan sama. Waɗannan matsaloli na iya ƙara tsawon lokacin tafiya, jawo lalacewar ababen hawa da kawo cikas ga kasuwanci. A watan Fabrairun 2026, gwamnatin tarayya ta sanar da kammala wasu ayyukan gaggawa a kan hanyoyin Gombe–Bauchi da Gombe–Yola domin inganta zirga-zirga da amincin masu amfani da hanyoyin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Govt Inaugurates Emergency Road, Bridge Works in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigerian-govt-inaugurates-emergency-road-bridge-works-in-gombe/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=14 February 2026}}</ref> == Gyaran hanyoyi da ayyukan raya ƙasa == Gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Gombe suna aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gina sabbin hanyoyi, gyara waɗanda suka lalace da faɗaɗa wasu manyan hanyoyi. A watan Janairun 2026, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Gombe ta amince da kwangilolin ayyukan hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa da suka kai sama da naira biliyan 35. Ayyukan sun haɗa da gina sabbin hanyoyi da sake gina wasu hanyoyi masu muhimmanci a jihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC approves N35bn for major road, infrastructure upgrades |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-approves-n35bn-for-major-road-infrastructure-upgrades/ |work=Punch |date=1 January 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Sufuri a Najeriya]] * [[Hanyar Gombe–Biu]] * [[Hanyar Gombe–Yola]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g9ufbhdrstxpi56c80clekbcqohoxql 966744 966740 2026-10-12T09:34:38Z Uncle Bash007 9891 966744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manyan hanyoyi a Jihar Gombe''' su ne manyan hanyoyin sufuri da ke haɗa [[Gombe (birni)|Babban Birnin Jihar Gombe]], ƙananan hukumomi, garuruwa da sauran jihohin [[Najeriya]]. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna da muhimmanci wajen jigilar mutane, kayan amfanin gona, dabbobi da kayayyakin kasuwanci. Hanyoyin sun haɗa da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma waɗanda gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ke ginawa da gyarawa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motorists recall tales of pains, despair on federal highways across Nigeria |url=https://punchng.com/motorists-recall-tales-of-pains-despair-on-federal-highways-across-nigeria/ |work=Punch |date=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC okays N13.3bn for Road Projects |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-okays-n13-3bn-for-road-projects/ |work=Punch |date=7 February 2020}}</ref> == Manyan hanyoyi == === Hanyar Gombe–Bauchi === [[Hanyar Gombe–Bauchi]] na daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da ke haɗa Jihar Gombe da Jihar Bauchi. Hanyar tana taimakawa wajen zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin jihohin biyu da sauran yankunan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A watan Fabrairun 2026, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Tarayya ta sanar da kammala wasu ayyukan gaggawa na gyaran sassan hanyar, ciki har da gyaran wuraren da ruwa ya lalata da gefunan hanya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Govt Inaugurates Emergency Road, Bridge Works in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigerian-govt-inaugurates-emergency-road-bridge-works-in-gombe/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=14 February 2026}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Yola === Hanyar Gombe–Yola muhimmiyar hanya ce da ke haɗa Jihar Gombe da Yola, babban birnin Jihar Adamawa. Tana bi ta wasu garuruwa da ƙauyuka, ciki har da Kumo, Kalmai, Kaltungo da Bambam, kafin ta nufi Adamawa. Hanyar tana da amfani wajen zirga-zirgar kasuwanci da jigilar amfanin gona da sauran kayayyaki. A watan Fabrairun 2026, an sanar da kammala gyaran wasu gadoji da suka lalace a kan wannan hanyar, musamman a yankin Ture na ƙaramar hukumar Kaltungo.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG Opens New Bridges and Road Projects in Gombe State |url=https://punchng.com/fg-opens-bridges-other-projects-in-gombe/ |work=Punch |date=11 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government 2022 Approved Budget Summary |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/approved-gombe-state-goverment-2022-budget-ncoa.pdf |website=Gombe State Government |date=2022}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Biu === Hanyar Gombe–Biu tana haɗa Gombe da Biu a Jihar Borno, kuma tana cikin muhimman hanyoyin sufuri na yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Hanyar tana da muhimmanci ga kasuwanci, zirga-zirgar jama'a da ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin al'ummomin jihohin Gombe da Borno. A ranar 4 ga Yunin 2026, gwamnatin tarayya ta ƙaddamar da aikin sake ginawa da faɗaɗa wani ɓangare na hanyar mai tsawon kilomita 125, a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar Akwanga–Jos–Bauchi–Gombe–Biu–Maiduguri.<ref>{{cite news |title=After years of broken promises, Tinubu flags off construction of Gombe–Biu–Maiduguri highway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/885109-after-years-of-broken-promises-tinubu-flags-off-construction-of-gombe-biu-maiduguri-highway.html |work=Premium Times |date=4 June 2026}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Potiskum === Hanyar Gombe–Potiskum tana haɗa Gombe da Potiskum a Jihar Yobe. Tana da muhimmanci wajen jigilar kayayyakin kasuwanci da amfanin gona tsakanin jihohin biyu. Hanyar ta haɗa da wasu rassan da ke bi ta yankunan ƙaramar hukumar Kwami da sauran al'ummomi. A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta amince da kwangilar gina hanyar Malam Inna–Kundulum–Kurba–Potiskum domin inganta zirga-zirga da haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC okays N13.3bn for Road Projects |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-okays-n13-3bn-for-road-projects/ |work=Punch |date=7 February 2020}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe–Dukku === Hanyar Gombe–Dukku tana haɗa babban birnin jihar da Dukku, ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Gombe. Tana taimakawa wajen zirga-zirgar mazauna yankunan karkara zuwa birni da kuma jigilar kayayyakin noma da kasuwanci. Hanyar tana daga cikin hanyoyin tarayya da aka ambata a cikin rahotannin matsalolin sufuri a jihar, inda aka bayyana cewa wasu sassan hanyoyin suna buƙatar gyara domin inganta amincin masu amfani da su.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motorists recall tales of pains, despair on federal highways across Nigeria |url=https://punchng.com/motorists-recall-tales-of-pains-despair-on-federal-highways-across-nigeria/ |work=Punch |date=2019}}</ref> === Hanyar Billiri–Filiya === Hanyar Billiri–Filiya tana cikin hanyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen haɗa al'ummomin kudancin Jihar Gombe. Tana da muhimmanci ga manoma, 'yan kasuwa da sauran masu zirga-zirga tsakanin Billiri da Filiya da yankunan da ke kewaye. A cikin bayanan ayyukan gyaran hanyoyi na gwamnatin tarayya na shekarar 2024, an ware kuɗi domin gyaran sassan hanyar Billiri–Filiya da suka lalace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking 2024 FG Consolidated Capital Projects in Gombe |url=https://tracka-mobile-images.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/GOMBE%20ST.pdf |website=Tracka |date=2024}}</ref> === Hanyar Bajoga–Ashaka Gari === Hanyar Bajoga–Ashaka Gari tana haɗa wasu al'ummomin yankin arewacin Jihar Gombe, ciki har da yankin da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar siminti ta Ashaka. Tana da muhimmanci wajen jigilar kayayyakin masana'antu da amfanin gona da kuma zirga-zirgar mazauna yankin. Kasafin kuɗin Jihar Gombe na shekarar 2022 ya ƙunshi tanadin kuɗi domin ayyukan da suka shafi wannan hanyar, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin inganta hanyoyin haɗin al'umma a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government 2022 Approved Budget Summary |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/approved-gombe-state-goverment-2022-budget-ncoa.pdf |website=Gombe State Government |date=2022}}</ref> === Hanyar Gombe Abba–Dukurfi === Hanyar Gombe Abba–Dukurfi tana haɗa al'ummomin Gombe Abba da Dukurfi, tare da taimakawa wajen zirga-zirgar jama'a da jigilar kayayyaki a yankin. A shekarar 2022, gwamnatin tarayya ta bayyana aikin gina hanyar mai tsawon kilomita 53 a Gombe da Bauchi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da Hukumar Raya Arewa maso Gabas (NEDC) za ta gudanar domin inganta hanyoyin sufuri a yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG approves N54.82bn for projects in two ministries |url=https://punchng.com/fg-approves-n54-82bn-for-projects-in-two-ministries/ |work=Punch |date=2022}}</ref> === Hanyar Degri–Reme–Talasse === Hanyar Degri–Reme–Talasse tana cikin hanyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen haɗa al'ummomin ƙaramar hukumar Balanga da sauran sassan jihar. Tana da amfani wajen jigilar amfanin gona da sauƙaƙa zirga-zirgar mazauna yankunan karkara. A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin jihar ta amince da kwangilar aikin hanyar Degiri–Dembele–Talasse domin inganta sufuri da haɗin kan al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC okays N13.3bn for Road Projects |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-okays-n13-3bn-for-road-projects/ |work=Punch |date=7 February 2020}}</ref> == Muhimmancin manyan hanyoyi == Manyan hanyoyin Jihar Gombe suna da muhimmanci wajen haɓaka tattalin arziki, saboda suna taimakawa manoma wajen kai amfanin gona kasuwanni, 'yan kasuwa wajen jigilar kayayyaki, da mazauna ƙauyuka wajen samun damar zuwa makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya. Hanyoyin da ke haɗa Gombe da jihohin Bauchi, Yobe, Adamawa da Borno suna kuma taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa kasuwanci da haɗin kai a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=After years of broken promises, Tinubu flags off construction of Gombe–Biu–Maiduguri highway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/885109-after-years-of-broken-promises-tinubu-flags-off-construction-of-gombe-biu-maiduguri-highway.html |work=Premium Times |date=4 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsalolin hanyoyi == Duk da muhimmancinsu, wasu hanyoyin jihar suna fuskantar matsalolin lalacewa, ramuka, zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewar gadoji sakamakon ruwan sama. Waɗannan matsaloli na iya ƙara tsawon lokacin tafiya, jawo lalacewar ababen hawa da kawo cikas ga kasuwanci. A watan Fabrairun 2026, gwamnatin tarayya ta sanar da kammala wasu ayyukan gaggawa a kan hanyoyin Gombe–Bauchi da Gombe–Yola domin inganta zirga-zirga da amincin masu amfani da hanyoyin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Govt Inaugurates Emergency Road, Bridge Works in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigerian-govt-inaugurates-emergency-road-bridge-works-in-gombe/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=14 February 2026}}</ref> == Gyaran hanyoyi da ayyukan raya ƙasa == Gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Gombe suna aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gina sabbin hanyoyi, gyara waɗanda suka lalace da faɗaɗa wasu manyan hanyoyi. A watan Janairun 2026, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Gombe ta amince da kwangilolin ayyukan hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa da suka kai sama da naira biliyan 35. Ayyukan sun haɗa da gina sabbin hanyoyi da sake gina wasu hanyoyi masu muhimmanci a jihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe SEC approves N35bn for major road, infrastructure upgrades |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-sec-approves-n35bn-for-major-road-infrastructure-upgrades/ |work=Punch |date=1 January 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Sufuri a Najeriya]] * [[Hanyar Gombe–Biu]] * [[Hanyar Gombe–Yola]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kh5e6vv7siwuekn322eklfcl0giurbs Noma a Jihar Gombe 0 179056 966748 2026-10-12T10:06:33Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Noma a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Yana samar da abinci, ayyukan yi da kuɗin shiga ga manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a harkokin sarrafawa da sayar da kayayyakin gona. Harkar noma a jihar ta haɗa da noman amfanin gona, kiwon dabbobi da kamun kifi. Bisa bayanan shirin raya noma na jihar, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na ayyukan yi suna da alaƙa da harkar noma da sarkar samar da kayayyakin noma.<ref>{{cite web |t... 966748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noma a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Yana samar da abinci, ayyukan yi da kuɗin shiga ga manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a harkokin sarrafawa da sayar da kayayyakin gona. Harkar noma a jihar ta haɗa da noman amfanin gona, kiwon dabbobi da kamun kifi. Bisa bayanan shirin raya noma na jihar, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na ayyukan yi suna da alaƙa da harkar noma da sarkar samar da kayayyakin noma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> == Tarihin noma da muhimmancinsa == Noma ya daɗe yana daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun abinci da kuɗin shiga ga al'ummomin Jihar Gombe. Manoma suna amfani da filayen karkara wajen noman hatsi, kayan lambu da sauran amfanin gona, yayin da kiwon dabbobi yake taimakawa wajen samar da nama, madara da sauran kayayyakin dabbobi. Haɗin noman amfanin gona da kiwon dabbobi yana taka rawa wajen samar da abinci da tallafa wa tattalin arzikin yankunan karkara.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy: Agriculture |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |website=Premium Times |date=2021}}</ref> Noma yana da alaƙa da kasuwanci da sarrafa kayayyakin amfanin gona a jihar. Hatsi, gyada da sauran kayayyakin gona suna shiga kasuwanni, inda manoma, dillalai da masu sarrafawa suke samun damar yin kasuwanci. Shirin raya noma da hanyoyin karkara na Gombe ya bayyana cewa haɓaka noma da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin gona na daga cikin damar da jihar ke da su wajen ƙarfafa tattalin arzikinta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> == Manyan amfanin gona == === Hatsi === Hatsi na daga cikin muhimman amfanin gona a Jihar Gombe. Ana noman masara, dawa, gero da shinkafa domin abinci da sayarwa. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna da muhimmanci wajen samar da abincin gida da kayayyakin da ake sayarwa a kasuwannin jihar. A shekarar 2025, wasu manoma a Gombe sun bayyana cewa tsadar takin zamani ta sa sun rage noman masara da shinkafa, wasu kuma suka koma noman gero, dawa da sauran amfanin gona da ke buƙatar ƙarancin taki.<ref>{{cite news |title=Farmers In Gombe Neglect Rice, Maize Cultivation Over High Fertiliser Cost |url=https://von.gov.ng/farmers-in-gombe-neglect-rice-maize-cultivation-over-high-fertiliser-cost/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> === Gyada === Gyada na daga cikin muhimman amfanin gona na kasuwanci a Jihar Gombe. Ana amfani da ita wajen samar da mai da sauran kayayyakin abinci, sannan ana sayar da ita a kasuwanni. Noman gyada yana samar da kuɗin shiga ga manoma da masu sayar da kayayyakin amfanin gona. Shirin raya noma na jihar ya lissafa gyada a cikin manyan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> === Wake da waken soya === Wake na daga cikin amfanin gona da ake amfani da su wajen samar da abinci mai gina jiki. Haka kuma, ana noman waken soya, wanda ake sarrafawa domin samar da abinci da sauran kayayyaki. A shekarar 2025, rahoton Voice of Nigeria ya bayyana cewa wasu manoma a jihar sun koma noman wake da waken soya saboda tsadar takin zamani da matsalolin kuɗin gudanar da noman masara da shinkafa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Farmers In Gombe Neglect Rice, Maize Cultivation Over High Fertiliser Cost |url=https://von.gov.ng/farmers-in-gombe-neglect-rice-maize-cultivation-over-high-fertiliser-cost/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> === Ridi, auduga da sauran amfanin gona === Ana kuma noman ridi, auduga, barkono, rake, rogo, albasa, okra da sauran kayan lambu a Jihar Gombe. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan amfanin gona ana nomansu domin abinci, yayin da wasu ake nomansu domin kasuwanci da samar da albarkatun masana'antu. Nau'in amfanin gonar da ake nomawa ya danganta da yanayin ƙasa, ruwan sama, damar samun ruwa da buƙatun kasuwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> == Kiwon dabbobi == Kiwon dabbobi wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na harkar noma a Jihar Gombe. Ana kiwon shanu, tumaki, awaki da sauran dabbobi domin samar da nama, madara da kuɗin shiga. Harkar tana kuma samar da ayyukan yi ga masu kiwo, masu safarar dabbobi, masu sayar da abinci ga dabbobi da sauran masu sana'o'in da suka danganci kiwo. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2026, gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana shirin inganta kiwon dabbobi ta hanyar sarrafa su da kuma gina sarkar kasuwanci daga kiwo zuwa yanka, sarrafawa, marufi da jigilar kayayyaki.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Targets Livestock-Led Economic Transformation |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-targets-livestock-led-economic-transformation/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma fara aikin gina cibiyar inganta kiwo ta hanyar amfani da fasahar haɗa maniyyi da ƙwai (artificial insemination) da nufin inganta nau'in dabbobi da samar da nama da madara. Aikin yana ƙarƙashin shirin Livestock Productivity and Resilience Support (L-PRES), tare da manufar ƙara yawan amfanin dabbobi da ƙarfafa bincike da horar da ma'aikata a fannin kiwo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe moves to modernise livestock breeding |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/06/gombe-moves-to-modernise-livestock-breeding/ |work=Vanguard |date=30 June 2026}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == Kamun kifi yana daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki da ake gudanarwa a wasu yankunan Jihar Gombe, musamman kusa da madatsun ruwa da sauran wuraren ruwa. Tafkin madatsar ruwan Dadin Kowa da na Balanga suna daga cikin wuraren da ke ba da damar kamun kifi. Wannan sana'a tana samar da abinci da kuɗin shiga ga masu kamun kifi da masu sayar da kifaye, kuma tana da alaƙa da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren ruwan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> == Ban-ruwa da noman rani == Ban-ruwa yana ba manoma damar noma a lokacin da ruwan sama ya ƙare ko bai wadatar ba. Albarkatun ruwa da ke jihar, ciki har da madatsun ruwa da koguna, suna samar da damar faɗaɗa noman rani a wuraren da yanayin ƙasa da wadatar ruwa suka ba da dama. Noman rani na iya taimakawa wajen samar da kayan lambu da sauran amfanin gona a lokutan da ba na damina ba, amma yana buƙatar ingantaccen tsarin amfani da ruwa da kula da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, gwamnatin jihar ta ƙarfafa kira ga manoma da su rungumi hanyoyin noma masu jure sauyin yanayi da kuma amfani da kayan aikin zamani. A cikin shirin tallafin noma na daminar shekarar, an sanar da samar da injinan ban-ruwa da sauran kayan aikin noma domin taimaka wa manoma wajen inganta ayyukansu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Announces 50% Fertiliser Subsidy To Boost Food Security |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/06/24/gombe-announces-50-fertiliser-subsidy-to-boost-food-security/ |work=Channels Television |date=24 June 2026}}</ref> == Tallafin gwamnati ga manoma == Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta gudanar da shirye-shiryen tallafa wa manoma ta hanyar samar da taki, kayan aikin gona da sauran abubuwan da ake buƙata wajen noma. A watan Yunin 2026, gwamnatin jihar ta ƙaddamar da sayar da taki mai rangwamen kashi 50 cikin 100 ga manoma domin rage kuɗin noman damina. Rahoton Channels Television ya bayyana cewa an tanadi tan 12,000 na takin NPK 20:10:10, wanda ya yi daidai da buhu kusan 240,000, tare da samar da taraktoci, injinan dasa shinkafa, injinan ban-ruwa da sauran kayan aikin gona.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Announces 50% Fertiliser Subsidy To Boost Food Security |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/06/24/gombe-announces-50-fertiliser-subsidy-to-boost-food-security/ |work=Channels Television |date=24 June 2026}}</ref> Gwamnatin tarayya ma tana tallafa wa manoma a jihar. A watan Yulin 2026, jaridar Punch ta ruwaito cewa manoma ƙanana 5,642 a Jihar Gombe sun amfana da shirin Renewed Hope Smallholder Support and Value Chain Fund, wanda ya ƙunshi samar da taki da sauran kayan aikin gona. Shirin yana da manufar inganta samar da abinci, damar samun kayan aikin gona da ƙarfafa sarkar kasuwancin amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG provides inputs to 5,642 Gombe farmers |url=https://punchng.com/fg-provides-inputs-to-5642-gombe-farmers/ |work=Punch |date=7 July 2026}}</ref> == Kalubalen noma == === Tsadar kayan aikin gona === Tsadar taki da sauran kayan aikin gona na daga cikin ƙalubalen da manoma a Gombe ke fuskanta. A watan Yulin 2025, Voice of Nigeria ta ruwaito cewa wasu manoma sun rage noman masara da shinkafa saboda tsadar taki, inda wasu suka koma noman rogo, gero, dawa, wake da gyada. Wannan yanayi na iya shafar zaɓin amfanin gona, kuɗin gudanar da noma da yawan amfanin da ake samu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Farmers In Gombe Neglect Rice, Maize Cultivation Over High Fertiliser Cost |url=https://von.gov.ng/farmers-in-gombe-neglect-rice-maize-cultivation-over-high-fertiliser-cost/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> Ko da yake an ƙaddamar da tallafin taki na shekarar 2026, wasu manoma sun koka game da jinkirin isar da takin da ƙarancin samun sa a wasu yankunan karkara. A watan Yulin 2026, Punch ta ruwaito cewa jinkirin rarraba takin mai rangwame ya tilasta wa wasu manoma sayen taki a farashin kasuwa, lamarin da ya ƙara musu kuɗin samar da amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite news |title=Late arrival of subsidised fertiliser |url=https://punchng.com/late-arrival-of-subsidised-fertiliser/ |work=Punch |date=31 July 2026}}</ref> === Sauyin yanayi da rashin tabbas na ruwan sama === Sauyin yanayi, rashin daidaiton ruwan sama da lokutan fari na iya shafar aikin noma a Jihar Gombe. Manoma da suka dogara da ruwan sama suna buƙatar sanin lokacin fara shuka da kuma yadda za su zaɓi amfanin gona da ya dace da yanayin damina. Gwamnatin jihar ta ƙarfafa manoma su rungumi hanyoyin noma masu jure sauyin yanayi, su yi amfani da bayanan hasashen yanayi, kuma su binciki damar noman rani inda ruwa yake samuwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Announces 50% Fertiliser Subsidy To Boost Food Security |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/06/24/gombe-announces-50-fertiliser-subsidy-to-boost-food-security/ |work=Channels Television |date=24 June 2026}}</ref> === Lalacewar ƙasa da matsalolin ruwa === Zaizayar ƙasa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin kula da ruwa na iya rage yawan ƙasar da ta dace da noma. A wasu wurare, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na iya wanke ƙasar da ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina tsirrai, yayin da rashin wadataccen ruwa a lokacin rani ke takaita damar noman wasu amfanin gona. Shirye-shiryen raya noma a jihar sun jaddada buƙatar inganta amfani da ƙasa, hanyoyin karkara da albarkatun ruwa domin taimaka wa manoma wajen ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> == Makomar noma a Jihar Gombe == Inganta harkar noma a Jihar Gombe na buƙatar haɗin gwiwar gwamnati, manoma, cibiyoyin bincike da kamfanonin sarrafa amfanin gona. Samar da ingantattun iri, sauƙaƙa samun takin zamani da bashi, amfani da injinan noma, inganta hanyoyin karkara da bunƙasa noman rani na iya taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan amfanin gona da rage asarar kayayyaki bayan girbi. Shirye-shiryen tallafa wa manoma da inganta sarkar kasuwancin amfanin gona na daga cikin matakan da ake ɗauka domin ƙarfafa samar da abinci da tattalin arzikin jihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG provides inputs to 5,642 Gombe farmers |url=https://punchng.com/fg-provides-inputs-to-5642-gombe-farmers/ |work=Punch |date=7 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State aims to boost agricultural productivity |url=https://gombe.raamp.gov.ng/gombe-state-aims-to-boost-agricultural-productivity/ |website=Gombe State RAAMP |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noma a Najeriya]] * [[Kiwon dabbobi]] * [[Kamun kifi]] * [[Madatsar ruwan Dadin Kowa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} klxobtscthz71gq1ffqdv7atmoo114j Noman Auduga a Jihar Gombe 0 179057 966749 2026-10-12T10:13:49Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Noman auduga a Jihar Gombe''' wani ɓangare ne na harkar noma da samar da albarkatun masana'antu a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Auduga amfanin gona ne na kasuwanci da ake sarrafawa domin samar da zaren da ake amfani da shi wajen ƙera tufafi da sauran kayayyakin masaku. Jihar Gombe na daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da ake nomansa, tare da wasu amfanin gona kamar gyada, dawa, masara da ridi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumt... 966749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noman auduga a Jihar Gombe''' wani ɓangare ne na harkar noma da samar da albarkatun masana'antu a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Auduga amfanin gona ne na kasuwanci da ake sarrafawa domin samar da zaren da ake amfani da shi wajen ƙera tufafi da sauran kayayyakin masaku. Jihar Gombe na daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da ake nomansa, tare da wasu amfanin gona kamar gyada, dawa, masara da ridi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |website=Premium Times |date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe moves to sustain cotton production |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-moves-to-sustain-cotton-production/ |work=Punch |date=16 August 2019}}</ref> == Tarihin noman auduga a Gombe == Auduga ta daɗe tana daga cikin amfanin gona na kasuwanci a Jihar Gombe. A baya, noman auduga ya samar da albarkatun da ake kaiwa masana'antun sarrafa auduga domin raba zare da ƙwayar auduga. Harkar ta kuma samar da ayyukan yi ga manoma, masu sayen auduga, masu jigilar kayayyaki da ma'aikatan masana'antun sarrafa ta. Rahoton da jaridar The Guardian ta wallafa a shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa gwamnatin jihar ta ɗauki matakai domin ƙarfafa manoma da kuma ci gaba da noman auduga, saboda ƙarancin farashin amfanin gonar yana sa wasu manoma tunanin barin noman.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe State Government moves to sustain cotton production |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-state-government-moves-to-sustain-cotton-production/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 August 2019}}</ref> == Yankunan noman auduga == Ana noman auduga a wasu yankunan Jihar Gombe, ciki har da Akko da Balanga. Tsarin bunƙasa jihar na shekarar 2021 zuwa 2030 ya lissafa auduga a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin amfanin gona na masana'antu da ake nomawa a jihar. Yanayin ƙasa, tsawon damina, wadatar ruwan sama da samun ƙasa mai fitar da ruwa yadda ya kamata suna da tasiri wajen zaɓar wuraren noman auduga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |website=Premium Times |date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yield Initiatives: Cotton |url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/dg_cons_170523_nra_e.pdf |website=World Trade Organization |date=2023}}</ref> == Yawan samar da auduga == Binciken aikin gona na daminar shekarar 2021 da Hukumar Nazarin Tsare-tsaren Aikin Gona ta Ƙasa (NAERLS) ta wallafa ya bayar da alkaluman noman auduga a Gombe. Bisa wannan bincike, an noma auduga a fili mai girman hekta 33,070 a shekarar 2021, idan aka kwatanta da hekta 32,820 a shekarar 2020. Adadin audugar da aka samar ya kai tan 11,590 a shekarar 2021, daga tan 11,520 a shekarar 2020. Waɗannan alkaluma na shekarun da aka ambata ne, ba ƙididdigar yawan samar da auduga a halin yanzu ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agricultural Performance Survey of 2021 Wet Season in Nigeria |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Agricultural-Performance-Survey-of-2021-Wet-Season-in-Nigeria.pdf |website=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) |date=2022}}</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2026, rahoton Daily Nigerian da ya dogara da bayanin Ƙungiyar Manoman Auduga ta Ƙasa (NACOTAN) a Gombe ya ce kusan manoma 22,000 sun daina noman auduga tun daga shekarar 2020, inda suka koma noman masara, shinkafa, wake da sauran amfanin gona. A cewar Bala Garba, jami'in hulɗa da jama'a na ƙungiyar a jihar, adadin manoman auduga ya ragu daga sama da 25,000 zuwa kusan 3,000. Wannan bayanin ƙididdigar ƙungiyar manoma ne, ba sakamakon cikakken ƙidayar manoma da wata hukuma mai zaman kanta ta gudanar ba.<ref>{{cite news |title=22,000 Gombe farmers quit cotton cultivation |url=https://dailynigerian.com/22000-gombe-farmers-quit-cotton-cultivation/ |work=Daily Nigerian |date=9 September 2026}}</ref> == Hanyoyin noman auduga == === Shirya ƙasa da shuka === Noman auduga yana farawa da zaɓar filin da ya dace, share ciyayi da shirya ƙasa. Ana buƙatar ƙasa mai wadatattun sinadarai da kuma magudanar ruwa mai kyau, domin ƙasa mai yawan riƙe ruwa na iya kawo cikas ga bunƙasar tsiron auduga. A yankin Gombe da Adamawa, bayanan fasahar noman auduga sun nuna cewa ana amfani da nau'ikan auduga masu dacewa da gajeriyar damina, tare da shawarar amfani da iri ingantattu da bin tazarar shuka da ta dace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yield Initiatives: Cotton |url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/dg_cons_170523_nra_e.pdf |website=World Trade Organization |date=2023}}</ref> === Kula da shuka da magance kwari === Bayan shuka, manoma suna buƙatar kula da ciyayi, samar da sinadarai masu gina tsiro da kuma lura da kwari da cututtukan da ke iya lalata auduga. Kwari na iya rage yawan audugar da ake samu da kuma ingancin zaren. A shekarar 2019, Daraktan Ayyukan Samar da Amfanin Gona da Kula da Kwari na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Jihar Gombe ya bayyana cewa kwari na daga cikin abubuwan da ke rage ingancin auduga da farashinta, kuma gwamnati ta ɗauki matakan taimaka wa manoma wajen kula da amfanin gonar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe moves to sustain cotton production |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-moves-to-sustain-cotton-production/ |work=Punch |date=16 August 2019}}</ref> === Girbi da sarrafawa === Ana girbe auduga idan ƙwallayen da ke ɗauke da zaren sun buɗe kuma zaren ya nuna. Bayan girbi, ana tattara audugar tare da kai ta wuraren saye ko masana'antun sarrafa auduga. A masana'antar sarrafa auduga, ana raba zaren auduga da ƙwayoyinta ta hanyar aikin da ake kira ginning. Ana iya amfani da zaren wajen ƙera yadudduka, yayin da ƙwayoyin auduga za su iya shiga wasu hanyoyin sarrafa kayayyakin masana'antu. Rashin wadatattun masana'antun sarrafa auduga na iya rage damar samun kasuwa ga manoma.<ref>{{cite news |title=22,000 Gombe farmers quit cotton cultivation |url=https://dailynigerian.com/22000-gombe-farmers-quit-cotton-cultivation/ |work=Daily Nigerian |date=9 September 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmancin noman auduga == Noman auduga yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da albarkatun masana'antar masaku da kuma ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin karkara. Yana iya samar da ayyukan yi ga manoma, masu tattara auduga, masu saye da sayarwa, ma'aikatan masana'antu da masu jigilar kayayyaki. Haka kuma, bunƙasar noman auduga na iya ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin noma da masana'antu ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ake buƙata wajen ƙera yadudduka da sauran kayayyaki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |website=Premium Times |date=2021}}</ref> == Kalubalen noman auduga == === Ƙarancin farashi da kasuwa === Ƙarancin farashin auduga ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da manoma ke fuskanta a jihar. A shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Gombe ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin farashi yana sa wasu manoma tunanin barin noman auduga. Binciken da aka wallafa a shekarar 2023 kan manufofin kasuwancin auduga a Gombe ya kuma bayyana cewa tsarin farashi da rashin kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin manoma da masu saye na iya rage ribar manoma da ƙarfin da suke da shi na ci gaba da noman auduga.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe State Government moves to sustain cotton production |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-state-government-moves-to-sustain-cotton-production/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Terengson |first=Shadrack Danbaba |title=An Overview of Cotton Marketing Policies in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Creative Business Research Journal |year=2023 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496511_An_Overview_of_Cotton_Marketing_Policies_in_Gombe_State_Nigeria}}</ref> === Tsadar kayan aikin gona da ƙarancin iri masu inganci === Tsadar taki, magungunan kashe kwari da sauran kayan aikin gona na iya ƙara kuɗin gudanar da noman auduga. Haka kuma, ƙarancin samun ingantattun iri na iya rage yawan amfanin da ake samu. Rahoton Daily Nigerian na shekarar 2026 ya danganta raguwar manoman auduga a Gombe da matsalolin samun tallafi, ƙarancin ingancin iri da kuma ƙarancin amfanin da ake samu, waɗanda suka sa wasu manoma suka koma noman sauran amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite news |title=22,000 Gombe farmers quit cotton cultivation |url=https://dailynigerian.com/22000-gombe-farmers-quit-cotton-cultivation/ |work=Daily Nigerian |date=9 September 2026}}</ref> === Rushewar masana'antun sarrafa auduga === Rashin aiki ko rufewar masana'antun sarrafa auduga na iya rage kasuwar da manoma za su kai amfanin gonarsu. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2026, NACOTAN a Gombe ta bayyana cewa masana'antun sarrafa auduga guda huɗu na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ba sa aiki saboda rashin wadataccen audugar da za a sarrafa. Wannan yanayi na iya rage damar samun masu saye, ayyukan yi da kuma ribar da ake samu daga harkar auduga.<ref>{{cite news |title=22,000 Gombe farmers quit cotton cultivation |url=https://dailynigerian.com/22000-gombe-farmers-quit-cotton-cultivation/ |work=Daily Nigerian |date=9 September 2026}}</ref> == Matakan farfaɗo da noman auduga == Domin farfaɗo da harkar noman auduga a Gombe, ana buƙatar samar da iri masu inganci, inganta tsarin kula da kwari, sauƙaƙa samun kayan aikin gona da samar da kasuwa mai ɗorewa ga manoma. Haka kuma, ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manoma, gwamnati, masu sayen auduga da masana'antun sarrafa ta na iya taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa manoma suna samun kasuwa da farashin da zai ba su damar ci gaba da noma. Waɗannan matakai sun yi daidai da matsalolin da rahotannin NACOTAN da binciken manufofin kasuwancin auduga a jihar suka bayyana.<ref>{{cite news |title=22,000 Gombe farmers quit cotton cultivation |url=https://dailynigerian.com/22000-gombe-farmers-quit-cotton-cultivation/ |work=Daily Nigerian |date=9 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Terengson |first=Shadrack Danbaba |title=An Overview of Cotton Marketing Policies in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Creative Business Research Journal |year=2023 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496511_An_Overview_of_Cotton_Marketing_Policies_in_Gombe_State_Nigeria}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Noma a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noman auduga]] * [[Noma a Najeriya]] * [[Masana'antar masaku]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} om4g1x37oijn0ivvhwgsm73gtspwmu5 Noman Gyada a Jihar Gombe 0 179058 966750 2026-10-12T10:18:08Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Noman Gyada a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a jihar Gombe da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Gyada amfanin gona ce mai muhimmanci saboda ana amfani da ita wajen abinci, samar da man gyada da sauran kayayyakin sarrafawa. Haka kuma, tana taimakawa wajen samar da kudin shiga ga manoma da masu sana'o'in da suka danganci sarrafa da sayar da amfanin gona. Najeriya na da tarihin noman gyada, kuma cibiyoyin binciken noma sun samar da bayanai kan ingan... 966750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noman Gyada a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a jihar Gombe da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Gyada amfanin gona ce mai muhimmanci saboda ana amfani da ita wajen abinci, samar da man gyada da sauran kayayyakin sarrafawa. Haka kuma, tana taimakawa wajen samar da kudin shiga ga manoma da masu sana'o'in da suka danganci sarrafa da sayar da amfanin gona. Najeriya na da tarihin noman gyada, kuma cibiyoyin binciken noma sun samar da bayanai kan ingantattun iri da hanyoyin inganta amfaninta. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da muhimmancin noman gyada == Gyada ta dade tana cikin muhimman amfanin gonar Najeriya. A baya, Najeriya ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan kasashen da ke fitar da gyada zuwa kasuwannin waje, amma matsalolin fari da cututtukan shuka sun taimaka wajen raguwar samar da ita a wasu lokuta. Binciken noma ya haifar da samar da ingantattun nau'ikan gyada da hanyoyin kula da shuka domin taimakawa wajen dawo da yawan amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> A Jihar Gombe, gyada na cikin amfanin gonar da ake nomawa tare da sauran amfanin gona kamar masara, gero, dawa da wake. Wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2026, wanda ya yi amfani da bayanan noman jihar daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2024, ya nuna cewa an samu sauye-sauye a yankin da ake nomawa da kuma yawan gyadar da aka samar. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin tattara ingantattun bayanan noma domin fahimtar yanayin samar da gyada a jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Transforming Land Use for Climate-Resilient Agriculture in Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400363331_TRANSFORMING_LAND_USE_FOR_CLIMATE-RESILIENT_AGRICULTURE_IN_GOMBE_STATE_NIGERIA |website=Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Research via ResearchGate |date=February 2026 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Yankunan da ake noman gyada == Ana gudanar da noma a sassa daban-daban na Jihar Gombe. Sai dai ba za a iya tabbatar da cewa dukkan kananan hukumomi suna samar da gyada daidai gwargwado ba, domin yawan amfanin gona yana bambanta bisa yanayin kasa, ruwan sama, nau'in iri da hanyoyin noma. Don haka, ana bukatar bayanan ma'aikatar noma ta jihar ko na Gombe State Agricultural Development Programme domin tantance manyan yankunan da suka fi samar da gyada. <ref>{{cite web |title=Transforming Land Use for Climate-Resilient Agriculture in Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400363331_TRANSFORMING_LAND_USE_FOR_CLIMATE-RESILIENT_AGRICULTURE_IN_GOMBE_STATE_NIGERIA |website=Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Research via ResearchGate |date=February 2026 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Yanayin da ya dace da noman gyada == Gyada tana bukatar isasshen danshi a lokacin girma, kasa mai kyau wajen fitar da ruwa da kuma yanayin zafi da ya dace da ci gaban shuka. Kasa mai matukar rike ruwa na iya haifar da lalacewar tushen shuka ko kwasfan gyada, yayin da fari mai tsanani zai iya rage yawan amfanin gona. Saboda haka, zabin fili da la'akari da lokacin damina suna da muhimmanci wajen samun amfanin gona mai kyau. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Hanyoyin noman gyada == === Shirya fili === Matakin farko shi ne zabar fili mai dacewa da gyada, sannan a share shi tare da yin aikin kasa yadda zai taimaka wa shuka ta samu damar girma. Ya kamata manomi ya guji wuraren da ruwa ke taruwa na dogon lokaci. Haka kuma, yin amfani da hanyoyin kula da kasa masu dorewa na taimakawa wajen rage lalacewar kasa da asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Zabar iri da shuka === Amfani da iri masu inganci da suka dace da yankin na taimakawa wajen inganta yawan amfanin gona. Ya kamata manoma su nemi shawarwarin jami'an fadada ayyukan noma wajen zabar iri, da kuma lokacin shuka da tazarar da ta dace. Haka kuma, amfani da iri masu jure wasu cututtuka na iya rage asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Kula da gonar gyada === Bayan shuka, manomi yana bukatar kula da gonar ta hanyar cire ciyawa, lura da kwari da cututtuka, da kuma tabbatar da cewa shuka na samun yanayin da ya dace. Ya kamata a yi amfani da magungunan noma bisa umarnin kwararru, domin amfani da su ba daidai ba na iya cutar da mutum, dabbobi da muhalli. Hanyoyin kula da gona masu inganci na taimakawa wajen rage asara da inganta amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Girbi da adanawa === Ana girbe gyada idan ta kai lokacin da ya dace, bisa nau'in iri da yanayin gonar. Bayan girbi, ya kamata a busar da ita yadda ya dace kafin adanawa domin rage danshi da hadarin lalacewa. Adana gyada a wuri mai bushewa da tsafta yana taimakawa wajen kare ta daga danshi, kwari da wasu nau'ikan gurbacewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Amfanin gyada ga tattalin arziki == Gyada na da amfani ga tattalin arziki saboda ana iya sayar da ita a matsayin danyen amfanin gona ko kuma a sarrafa ta zuwa wasu kayayyaki. Masu sana'a na iya amfani da ita wajen samar da man gyada da sauran kayayyakin abinci, yayin da ragowar wasu sassan shukar za su iya amfani a matsayin abincin dabbobi idan an sarrafa su yadda ya dace. Wannan yana samar da damammakin samun kudin shiga ga manoma, dillalai da masu sarrafa amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Kalubalen noman gyada == Daya daga cikin kalubalen da ke shafar noman gyada shi ne sauyin yanayi, musamman rashin tabbas game da lokacin fara damina, fari da yawan ruwan sama. Bincike kan noma a Jihar Gombe ya nuna cewa canje-canjen yanayin kasa da muhalli na da alaka da kalubalen samar da amfanin gona, ciki har da gyada. Wadannan matsaloli na iya shafar yawan amfanin gona da kudin shiga na manoma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Transforming Land Use for Climate-Resilient Agriculture in Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400363331_TRANSFORMING_LAND_USE_FOR_CLIMATE-RESILIENT_AGRICULTURE_IN_GOMBE_STATE_NIGERIA |website=Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Research via ResearchGate |date=February 2026 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran matsalolin da manoma kan fuskanta sun hada da tsadar iri da sauran kayan noma, karancin samun bashi, rashin isassun wuraren adana amfanin gona da kuma wahalar samun kasuwa mai kyau. Rahotanni kan harkokin noma a Najeriya sun bayyana cewa tsadar kayan noma, rashin isassun hanyoyin samun kudi da karancin kayayyakin adanawa na daga cikin matsalolin da kan rage karfin manoma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome Message |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/welcome-message/ |website=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Tallafin gwamnati da inganta noma == A shekarar 2026, Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta sanar da shirin tallafa wa manoma ta hanyar sayar da takin zamani a farashi mai rahusa da kuma raba kayan aikin noma. Rahoton Channels Television ya bayyana cewa shirin ya hada da injinan fitar da gyada daga kwasfa da sauran kayan aikin noma. Irin wadannan shirye-shirye na iya taimakawa wajen rage wahalar aiki da inganta sarrafa amfanin gona, amma tasirinsu ga noman gyada ya danganta da yadda manoma ke samun kayan aikin da kuma yadda ake amfani da su. <ref>{{cite news |last=Emmanuel |first=Christopher |title=Gombe Announces 50% Fertiliser Subsidy To Boost Food Security |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/06/24/gombe-announces-50-fertiliser-subsidy-to-boost-food-security/ |work=Channels Television |date=24 June 2026 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken noma da cibiyoyi kamar ICRISAT ke gudanarwa yana jaddada muhimmancin amfani da ingantattun iri, koyar da manoma dabarun kula da shuka da kuma yada bayanan bincike. Haɗa irin wadannan matakai da shawarwarin jami'an fadada ayyukan noma na iya taimakawa wajen inganta samar da gyada a Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Farmer’s Guide to Profitable Groundnut Production in Nigeria |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8856/ |website=ICRISAT |date=2015 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Makomar noman gyada a Jihar Gombe == Inganta noman gyada a Jihar Gombe na bukatar hadin gwiwar manoma, gwamnati, masu binciken noma da 'yan kasuwa. Samar da ingantattun iri, inganta hanyoyin adanawa da sarrafawa, fadada samun kasuwa da kuma koyar da manoma dabarun jure sauyin yanayi na iya taimakawa wajen kara darajar gyada. Duk da haka, tantance ci gaban da aka samu yana bukatar bayanan samar da gyada na kowace shekara da aka tattara daga majiyoyi masu inganci. <ref>{{cite web |title=Reports: Agricultural Performance Survey |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/reports/ |website=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Noma a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noman Auduga a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noman Masara]] * [[Noman Wake]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 48udki4qj83q8xtwa92fk1dz5slu5sh Qit'at Jaradah 0 179059 966752 2026-10-12T10:24:13Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364193792|Qit'at Jaradah]]" 966752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qit'at Jaradah''' wani Cay ne a cikin Tekun Farisa zuwa gabashin [[Bahrain]]_Island" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bahrain Island">Tsibirin Bahrain, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|32|km}} (20 gabashin [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain . A tarihi, fasalin ya kasance sama da ruwa ne kawai a lokacin bazara; {{R|stpg}} yana zaune kusan a tsakiyar tsakanin Bahrain da [[Qatar]], {{R|IMB}} a cikin ruwan yankin 12 mil (19 na ƙasashen biyu. {{R|pf}}Yana daya daga cikin siffofin teku da yawa da ke ba da gudummawa ga rikici mai tsawo tsakanin Bahrain da Qatar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Duk da yake a tarihi ba a dauki Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin [[tsibirin]] ba, 2000 Bahrain ta yi iƙirarin cewa cay ya auna kimanin mita 12 da 4 (39 a babban ruwa tare da tsawo na kusan mita 0.4 (1 in), da kuma mita 600 da 75 (1,969 ft × ft) a ƙananan ruwa.{{R|pf|ICJ}}Ra'ayi mai adawa shi ne cewa yana da ƙananan tsawo.{{R|ICJ}}Ba a zaune a wannan fasalin kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba.{{R|ICJ}} == Tarihi == Bahrain ta fara da'awar mallakar cay a cikin 1936, tare da goyon bayan Kyautar British Maritime Boundary Award na 1947. Qit'at Jaradah zai kasance a cikin ruwan Qatari dangane da layin equidistant wanda in ba haka ba ya raba al'ummomi a wannan yanki. Ayyukan kamfanonin mai na zahiri a lokacin sun rinjayi Birtaniya.{{R|ICJ}}Kodayake an ba da kyautar ga Bahrain, ba a rarraba fasalin a matsayin tsibirin da ke da ruwan yanki na kilomita 3 (4.8). Wannan ya dace da ma'anar tsibirin Taron Geneva na 1958, wanda ya buƙaci tsibirin ya kasance sama da ruwa a lokacin babban ruwa. Koyaya, a cikin 1959 Burtaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta sake rarraba Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin tsibiri, kamar yadda gwamnatin Bahrain ta yi a cikin 1964. Qatar ta ki amincewa da wannan da'awar a shekarar 1965 sannan ta nemi sasantawa ta kasa da kasa.{{R|stpg}}Babu wani abu da ya haifar, saboda babu wata al'umma da ta kasance memba na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] har zuwa 1971.{{R|WCD}}A shekara ta 1986, Qatar ta ayyana yankuna da yawa da ake jayayya, gami da Qit'at Jaradah, a matsayin yankunan soja. Yayin da jam'iyyun biyu suka kusanci rikici, an rage tashin hankali a karkashin matsin lamba daga [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] don ci gaba da halin da ake ciki. Saudi Arabia, ta hanyar Majalisar hadin gwiwar Gulf, ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna yarjejeniyar dindindin amma ba ta yi nasara ba. A shekara ta 1991, Qatar ta sake neman sasantawa ta [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] a The [[Hague]] . {{R|stpg}} === Hukuncin Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya na 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta yi hukunci da kuri'u 12-5 a cikin shari'ar Qatar v. Bahrain cewa Qit'at Jaradah tsibiri ne kuma ikon mallakar Bahrain ne, kodayake ra'ayoyin da suka bambanta sun yi tambaya ko ya kamata a dauke shi tsibirin saboda ƙaramin girmansa, halaye masu canzawa na jiki, da rashin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. {{R|YIC}}{{R|qvb}}Hukuncin kotun ya bayyana cewa "ayyukan da Bahrain ta yi a wannan tsibirin dole ne a ɗauka sun isa don tallafawa da'awar Bahrain cewa tana da ikon mallaka a kanta".{{R|ICJ}} Ayyukan Bahrain a kan "tsibiran" sun haɗa da sanya alamar kewayawa, hako Rijiyar artesian, da kuma ba da izinin kamun kifi da binciken mai.{{R|WCD}}Ba za a iya cimma wannan kammalawa ba idan kotun ba ta yi mulki a tsibirin ba, saboda ana iya samun ikon mallakar tsibirin kawai, ba a tsawo mai zurfi ba.{{R|EEO}}Qatar ta yi jayayya cewa ba a taɓa nuna shi a kan sigogi na kewayawa a matsayin tsibiri ba kuma ko da ba koyaushe ba ne a nutsewa gaba ɗaya a lokacin babban ruwa, har yanzu bai kamata a ɗauka tsibiri ba. == Manazarta == 3tuzin30pingqp0fxdcvow2qcyluewj 966756 966752 2026-10-12T10:31:26Z Dev ammar 21046 966756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qit'at Jaradah''' wani Cay ne a cikin Tekun Farisa zuwa gabashin [[Bahrain]] tsibirin Bahrain, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|32|km}} (20 gabashin [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain . A tarihi, fasalin ya kasance sama da ruwa ne kawai a lokacin bazara; <ref> Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (November 5, 2013). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136817175. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref> yana zaune kusan a tsakiyar tsakanin Bahrain da [[Qatar]], {{R|IMB}} a cikin ruwan yankin 12 mil (19 na ƙasashen biyu. {{R|pf}}Yana daya daga cikin siffofin teku da yawa da ke ba da gudummawa ga rikici mai tsawo tsakanin Bahrain da Qatar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Duk da yake a tarihi ba a dauki Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin [[tsibirin]] ba, 2000 Bahrain ta yi iƙirarin cewa cay ya auna kimanin mita 12 da 4 (39 a babban ruwa tare da tsawo na kusan mita 0.4 (1 in), da kuma mita 600 da 75 (1,969 ft × ft) a ƙananan ruwa.{{R|pf|ICJ}}Ra'ayi mai adawa shi ne cewa yana da ƙananan tsawo.{{R|ICJ}}Ba a zaune a wannan fasalin kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba.{{R|ICJ}} == Tarihi == Bahrain ta fara da'awar mallakar cay a cikin 1936, tare da goyon bayan Kyautar British Maritime Boundary Award na 1947. Qit'at Jaradah zai kasance a cikin ruwan Qatari dangane da layin equidistant wanda in ba haka ba ya raba al'ummomi a wannan yanki. Ayyukan kamfanonin mai na zahiri a lokacin sun rinjayi Birtaniya.{{R|ICJ}}Kodayake an ba da kyautar ga Bahrain, ba a rarraba fasalin a matsayin tsibirin da ke da ruwan yanki na kilomita 3 (4.8). Wannan ya dace da ma'anar tsibirin Taron Geneva na 1958, wanda ya buƙaci tsibirin ya kasance sama da ruwa a lokacin babban ruwa. Koyaya, a cikin 1959 Burtaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta sake rarraba Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin tsibiri, kamar yadda gwamnatin Bahrain ta yi a cikin 1964. Qatar ta ki amincewa da wannan da'awar a shekarar 1965 sannan ta nemi sasantawa ta kasa da kasa.{{R|stpg}}Babu wani abu da ya haifar, saboda babu wata al'umma da ta kasance memba na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] har zuwa 1971.{{R|WCD}}A shekara ta 1986, Qatar ta ayyana yankuna da yawa da ake jayayya, gami da Qit'at Jaradah, a matsayin yankunan soja. Yayin da jam'iyyun biyu suka kusanci rikici, an rage tashin hankali a karkashin matsin lamba daga [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] don ci gaba da halin da ake ciki. Saudi Arabia, ta hanyar Majalisar hadin gwiwar Gulf, ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna yarjejeniyar dindindin amma ba ta yi nasara ba. A shekara ta 1991, Qatar ta sake neman sasantawa ta [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] a The [[Hague]] . {{R|stpg}} === Hukuncin Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya na 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta yi hukunci da kuri'u 12-5 a cikin shari'ar Qatar v. Bahrain cewa Qit'at Jaradah tsibiri ne kuma ikon mallakar Bahrain ne, kodayake ra'ayoyin da suka bambanta sun yi tambaya ko ya kamata a dauke shi tsibirin saboda ƙaramin girmansa, halaye masu canzawa na jiki, da rashin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. {{R|YIC}}{{R|qvb}}Hukuncin kotun ya bayyana cewa "ayyukan da Bahrain ta yi a wannan tsibirin dole ne a ɗauka sun isa don tallafawa da'awar Bahrain cewa tana da ikon mallaka a kanta".{{R|ICJ}} Ayyukan Bahrain a kan "tsibiran" sun haɗa da sanya alamar kewayawa, hako Rijiyar artesian, da kuma ba da izinin kamun kifi da binciken mai.{{R|WCD}}Ba za a iya cimma wannan kammalawa ba idan kotun ba ta yi mulki a tsibirin ba, saboda ana iya samun ikon mallakar tsibirin kawai, ba a tsawo mai zurfi ba.{{R|EEO}}Qatar ta yi jayayya cewa ba a taɓa nuna shi a kan sigogi na kewayawa a matsayin tsibiri ba kuma ko da ba koyaushe ba ne a nutsewa gaba ɗaya a lokacin babban ruwa, har yanzu bai kamata a ɗauka tsibiri ba. == Manazarta == 99szd67hygjwrj10xbl4g1tarwr6ge8 966760 966756 2026-10-12T10:33:20Z Dev ammar 21046 966760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qit'at Jaradah''' wani Cay ne a cikin Tekun Farisa zuwa gabashin [[Bahrain]] tsibirin Bahrain, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|32|km}} (20 gabashin [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain . A tarihi, fasalin ya kasance sama da ruwa ne kawai a lokacin bazara; <ref> Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (November 5, 2013). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136817175. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref> yana zaune kusan a tsakiyar tsakanin Bahrain da [[Qatar]], <ref> Charney, Jonathan I.; Smith, Robert W., eds. (2002). International Maritime Boundaries Volume IV. Kluwer Law International. p. 2843. ISBN 90-411-1954-X. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref> a cikin ruwan yankin 12 mil (19 na ƙasashen biyu. {{R|pf}}Yana daya daga cikin siffofin teku da yawa da ke ba da gudummawa ga rikici mai tsawo tsakanin Bahrain da Qatar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Duk da yake a tarihi ba a dauki Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin [[tsibirin]] ba, 2000 Bahrain ta yi iƙirarin cewa cay ya auna kimanin mita 12 da 4 (39 a babban ruwa tare da tsawo na kusan mita 0.4 (1 in), da kuma mita 600 da 75 (1,969 ft × ft) a ƙananan ruwa.{{R|pf|ICJ}}Ra'ayi mai adawa shi ne cewa yana da ƙananan tsawo.{{R|ICJ}}Ba a zaune a wannan fasalin kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba.{{R|ICJ}} == Tarihi == Bahrain ta fara da'awar mallakar cay a cikin 1936, tare da goyon bayan Kyautar British Maritime Boundary Award na 1947. Qit'at Jaradah zai kasance a cikin ruwan Qatari dangane da layin equidistant wanda in ba haka ba ya raba al'ummomi a wannan yanki. Ayyukan kamfanonin mai na zahiri a lokacin sun rinjayi Birtaniya.{{R|ICJ}}Kodayake an ba da kyautar ga Bahrain, ba a rarraba fasalin a matsayin tsibirin da ke da ruwan yanki na kilomita 3 (4.8). Wannan ya dace da ma'anar tsibirin Taron Geneva na 1958, wanda ya buƙaci tsibirin ya kasance sama da ruwa a lokacin babban ruwa. Koyaya, a cikin 1959 Burtaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta sake rarraba Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin tsibiri, kamar yadda gwamnatin Bahrain ta yi a cikin 1964. Qatar ta ki amincewa da wannan da'awar a shekarar 1965 sannan ta nemi sasantawa ta kasa da kasa.{{R|stpg}}Babu wani abu da ya haifar, saboda babu wata al'umma da ta kasance memba na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] har zuwa 1971.{{R|WCD}}A shekara ta 1986, Qatar ta ayyana yankuna da yawa da ake jayayya, gami da Qit'at Jaradah, a matsayin yankunan soja. Yayin da jam'iyyun biyu suka kusanci rikici, an rage tashin hankali a karkashin matsin lamba daga [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] don ci gaba da halin da ake ciki. Saudi Arabia, ta hanyar Majalisar hadin gwiwar Gulf, ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna yarjejeniyar dindindin amma ba ta yi nasara ba. A shekara ta 1991, Qatar ta sake neman sasantawa ta [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] a The [[Hague]] . {{R|stpg}} === Hukuncin Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya na 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta yi hukunci da kuri'u 12-5 a cikin shari'ar Qatar v. Bahrain cewa Qit'at Jaradah tsibiri ne kuma ikon mallakar Bahrain ne, kodayake ra'ayoyin da suka bambanta sun yi tambaya ko ya kamata a dauke shi tsibirin saboda ƙaramin girmansa, halaye masu canzawa na jiki, da rashin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. {{R|YIC}}{{R|qvb}}Hukuncin kotun ya bayyana cewa "ayyukan da Bahrain ta yi a wannan tsibirin dole ne a ɗauka sun isa don tallafawa da'awar Bahrain cewa tana da ikon mallaka a kanta".{{R|ICJ}} Ayyukan Bahrain a kan "tsibiran" sun haɗa da sanya alamar kewayawa, hako Rijiyar artesian, da kuma ba da izinin kamun kifi da binciken mai.{{R|WCD}}Ba za a iya cimma wannan kammalawa ba idan kotun ba ta yi mulki a tsibirin ba, saboda ana iya samun ikon mallakar tsibirin kawai, ba a tsawo mai zurfi ba.{{R|EEO}}Qatar ta yi jayayya cewa ba a taɓa nuna shi a kan sigogi na kewayawa a matsayin tsibiri ba kuma ko da ba koyaushe ba ne a nutsewa gaba ɗaya a lokacin babban ruwa, har yanzu bai kamata a ɗauka tsibiri ba. == Manazarta == qszo6pxsn9au3xhgarzsc7gmveckohv 966762 966760 2026-10-12T10:33:51Z Dev ammar 21046 966762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qit'at Jaradah''' wani Cay ne a cikin Tekun Farisa zuwa gabashin [[Bahrain]] tsibirin Bahrain, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|32|km}} (20 gabashin [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain . A tarihi, fasalin ya kasance sama da ruwa ne kawai a lokacin bazara; <ref> Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (November 5, 2013). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136817175. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref> yana zaune kusan a tsakiyar tsakanin Bahrain da [[Qatar]], <ref> Charney, Jonathan I.; Smith, Robert W., eds. (2002). International Maritime Boundaries Volume IV. Kluwer Law International. p. 2843. ISBN 90-411-1954-X. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref> a cikin ruwan yankin 12 mil (19 na ƙasashen biyu. <ref> Tamaka, Yoshifumi (2006). Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781847311177. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref>Yana daya daga cikin siffofin teku da yawa da ke ba da gudummawa ga rikici mai tsawo tsakanin Bahrain da Qatar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Duk da yake a tarihi ba a dauki Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin [[tsibirin]] ba, 2000 Bahrain ta yi iƙirarin cewa cay ya auna kimanin mita 12 da 4 (39 a babban ruwa tare da tsawo na kusan mita 0.4 (1 in), da kuma mita 600 da 75 (1,969 ft × ft) a ƙananan ruwa.{{R|pf|ICJ}}Ra'ayi mai adawa shi ne cewa yana da ƙananan tsawo.{{R|ICJ}}Ba a zaune a wannan fasalin kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba.{{R|ICJ}} == Tarihi == Bahrain ta fara da'awar mallakar cay a cikin 1936, tare da goyon bayan Kyautar British Maritime Boundary Award na 1947. Qit'at Jaradah zai kasance a cikin ruwan Qatari dangane da layin equidistant wanda in ba haka ba ya raba al'ummomi a wannan yanki. Ayyukan kamfanonin mai na zahiri a lokacin sun rinjayi Birtaniya.{{R|ICJ}}Kodayake an ba da kyautar ga Bahrain, ba a rarraba fasalin a matsayin tsibirin da ke da ruwan yanki na kilomita 3 (4.8). Wannan ya dace da ma'anar tsibirin Taron Geneva na 1958, wanda ya buƙaci tsibirin ya kasance sama da ruwa a lokacin babban ruwa. Koyaya, a cikin 1959 Burtaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta sake rarraba Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin tsibiri, kamar yadda gwamnatin Bahrain ta yi a cikin 1964. Qatar ta ki amincewa da wannan da'awar a shekarar 1965 sannan ta nemi sasantawa ta kasa da kasa.{{R|stpg}}Babu wani abu da ya haifar, saboda babu wata al'umma da ta kasance memba na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] har zuwa 1971.{{R|WCD}}A shekara ta 1986, Qatar ta ayyana yankuna da yawa da ake jayayya, gami da Qit'at Jaradah, a matsayin yankunan soja. Yayin da jam'iyyun biyu suka kusanci rikici, an rage tashin hankali a karkashin matsin lamba daga [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] don ci gaba da halin da ake ciki. Saudi Arabia, ta hanyar Majalisar hadin gwiwar Gulf, ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna yarjejeniyar dindindin amma ba ta yi nasara ba. A shekara ta 1991, Qatar ta sake neman sasantawa ta [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] a The [[Hague]] . {{R|stpg}} === Hukuncin Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya na 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta yi hukunci da kuri'u 12-5 a cikin shari'ar Qatar v. Bahrain cewa Qit'at Jaradah tsibiri ne kuma ikon mallakar Bahrain ne, kodayake ra'ayoyin da suka bambanta sun yi tambaya ko ya kamata a dauke shi tsibirin saboda ƙaramin girmansa, halaye masu canzawa na jiki, da rashin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. {{R|YIC}}{{R|qvb}}Hukuncin kotun ya bayyana cewa "ayyukan da Bahrain ta yi a wannan tsibirin dole ne a ɗauka sun isa don tallafawa da'awar Bahrain cewa tana da ikon mallaka a kanta".{{R|ICJ}} Ayyukan Bahrain a kan "tsibiran" sun haɗa da sanya alamar kewayawa, hako Rijiyar artesian, da kuma ba da izinin kamun kifi da binciken mai.{{R|WCD}}Ba za a iya cimma wannan kammalawa ba idan kotun ba ta yi mulki a tsibirin ba, saboda ana iya samun ikon mallakar tsibirin kawai, ba a tsawo mai zurfi ba.{{R|EEO}}Qatar ta yi jayayya cewa ba a taɓa nuna shi a kan sigogi na kewayawa a matsayin tsibiri ba kuma ko da ba koyaushe ba ne a nutsewa gaba ɗaya a lokacin babban ruwa, har yanzu bai kamata a ɗauka tsibiri ba. == Manazarta == ad3cxp721olidc89fs4j87xm5588ncz 966763 966762 2026-10-12T10:34:27Z Dev ammar 21046 966763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Qit'at Jaradah''' wani Cay ne a cikin Tekun Farisa zuwa gabashin [[Bahrain]] tsibirin Bahrain, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|32|km}} (20 gabashin [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain . A tarihi, fasalin ya kasance sama da ruwa ne kawai a lokacin bazara; <ref> Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (November 5, 2013). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136817175. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref> yana zaune kusan a tsakiyar tsakanin Bahrain da [[Qatar]], <ref> Charney, Jonathan I.; Smith, Robert W., eds. (2002). International Maritime Boundaries Volume IV. Kluwer Law International. p. 2843. ISBN 90-411-1954-X. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref> a cikin ruwan yankin 12 mil (19 na ƙasashen biyu. <ref> Tamaka, Yoshifumi (2006). Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781847311177. Retrieved 1 October 2017. </ref>Yana daya daga cikin siffofin teku da yawa da ke ba da gudummawa ga rikici mai tsawo tsakanin Bahrain da Qatar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Duk da yake a tarihi ba a dauki Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin [[tsibirin]] ba, 2000 Bahrain ta yi iƙirarin cewa cay ya auna kimanin mita 12 da 4 (39 a babban ruwa tare da tsawo na kusan mita 0.4 (1 in), da kuma mita 600 da 75 (1,969 ft × ft) a ƙananan ruwa.{{R|pf|ICJ}}Ra'ayi mai adawa shi ne cewa yana da ƙananan tsawo.{{R|ICJ}}Ba a zaune a wannan fasalin kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba.{{R|ICJ}} == Tarihi == Bahrain ta fara da'awar mallakar cay a cikin 1936, tare da goyon bayan Kyautar British Maritime Boundary Award na 1947. Qit'at Jaradah zai kasance a cikin ruwan Qatari dangane da layin equidistant wanda in ba haka ba ya raba al'ummomi a wannan yanki. Ayyukan kamfanonin mai na zahiri a lokacin sun rinjayi Birtaniya.{{R|ICJ}}Kodayake an ba da kyautar ga Bahrain, ba a rarraba fasalin a matsayin tsibirin da ke da ruwan yanki na kilomita 3 (4.8). Wannan ya dace da ma'anar tsibirin Taron Geneva na 1958, wanda ya buƙaci tsibirin ya kasance sama da ruwa a lokacin babban ruwa. Koyaya, a cikin 1959 Burtaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta sake rarraba Qit'at Jaradah a matsayin tsibiri, kamar yadda gwamnatin Bahrain ta yi a cikin 1964. Qatar ta ki amincewa da wannan da'awar a shekarar 1965 sannan ta nemi sasantawa ta kasa da kasa.{{R|stpg}}Babu wani abu da ya haifar, saboda babu wata al'umma da ta kasance memba na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] har zuwa 1971.{{R|WCD}}A shekara ta 1986, Qatar ta ayyana yankuna da yawa da ake jayayya, gami da Qit'at Jaradah, a matsayin yankunan soja. Yayin da jam'iyyun biyu suka kusanci rikici, an rage tashin hankali a karkashin matsin lamba daga [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] don ci gaba da halin da ake ciki. Saudi Arabia, ta hanyar Majalisar hadin gwiwar Gulf, ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna yarjejeniyar dindindin amma ba ta yi nasara ba. A shekara ta 1991, Qatar ta sake neman sasantawa ta [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] a The [[Hague]] . {{R|stpg}} === Hukuncin Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya na 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta yi hukunci da kuri'u 12-5 a cikin shari'ar Qatar v. Bahrain cewa Qit'at Jaradah tsibiri ne kuma ikon mallakar Bahrain ne, kodayake ra'ayoyin da suka bambanta sun yi tambaya ko ya kamata a dauke shi tsibirin saboda ƙaramin girmansa, halaye masu canzawa na jiki, da rashin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. {{R|YIC}}{{R|qvb}}Hukuncin kotun ya bayyana cewa "ayyukan da Bahrain ta yi a wannan tsibirin dole ne a ɗauka sun isa don tallafawa da'awar Bahrain cewa tana da ikon mallaka a kanta".{{R|ICJ}} Ayyukan Bahrain a kan "tsibiran" sun haɗa da sanya alamar kewayawa, hako Rijiyar artesian, da kuma ba da izinin kamun kifi da binciken mai.{{R|WCD}}Ba za a iya cimma wannan kammalawa ba idan kotun ba ta yi mulki a tsibirin ba, saboda ana iya samun ikon mallakar tsibirin kawai, ba a tsawo mai zurfi ba.{{R|EEO}}Qatar ta yi jayayya cewa ba a taɓa nuna shi a kan sigogi na kewayawa a matsayin tsibiri ba kuma ko da ba koyaushe ba ne a nutsewa gaba ɗaya a lokacin babban ruwa, har yanzu bai kamata a ɗauka tsibiri ba. == Manazarta == 5epek2d6i7x6x5m4rct19la6rw5rc2w Noman Masara a Jihar Gombe 0 179060 966754 2026-10-12T10:27:31Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Noman Masara a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin ayyukan noma da ke taimakawa wajen samar da abinci da kudin shiga a Jihar Gombe, da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Masara (''Zea mays'') na daga cikin muhimman hatsi da ake nomawa da amfani da su a Najeriya. Ana amfani da ita wajen abincin mutane, ciyar da dabbobi da samar da kayayyakin sarrafawa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize |url=https://iita.org/maize/ |website=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |access-da... 966754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noman Masara a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin ayyukan noma da ke taimakawa wajen samar da abinci da kudin shiga a Jihar Gombe, da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Masara (''Zea mays'') na daga cikin muhimman hatsi da ake nomawa da amfani da su a Najeriya. Ana amfani da ita wajen abincin mutane, ciyar da dabbobi da samar da kayayyakin sarrafawa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize |url=https://iita.org/maize/ |website=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da muhimmancin noman masara == Masara ta zama muhimmin amfanin gona a Najeriya saboda ana amfani da ita a matsayin abinci da kuma kayan masarufi ga masana'antun sarrafa abinci. A cewar Cibiyar Binciken Noma ta Duniya a Yankunan Tropics (IITA), masara ta samu karbuwa sosai a Najeriya tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, inda ta zama muhimmiyar hatsi ga manoma da masu sana'o'in sarrafa abinci. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize Revolution in Nigeria Boosts Food Security and Transforms Rural Economies |url=https://iita.org/news-item/maize-revolution-in-nigeria-boosts-food-security-and-transforms-rural-economies/ |website=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |date=3 April 2026 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> A Jihar Gombe, ana noman masara a matsayin wani bangare na ayyukan noma, musamman a lokacin damina. Duk da haka, domin bayyana yawan masarar da jihar ke samarwa ko matsayinta idan aka kwatanta da sauran jihohi, ya dace a yi amfani da alkaluman hukuma na shekarar da ake magana a kai. Hukumar National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) na wallafa rahotanni da bayanai kan samar da amfanin gona a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletins |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/bulletins/ |website=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Yanayin da ya dace da noman masara == Masara na bukatar hasken rana, zafi da isasshen ruwa domin girma. Kasa mai kyau, wadda ke ba tushen shuka damar samun iska da ruwa ba tare da yawan taruwar ruwa ba, na taimakawa wajen bunkasa shukar. Samun ruwan sama a lokutan da suka dace yana da muhimmanci ga tsiro, fure da samuwar hatsi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to Maize Production in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Guide-to-Maize-Production-in-Northern-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Kamara |first1=A. Y. |last2=Kamai |first2=N. |last3=Omoigui |first3=L. O. |last4=Togola |first4=A. |last5=Ekeleme |first5=F. |last6=Onyibe |first6=J. E. |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |date=2020 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Hanyoyin noman masara == === Shirya fili === Matakin farko na noman masara shi ne zabar fili mai dacewa, share shi da yin aikin kasa. Ana shirya kasa domin saukaka shigar ruwa da ci gaban tushen shuka. Ya kamata manoma su kula da zaizayar kasa, su kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin noma da za su taimaka wajen kiyaye ingancin kasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to Maize Production in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Guide-to-Maize-Production-in-Northern-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Kamara |first1=A. Y. |last2=Kamai |first2=N. |last3=Omoigui |first3=L. O. |last4=Togola |first4=A. |last5=Ekeleme |first5=F. |last6=Onyibe |first6=J. E. |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |date=2020 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Zabar iri da lokacin shuka === Amfani da iri mai inganci na taimakawa wajen samun amfanin gona mai kyau. Ya kamata manoma su zabi nau'in masara da ya dace da yanayin yankinsu, tsawon lokacin damina da matsalolin kwari ko cututtuka. Akwai nau'ikan masara da aka inganta domin kara yawan amfanin gona ko jure wasu matsalolin da ke shafar noma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to Maize Production in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Guide-to-Maize-Production-in-Northern-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Kamara |first1=A. Y. |last2=Kamai |first2=N. |last3=Omoigui |first3=L. O. |last4=Togola |first4=A. |last5=Ekeleme |first5=F. |last6=Onyibe |first6=J. E. |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |date=2020 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Lokacin shuka yana da muhimmanci, musamman a yankunan da suka dogara da ruwan sama. Idan aka shuka masara kuma ruwan sama ya tsaya na dogon lokaci, shuka na iya bushewa, wanda zai jawo asarar lokaci da kudin da aka kashe. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, wasu manoma a Jihar Gombe sun bayyana wa manema labarai cewa rashin daidaiton ruwan sama ya jawo bushewar masara da gero, kuma wasu sun sake shuka bayan asarar da suka fuskanta. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe farmers decry inadequate rainfall threatening food production |url=https://gazettengr.com/gombe-farmers-decry-inadequate-rainfall-threatening-food-production/ |work=Peoples Gazette |agency=News Agency of Nigeria |date=8 July 2026 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Taki da kula da gona === Masara na bukatar sinadarai masu gina shuka domin bunkasar ganye da samar da hatsi. Ya kamata a zabi taki bisa yanayin kasa da bukatun shuka, tare da bin shawarwarin kwararrun noma. Cire ciyawa a lokacin da ya dace yana taimakawa wajen rage gasar da ke tsakanin masara da ciyawa wajen neman ruwa, hasken rana da sinadarai. <ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to Maize Production in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Guide-to-Maize-Production-in-Northern-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Kamara |first1=A. Y. |last2=Kamai |first2=N. |last3=Omoigui |first3=L. O. |last4=Togola |first4=A. |last5=Ekeleme |first5=F. |last6=Onyibe |first6=J. E. |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |date=2020 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Kula da kwari da cututtuka === Masara na iya fuskantar kwari da cututtuka da ke rage yawan amfanin gona. Daga cikin matsalolin da aka sani a yankunan da ake noman masara akwai tsutsar da ke cin ganyaye da sauran sassan shuka, da kuma ciyawa mai cutar da amfanin gona kamar ''Striga''. IITA ta bayyana cewa kwari, cututtuka, fari da karancin sinadarai a kasa na daga cikin manyan matsalolin samar da masara a Afirka. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize |url=https://iita.org/maize/ |website=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> === Girbi da adanawa === Ana girbe masara idan ta kai lokacin balaga. Bayan girbi, ana busar da ita yadda ya kamata kafin adanawa, domin danshi mai yawa na iya jawo lalacewar hatsi. Adanawa a wuri mai tsafta da kariya daga danshi da kwari yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye inganci da rage asarar amfanin gona bayan girbi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize: Production, Marketing, Processing and Utilization in Nigeria |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/MAIZE-Production-Marketing-Processing-Utilization-In-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Onyibe |first1=J. E. |last2=Sani |first2=B. M. |last3=Baba |first3=D. |last4=Chindo |first4=H. |last5=Ibrahim |first5=I. K. |last6=Malumfashi |first6=M. |publisher=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services |date=2014 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Amfanin masara == Masara na daga cikin kayan abinci da ake amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ana iya dafa ta, gasa ta, niƙa ta zuwa gari ko sarrafa ta zuwa abinci kamar tuwo da kunu. Muhimmancin masara ga abinci ya sa ta zama daya daga cikin amfanin gonar da ke taimakawa wajen samar da abinci ga al'umma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize: Production, Marketing, Processing and Utilization in Nigeria |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/MAIZE-Production-Marketing-Processing-Utilization-In-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Onyibe |first1=J. E. |last2=Sani |first2=B. M. |last3=Baba |first3=D. |last4=Chindo |first4=H. |last5=Ibrahim |first5=I. K. |last6=Malumfashi |first6=M. |publisher=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services |date=2014 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da masara wajen ciyar da kaji da sauran dabbobi, yayin da wasu masana'antu ke sarrafa ta domin samar da kayayyakin abinci. Wannan yana samar da damar kasuwanci ga manoma, dillalai, masu niƙa, masu safarar hatsi da masu sarrafa abinci. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize: Production, Marketing, Processing and Utilization in Nigeria |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/MAIZE-Production-Marketing-Processing-Utilization-In-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Onyibe |first1=J. E. |last2=Sani |first2=B. M. |last3=Baba |first3=D. |last4=Chindo |first4=H. |last5=Ibrahim |first5=I. K. |last6=Malumfashi |first6=M. |publisher=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services |date=2014 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Kalubalen noman masara a Jihar Gombe == Rashin daidaiton ruwan sama na daga cikin kalubalen da manoma a Jihar Gombe ke fuskanta. A rahoton da aka wallafa a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2026, manoman da suka yi magana da manema labarai sun bayyana cewa rashin isasshen ruwan sama a watan Yuni ya jawo bushewar wasu gonakin masara da gero. Wasu manoma sun sake shuka domin kokarin rage asarar da suka yi. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe farmers decry inadequate rainfall threatening food production |url=https://gazettengr.com/gombe-farmers-decry-inadequate-rainfall-threatening-food-production/ |work=Peoples Gazette |agency=News Agency of Nigeria |date=8 July 2026 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran matsalolin da ka iya shafar noman masara sun hada da tsadar iri da taki, karancin kayan aikin noma, kwari da cututtuka, rashin isassun wuraren adana hatsi da wahalar samun kasuwa mai kyau. Wadannan matsaloli na iya kara kudin noma ko rage ribar da manoma ke samu. Rahoton NAERLS kan sarkar samar da masara ya tattauna batutuwan samarwa, kasuwanci, sarrafawa da amfani da masara a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize: Production, Marketing, Processing and Utilization in Nigeria |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/MAIZE-Production-Marketing-Processing-Utilization-In-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Onyibe |first1=J. E. |last2=Sani |first2=B. M. |last3=Baba |first3=D. |last4=Chindo |first4=H. |last5=Ibrahim |first5=I. K. |last6=Malumfashi |first6=M. |publisher=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services |date=2014 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Hanyoyin inganta noman masara == Ana iya inganta noman masara ta hanyar amfani da iri masu inganci, zabar lokacin shuka da ya dace, inganta kula da kasa da taki, da kuma samun bayanan yanayi kafin shuka. A lokacin da ruwan sama bai da tabbas, samun shawarwarin jami'an fadada ayyukan noma da amfani da nau'ikan iri masu saurin nuna balaga na iya taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin asarar gona. <ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to Maize Production in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Guide-to-Maize-Production-in-Northern-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Kamara |first1=A. Y. |last2=Kamai |first2=N. |last3=Omoigui |first3=L. O. |last4=Togola |first4=A. |last5=Ekeleme |first5=F. |last6=Onyibe |first6=J. E. |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |date=2020 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> Inganta busarwa da adana hatsi, samar da kasuwanni da fadada sarrafa masara na iya rage asarar da ake samu bayan girbi. Haka kuma, samun damar yin amfani da bayanan binciken noma da horo daga cibiyoyin fadada ayyukan noma na iya taimakawa manoma wajen daukar matakan da suka dace da yanayin gonakinsu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maize: Production, Marketing, Processing and Utilization in Nigeria |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/MAIZE-Production-Marketing-Processing-Utilization-In-Nigeria.pdf |last1=Onyibe |first1=J. E. |last2=Sani |first2=B. M. |last3=Baba |first3=D. |last4=Chindo |first4=H. |last5=Ibrahim |first5=I. K. |last6=Malumfashi |first6=M. |publisher=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services |date=2014 |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Makomar noman masara a Jihar Gombe == Makomar noman masara a Jihar Gombe tana da alaka da inganta hanyoyin noma, samar da iri masu dacewa da yanayin yankin, rage asarar bayan girbi da kuma bunkasa kasuwannin masara. Hada binciken noma da horar da manoma da ingantattun hanyoyin adanawa da sarrafawa na iya taimakawa wajen samar da abinci da kudin shiga. Duk da haka, tantance ci gaban samar da masara a jihar yana bukatar alkaluman hukuma na kowace shekara. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletins |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/bulletins/ |website=National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services |access-date=12 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Noma a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noman Gyada a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noman Auduga a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noman Wake]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lu72y87t1p7nneuxo8psidbjulf0t5c St. James (mazabar majalisar dokokin Bahamas) 0 179061 966758 2026-10-12T10:32:35Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == ep3ae5sidsb65sgbvqw13fwsu3gwoy5 966764 966758 2026-10-12T10:35:01Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. 1790dkgf2px6wdp8gd6oepd98jfk6tn 966765 966764 2026-10-12T10:35:21Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. h64wlrpy1yrhawg7yuoqtj7xyizbklk 966767 966765 2026-10-12T10:35:44Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: eg8f6xixfdirol01h1u25n2btdolo9m 966768 966767 2026-10-12T10:36:00Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> eqe88d7oblv82c1wec8zc8pwdlh8sd2 966769 966768 2026-10-12T10:36:19Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> Mazauna da kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian suka yi hira da su sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ko canjin iyaka ya zama dole ko kuma ya haifar da siyasa, kuma ya nuna damuwa game da ababen more rayuwa a wasu sassan sabon mazabar. An tsara sabbin iyakokin a cikin House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-rarraba of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2026 kuma ya shafi daga babban zaben na gaba.<ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a babban zaben 2026, lokacin da dan takarar PLP Owen C. B. Wells ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Free National Movement Shanendon Cartwright . <ref name="BahamasLocal2026" /> c26z74dgbl3jiiwnky7oj1752bkbrze 966770 966769 2026-10-12T10:36:40Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> Mazauna da kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian suka yi hira da su sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ko canjin iyaka ya zama dole ko kuma ya haifar da siyasa, kuma ya nuna damuwa game da ababen more rayuwa a wasu sassan sabon mazabar. An tsara sabbin iyakokin a cikin House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-rarraba of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2026 kuma ya shafi daga babban zaben na gaba.<ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a babban zaben 2026, lokacin da dan takarar PLP Owen C. B. Wells ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Free National Movement Shanendon Cartwright . <ref name="BahamasLocal2026" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar ta rufe sassan yamma da kudu maso yammacin New Providence. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun bayyana shi a matsayin jawo rarrabuwar zabe daga yankuna da suka hada da Adelaide Beach, Coral Harbour, sassa na Kudancin Tekun, da sassan da suka kasance a Golden Isles, Killarney da Southern Shores. 9et87fmb9awf98xue70p534ccsg6b4h 966773 966770 2026-10-12T10:39:37Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> Mazauna da kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian suka yi hira da su sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ko canjin iyaka ya zama dole ko kuma ya haifar da siyasa, kuma ya nuna damuwa game da ababen more rayuwa a wasu sassan sabon mazabar. An tsara sabbin iyakokin a cikin House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-rarraba of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2026 kuma ya shafi daga babban zaben na gaba.<ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a babban zaben 2026, lokacin da dan takarar PLP Owen C. B. Wells ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Free National Movement Shanendon Cartwright . <ref name="BahamasLocal2026" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar ta rufe sassan yamma da kudu maso yammacin New Providence. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun bayyana shi a matsayin jawo rarrabuwar zabe daga yankuna da suka hada da Adelaide Beach, Coral Harbour, sassa na Kudancin Tekun, da sassan da suka kasance a Golden Isles, Killarney da Southern Shores. An bayyana iyakokin doka na mazabar a cikin tsari na iyakokin 2026. <ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> 0pl4mkakf49d6dbdrqindizixqius5z 966774 966773 2026-10-12T10:39:58Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> Mazauna da kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian suka yi hira da su sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ko canjin iyaka ya zama dole ko kuma ya haifar da siyasa, kuma ya nuna damuwa game da ababen more rayuwa a wasu sassan sabon mazabar. An tsara sabbin iyakokin a cikin House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-rarraba of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2026 kuma ya shafi daga babban zaben na gaba.<ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a babban zaben 2026, lokacin da dan takarar PLP Owen C. B. Wells ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Free National Movement Shanendon Cartwright . <ref name="BahamasLocal2026" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar ta rufe sassan yamma da kudu maso yammacin New Providence. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun bayyana shi a matsayin jawo rarrabuwar zabe daga yankuna da suka hada da Adelaide Beach, Coral Harbour, sassa na Kudancin Tekun, da sassan da suka kasance a Golden Isles, Killarney da Southern Shores. An bayyana iyakokin doka na mazabar a cikin tsari na iyakokin 2026. <ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> == Yawan jama'a == Tebur ɗin taƙaitaccen hukumar sun lissafa masu jefa kuri'a 5,045 da aka yi rajista don yankin St. James a cikin 2021 da 5,149 a cikin 2025, a cikin ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> == 'Yan majalisa == k82iecgwtldupjfcgy4xm0zx0qpoy41 966775 966774 2026-10-12T10:40:27Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362537559|St. James (Bahamas Parliament constituency)]]" 966775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> Mazauna da kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian suka yi hira da su sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ko canjin iyaka ya zama dole ko kuma ya haifar da siyasa, kuma ya nuna damuwa game da ababen more rayuwa a wasu sassan sabon mazabar. An tsara sabbin iyakokin a cikin House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-rarraba of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2026 kuma ya shafi daga babban zaben na gaba.<ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a babban zaben 2026, lokacin da dan takarar PLP Owen C. B. Wells ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Free National Movement Shanendon Cartwright . <ref name="BahamasLocal2026" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar ta rufe sassan yamma da kudu maso yammacin New Providence. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun bayyana shi a matsayin jawo rarrabuwar zabe daga yankuna da suka hada da Adelaide Beach, Coral Harbour, sassa na Kudancin Tekun, da sassan da suka kasance a Golden Isles, Killarney da Southern Shores. An bayyana iyakokin doka na mazabar a cikin tsari na iyakokin 2026. <ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> == Yawan jama'a == Tebur ɗin taƙaitaccen hukumar sun lissafa masu jefa kuri'a 5,045 da aka yi rajista don yankin St. James a cikin 2021 da 5,149 a cikin 2025, a cikin ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> == 'Yan majalisa == {| class="wikitable" !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Majalisar dokoki !memba ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar |- |2026 |Na 15 |Owen C. B. Wells| {{Party name with color|Progressive Liberal Party}} |} == Zabe == An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a Babban zaben 2026. A watan Janairun 2026, Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal ta tabbatar da lauya Owen C. B. Wells a matsayin dan takarar ta St. James. A watan Fabrairun 2026, Free National Movement ta ce za ta tabbatar da Shanendon Cartwright don mazabar kuma ta lissafa shi a matsayin dan takarar ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates |url=https://www.fnmbahamas.org/candidates/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Free National Movement}}</ref> s2twthpbibiymvxmytm3u0ldurknbki 966776 966775 2026-10-12T10:41:07Z Dev ammar 21046 966776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]] mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> Mazauna da kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian suka yi hira da su sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ko canjin iyaka ya zama dole ko kuma ya haifar da siyasa, kuma ya nuna damuwa game da ababen more rayuwa a wasu sassan sabon mazabar. An tsara sabbin iyakokin a cikin House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-rarraba of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2026 kuma ya shafi daga babban zaben na gaba.<ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a babban zaben 2026, lokacin da dan takarar PLP Owen C. B. Wells ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Free National Movement Shanendon Cartwright . <ref name="BahamasLocal2026" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar ta rufe sassan yamma da kudu maso yammacin New Providence. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun bayyana shi a matsayin jawo rarrabuwar zabe daga yankuna da suka hada da Adelaide Beach, Coral Harbour, sassa na Kudancin Tekun, da sassan da suka kasance a Golden Isles, Killarney da Southern Shores. An bayyana iyakokin doka na mazabar a cikin tsari na iyakokin 2026. <ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> == Yawan jama'a == Tebur ɗin taƙaitaccen hukumar sun lissafa masu jefa kuri'a 5,045 da aka yi rajista don yankin St. James a cikin 2021 da 5,149 a cikin 2025, a cikin ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> == 'Yan majalisa == {| class="wikitable" !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Majalisar dokoki !memba ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar |- |2026 |Na 15 |Owen C. B. Wells| {{Party name with color|Progressive Liberal Party}} |} == Zabe == An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a Babban zaben 2026. A watan Janairun 2026, Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal ta tabbatar da lauya Owen C. B. Wells a matsayin dan takarar ta St. James. A watan Fabrairun 2026, Free National Movement ta ce za ta tabbatar da Shanendon Cartwright don mazabar kuma ta lissafa shi a matsayin dan takarar ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates |url=https://www.fnmbahamas.org/candidates/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Free National Movement}}</ref> rk3f22h3vxqvyyvzgl0zda8y88ba7fa 966777 966776 2026-10-12T10:41:51Z Dev ammar 21046 966777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''St. James''' wani [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]] mazabar majalisa ce da ke da wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Bahamas . Yana zabar memba ɗaya na majalisa (MP) ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a na farko da ya wuce. An kirkiro mazabar ne don Babban zaben Bahamian na 2026 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Owen C. B. Wells na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) ya wakilce ta.<ref name="HOAOrder2026">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-distribution of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026) |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/SUBORDINATE/2026/2026-0005/2026-0005_1.pdf |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Laws of The Bahamas |publisher=Office of the Governor-General |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="BahamasLocal2026">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Bahamas General Election 2026 - Nassau |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513145217/https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/22851/Bahamas_General_Election_2026.html |archive-date=13 May 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=BahamasLocal}}</ref> An kirkiro mazabar ne a cikin 2026 bayan Hukumar Kula da iyakokin mazabar ta ba da shawarar sabbin kujeru biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake rarraba da aka nufa don magance sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da daidaito na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Report of Constituencies Commission, House of Assembly, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas |url=https://znsbahamas.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/The-Boundaries-Report.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> == History == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar iyakoki tana la'akari da kirkirar sabbin mazabu ta hanyar raba kujerar Killarney da ke akwai, tare da ambaton girman masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin rahotonsa na kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 2025, Hukumar Mazabar ta ce sabbin kujeru biyu za su kasance "St. James" a kan New Providence da "Bimini & Berry Islands", kuma ba a gudanar da shawarwari ko tarurruka na jama'a ba yayin aikin hukumar.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> An gabatar da rahoton a Majalisar a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2026, yana tabbatar da kirkirar mazabar St. James a yammacin New Providence da kuma kara yawan mazabar daga 39 zuwa 41. Shafukan rahoton sun bayyana cewa za a kafa St. James ta hanyar canja wurin ƙungiyoyin zabe daga mazabar Golden Isles, Killarney, Tall Pines da Southern Shores, gami da: * Golden Isles: ƙungiyoyi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 14 * Killarney: rukuni na zabe na 3, rukuni na 11, da kuma sassa na rukuni na 4 * Tall Pines: ƙungiyoyi na 4, 7 da 12 * Kudancin Kogin: Rukunin Zabe na 4 <ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> Mazauna da kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian suka yi hira da su sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ko canjin iyaka ya zama dole ko kuma ya haifar da siyasa, kuma ya nuna damuwa game da ababen more rayuwa a wasu sassan sabon mazabar. An tsara sabbin iyakokin a cikin House of Assembly Revision of Boundaries and Re-rarraba of Seats Order, 2026 (S.I. No. 5 of 2026), wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2026 kuma ya shafi daga babban zaben na gaba.<ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a babban zaben 2026, lokacin da dan takarar PLP Owen C. B. Wells ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Free National Movement Shanendon Cartwright . <ref name="BahamasLocal2026" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar ta rufe sassan yamma da kudu maso yammacin New Providence. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai na Bahamian sun bayyana shi a matsayin jawo rarrabuwar zabe daga yankuna da suka hada da Adelaide Beach, Coral Harbour, sassa na Kudancin Tekun, da sassan da suka kasance a Golden Isles, Killarney da Southern Shores. An bayyana iyakokin doka na mazabar a cikin tsari na iyakokin 2026. <ref name="HOAOrder2026" /> == Yawan jama'a == Tebur ɗin taƙaitaccen hukumar sun lissafa masu jefa kuri'a 5,045 da aka yi rajista don yankin St. James a cikin 2021 da 5,149 a cikin 2025, a cikin ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya.<ref name="BoundariesReport2025" /> == 'Yan majalisa == {| class="wikitable" !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Majalisar dokoki !memba ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar |- |2026 |Na 15 |Owen C. B. Wells| {{Party name with color|Progressive Liberal Party}} |} == Zabe == An fara fafatawa da mazabar ne a Babban zaben 2026. A watan Janairun 2026, Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal ta tabbatar da lauya Owen C. B. Wells a matsayin dan takarar ta St. James. A watan Fabrairun 2026, Free National Movement ta ce za ta tabbatar da Shanendon Cartwright don mazabar kuma ta lissafa shi a matsayin dan takarar ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates |url=https://www.fnmbahamas.org/candidates/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Free National Movement}}</ref> itb1spobaozkqc6frzw8l96iputglpz VfB Stuttgart 0 179062 966783 2026-10-12T10:54:04Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378140274|VfB Stuttgart]]" 966783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V.''' ( lit. ' , wacce aka fi sani da '''VfB Stuttgart''' ({{IPA|de|faʊ̯ɛfˈbeː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt|-|De-VfB Stuttgart.ogg}} ), ƙungiyar wasanni ce ta ƙwararru ta Jamus da ke [[Stuttgart]], Baden-Württemberg. Ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙungiyar a halin yanzu tana cikin rukunin farko na Jamus, wato Bundesliga . VfB Stuttgart ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa sau biyar, kwanan nan a 2006–07, DFB-Pokal sau huɗu da kuma UEFA Intertoto Cup sau biyu. A teburin Bundesliga na kowane lokaci, ƙungiyar tana matsayi na huɗu. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana buga wasanninta na gida a MHPArena, a Neckarpark wanda ke kusa da Cannstatter Wasen, inda ake gudanar da bikin giya na kaka na birnin. Ƙungiyar ƙungiya ta biyu ta VfB Stuttgart II a halin yanzu tana wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyi 3. Liga, wanda shine mafi girman rukuni da aka yarda wa ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi. Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar sun lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau goma, yayin da suka lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau bakwai. 54fy4hs1l4o2x1ilc0v92z6z1szbcym 966784 966783 2026-10-12T10:54:59Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378140274|VfB Stuttgart]]" 966784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V.''' ( lit. ' , wacce aka fi sani da '''VfB Stuttgart''' ({{IPA|de|faʊ̯ɛfˈbeː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt|-|De-VfB Stuttgart.ogg}} ), ƙungiyar wasanni ce ta ƙwararru ta Jamus da ke [[Stuttgart]], Baden-Württemberg. Ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙungiyar a halin yanzu tana cikin rukunin farko na Jamus, wato Bundesliga . VfB Stuttgart ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa sau biyar, kwanan nan a 2006–07, DFB-Pokal sau huɗu da kuma UEFA Intertoto Cup sau biyu. A teburin Bundesliga na kowane lokaci, ƙungiyar tana matsayi na huɗu. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana buga wasanninta na gida a MHPArena, a Neckarpark wanda ke kusa da Cannstatter Wasen, inda ake gudanar da bikin giya na kaka na birnin. Ƙungiyar ƙungiya ta biyu ta VfB Stuttgart II a halin yanzu tana wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyi 3. Liga, wanda shine mafi girman rukuni da aka yarda wa ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi. Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar sun lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau goma, yayin da suka lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau bakwai. Ƙungiyar da ke da mambobi sama da 100,000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Over 100,000 members! |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/club/2024/ueber-100000-dunkelrote/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=vfb.de}}</ref> VfB ita ce babbar ƙungiyar wasanni a Baden-Württemberg kuma ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta takwas mafi girma a Jamus. Tana da sassan wasan ƙwallon fistball, hockey na fili, tsere da filin wasa, wasan tennis na tebur, da alkalan ƙwallon ƙafa, duk waɗanda ke fafatawa ne kawai a matakin ɗan wasa. Ƙungiyar kuma tana da sashen wasanni na esports da kuma sashen zamantakewa, ''VfB-Garde'' . 2j2mkt2dpybsbnr6jmkwdyv0gyqj2at 966785 966784 2026-10-12T10:55:26Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378140274|VfB Stuttgart]]" 966785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V.''' ( lit. ' , wacce aka fi sani da '''VfB Stuttgart''' ({{IPA|de|faʊ̯ɛfˈbeː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt|-|De-VfB Stuttgart.ogg}} ), ƙungiyar wasanni ce ta ƙwararru ta Jamus da ke [[Stuttgart]], Baden-Württemberg. Ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙungiyar a halin yanzu tana cikin rukunin farko na Jamus, wato Bundesliga . VfB Stuttgart ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa sau biyar, kwanan nan a 2006–07, DFB-Pokal sau huɗu da kuma UEFA Intertoto Cup sau biyu. A teburin Bundesliga na kowane lokaci, ƙungiyar tana matsayi na huɗu. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana buga wasanninta na gida a MHPArena, a Neckarpark wanda ke kusa da Cannstatter Wasen, inda ake gudanar da bikin giya na kaka na birnin. Ƙungiyar ƙungiya ta biyu ta VfB Stuttgart II a halin yanzu tana wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyi 3. Liga, wanda shine mafi girman rukuni da aka yarda wa ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi. Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar sun lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau goma, yayin da suka lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau bakwai. Ƙungiyar da ke da mambobi sama da 100,000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Over 100,000 members! |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/club/2024/ueber-100000-dunkelrote/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=vfb.de}}</ref> VfB ita ce babbar ƙungiyar wasanni a Baden-Württemberg kuma ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta takwas mafi girma a Jamus. Tana da sassan wasan ƙwallon fistball, hockey na fili, tsere da filin wasa, wasan tennis na tebur, da alkalan ƙwallon ƙafa, duk waɗanda ke fafatawa ne kawai a matakin ɗan wasa. Ƙungiyar kuma tana da sashen wasanni na esports da kuma sashen zamantakewa, ''VfB-Garde'' . == Tarihi == === Kafawa zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === An kafa ''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart'' ta hanyar haɗin 2 ga Afrilu 1912 na ƙungiyoyin magabata ''Stuttgarter FV'' da ''FC Krone Cannstatt'' bayan wani taro a otal ɗin Concordia a Cannstatt . Kowacce daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta ƙunshi ɗaliban makaranta waɗanda suka fito daga matsakaicin aji waɗanda suka koyi sabbin wasanni kamar ƙungiyar rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa daga 'yan ƙasashen waje na Ingila kamar William Cail wanda ya gabatar da wasan rugby a 1865. c0d08yxul2a9c6bolxiz7h03963t8tr 966791 966785 2026-10-12T11:00:07Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378140274|VfB Stuttgart]]" 966791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V.''' ( lit. ' , wacce aka fi sani da '''VfB Stuttgart''' ({{IPA|de|faʊ̯ɛfˈbeː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt|-|De-VfB Stuttgart.ogg}} ), ƙungiyar wasanni ce ta ƙwararru ta Jamus da ke [[Stuttgart]], Baden-Württemberg. Ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙungiyar a halin yanzu tana cikin rukunin farko na Jamus, wato Bundesliga . VfB Stuttgart ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa sau biyar, kwanan nan a 2006–07, DFB-Pokal sau huɗu da kuma UEFA Intertoto Cup sau biyu. A teburin Bundesliga na kowane lokaci, ƙungiyar tana matsayi na huɗu. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana buga wasanninta na gida a MHPArena, a Neckarpark wanda ke kusa da Cannstatter Wasen, inda ake gudanar da bikin giya na kaka na birnin. Ƙungiyar ƙungiya ta biyu ta VfB Stuttgart II a halin yanzu tana wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyi 3. Liga, wanda shine mafi girman rukuni da aka yarda wa ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi. Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar sun lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau goma, yayin da suka lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau bakwai. Ƙungiyar da ke da mambobi sama da 100,000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Over 100,000 members! |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/club/2024/ueber-100000-dunkelrote/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=vfb.de}}</ref> VfB ita ce babbar ƙungiyar wasanni a Baden-Württemberg kuma ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta takwas mafi girma a Jamus. Tana da sassan wasan ƙwallon fistball, hockey na fili, tsere da filin wasa, wasan tennis na tebur, da alkalan ƙwallon ƙafa, duk waɗanda ke fafatawa ne kawai a matakin ɗan wasa. Ƙungiyar kuma tana da sashen wasanni na esports da kuma sashen zamantakewa, ''VfB-Garde'' . == Tarihi == === Kafawa zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === An kafa ''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart'' ta hanyar haɗin 2 ga Afrilu 1912 na ƙungiyoyin magabata ''Stuttgarter FV'' da ''FC Krone Cannstatt'' bayan wani taro a otal ɗin Concordia a Cannstatt . Kowacce daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta ƙunshi ɗaliban makaranta waɗanda suka fito daga matsakaicin aji waɗanda suka koyi sabbin wasanni kamar ƙungiyar rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa daga 'yan ƙasashen waje na Ingila kamar William Cail wanda ya gabatar da wasan rugby a 1865. An kafa ''Stuttgarter Fußballverein'' a otal ɗin Zum Becher a [[Stuttgart]] a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1893. ''FV'' sun kasance farkon kulob din [[Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby|rugby]], suna wasa a Stöckach-Eisbahn kafin su koma Cannstatter Wasen a 1894. Ƙungiyar wasan rugby ta kafa sashen ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 1908. Ƙungiyar ta jawo 'yan wasa galibi daga makarantun yankin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin malami Carl Kaufmann, kuma cikin sauri ta cimma nasararta ta farko; a shekarar 1909, sun zo na biyu a gasar ''FSV 1897 Hannover'' a wasan ƙarshe na rugby na ƙasa, inda suka sha kashi 6-3. Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin Rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a cikin ƙungiyar, saboda masu kallo sun ga wasan yana da wahala sosai don ci gaba. 0i1chkv04j7d1fb6c6rfv6hy1zupda5 966793 966791 2026-10-12T11:24:19Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378140274|VfB Stuttgart]]" 966793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V.''' ( lit. ' , wacce aka fi sani da '''VfB Stuttgart''' ({{IPA|de|faʊ̯ɛfˈbeː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt|-|De-VfB Stuttgart.ogg}} ), ƙungiyar wasanni ce ta ƙwararru ta Jamus da ke [[Stuttgart]], Baden-Württemberg. Ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙungiyar a halin yanzu tana cikin rukunin farko na Jamus, wato Bundesliga . VfB Stuttgart ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa sau biyar, kwanan nan a 2006–07, DFB-Pokal sau huɗu da kuma UEFA Intertoto Cup sau biyu. A teburin Bundesliga na kowane lokaci, ƙungiyar tana matsayi na huɗu. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana buga wasanninta na gida a MHPArena, a Neckarpark wanda ke kusa da Cannstatter Wasen, inda ake gudanar da bikin giya na kaka na birnin. Ƙungiyar ƙungiya ta biyu ta VfB Stuttgart II a halin yanzu tana wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyi 3. Liga, wanda shine mafi girman rukuni da aka yarda wa ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi. Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar sun lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau goma, yayin da suka lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau bakwai. Ƙungiyar da ke da mambobi sama da 100,000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Over 100,000 members! |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/club/2024/ueber-100000-dunkelrote/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=vfb.de}}</ref> VfB ita ce babbar ƙungiyar wasanni a Baden-Württemberg kuma ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta takwas mafi girma a Jamus. Tana da sassan wasan ƙwallon fistball, hockey na fili, tsere da filin wasa, wasan tennis na tebur, da alkalan ƙwallon ƙafa, duk waɗanda ke fafatawa ne kawai a matakin ɗan wasa. Ƙungiyar kuma tana da sashen wasanni na esports da kuma sashen zamantakewa, ''VfB-Garde'' . == Tarihi == === Kafawa zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === An kafa ''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart'' ta hanyar haɗin 2 ga Afrilu 1912 na ƙungiyoyin magabata ''Stuttgarter FV'' da ''FC Krone Cannstatt'' bayan wani taro a otal ɗin Concordia a Cannstatt . Kowacce daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta ƙunshi ɗaliban makaranta waɗanda suka fito daga matsakaicin aji waɗanda suka koyi sabbin wasanni kamar ƙungiyar rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa daga 'yan ƙasashen waje na Ingila kamar William Cail wanda ya gabatar da wasan rugby a 1865. An kafa ''Stuttgarter Fußballverein'' a otal ɗin Zum Becher a [[Stuttgart]] a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1893. ''FV'' sun kasance farkon kulob din [[Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby|rugby]], suna wasa a Stöckach-Eisbahn kafin su koma Cannstatter Wasen a 1894. Ƙungiyar wasan rugby ta kafa sashen ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 1908. Ƙungiyar ta jawo 'yan wasa galibi daga makarantun yankin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin malami Carl Kaufmann, kuma cikin sauri ta cimma nasararta ta farko; a shekarar 1909, sun zo na biyu a gasar ''FSV 1897 Hannover'' a wasan ƙarshe na rugby na ƙasa, inda suka sha kashi 6-3. Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin Rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a cikin ƙungiyar, saboda masu kallo sun ga wasan yana da wahala sosai don ci gaba. A shekarar 1909, ''FV'' ya shiga Süddeutschen Fußballverband (Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus ta Kudu), tana wasa a matakin B-Klasse na biyu. A kakar wasa ta biyu ta ''FV'' ta lashe gasar karshe ta gunduma da ''Kronen-Klub Cannstatt,'' kafin ''FV Zuffenhausen'' ta sha kashi a hannunta a gasar gundumar, wadda za ta sa kungiyar ta samu ci gaba. Daga ƙarshe sun ci gaba zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Südkreis-Liga a shekarar 1912. [[File:Football_team_of_VfB_Stuttgart_in_1912.jpg|left|thumb| Tawagar farko a shekarar 1912]] An kafa ''Cannstatter Fußballklub'' a matsayin ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1890 kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. An rushe wannan ƙungiyar bayan shekaru kaɗan na wasa kuma tsoffin membobin ƙungiyar sun sake tsara kansu a matsayin ''FC Krone Cannstatt'' a shekarar 1897 don fafatawa a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vereinschronik Kronen-Club 1897 |url=http://www.hefleswetzkick.de/VFB/25_Chronik/1890_1899/Cannstatt/07/Saison.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922000415/http://www.hefleswetzkick.de/VFB/25_Chronik/1890_1899/Cannstatt/07/Saison.htm |archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> Sabuwar ƙungiyar ta shiga ƙungiyar Süddeutschen Fußballverband (SFV) a matsayin ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu kuma ta sami ci gaba a shekarar 1904. ''Krone'' ya mallaki nasa filin, wanda har yanzu yana nan a matsayin gidan TSV Münster. l3i9qx8vhx1550ogm4ayjijf4jqqc8z 966794 966793 2026-10-12T11:24:45Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378140274|VfB Stuttgart]]" 966794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart 1893 e. V.''' ( lit. ' , wacce aka fi sani da '''VfB Stuttgart''' ({{IPA|de|faʊ̯ɛfˈbeː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt|-|De-VfB Stuttgart.ogg}} ), ƙungiyar wasanni ce ta ƙwararru ta Jamus da ke [[Stuttgart]], Baden-Württemberg. Ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙungiyar a halin yanzu tana cikin rukunin farko na Jamus, wato Bundesliga . VfB Stuttgart ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa sau biyar, kwanan nan a 2006–07, DFB-Pokal sau huɗu da kuma UEFA Intertoto Cup sau biyu. A teburin Bundesliga na kowane lokaci, ƙungiyar tana matsayi na huɗu. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana buga wasanninta na gida a MHPArena, a Neckarpark wanda ke kusa da Cannstatter Wasen, inda ake gudanar da bikin giya na kaka na birnin. Ƙungiyar ƙungiya ta biyu ta VfB Stuttgart II a halin yanzu tana wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyi 3. Liga, wanda shine mafi girman rukuni da aka yarda wa ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi. Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar sun lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau goma, yayin da suka lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa sau bakwai. Ƙungiyar da ke da mambobi sama da 100,000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Over 100,000 members! |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/club/2024/ueber-100000-dunkelrote/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=vfb.de}}</ref> VfB ita ce babbar ƙungiyar wasanni a Baden-Württemberg kuma ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta takwas mafi girma a Jamus. Tana da sassan wasan ƙwallon fistball, hockey na fili, tsere da filin wasa, wasan tennis na tebur, da alkalan ƙwallon ƙafa, duk waɗanda ke fafatawa ne kawai a matakin ɗan wasa. Ƙungiyar kuma tana da sashen wasanni na esports da kuma sashen zamantakewa, ''VfB-Garde'' . == Tarihi == === Kafawa zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === An kafa ''Verein für Bewegungsspiele Stuttgart'' ta hanyar haɗin 2 ga Afrilu 1912 na ƙungiyoyin magabata ''Stuttgarter FV'' da ''FC Krone Cannstatt'' bayan wani taro a otal ɗin Concordia a Cannstatt . Kowacce daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta ƙunshi ɗaliban makaranta waɗanda suka fito daga matsakaicin aji waɗanda suka koyi sabbin wasanni kamar ƙungiyar rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa daga 'yan ƙasashen waje na Ingila kamar William Cail wanda ya gabatar da wasan rugby a 1865. An kafa ''Stuttgarter Fußballverein'' a otal ɗin Zum Becher a [[Stuttgart]] a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1893. ''FV'' sun kasance farkon kulob din [[Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby|rugby]], suna wasa a Stöckach-Eisbahn kafin su koma Cannstatter Wasen a 1894. Ƙungiyar wasan rugby ta kafa sashen ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 1908. Ƙungiyar ta jawo 'yan wasa galibi daga makarantun yankin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin malami Carl Kaufmann, kuma cikin sauri ta cimma nasararta ta farko; a shekarar 1909, sun zo na biyu a gasar ''FSV 1897 Hannover'' a wasan ƙarshe na rugby na ƙasa, inda suka sha kashi 6-3. Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin Rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a cikin ƙungiyar, saboda masu kallo sun ga wasan yana da wahala sosai don ci gaba. A shekarar 1909, ''FV'' ya shiga Süddeutschen Fußballverband (Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus ta Kudu), tana wasa a matakin B-Klasse na biyu. A kakar wasa ta biyu ta ''FV'' ta lashe gasar karshe ta gunduma da ''Kronen-Klub Cannstatt,'' kafin ''FV Zuffenhausen'' ta sha kashi a hannunta a gasar gundumar, wadda za ta sa kungiyar ta samu ci gaba. Daga ƙarshe sun ci gaba zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Südkreis-Liga a shekarar 1912. [[File:Football_team_of_VfB_Stuttgart_in_1912.jpg|left|thumb| Tawagar farko a shekarar 1912]] An kafa ''Cannstatter Fußballklub'' a matsayin ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1890 kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. An rushe wannan ƙungiyar bayan shekaru kaɗan na wasa kuma tsoffin membobin ƙungiyar sun sake tsara kansu a matsayin ''FC Krone Cannstatt'' a shekarar 1897 don fafatawa a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vereinschronik Kronen-Club 1897 |url=http://www.hefleswetzkick.de/VFB/25_Chronik/1890_1899/Cannstatt/07/Saison.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922000415/http://www.hefleswetzkick.de/VFB/25_Chronik/1890_1899/Cannstatt/07/Saison.htm |archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> Sabuwar ƙungiyar ta shiga ƙungiyar Süddeutschen Fußballverband (SFV) a matsayin ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu kuma ta sami ci gaba a shekarar 1904. ''Krone'' ya mallaki nasa filin, wanda har yanzu yana nan a matsayin gidan TSV Münster. Bayan haɗewar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu a shekarar 1912, ƙungiyar da aka haɗa ta yi wasa da farko a Kreisliga Württemberg sannan kuma a Bezirksliga Württemberg-Baden, inda ta samu matsayi na uku a gasar kuma ta lashe gasar a shekarar 1927. Kungiyar ta kuma buga wasanni da dama a zagayen karshe na gasar SFV a karshen shekarun 1920 da farkon shekarun 1930. === Shekarun 1930 da 1940 === A shekarar 1933, VfB ta koma filin wasa na Neckar, wurin da filin wasan yake a yanzu. An sake tsara ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus a wannan shekarar a ƙarƙashin Reich na Uku zuwa ƙungiyoyi goma sha shida na manyan jiragen sama da ake kira Gauligen . Stuttgart ta buga wasa a Gauliga Württemberg kuma ta lashe gasar rukuni-rukuni a 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, da 1943 kafin tsarin Gauliga ya ruguje a wani lokaci a kakar wasa ta 1944-45 saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Kulob ɗin yana da babban hamayya da Stuttgarter Kickers a tsawon wannan lokacin. cqfbocv67a1fs0e9pio979jrkj3v1xm Joan Martínez (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 2007) 0 179063 966788 2026-10-12T10:58:08Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Joan Martínez (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 2007)]] to [[Joan Martínez (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, 2007)]]: title too long 966788 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Joan Martínez (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, 2007)]] ctal20iugf9s9jc9k8nsfuaikq3l00f